""F-~n,.

nnu1

PIPING
STRESS CALCULATIONS

SIMPLIFIED
by S. W. Spielvogel
BYRNE ASSOCIATES, INC.
NEW YORK, N. Y.

11
1

FIFTH EDITION

i
i

COPYRIGHT 1955

S.

w.

Reissued in 1961

SPIELVOGEL.

LAKE SUCCESS,

N. Y.

11

11~................................................................................................................................................
===============================================

PREFACE
of pipe stress under changing temperature conditions has heretoore
been confined to engineers having an extensive background and working knowledge of calculus. In this brief presentation exact solutions have been worked out in
arithmetical orm so that the practica! pipe designercan refer to typical problems
or both form and method of computation.
Methods for calculating expansion stresses in high-temperature power piping
have been worked out in a number of ways by severa! investigators. Engineers
engaged in this field have adopted one or another of these procedures, depending on
personal preference or extent of theoretical background. Material in this text,
applying to one such method, has been discussed in suffi.cient detall so that the
mathematical theory can be traced from principie to actual calculation of typical
problems.
The relatively simple concepts are familiar to most men who have already been
required to design piping. Others can acquire a working understanding of the methods
presented in a short period of study. Once the basic methods are understood, the
engineer can follow through the mathematical procedures at will. Fortunately, it is
possible to strip these formulas toa point where the practica1 designer can recognize
the results without need for following the detalled derivations.
"This book is arranged in such a manner that one familiar with pipe calculations
can refer quickly to formulas or computations involved in any specific case without
reviewing the theoretical background. Specific instructions not only facilitate computation but also reduce the probability of error through omission of sorne detall.
Computation forms are arranged to permit sharing of labor on three-dimensional
piping systems by allocating parts of the work to severa! persons. The method is exact
within slide-rule accuracy.
Thorough understanding of the complex problems of elasticity, moments and
forces, codified values, and varied methods of calculation can properly be restricted
to the very few that have specialized in the field. This book brings the ordinary
layout problem well within the grasp of many who wish practica! answers to im.mediate
piping layouts.

ALCULATION

S.
LAKE SuccEss, N. Y.,

w.

SPIELVOGEL.

This edition incorporates the provisions of the 1955 American

Standard Association Code for Pressure Piping.
The new Code recognizes the concept of "stress-range" as the
criterion for the safety of piping systems.

The problems of thi.s

edition therefore have been adjusted to conform to this concept as

well as to new stress values, elastic constants and coefficienta
of expansion as published in the Code.

The numerical examples take

into account the now mandatory requirement of appl:ying stress intensification factors found to exist in components otber than plain
straight pipe.

Piping systems vithin the scope o! thia vork are atructures designed to absorb expansiona by the inherent flexibility of the
layout.
The requirementa !or ixpansion and llexibility# are regulated in
Section 6, Chapter J of the "Coda for Preasure Piping published by the
American Society of Mechanic&l ingineera.
The intention of theae regul&tions ia to provide adequate saiety vith
economical use of materi&la vhile alloving maximum latitude in procedure
or method o! matheaatical analyais.
The Code recognizea the fact that streases in piping systems are not
necesaarily o coastant intensity, that expansion stressea at elevated
temperaturas may not be sustained becauae of relaxation or creep and conaequently vill drop to the stress level vhich the material can ustain.
This phenomenon o! yielding in the elastie range or flov in the plastic
stage presenta a problem different from that encountered in the analysia
of structures or machinery vhich operate at relatively lov temperaturas
and therefore are in a state of steady stress.

In this case the elements

are designad to meet a limiting stress or deforaation vithin the elastic

limit o! the material.
In contrast, the atresses in a piping system can traspasa the elastie
limit vith stress reversals from cold to hot condition provided the number
of stress reversals remains belov certain limita so as to exclude the effect of fatigue.
Piping syetems can absorb relatively large displacements

without 111 effect, changing from one shape to another without returning exactly to previous configurations.

