11.12.

2013

APRECIEREA STRII DE
NTREINERE

Dr. Ing. Ovidiu-Nicu Pentelescu

University of Agricultural Sciences and

Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca
Faculty of Animal Sciences

Starea de ntreinere
Cantitatea de rezerve pe care o are o vac la ftat influeneaz puternic complicaiile
poteniale la ftare sau imediat dup ftare, producia de lapte i eficiena reproductiv
pentru lactaia care urmeaz.
Vacile care sunt prea slabe au:
Producie de lapte redus datorit lipsei de rezerve corporale adecvate pentru lactaia
timpurie
ocuren crescut a anumitor boli metabolice (ketosis, displaced abomasum etc.)
reapariia trzie a ciclului de clduri dup ftare
Pe de alt parte, vacile care sunt prea grase:
Au mai multe complicaii la ftare (ftare dificil)
Nu consum voluntar cantitii suficiente de material uscat n lactaia timpurie, ceea
ce predispune vaca la:
ocuren crescut a anumitor boli metabolice (sindromul vacii grase, ketosis etc.)
Producie de lapte redus

Scopul este acela de a avea vaci n stare bun de ntreinere la ftare nici prea
slabe, nici prea grase.

Starea de ntreinere a animalelor n perioada reproductiv este o

evaluare subiectiv a cantitii de grsime, sau a cantitii de
energie stocat pe care o are o vac. Starea de ntreinere se
modific pe parcursul perioadei de lactaie. Vacile n perioada de
lactaie timpurie au o balan energetic negativ i pierd din
rezervele corpului (i utilizeaz rezervele disponibile). Pentru
fiecare kilogram de greutate corporal mobilizat, se furnizeaz
energie suficient pentru a susine producia a apte kilograme de
lapte. Vacile aflate n prima lactaie nu ar trebui s piard mai mult
de circa un kilogram din greutatea lor corporal pe zi. Pe de alt
parte, vacile aflate n lactaii trzii au o balan energetic pozitiv
i ctig rezerve pentru a-i reface starea de ntreinere
corporal pierdut n timpul lactaiei timpurii. Astfel, starea de
ntreinere se schimb de-a lungul stadiilor lactaiilor.

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Nutrient and Milk Yield Relationships in the

Lactation and Gestation Cycle
Periods

Body Stores
Used for
Milk Production

Dry Matter Intake

Body Stores
Regained for
Next Lactation

Dry Period
Rumen
Rehab

Freshening

10

11

12

Month

Figura 1:
Echilibrul energetic
al vacilor de lapte
n perioada de
lactaie timpurie

Figura 2: Identificarea unor pri ale

corpului utilizate n determinarea aprecierea
strii de ntreinere a animalului

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Scoruri

Apofize
transvers
e

Vedere din spate

(transversal)

Vedere lateral a liniei

dintre coad i creasta
iliaca

Flancul
Vedere din
spate

Vedere
unghiular

1
Subcondionare
sever
2
schelet evident
3
Schelet i
acoperire
echilibrate

4
schelet nu la
fel de vizibil
ca
acoperirea
5
Supracondiionare
sever
(ingrasare)

SCORUL STRII DE NTREINERE (BCS) pentru vaci n

LACTAIE
Scorul strii de ntreinere este un instrument folosit pentru
adaptarea hrnirii i managementul fermelor de vaci pentru a
crete producia potenial de lapte i a reduce la minim
problemele reproductive. Acest scor se atribuie pe baza
aprecierii directe la nivelul spatelui mai ales la nivelul zonei
delimitate de oasele coxale (articulatia coxo-femural), de
crestele iliace i de baza cozii. Cantitatea de material
acoperitor de deasupra apofizelor transverse se utilizeaz
i ea pentru atribuirea punctajului (Figurile 2, 3 i 4). Vacile
sunt de obicei notate pe o scar de la 1 la 5. Vacile foarte
slabe primesc punctajul 1, iar cele foarte grase 5. Ambele
punctaje extreme nu sunt de dorit (Figura 4).

Tabelul 1: Efectul pierderilor n starea de ntreinere (BCS) n lactaialacta

timpurie/timpurie/ FECUNDITATE

Pierderi n BCS

FECUNDITATE

Sub 1 unitate

50%

ntre 1 i 2 uniti

34%

Peste 2 uniti

21%

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Scoruri ale strii de ntreinere recomandate n diferite stadii ale lactaiei sunt:

Ftare

3,0 la 3,5

In mont

2,5

Lactaie trzie

3,0 la 3,5

In gestaie

3,0 la 3,5

Un punctaj al strii de ntreinere de 1,5 puncte la una sau

dou luni dup ftare nu este de dorit deoarece indic o
subnutriie acut (echilibru energetic negatic, Figura 4a). Un
punctaj de 3,0 (Figura 4b) ar trebui s fie tipic pentru vacile
care i refac rezervele corporale n mijlocul perioadei de
lactaie. n perioada de lactaie trzie i n gestaie ar fi cel
mai de dorit un punctaj de 3,5.
Acest punctaj al strii de ntreinere asigur vacii rezerve
corporale suficiente pentru a reduce la minim riscul
complicaiilor la ftare i crete la maxim producia de lapte
n lactaia timpurie. Cum producia de lapte se reduce n
lactaia trzie, vacile ctig eficient n greutate.
Supraalimentarea cu concentrate este o greeal de
management. Vacile care primesc prea multe concentrate n
partea a doua a perioadei de lactaie tind spre obezitate
(Figura 4c). Aceste vaci probabil c vor avea dificulti la
ftare i vor prezenta i alte probleme (sindromul vacii
grase).

