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--.....
Project Report on :-
DESIGN OF
WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
-: PREPARED BY :-
JAIN. NIKHIL. R.
-: GUIDE :-
PROF B. K. SAMTANI
S V REGIONALCOLLEGE
OF ENGINEERING5 TECHNOLOGY
SURAT - 395 007. (GUJARAT)
.. 1998 - 99
DEPARTMENT OF CIVILENGINEERING
CERTIFICATE
5.; s:e"" has been prepared by~. v/(2iJd. /.!C. Roll. No. 26 ,a final
J ear student of Civil Engineering, during the year 1998-99, as a partial fulfillment of the
SOUTH GUJARAT UNIVERSITY, SURAT. His work has been found to be satisfactory.
3JIDED BY:
~ HEADrfEPARTMENT
~
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. Prof B. K. Samtani) ( Dr. B. K. Kaiti)
Acknowledgment
we cannot withhold our sincerest thanks to Prof. B.K Samtanil Civil Engineering
we would also like to thank Dr.B.K.Katti, Prof. and Head, Civil Engg.
Department, whose support and encouragement are transparent in the work it In~
self.
-:';:'~.!I!i.~:.'«Io~":'~--"---"-iiJ!('
INDEX
1. INTRODUCTION 1
2. TYPES OF DISTRIBUTION 2
7. CONCLUSION 29
REFERENCES 30
--
1. INTRODUCTION
various sizes, values, meters, pumps etc. The following are the
1 ) It should convey the treated water upto the consumers with the
(2) The water should reach to every consumer with the repaired
pressure head.
(3) Sufficient quantity of treated water should reach for the domestic
(6) During repair work, it should bot cause obstruction to the traffic.
(8) The quantity of pipes laid should be good and it should not trust.
(9) It should be water tight and the water losses due to leakage should
1
2. TYPES OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
water pipes. The water flows in the mains due to quaitational force. As no
pumping is repaired, there fore it is the most reliable system for the
distribution of water.
The water head available at the consumers door is just minimum required
. 2.
2.2 Pumping System
In this system water is directly pumped in the mains. The maintenance
cost is high. High lift pumps are required and their operations are
continuously watched. If the power fails, the whole supply of the town will
CLE~R \YATER
RI: S fR VOIR
23 DualSystem
This is also known as combined gravity and pumping system. In the
reservoir, but when demand increases the rate of pumping, the flow in the
elevated reservoir. As in this system water comes from two sources one
from reservoir and second from pumping station, it is closed dual system.
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3
3. LAYOUT OF DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
There are four different systems of distribution which are used. Depending
upon their layout and direction of supply, they are classified as follows:
The above figure shows the layout of this system. It is suitable for irregular
developed towns or cities. In this system one main starts from require
reservoir along the main road. Sub mains are connected to the main in
both the directions along other roads which meet the main road. Sub
They are cheap in initial cost. When the pipe breaks down or is closed for
repair the whole locality beyond the point goes without water. It cannot
4
3.2 Grid Iron System
BUILDINGS DISTRIBUTOR
MAIN
~
improvement or dead end system. All the dead ends are interconnected
and water circulates freely throughout the system. Main line is laid along
the main road. Sub mains are taken in both the directions along other
minor roads and streets. From these sub mains branches are taken out
and are inter connected as shown in figure. This system removes all the
3.3
. WATER MAIN
-+ WATER MAINS-+
5
~,S system can be adopted only in well planned locality of cities. In this
system each locality is divided into square or circular blocks and the water
mains are laid around all the four sides of the square or round the circle.
This system requires many values and more pipe length. This system is
BUILDINGS
~I
Fig. 3.4 of Layout of Radial System
This system is not adopted in India, because for this system the roads
should be laid out radial from the center. This system is the reverse of ring
system. The entire district is divided into various zones and one reservoir
we have found out that grid iron system is most suitable for our site.
6
-
;', As water is supplied from both the sides at every point, very small
(ii) Since water reaches every point from more than one route, the
(iii) All the dead ends are completely eliminated, therefore the water
(iv) In case of fire, more quantity of water can be diverted to wards the
7
..
t
When the water enters in the distribution main, the water head
valves, bends, meters etc. till it reaches the consumer's tap. The net
available head at the consumer's tap is the head at the entrance of the
water main minus all the losses in the way. The effective head available at
up to which the water can rise in the building will depend on this available
head only. The greater the head the more will be the height up to which it
will rise. If adequate head is not available at the connection to the building,
the water will not reach the upper storeys (Le. 2nd, 3rd, 4th etc.). to
The water should reach each and consumer therefore it should reach on
without boosting.
8
...
J
5 The funds available for the project work.
requirements. In some cities and towns the fire fighting squads are
equipped with pumping sets fitted on their vehicles for lifting the water at
the site itself. At such places the design pressure may be determined by
the minimum required by the consumers. But in most of towns in India the
people living at 2nd,3rd or 4th storey face lots of difficulties due to non-
supply of water in their storeys. At such places small lifting pumps may be
individually used which directly pump the water in their water lines.
satisfactory :
be kept in mind :
(i) The main line should be designed to carry 3 times the average
(ii) The service pipes should be able to carry twice the average
demand.
9
The water demand at various points in the city should be noted.
;v) The lengths and sizes of each pipe should be clearly marked on the
(v) The pressure drops at the end of each line should be calculated
and marked.