Rel.axation to the sustaining

level of the material will tend to establish a condition of permanenqy

in but a few cycles, each cycle lowering the upper limit of the hot

stress until a state of equilibrium is reached in which the system is

completely rela:x:ed and capable of maintaining constant stress indefinitely.
The stress of which a material is relieved due to relaxation reappears
as stress in the opposite temperatura state with equal intensity but opposite sign. Thus, a systam which originally was stressless could witbin a
few c.ycles accumulate stresses in the cold condition and spring iteelf
witbout tbe application of extraneous work.
This pbenomenon is called "self springing"

It may originate in the

cold as well as in tbe hot condition, that is whenever the contraction or expansion stresses are of sufficient intensity to cause yielding.

In-

itial cold springing therefore loses its significance because the stresses
calculated on the basis of predeterminad short-cutting of the pipe and
springing it into position will be alterad by subsequent self springing of
the systam. This fact is recognized by the Coda by omission of the credit
allowance for cold springing as far as stresses are concerned.

Reactions,

however, are credited for the effect of cold springing as will be shown
separately.
The phenomenon of self springing is demonstrated by the following example:
Let it be assumed that the 90 turn shown below is to absorb 6" of expansion between anchors and that the calculated maximum stress is 24,000 psi

3
SYSTEM RELAXEO

TO SUSTAINING LEVEL

6" FREE

EXPANSION

SYSTEM SELF SPRUNG

Sup:;o:.;ing the material at the particular operating temperatura can

sustsin only 18,000 psi or three-quarters of the calculated stress.
Yieldine will take place to this sustaining level.

On

cooling to room

temperature the s.rstem must contract 6".

At 3/4 of this contraction

i.e. 4.)" the system will be stressless.

Completing the contraction

through the remaining 1.5" will result in a stress of 6,000 psi oppos:i te in sign to that caused by an expansion of 1.5".
at

t~c

The system which

start was stressless is now cold sprung.

THE STRESS RANGE

From the

fo~egoing

it is evident that the true magnitude of the

stresses in either the hot or the cold conctition cannot be determined

by

c~Jculation

because tha al"\ount of relaxation is unkn<Y.rTn a.nd cannot

be judged reliably.

However, service failures are

r~]ated

to eyclic

rather than sta.tic stress conditions and it is therefore permissible to

assume that a piping system will operate satisfactorily if the sum of
the cold and the hot stress is within a stress range
safe for the expected number of stress reversals.

~hich

is considered

This concept provides

a logical basis on which to design a piping system becau.se i t takes into

consideration all stress levels to which a system will adjust itself to
support the loading to which it is subjected.

The stress intensity at a

specific stage is of academic interest only.

The expansion stress range is set b,y the Code at

SA

Se

= allowable stress (S-value) in the cold condition

Sh

= stress ranga reduction factor for cyclic condition, from the fol-

allowable expansion stress range in psi

allcwable stress (S-value) in the hot condition

lowing tabla:

Total number of
full temperature
cycles over ex:pected l:U'e.
7,000 and less
14,000
22,000
45,000
100,000

11

"

250,000 an:i over

l. O
0.9

o.s
o.?
o.6
0.5

The starting poi.nt for the application of the stress range reduction
factor has been selected at 7,000 cycles which is approximatel1 equal to
one cycle per day' over a period of 20 years. By expected llfe is meant
the total number of years during which the system i~ expected to be in
active operation.

The Basis for the Allowable Stress Range SA.

The allowable S-values given in the Code are the lesser of the following stresses:

1) 25% of the m.inimum specified tensile strengt.h.

2) 25% of the tensile strength at temperatures
J)

a~

reported b.1 test data.

62.5% of the ield strength Y.s. at temperatures as reported by test

data i.e. that stress which will produce a strain of 0.002 inches per
inch.

4) A conservativa average of the stress to give a creep rate of 0.01% in

1, 000 hours as reported b.1 test data.
5) 6o% of the average or Bo% o! the m.inimuDa stress to produce rupture in
100,000 hours as reported b.1 test data.
The JJI2Ximum stress range a system could be subjected to without producing flow neither in the cold nor in the hot condition was proposed b.1
A.R.C. Markl*, reasoning as !ollows:
(A)

At co1d temperatures the stress will 1imit itself automaticall7

to the yie1d strength or to 1.6

s0

(Note that Seis limited to 0.625 Y.S., Item J above.

Y.s.
(B)

S0 :0.625

1.6Sc)

At temperatures conducive to creep the stress w1ll liMit itself

to the rupture strength or si:m.ilarly to 1.6

~,

Item 5 above.