Figura 4: Exemple de vaci i scorurile de ntreinere de 1,5 (A), 3 (B)

i 4,5 (C)

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Side View
Hooks

Pins
Thurl

Short Ribs

Rear View
Short Ribs

Sacral Ligament
Hooks

Tailhead Ligament
Thurl
Pins

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Angle Between
Hooks and Pins

Angle is a V

Will be a 3
or less BCS

Angle Between
Hooks and Pins

Angle is a U

BCS will be
more than 3

Angular Cow, V-AngleV-

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Rounded Cow, U-AngleU-

More Practice
x

Since this first decision can be a little

difficult, here are a few more
examples.

Once you have looked at each cow,

you can advance to see the answer.

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Cows with V-Angle V3.0 or Less

x

Now let's refine your score of "3 or

less," starting with an evaluation of
the HOOKS.HOOKS.

Are they round or angular?

Rounded Hooks

Hooks
round

BCS = 3.0

Angular Hooks
x

Hooks
angular

Will score
2.75 or less

10

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Cows with Angular Hooks 2.75 or

Less
x

Now let's refine your score of "2.75

or less," by evaluating the PINS.PINS.

Are they padded or angular?

Padded Pins
Pins
visibly
padded

BCS =
2.75

Angular Pins

Angular
pins

Will score
below 2.75

11

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Feel Pins for Fat Pad

x

Now let's refine your score of "less

than 2.75," by evaluating the PINS
more closely.

Can you feel a fat pad on the point of

the pins (a palpable fat pad)?

Palpable Fat Pad on Pins

Fat pad present

BCS = 2.5

No Fat Pad on Pins

x

No fat pad

Will score
below 2.5

12

11.12.2013

Evaluate the Visibility of Short Ribs

x

The final decision to refine your score

of "less than 2.5," requires a close
look at the SHORT RIBS and SPINE.SPINE.
Look for the boney ridges of the
short ribs.
Estimate the distance that these
ridges are easily seen from the tip of
the short ribs to the spine.
Are the ridges visible half of the
distance, three-fourths of thethreedistance, more?

Visible 1/2 the distance

Ribs visible
halfway to
the spine

BCS = 2.25

Visible 3/4 the distance

x

Ribs visible
three-threefourths of
the distance
to the spine

BCS = 2.0

13

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Sacral Visible
Tailhead Visible

Both ligaments
easily seen

BCS = 3.25

Sacral Visible
Tailhead Barely Visible
x

Tailhead ligament
partly covered in
fat

BCS = 3.50

Sacral Barely Visible

Tailhead Not Visible
x

Neither
ligament
easily seen

BCS =
3.75

14

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Sacral Not Visible

Tailhead Not Visible
x

Neither ligament
visible

Will score 4.0 or

more

Scores Greater than 4.0

x

Now let's refine your score of "over

4," by evaluating the THURL, SHORTTHURL,
RIBS, PINS,RIBS, PINS, and HOOKS.HOOKS.

The score will increase as more of

these parts are covered with fat.

Which parts can you see?

Thurl Flat
Pins Not Visible
x

Area between
hooks and
pins filled
with fat
Tips of short
ribs not
visible
Pins not
visible

15

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Suggested BCS Schedule

Calving
30 days after calving
First breeding
Pregnancy check
60 days before dry-offdryDry-Dry-off

x
x
x
x
x
x

Possibly mid dry period if cows are

having problems at calving or during
early lactation

Compared to Recommended Body Condition Score

PSU 109
4.50

4.00

3.50
Body Condition Score

3.00

2.50

2.00

Normal Change
Lactation 4
118 lb Peak Milk, at 42 DIM
305-d milk 27,510 lb

1.50

Your Cow

Goal

Min

Max

1.00
-60

-30

30

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330

360

Stage of Lactation - Days in Milk

Compared to Recommended Body Condition Score

PSU 263
4.50

4.00

3.50
Body Condition Score

3.00

2.50

2.00

Small Heifer with High Production

First Lactation, calved at 23 months
104 lb Peak Milk, at 140 DIM
305-d milk 24,730 lb

1.50

Your Cow

Goal

Min

Max

1.00
-60

-30

30

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330

360

Stage of Lactation - Days in Milk

16

11.12.2013

Compared to Recommended Body Condition Score

PSU 836
4.50

4.00

3.50
Body Condition Score

3.00

2.50

2.00

High Production
Lactation 4
178 lb Peak Milk, at 35 DIM
305-d milk 36,590 lb

1.50

Your Cow

Goal

Min

Max

1.00
-60

-30

30

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330

360

Stage of Lactation - Days in Milk

Compared to Recommended Body Condition Score

PSU 975
4.50

4.00

3.50
Body Condition Score

3.00

2.50

2.00

Low Production
Lactation 4
97 lb Peak Milk, at 28 DIM
243-d Lactation 16,530 lb milk

1.50

Your Cow

Goal

Min

Max

1.00
-60

-30

30

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

270

300

330

360

Stage of Lactation - Days in Milk

Tehnica aprecierii strii de ntreinere reunete

trei factori importani:
Bunstarea
ntreinerea
Performana

17