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http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viktor_Frankl&printable=yes
Viktor Frankl
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Viktor Emil Frankl, M.D., Ph.D. (26 March 1905 2 September 1997)[1][2] was an Austrian neurologist and psychiatrist as well as a Holocaust survivor. Frankl was the founder of logotherapy, which is a form of existential analysis, the "Third Viennese School of Psychotherapy". His best-selling book Man's Search for Meaning (published under a different title in 1959: From Death-Camp to Existentialism, and originally published in 1946 as Trotzdem Ja Zum Leben Sagen: Ein Psychologe erlebt das Konzentrationslager, meaning Nevertheless, Say "Yes" to Life: A Psychologist Experiences the Concentration Camp) chronicles his experiences as a concentration camp inmate which led him to discover the importance of finding meaning in all forms of existence, even the most sordid ones, and thus, a reason to continue living. Frankl became one of the key figures in existential therapy and a prominent source of inspiration for humanistic psychologists.[3]
Contents
1 Life before 1945 1.1 Physician, therapist 1.2 Prisoner, therapist 2 Life after 1945 3 Legacy 4 Decorations and awards 5 Frankl's bibliography 6 See also 7 References 8 External links
Born 26 March 1905 Leopoldstadt, Vienna Died 2 September 1997 (aged 92) Vienna Resting place Zentralfriedhof Nationality Known for Religion Austrian Logotherapy, Existential Analysis Judaism
Physician, therapist
During part of 1924 he became the president of the Sozialistische Mittelschler sterreich, a Social Democratic youth movement for high school students throughout Austria.[1]:59 Between 1928 and 1930, while still a medical student, he organized and offered a special program to counsel high school students free of charge. The program involved the participation of psychologists such as Charlotte Bhler, and it paid special attention to students at the time when they received their report cards. In 1931, not a single Viennese student committed suicide. The success of this program grabbed the attention of the likes of Wilhelm Reich who invited him to Berlin.[2][4][5] From 1933 to 1937, Viktor Frankl completed his residency in neurology and psychiatry at the Steinhof Psychiatric Hospital in Vienna. He was responsible for the so-called Selbstmrderpavillon, or "suicide pavilion". Here, he treated more than 30,000 women who had suicidal tendencies.[2] In 1937, he established an independent private practice in neurology and psychiatry at Alser Strasse 32/12 in Vienna.[2] Beginning with the Nazi takeover of Austria in 1938, he was prohibited from treating "Aryan" patients due to his Jewish identity. In 1940 he started working at the Rothschild Hospital, where he headed its neurological department. This hospital was the only one in Vienna to which Jews were still admitted. His medical opinions saved several patients from being euthanised via the Nazi euthanasia program. In December 1941 he married Tilly Grosser.[2][3]
Prisoner, therapist
On 25 September 1942, Frankl, his wife, and his parents were deported to the Nazi Theresienstadt Ghetto. There Frankl worked as a general practitioner in a clinic. When his skills in psychiatry were noticed, he was assigned to the psychiatric care ward in block B IV, establishing a camp service of "psychohygiene" or mental health care. He organized a unit to help camp newcomers to overcome shock and grief. Later he set up a suicide watch, assisted by Regina Jonas.[2][6] On 29 July 1943, Frankl organized a closed event for the Scientific Society at Theresienstadt, and with the help of Leo Baeck he offered a series of open lectures, including "Sleep and Sleep Disturbances", "Body and Soul", "Medical Care of the Soul", "Psychology of Mountaineering", "How to keep my nerves healthy?", "Medical ministry", "Existential Problems in Psychotherapy", and "Social Psychotherapy".[6] His father Gabriel died of pulmonary edema and pneumonia at Theresienstadt.[2][3][6] On 19 October 1944, Frankl and his wife Tilly were transported to the Auschwitz concentration camp, where he was processed. He was moved to Kaufering, a Nazi concentration camp affiliated with Dachau concentration camp, where he arrived on 25 October 1944. There he was to spend five months working as a slave laborer. In March 1945, he was offered a move to the so-called rest-camp, Trkheim, also affiliated with Dachau. He decided to go to Trkheim, where he worked as a physician until 27 April 1945, when Frankl was liberated by the Americans.[2][3] Meanwhile, his wife Tilly was transferred from Auschwitz to the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp, where she died. Frankl's mother Elsa was killed by the Nazis in the gas chambers of Auschwitz, and his brother Walter died working in a mining operation that was part of Auschwitz. Apart from him, the only survivor of the Holocaust among Frankl's immediate relatives, was his sister Stella. She had escaped from Austria by emigrating to Australia.[2][3]