The minimum velocity in pipe lines should not be less than 0.6 ml sec and
maximum velocity should not be more than 3 ml sec. For best results the
15 cm 1.21 ml sec
10
5. VALVES AND FITTINGS
bends tees sockets etc. are required for the distribution and forming
network the pipes insides the noses standard specifications for most
These are also known as gate valves and most commonly used in
practice. These valves are cheaper offer less resistance to flow of water
than other valves used for same purposes. Gate valves control the flow of
water through pipes and fixed in main lines bringing water from source
sections. This valve is made of cast iron with bran bronze and stainless
11
Figure shows the sectional view of a Gate value small sized gate valves
are burled underground, and can be opened from the surface through a
stop box larger valves are operated in under ground chamber and are
These valves relieve high pressure in pipe lines. Figure illustration such
springs which can be adjusted for any pressure when the pressure in the
pipe line exceeds the desired pressure, the disc is forced off from its seat
and excessive pressure is relived through cross pipe, after this disc comes
12
-
: Check Valve:
--;"ese are also called reflux valves are non return valves and are
down by rotating round the hinge and remains tightly pressed against the
valve seat buy the pressure of water it self, in this way it does not allow
the water to flow in reverse direction. [Fig. illustrates such type of check
valve]
PIVO T
When the water enters in the pipe lines, it also carries some air with it in
a cast iron chamber bolted on the pipe over the opening in the crown.
These valve are automatic in action. Fig. shows tow type of air relief
valves.
13
-
may settle down and cause obstruction to flow the water. In the
distribution system at dead ends if water is not taken out it will stagnate
and bacteria will be born in it. To avoid the above difficulties drain valves
are provided at all such points. When drain valve is opened the water
rushes out thus removing all the silt, clay etc. from the main line.
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14
.
-
The layout of the city of town, topography etc. wiJlgreatly effect the layout
distribution system.
The main work in the distribution system design is to determine the sizes
of the distribution pipes which will be capable to carry the repaired quantity
Till date no direct method are available for the design of distribution pipes.
While doing the design first of all Dia. of the pipes are assumed the
terminal pressure heads which could be made avaHable.at the end of each
pipe section after allowing for the loss of pressure head in the pipe section
when full peak flow discharge is flowing are then determined. The
determination of the friction losses in each pipe section is done. The total
Hazen William formula is widely used for determine the velocity through
pipes. It states :
15
..
r-1eadoss due to friction is determined by
1 Q L
HL = (_)1.85
1094 CH d4.97
In the distribution system for any closed network of the pipes the following
satisfied.
(b) The algebraic sum of the pressure drops around closed loop must
Following are the various methods for the analysis of flow in pipe network
In this method the corrections are applied to the assumed flow in each
successive trail. The head loss in each pipe is determined by pipe flow
formula. The successive corrections are made in the flow in each pipe will
16
~"'eheads are balanced and the principle of continuity is satisfied at each
junction.
Now it Qa be the assumed flow in a pipe and Q be the actual flow in that
~ = Q ~ Qa
Q = Qa + ~
formula
When k is a constant depending upon the size of the pipe and its interval
formula in this term. As a common practice +ve sign is given to the head
pipes having many loops, the system must be divided in to two or more
loops such that each pipe in the network is included in the circuit of one
loop. We have adopted Hardy cross method for analysis of pipe network.
economical than the latter due to have adopted the manual method in our
design of pipes.
17
. --..--- ..
..
.t.
18
5...2 Software Design
The input & output files of software design are given as below:
19
1
NPUT FILE
Number of Pipes : 18
Number of nodes : 13
MinimumPressure (m) : 15
MaximumPressure (m) : 30
Design HydraulicGradient m in km :2
Simlate or Design? :D
..
2.0
.
2.1
. r
II
"-'ode Data
No. MLD on m M
1 121.00 R
22.
.
.
Pipe Data
23
..
-
Q
100.0 CI 535.00 267.50 1904.10
I
S 100.0 CI 420.00 245.00 2149.18
24
4' .__
(1000 Rs)
15
I
200.0 CI 450.00 392.35 1204.18
!
1.6 100.0 CI 500.00 250.00 1454.18
. 2.S
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.
OUTPUT FILE
Band width =3
~umber of loops =6
Pfpe Details
-
=:
2 5 10.319 200.0 0.51 1.12 450.00 0.33
0.973
- 6 7 100.0 0.21 0.41 500.00 0.12
- 5 4
1.330
100.0 0.27 0.74 365.00 0.17
1.306 0.50 0.93 535.00 0.19
B 5 7 100.0
1.945
9 4 10 100.0 0.73 1.50 490.00 0.25
2.6
II'"
Note: Negative value indicates the flow in reverse direction in that pipe
no. Node Node (mm) constant material press (m) press (m) (C/P)
8 :5
I 7 100.0 100.00000 CI 22.68 30.0
I
10 100.0 100.00000 CI 16.17 30.0
19 14
27
I
no. Node Node (mm) const material press (m) press (m) (C/P)
10 5 9 100.0 100.00000 CI 18.06 30.00
Node details
Node no. Flow (MLD) Elev. (m) H.G.L. (m) Pressure (m)
28
I
7. CONCLUSION
Result of distribution system from manual & software show that there is a
cross method is most widely used method. But it is too much time
2.9
I
REFERENCES
30
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