The sum of the two 1imits therefore is

1.6

There!ore

(S 0 + 5t1)

Piping Flexibillty A.na.lysis.

A.S.M.!!:. paper No. 53-A-51.

6
The range established by the Code is

which includes all stresses that is expansion, pressure and weight stresses.
The range !or expansion stresses only is
SA

= 1.25

S0

+ 0.25

!or which !urther explanation is given in the

!oll~

section.

The Expansion Stress S

Temperatura changes in restrained piping cause bending stresses in single
plane systems, and bending and torsional stresses in three-dimensional systems.

The max1m:um stress due to thermal changes

sion stress

sole~

is called the expan-

'l'his stress must be within the alJ.owable stress range SA.

The stresses due to internal pressure and weight o! the pipi.ng are pe:rmanently sustained.

They do not participate in stress reductions due to relax-

ation and are excluded !rom the canparison o! .5_g with SA. as the latter has
been adjusted to allow !or them with the !ollowing provision:
The sum o! the longitudinal stresses due to pressure,
veight and other sustained extemal loading s hall
not exceed Sh.
less than

Where the sum. o! these stress es is

the dif!erence between

and this

su.

may be added to the tena 0.25 ~ in the formula !or

To explain the !oregoing quotation rau the Code or Pressure Piping re!erence is made to the method of calculating the pipe wall thickness an:i to
the general analysis o! cylindrical vessela subjected to pressure. Accordingly, the maximum stress due to internal pressure is tensile transversa~
to the pipe axis. This stress is limi ted by the Code to the S-value S}l at

7
operating temperature. Pressure also causes a longitudinal stress which
equals one-half the transverse stress and which is additive to the bending stress caused b,y expansion. In reducing the stress range by Sh, onehalf of this amount is assigned to stress due to pressure leavi.ng t he
other hal.f available for stress due to weight.
The expansion stresses shall be combined in accordance with the following fonrru.l.a.:

Where
51)

st =

i.~:Z

Mt,:2Z

=
=

resulting bending stress, psi

torsional stress, psi

Mt
Z

= torsional moment, in. lb.

= Section modulus of pipe, tnJ.

= Stress intensification factor

resulting bending moment, in. lb.

The Code stipulates that flexibility calculations for the expansion

stress S:g be based on the modulus of elasticity E0 at room temperature including the effect of stress intensification.
Inasmuch as it is customary to make flexibillty calculations for. the entire e.xpansion range using the mod:ulus of elasticity Eh at operating temperature, the resulting stress must be increased by t he factor Ec :Eh to obtain
the expansion stress SE

On the other hand i f the calculation for the en-

tire expansion range is made with modulus Ec the r esult gives

which in,.

this case sif;nifies either the stress in the cold condi tion f or a system
which is cold sprung lO~ or the stress in the cold condition for a systen
which, operating in the creep range, has relaxed completely and becomes
stressless at operating temperature.

8
In reference to the stress intensification factor the Code permits sim-

plifying assumptions in calculations or model tests.

It is permissible for

example to substituta square cornera for circular bends or elbows foregoing

the increased f.lexibility attributable to these components.

The stress in-

tensification factor, however, must be included in the calculation of the

bending stress

REACTIONS
In contrast to the procedure for determining the stresses the method for

recording the magni tude of the reactions is based on the initial. condi tion
with no consideration for subsequent relaxation but with specific credits
or the efect o cold springing.
Thus the manufacturar o equipment is protected against excessive actions
during the initial stages o operation and the user is granted. adequate benefit or cold springing the system.
For this purpose the degree o cold springing is expressed b.1 the cold
spring factor

which varies rom zero for no cold springing to unity or

lOO% cold springing.

Let R denote the reaction obtained from the flexibility calculation based
on the mod.ulus E0 ,

( if

the calcula.tion is made wi th the modulus Eh at operat-

ing temperatura multiply' result by E0 :Eb) then the initial reaction in the
hot condition is calculated from

Rb

(1 - 2/3 C) R ~
Ec

This formula credits the system with two-thirds o the designed cold spring.