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Legacy
Frankl's logotherapy and existential analysis is considered the third Viennese School of Psychotherapy,[4] among the broad category that comprises existentialists.[11] For Irvin Yalom, Frankl, "who has devoted his career to a study of an existential approach to therapy, has apparently concluded that the lack of meaning is the paramount existential stress. To him, existential neurosis is synonymous with a crisis of meaninglessness".[11] He is thought to have coined the term, Sunday neurosis. The term refers to a form of anxiety resulting from an awareness in some people of the emptiness of their lives once the working week is over.[12] Some complain of a void and a vague discontent.[11] This arises from an existential vacuum, or feeling of meaninglessness, which is a common phenomenon and is characterised by the subjective state of boredom, apathy, and emptiness. One feels cynical, lacks direction, and questions the point of most of life's activities.[11] Viktor Frankl once recommended that the Statue of Liberty on the East Coast of the United States be complemented by a Statue of Responsibility on the West Coast: Freedom, however, is not the last word. Freedom is only part of the story and half of the truth. Freedom is but the negative aspect of the whole phenomenon whose positive aspect is responsibleness. In fact, freedom is in danger of degenerating into mere arbitrariness unless it is lived in terms of responsibleness. That is why I recommend that the Statue of Liberty on the East Coast be supplemented by a Statue of Responsibility on the West Coast.[13] Reportedly, there are plans to construct such a statue.[14]
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1956: Promotion Award for Public Education of the Federal Ministry of Education, Arts and Culture 1962: Cardinal Innitzer Prize 1969: Austrian Cross of Honour for Science and Art, 1st class[15] 1976: Prize of the Danubia Foundation 1980: Honorary Ring of Vienna 1981: Austrian Decoration for Science and Art[16] 1985: Oskar Pfister Award 1986: Honorary doctorate from the University of Vienna 1988: Great Silver Medal with Star for Services to the Republic of Austria[17] 1995: Hans Prinzhorn Medal 1995: Honorary Citizen of the City of Vienna 1995: Great Gold Medal with Star for Services to the Republic of Austria[18] 1995: Grand Decoration of the Austrian Chamber of Physicians Grand Merit Cross with Star of the Federal Republic of Germany (Groes Verdienstkreuz mit Stern)
Frankl's bibliography
His books in English are: Man's Search for Meaning (http://books.google.com/books?id=F-Q_xGjWBi8C). An Introduction to Logotherapy, Beacon Press, Boston, MA, 2006. ISBN 978-0-8070-1427-1 On the Theory and Therapy of Mental Disorders (http://books.google.com/books?id=cY3u6N1zXIgC). An Introduction to Logotherapy and Existential Analysis, Translated by James M. DuBois. Brunner-Routledge, London-New York, 2004. ISBN 0-415-95029-5 Psychotherapy and Existentialism (http://books.google.ca/books/about/Psychotherapy_and_existentialism.html?id=FgVsAAAAMAAJ). Selected Papers on Logotherapy, Simon & Schuster,New York, 1967. ISBN 0-671-20056-9 The Will to Meaning (http://books.google.com/books?id=5gImYTIc7BcC). Foundations and Applications of Logotherapy, New American Library, New York, 1988 ISBN 0-452-01034-9 The Unheard Cry for Meaning (http://books.google.com/books?id=kYfBJ84QCAYC). Psychotherapy and Humanism, Simon & Schuster, New York, 2011 ISBN 978-1-4516-6438-6 Viktor Frankl Recollections: An Autobiography. (http://books.google.com/books?id=dHHVzdO_SJoC); Basic Books, Cambridge, MA 2000. ISBN 978-0-7382-0355-3. Man's Search for Ultimate Meaning (http://books.google.com/books?id=_hcQAQAAMAAJ). (A revised and extended edition of The Unconscious God (http://books.google.com.pe/books/about/The_unconscious_God.html?hl=en&id=2mgSGQAACAAJ); with a Foreword by Swanee Hunt). Perseus Book Publishing, New York, 1997; ISBN 0-306-45620-6. Paperback edition: Perseus Book Group; New York, July 2000; ISBN 0-7382-0354-8.
