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Universidade Federal de Uberlndia Instituto de Letras e Lingustica - ILEEL PLANO DE AULA - Carga horria: 4 horas Aulas n10 a 13 - Unidades n10, 11, 12 e 13 Curso: Traduo Disciplina: Fundamentos da Interpretao Docente: Prof Dr Marileide Esqueda

Part I First Description of Simultaneous Interpreting Same basic actions as in CI; Interpreters even use gestures in the booth; Two main differences between CI and SI: acoustic and intellectual: interpreters have to listen and speak at the same time. Each ear perform different tasks: for right handed people: left ear to hear the speaker and right ear to hear to yourself.

Part II (Acoustic) Main Difficulties Use of equipment 1) Both ear-pieces of a pair of headphones: to hear the speaker and yourself; taking care with long run. 2) Chuchotage or whispering = without equipment; or in liaison interpreting; Cultivating split attention Delivery and monitor all the time; To concentrate on more than one thing = as hard as possible for split-second decisions; Do not waste time and energy when the right word doesnt come up. (you will irritate delegates); Split attention is not natural. Listening to oneself in SI Pay attention to content and form; To speak in short, simple sentences; With just one principal clause (although it seems childish); Force yourself to not say anything nonsense; Always finish the sentence; Have critical listening;

1) 2) 3) 4)

1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6)

The golden rules in SI 1) Remember you are communicating;

2 2) 3) 4) 5) 6) 7) Make the best possible use of technical facilities; Ensure they can hear both the speaker and themselves clearly; Never attempt to interpret something you have not heard or understood; Maximize concentration; Not be distracted by focussing attention on individual problematic words; Cultivate split attention, with active and analytical listening to the speaker and critical monitoring of their own output; 8) Use, where possible, short and simple sentences; 9) Be grammatical; 10) Make sense in every single sentence and always finish it.

Part III The Techniques 1) When to start interpreting? What distance to keep from the speaker? It depends from grammar, syntax, speed of the speaker, source and target languages. 1) Give the speaker a certain headstart; begin as soon as possible; 2) Express something meaningful: unit of meaning; a. Micro component (nouns and complements); b. No more than a sentence; c. Just one word or 7 or 8 words, depending on syntax; 3) Alternative method: speak coherently and grammatically, not necessarily following the unit of meaning: do not launch a sentence without having a way to finish it. It is not a race horse. Interpreters can start interpreting after subject + verb + complement. Wait until you have enough material to complete a sentence. 4) Avoid beginning the sentences with relative or subordinate clauses and finish as soon as possible after the speaker. 2) Reformulation Transform long sentences into easier ones and do not provide a slavish copy of the original. Avoid complicated grammar and syntax. Vinay and Darbelnet treated the question (the concept) as rephrasing; In CI, the audience can help and give the answer, but in SI you dont have the context; how to react? 1) Always consult documents, agenda, to not face terminological problems; 2) Follow the material; 3) Try to reformulate; See examples/synonyms of otohinolaryngologist; 4) You have a colleague in the booth; 5) Use reformulation or explain the audience about untranslatable terms; 6) Reformulation gives you autonomy and freedom. 7) Students: force yourself to begin sentences differently and do not torture the target language.

3 8) How to improve vocabulary: reading the press, to keep abreast of both current affairs and topical terminology; publications for the popularization of technical subjects such as medical research, information technology; written literature.