9
The reaction in the cold condition is obtained from

Re

= CR
~ or
= (1 _ Sh
(

S.s

Ere)

Eh)

whichever is greater and with the further

sh

Ec

SE ~
41
The

foll~iing

conditio~

that

is less than unity

diagram will demonstrate these rules

z
o

....u
<l

11.1

a:

....
o

:S:

2
....
u

.-R: R
e

<l
11.1

a:
o
..1
o
u

Initial reactions in the hot condition are shown above the horizontal
base line with credit allowance and correction for the modulus of elasticity at operating temperature.

(As stated previously R is the reaction

obtained from the flexibility calculation based on the modulus Ec at room

temperature.)
The inclined line below the base line and the intercepting horizontal
line give the reaction in the cold condition for non-yielding and yielding
systems respectively.
For a system which is lOo% cold sprung i.e.

C = 1 . ~=R.

For a lesser amount of cold springing ...... R0

= CR.

10
Hmrever, in a yielding system Re can be more than CR beca use of self-

sprineine.
d~pends

Evidently the amount of relaxation

whi~h

causes the self-springing

on the ratio of the stress which can be sustained i.e. Sh to the

stress S"!;'
..., p::-oduced by the expo.nsion.

Therefore the te:nn

has been assumed to represent an appraisal of the effect of self-springing

and the reaction in the cold condition then is
=

11

SUMMARY OF STRESS EXAMINAT ION

The Cede confines the stress examination to the most significant
stresses created by tbe diversity of loading to which a piping system
is subjected.
l.
2.
).

They are:

Stresses due to the thermal expansion of the line.

The longitudinal stress due to internal or external pressure.
The bending stress created by the weight of the pipe and its
insulation, the internal fluid, fittings, valves and external
loading such as wind.

The suitability of the system is established by the following camparison:

The expansion stress ~ must be within the stress range SA (see
Page 4).

SE is the result of a stress analysis based on the modulus of

elasticity in the cold condition and for the total expansion range from
the maximum to the minimum operating temperature (for hot lines this rnay
be taken as the erection temperature).

For three dimensional systems the combined expansion stress is obtained from the formula on Page

7.

The longitudinal pressure stress plus the stress due to weight must
not exceed the allowable stress

5n

in the hot condition.

Where this sum

is less than sh the difference may be added to the term 0.25 sh in the
formula for SA (see Page 6).
The longitudinal pressure stress equals internal pressure times inside area of pipe divided by the pipe metal area or

where
p
d
D

=
=

internal pressure in pounds per square inch.

inside diameter of pipe in inches.
outside diameter of pipe in inches.

12

DETERMINING PIPE WALL THICKNESS

Before the stress caused by temperature expansion of piping can be

calculated, at least one possible arrangement of given lengths of piping
of known size and weight must be developed.

Arrangement and size depend

on the amount of fluid to be carried and the phydcal layout of other

equipment; pipe thickness is establlshed from. codified st&ndards o
The basis for selecting pipe wall thickness is the A.S.A.

Code for

Pressure Piping and the A.S.Ao standard 8)6.10--1950 the form.er in respect
to strength, the latter in respect to dimensions.
The appropriate material specification depends on the service pressure.
It is obtained byreference to the specific requirements of the Codeo
When the

~terial

has been selected, the stress S for the particular

service temperature 1s taken from. the table entitled Allowable S Value.

This stress is used in the following formulas to determ.ine the pipe wall
thicknen.

tmn
p

where

tm.in

=
=
=

p
D
S

e ..

(
PD
)
( 2S + 2yP )

+e

2S(tmn -e)
D-2y ( tmin -e)

rainimUJD pipe wall thickness, in.

maximum 1nternal service pressure, psi
outside diameter (O.D.) of pipe, ino
allowable stress in material due to internal pressure at
the operating temperature, psi
allowance for threading or corrosion, in.
0.065 in. for plain-end steel or wrought-1ron pipe or tube
for sizes 1 t\", , fi c;::(:n:;eas::e lfi . ftz .--'
,, Utit $"
4
1
UP -ro '1' \~G.l...IJC:H ...l c. 3 /'2
Oooo

Fe~

~\..~1~

4-y4 ~"'~ .. ~.
1 American Standards Association

l:.~C

~"1"i:'E:I...

cQ.,

wR..cv<ii."\\

\R..o.-..1

lJ

Y a coefficient having values as follows:

Temp
F

900
and
below

Ferritic
steels
Austenitie
steels

1150
950

1000

1050

1100

and
above

0.4

0.5

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.7

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.5

0.7

It is customary to order pipe b.1 its nominal wall thickness adding theJ
manufacturer's tolerance.
~Y"" ~'~'o;.~ ~;!