See also
Existential analysis
References
1. ^ a b c Viktor Emil Frankl (11 August 2000). Viktor Frankl Recollections: An Autobiography (http://books.google.com/books?id=dHHVzdO_SJoC). Basic Books. ISBN 978-0-7382-0355-3. 2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Haddon Klingberg (16 October 2001). When life calls out to us: the love and lifework of Viktor and Elly Frankl (http://books.google.com /books?id=FrFtAAAAMAAJ). Doubleday. ISBN 978-0-385-50036-4. 3. ^ a b c d e f g h Anna Redsand (18 December 2006). Viktor Frankl: A Life Worth Living (http://books.google.com/books?id=3AXDwL6HwRAC). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. ISBN 978-0-618-72343-0. 4. ^ a b c d e f "Viktor Fankl Life and Work" (http://www.viktorfrankl.org/e/lifeandwork.html). Viktor Frankl Institute Vienna. 2011. Retrieved May 2012. 5. ^ Alexander Batthyany; Viktor Emil Frankl (1 April 2010). "Introduction: Viktor E. Frankl and the Development of Logotherapy and Existential Analysis" (http://books.google.com/books?id=aX1QSAAACAAJ). The Feeling of Meaninglessness: A Challenge to Psychotherapy and Philosophy. Marquette University Press. ISBN 978-0-87462-758-9. 6. ^ a b c Kwiet, Konrad (1984). "The Ultimate Refuge: Suicide in the Jewish Community under the Nazis". Leo Baeck Institute Yearbook 29 (1): 135167. doi:10.1093/leobaeck/29.1.135 (http://dx.doi.org/10.1093%2Fleobaeck%2F29.1.135) . 7. ^ a b Viktor Emil Frankl (1 June 2006). Man's Search for Meaning (http://books.google.com/books?id=F-Q_xGjWBi8C). Beacon Press. ISBN 978-0-8070-1427-1. 8. ^ Man's Search for Meaning, Part One, "Experiences in a Concentration Camp", Viktor Frankl, Pocket Books, ISBN 978-0-671-02337-9 pp. 5657 9. ^ a b Scully, Mathew (1995). "Viktor Frankl at Ninety: An Interview" (http://www.firstthings.com/article/2008/08/004-viktor-frankl-at-ninety-an-interview-18). First Things. Retrieved May 2012. 10. ^ Noble, Holcomb B. (4 September 1997). "Dr. Viktor E. Frankl of Vienna, Psychiatrist of the Search for Meaning, Dies at 92" (http://www.nytimes.com/1997/09 /04/world/dr-viktor-e-frankl-of-vienna-psychiatrist-of-the-search-for-meaning-dies-at-92.html). The New York Times. pp. Section B, page 7. Retrieved 6 September 2009. 11. ^ a b c d Yalom, Irvin D. (1980). Existential Psychotherapy. New York: BasicBooks. ISBN 0-465-02147-6. 12. ^ Boeree, C. George (2006). "Viktor Frankl" (http://webspace.ship.edu/cgboer/frankl.html). Shippensburg University. Retrieved 7 March 2008. 13. ^ Warnock, Caleb (May 8, 2005). Statue of Responsibility "If freedom is to endure, liberty must be joined with responsibility." (http://www.heraldextra.com /news/article_21e93a1f-94db-5533-9e5c-0560fff08972.html). Daily Herald. pp. A1. Retrieved October 9, 2009. 14. ^ Statue of Responsibility Foundation (http://www.mystatueofresponsibility.com/) 15. ^ "Reply to a parliamentary question" (http://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/VHG/XXIV/AB/AB_10542/imfname_251156.pdf) (pdf) (in German). p. 267. Retrieved 18 December 2012. 16. ^ "Reply to a parliamentary question" (http://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/VHG/XXIV/AB/AB_10542/imfname_251156.pdf) (pdf) (in German). p. 609. Retrieved 18 December 2012. 17. ^ "Reply to a parliamentary question" (http://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/VHG/XXIV/AB/AB_10542/imfname_251156.pdf) (pdf) (in German). p. 822. Retrieved 18 December 2012. 18. ^ "Reply to a parliamentary question" (http://www.parlament.gv.at/PAKT/VHG/XXIV/AB/AB_10542/imfname_251156.pdf) (pdf) (in German). p. 985. Retrieved 18 December 2012.
External links
Viktor and I, the Film 2011 (http://viktorandi.publishpath.com/)
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Viktor Frankl Institute Vienna (http://www.viktorfrankl.org) Viktor Frankl Institute of Logotherapy (http://www.logotherapyinstitute.org/) Jos L Bernab Tronchoni (June 8, 2006). "Viktor Frankl" (http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GRid=14540087). Find a Grave. Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viktor_Frankl&oldid=590604970" Categories: 1905 births 1997 deaths 20th-century Austrian people People from Leopoldstadt University of Vienna faculty Austrian Jews Austrian neurologists Austrian psychiatrists Auschwitz concentration camp survivors Dachau concentration camp survivors Theresienstadt concentration camp survivors Jewish existentialists Jewish psychiatrists Jewish scientists Burials at the Zentralfriedhof Knight Commanders of the Order of Merit of the Federal Republic of Germany Recipients of the Austrian Decoration for Science and Art Recipients of the Grand Decoration with Star for Services to the Republic of Austria Existential therapists This page was last modified on 14 January 2014 at 02:23. Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.
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