3) The salami technique Express yourself in short, simple sentences; self-contained sentences; with just one clause; Take care with Russian doll-like structures. 4) Efficiency in reformulation 1) Use salami technique and express as succinctly as possible; some languages are more acute than others. English is dense and succint and interpreters need 50% more items translating it into Romance languages. 2) If the object of discussion is just one, interpreters can reduce their form: the trade tribunal by only the tribunal, saving precious seconds: it is how cognitive knowledge can be shared between interpreters and the audience; or a fact that is in the news everywhere and is highly topical. 3) The interpreters should search for economy: a. removing: really, actually, well, etc; as so to, if you see what I mean; b. unnecessary repetitions must be banned (using synonyms); c. replace some expressions: as far as is concerned = on; in cooperation with one another = do it together. d. Using shortcuts. No frills interpretation: Can you agree? I have to inform you that my position on this questions means that my answer is in the negative would be interpreted as no= It saves time, unless the speaker want literary, rhetorical, oratorical or diplomatic style. 5) Simplification: Demand for technical speeches: it is advisable to simplify them; Simplification applies to any case; some speeches are highly technical = to maximize communication, the interpreter must interpret unfamiliar jargon into everyday language. Simplification helps when you dont know the word. 6) Generalization: using generic terms. 7) Omission: Under duress and fast speakers: The last thing the interpreter should do is enter into a race with the speaker. Interpreters must understand sufficient information to identify what is important, especially when receiving the documents two minutes before the conference starts or when the interpreter has no text at all, with any support documentation. 8) Summarizing and Recapitulation: SI is not a summary that is added to the full text; nor a form to cover up for the interpreters own shortcomings; it is used to clarify what is unclear; 9) Explanation: used to save time in the long run: especially with notions, cultural and institutional references with no equivalent in the target language. Example: AVE Alta Velocidad Espaola = use only the initials;

4 10) Anticipation: specially with stereotypes; words that are obvious or logical; 11) What to do if I make a clear mistake? Mishear; misunderstand; misconstruct; interpret incorrectly; out of pride, the interpret must correct themselves and give the right version to the audience; if the error makes difference: try to rectify it in any case; do not try to cover up to avoid the embarrassment of admitting it. But do not try to translate better a correct translation: do not try to satisfy the desire to provide a perfect translation. 12) What to do if the speaker makes a mistake? Extreme caution; unless it is an obvious slip of the tongue (lapsus). When you are unsure: add a comment like says the speaker, but I think he means. This shows no disrespect. Take care when the speaker is being sarcastic. 13) Avoiding committing yourself: do not advance in announcing the speakers intentions: when the speaker says he is going to cover 4 topics in his speech, maybe you should interpret some topics; apply a client-oriented approach. In CI you have the chance to confirm the 4 topics, but in SI you dont: so, for faithfulness, clarity and ease of comfort for the listener: use certain topics and not exactly 4. When there is a joke, and it is mediocre, or a pun, the interpreters mustnt announce them. Rules for dealing with jokes: the speaker will hope for comic effect and some response from their audience: if they are translatable: interpreters should try to be very close in time; if they are untranslatable: explain the essence of the joke, if interpreters have time and ask the audience to laugh would you be so kind as to laugh agora!. Allusions, quotations, literary or historical quotations must be paraphrased, so as metaphors should be interpreted when possible. Metaphors and sayings should not be announced. Delegates are not in the meeting to appreciate language. Explain it when possible. If interpreters do not understand sayings, they must give the speakers conclusion; interpreters must avoid creating sayings or making allusions; especially when you have languages A, B and C in the room. 14) Using pat phrases for any occasions; drafting jargon; interpreters must have pat phrases for agree, disagree, support, endorse, back ideas, call into question, wonder about, have doubts about, understand, dont understand, grasped an idea, require clarification, want something specified. Using pat phrases in subject areas to have right formulations read to hand and avoid unnecessary mental efforts. 15) Intonation, stress and pauses constraints and temptations: difficulty: the position in the booths; problems: sound-proof booth; pressure; overreaction; interpreters must not make artificial pauses.

16) Numbers are crucial pieces of information: custom tariff; codes; arithmetic value, part of arithmetical value, order, temperature, fusion, degrees, millions, unit, dollars, pounds, tons; proportion. Prepositions with numbers; Technical terms: beet sugar, raw sugar, refined sugar. Avoid talking nonsense. Take care with short-term memory. Say numbers as soon as possible. Do not keep distance from the speaker. Say numbers and statistics first. Write it in Arabic numbers to avoid errors. Use team work in the booth. 17) Retour: other than the interpreters mother tongue. Avoid been overpompous. Use salami technique. Avoid highly idiomatic style. 18) Relay: source language for other colleagues. Close in time and in form and content. Priority to clarity.

Concluding remarks on simultaneous interpreting: Omission as an intelligent strategy; especially under duress; interpreters omit in order to preserve, to achieve maximum economy. Interpretation is audience-specific and situation-specific.