For rolled pipe tnom

= t,un

o.875

For pipe made of plate, the plate tolerance applies.

When the wall thickness t has been determined, the "schedule number"
is obtained from the A.S.A. dilftensional standard BJ6.10 in which pipe
of the same nominal size has the same outside di~ter for all schedule numbers.

12" pipe operating at 900 F and 1000 psi pressure.

Jofaterial specification ASTM .lJJ5 Orade Pl2:

Allowab1e S-value at 900 F. 13,100 '081

10~0

12~5
X 0.)

[ 2 xQ-3100 + 2

(Pa.ge 106)

o.;

Y =

-::;~~<:
o. 0 0 0

1000)

+ 0.065 -

o '4i

0;535"
/

..JO

tnom-

0.53.5 ..;.. 0.87.5 -

0.612

p D

Use Schedule 80 t

'L(? +V y)

0.687"

-t C.A.

t. ...... '...,
<5J5
t.~""" :;:.

t.

M~

-sA .... w

'0 \

?\.A,'

14

SINGLE-PLANE PIPING
If a pipeline, owing to the character of its supports or end conditions, is prevented
from free expansion, then it is compelled to assume a distorted shape. The new
configuration attained will be that which requires the least effort. Actual shape
depends on the resistance to distortion offered
y
by individual sections of pipe or fittings.
r_E:_~a_n~e_:'~~a:e
J~lfc
The pipe line (Fig. 1) is fixed at its t\YO
1
-x
e~
1 b
ends and subjected to thermal expansion.
1
1
Each end will react \\ith a force and a
1
1
moment. For convenience the force is rep- X - - resented by its t>vo rectilinear components X
a
Ma"--._ y
and Y. The relationship bet,Yeen expansion
and reactions may be Yi::malized if one of the
FIG. l.
supports is removed to permitan unrestricted expansion of the pipe. If, for example,
the support at e is removed, the expanded shape \Vill be as in Fig. 2.
Let the expansion of leg be be designated by .6-x and that of ab by C:.y. Then, in
order to restore the conditions of Fig. 1', it is necessary to apply suitable forces X
and Y opposite to the expansions and a moment 1~1 c. These three actions combined
\Vill move e' back to e and rotate the pipe to obtain a horizontal tangent at e, as shown
in Fig. l. The determination of the unknowns X, Y, and .v[c is considerably simplified

\1

b'
r-------------

e'

6!-'x~~~

lx x

e
y

a
FIG. Z.

FrG. 3.

if the ende is temporarily connected with the centroid C by means of a rigid bracket
and the actions necessary to bring e' back toe are applied at C. During this operation
the bracket is assumed to be absolutely stiff, i.e., it transfers all actions "ithout
bending, contracting, or elongating. It can be proYed by theory that, to restore the
original conditions of Fig. 1 with actions at th.e centroid, only the forces X and Y
are required; in other words, the two forces X and Y acting at the centroid accomplish
the same as X, Y, and Jtfc acting at point c.
Once the centroid forces X and Y are found, the moment at e is obtained by
multiplying these forces by their respecti>e offsets from c. Assigning a plus sign
to clocbvise moments, we obtain from Fig. 3

Jfc

Xy - Y.t

The unknowns in the problem are thus reduced from three to two, namely, X and Y.

PIPING STRESS

CALCULATIO~S

SI~1PLIFIED

DETERMINING X AND Y

Remove one of the two supports, connect that end temporarily with the centroid
by means of a rigid bracket, and permit the line to expand freely. Xext apply unit
forces (1 lb) in directions opposite to the two component expansions Ax and Jly.
These directions shall be the positive x- and the positive y-a.xes of a coordinate
system (Fig. 4).
The unit force acting in the x-direction "'ill move the centroid in the x-direction
as well as in the y-direction. These tiYO movements shall be designated by ou and
b'
e'
o" 1" the first subscript indicating the direction of
b-------~
the force, the second the direction of the move.x-- - lb.
ment.
1
e
lb.
Similarly, the unit force acting in the y:
direction
'"ill produce deflections o1111 and o11,..
a'
1
If the actual reactions X and Y are applied
+y
the total movements will be, respectively, X and
Fxa. 4.
Y times larger than the movements produced by
the unit forces. Thus the total movement in the x-direction is X o,.:z: + Y o11:z:, and the
total movement in the y-direction is X ox 11 + Y olfll.
The reactions X and Y must have such intensities as to make the sum of all
movements in the x-direction equal to the expansion ~x, and the sum of all movements
in the y-direction equal to the expansion ~y. Expressing this fact in form of equations
we obtain

cr;:-'

