Assignment-1 ME-341

Q1.

A glass window of width W=1 m & height H=2m is 5mm thick and has a thermal conductivity of K glass=1.4 w/m-k. If the inner and outer surface temperature of glass are 150 C and -200 C, respectively,on a cold winter day, what is the rate of heat loss through the glass? To reduce heat loss through windows, it is customary to use a double pane construction in which adjoining panes are seperated by an air space. If the spacing is 10 mm and the glass surfaces in contact with the air have temperatures of 100 C and -150 C, what is the rate of heat loss from a 1m 2m window? The thermal conductivity of air is k air=0.024 W/m-k. A gage for measuring heat flux to a surface or through a laminated material employs five thin-film, chromel/ alumel (type K) thermocouples deposited on the upper and lower surfaces of a wafer with a thermal conductivity of 1.4 W/m-k and thickness of 0.25mm. (1) Determine the heat flux q through the gage when the voltage output at the copper leads is 350 V. The seebeck coefficient of the type-K thermocouple materials is approximately 40 V/0C. (2) What precaution should you take in using a gage of this nature to measure heat flow through the laminated structure shown?

Q2.

Q3.

The temperature controller for a clothes dryer consists of a bimetallic switch mounted on an electrical heater attached to a wall-mounted insulation pad. The switch is set to open at 700 C, the maximum dryer air temperature. In order to operate the dryer at a lower air temperature, sufficient power is supplied to the heater such that the switch

reaches 700C (Tset) when the air temperature T is less than Tset. If the convection heat transfer coefficient between the air and the exposed switch surface of 30mm2 is 25 W/m2-K how much heater power Pe is required when the desired dry air temperature is T=500C?

Q4.

Youve experienced convection cooling if youve ever extended your hand out the window of a moving vehicle or into a flowing water stream. With the surface of your hand at a temperature of 300C, determine the convection heat flux for (a) a vehicle speed of 35 km/h in air at -50C with a convection coefficient of 40 W/m2-K and (b) a velocity of 0.2 m/s in a water stream at 100C with a convection coefficient of 900W/m2-K. Which condition would feel colder? Contrast these results with a heat loss of approximately 30 W/m2 under normal room conditions. The free convection heat transfer coefficient on a thin hot vertical plate suspended in still air can be determined from observations of the change in plate temperature with time as it cools. Assuming the plate is isothermal and radiation exchange with its surroundings is negligible, evaluate the convection coefficient at the instant of time when the plate temperature is 2250C and the change in the plate temperature with time (dT/dt) is -0.022K/s. The ambient air temperature is 250C and the plate measures 0.30.3 m with a mass 0f 3.75 kg and a specific heat of 2770 J/kg-K. Chips of width of L=15 mm on a side are mounted to a substrate that in installed in an enclosure whose walls and air are maintained at a temperature of Tsur=T=250C. The chips have an emissivity of =0.60 and a maximum allowable temperature of Ts=850C. (1) If the heat is rejected from the chips by radiation and natural convection, what is maximum operating power of each strip? The convection coefficient depends on the chip to air temperature difference and may be approximated as h=C (Ts-T) 1/4, where C=4.2 W/m2-K5/4. (2) If the fan is used to maintain air flow through the enclosure and the heat transfer is by forced convection, with h= 250 W/m2-K, what is the maximum operating power?

Q5.

Q6.

Q7.

A vaccum system, as used in sputtering electrically conducting thin flims on microcircuits, is comprised of a baseplate maintained by an electrical heater at 300 K and a shroud within the enclosure maintained at 77 K by a liquid-nitrogen coolant loop. The circular base plate, insulated on the lower side, is 0.3 m in diameter and has an emissivity of 0.25. (1) How much electrical power must be provided to baseplate heater? (2) At what rate must be the liquid nitrogen be supplied to the shroud if its heat of vaporization is 125 KJ/Kg. (3) To reduce the liquid nitrogen consumption , it is proposed to bond a thin sheet of aluminium foil (=0.09) to the baseplate. Will this have the desired result?

Q8.

The electrical-substitution radiometer shown schematically determines the optical (radiant) power of a beam by measuring the electrical power required to heat the receiver to the same temperature. With a beam such as laser of beam optical power

Popt, incident on the receiver ,its temperature Ts, increases above that of chamber walls held at uniform temperature , Tsur=77 K. With the optical beam blocked, the heater on the backside of the receiver is energized and the electrical power, Pelec, required to reach the same value of Ts is measured. The purpose of your analysis to determine the relationship between the electrical and the optical power, considering the heat transfer processes experienced by the receiver. Consider a radiometer with a 15mm diameter receiver having a blackened surface with an emissivity of 0.95 and the absorptivity of 0.98 for the optical beam. When operating in the optical mode, conduction heat losses from the backside of the receiver are negligible. In the electrical mode amounts to 5% of the electrical power. What is the optical power of the beam when the indicated electrical power is 20.64 mW? What is the corresponding receiver temperature?

Q9.

The diameter and the surface emissivity of an electrically heated plate are D=300mm and =0.80, respectively. (1) Estimate the power needed to maintain a surface temperature of 2000C in a room for which the air and the walls are at 250C. The coefficient characterizing heat transfer by natural convection depends on the surface temperature and, in units of W/m2-K, may be approximated by an expression of the form h=0.80(Ts-T) 1/3. (2) Asses the effect of surface temperature on the power requirement, as well as on the relative contributions of convection and radiation to the heat transfer from the surface.

Q10.

In analyzing the performance of a thermal system, the engineer must be able to identify the relevant heat transfer processes. Only then can the system behavior be properly quantified. For the following systems identify the pertinent processes, designating them by approrpriately labeled arrows on asketch of the system. Answer additional questions that appear in the problem statement . (1) Identify the heat transfer processes that determine the temperature of an asphalt pavement on a summer day. Write the energy balance for an surface of the pavement. (2) Microwave radiation is known to be trainsmitted by plastics, glass and ceramics, but to be absorbed by materials having polar molecules such as water. Water molecules exposed to microwave radiation align and reversed alingment with the microwave radiation at frequiencies upto 109 s-1, causing heat to be generated . contrast cooking in a microwave oven with cooking in a

conventional radiant or convection oven. In each case what is the physical mechanism resonsipble for heating the food? Which oven has the greater energy utilization efficiency? Why ? microwave heating is being considered for drying clothes. How would operation of microwave clothes dryer is different from conventional dryer ? which is likely to have the greater energy utilization efficiency and why ?
Q11.

In considering the following problems involving heat transfer in the natural enviroment (outdoors), recognize that solar radiation is comprised of long and short wavelength components. If this radiation is incident on a semitransparent medium, such as water or glass, two things will happen to the nonreflected portion of the radiation. The long wavelength component will be absorbed at the surface of the medium , whereas the shortwavelength component will be transmitted by the surface. (1) The number of panes in a window can strongly influence the heat loss from a heated room to the outside ambient air. Compare the single and double paned units shown by identifying relevant heat transfer processes for each case. (2) In a typical flat plate solar collecter , energy is collected by a working fluid that is circulated through tubes that are in good contact with the back face of an absorber plate. The back face is insulated from the surroundings , and the absorber plate receives solar radiation on its front face, which is typically covered by one or more transparent plates. Identify the relevantheat transfer processes, first for the absorber plate with no cover plate and then for the absorber plate with a single cover plate.