ninth edition

TORTORA FUNKE CASE

MICROBIOLOGY
an introduction

10

Part A

Classification of Microorganisms
PowerPoint Lecture Slide Presentation prepared by Christine L. Case
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Taxonomy
Taxonomy The science of classifying organisms Provides universal names for organisms Provides a reference for identifying organisms

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Taxonomy
Systematics or phylogeny: The study of the evolutionary history of organisms. All Species Inventory (2001-2025) To identify all species of life on Earth

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Taxonomy
1735 1857 Plant and Animal Kingdoms Bacteria and fungi put in the Plant Kingdom

1866
1937 1961

Kingdom Protista proposed for bacteria, protozoa,

algae, and fungi Prokaryote introduced for cells "without a nucleus" Prokaryote defined as cells in which nucleoplasm is not surrounded by a nuclear membrane

1959 1968 1978

Kingdom Fungi Kingdom Prokaryotae proposed Two types of prokaryotic cells found

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

The Three-Domain System

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Table 10.1

The Three-Domain System

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Figure 10.1

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Table 10.2

Endosymbiotic Theory

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Figures 10.2, 10.3

Scientific Names
of Genus Source of Scientific Binomial Source Name Specific Epithet
Klebsiella pneumoniae
Pfiesteria piscicida

Honors Edwin Klebs

Honors Lois Pfiester

The disease
Disease in fish

Salmonella typhimurium Honors Daniel Salmon Stupor (typh-) in mice (muri-) Streptococcus Chains of cells Forms pus (pyo-) pyogenes (strepto-) Penicillium chrysogenum Trypanosoma cruzi Tuftlike (penicill-) Corkscrew-like (trypano-, borer; soma-, body) Produces a yellow (chryso-) pigment Honors Oswaldo Cruz

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Taxonomic Hierarchy

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Figure 10.5

Species Definition
Eukaryotic species: A group of closely related organisms that breed among themselves Prokaryotic species: A population of cells with similar characteristics

Clone: Population of cells derived from a single cell

Strain: Genetically different cells within a clone Viral species: Population of viruses with similar characteristics that occupies a particular ecological niche
Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Domain Eukarya
Animalia: Multicellular; no cell walls; chemoheterotrophic Plantae: Multicellular; cellulose cell walls; usually photoautotrophic

Fungi: Chemoheterotrophic; unicellular or multicellular;

cell walls of chitin; develop from spores or hyphal fragments Protista: A catchall for eukaryotic organisms that do not fit other kingdoms
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Prokaryotes

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Figure 10.6

References
Bergeys Manual of Determinative Bacteriology Provides identification schemes for identifying bacteria and archaea Bergeys Manual of Systematic Bacteriology Provides phylogenetic information on bacteria and archaea Approved Lists of Bacterial Names Lists species of known prokaryotes Based on published articles Based on rRNA sequencing Morphology, differential staining, biochemical tests

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Identification Methods
Morphological
characteristics: Useful for identifying

eukaryotes
Differential staining: Gram staining, acidfast staining Biochemical tests:

Determines presence
of bacterial enzymes
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Figure 10.8

Copyright 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Figure 10.7