1
1
1
?%

(1)

These two equations contain only t1vo unkno1vns, because the expansions Jlx
and ~y are known, and the coefficients o_.x, o""' etc., are deflections produced by unit
Ioads acting at the free end of a cantilevt>r and are calculable.
Thus the problem involves, first, calculating the coefficients and, then, solving
the equations for X and Y.
Note that Oyz = ox 11 because of Maxwell's law of reciprocity of deflections, which,
applied to this problem, may be stated as follows:
The dejlection in the x-direction pToduced by a foTce acting in the y-direction equals
the dejlection in the y-direction due to the same force but applied 1.'n the x-direct1.'on.
DETERMINING THE COEFFICIENTS

The coefficients, also known as shape constants, depend on the geometrical

distribution of the material or the shape of the line. They are deflections due to
unit loads and as such are directly proportional to the moment of inertia or the product
of inertia of the line with 1/EI as factor of proportionality. E is the modulus of
elasticity of the material, and 1 is the moment of inertia of the cross-sectional metal
area of the pipe.
Referring to Fig. 4,
~
r.Jzz

r.

= EJ

and

16
SINGLE-PLANE PIPING

where r. is the moment of inertia of the line about the x-axis, 111 the moment of inertia
of the line about the y-axis and lx 11 the product of inertia of the line, \\'i.th respect to
the coorclinate axes.
The moment of inertia of a line is the sum of the products obtained by multiplying
the length of each line element by the square of its distance from the reference axis.
The product of inertia of a line is the sum of the products obtained by multiplying
the length of each element by its coordinates. (A line element is an infinitesimal
part of the totallength.)
Introducing the line inertia in equations (1), 1\i.th signs as explained below, we
obtain

r.!l_

~x

+ y~
El

~Y

x b..
El
-X lx
El

}y

El

(2)

Explanation of signs:
A force acting in the positive x-direction will move the free end in the same
direction. This deflection is associated ''i.th the moment of inertia, which always is a
positive value. The same force will also move the free end normal to its line of action,
and the intensity of this movement depends on the product of inertia of the line, which
may have either sign.
'\Vith the assumption of positive axes opposite to the anticipated expansions,
a positive X-force causes one movement in the positive x-direction, and another in
the negative y-direction. Similarly a positive Y-force causes one movement in the
positive y-direction and another in the negative x-direction.
With negative signs in equations (2), products of inertia are introduced algebraically with the result that the end reactions X and Y will be obtained with plus
signs indicating that their assumed directions are correct.
Equations (2) are used in two distinct forms.
1. Lines with Constant Cross Section and Same Modulus E. Since the product
El in equations (2) is always the same for this case, it is convenient to transfer it to
the right side.
XT.- Ylxy = ~x El}
(3)
-Xlx, + Yl" = t:.y El
The solution of these equations is
X = l,;C~x El) + L~(.~y El)
lxly y = fx(tly El) + L~(~x El)
lxly- J;'l

r.y

~ ote

(4)

that the denominators for X and Y are the same.

In numerical solutions the products (~x El) and (~y El) ~lrc calculated at the
start and therefore 1vill appear in equations (3) and (-!) as numbers.
2. Lines with Variable Cross Sections and Same Modulus E. In this case
each branch of the line must be divided by the moment of inertia of its own cross-

17
PIPING STRESS CALCULATIONS SIMPLIFIED

sectional area.
becomes

Thus only E can be brought to the right side, and the general equation

XI: - Y~~~~ = t::.:c E }

+ YI~ = D.y E

(5)

-XI~ 11

1
J., ' ['rv = T'
fry t
w here 1., =
e c.

1
The solution of these equations is
V

I~(D.x E)

I~(D.y

Al -

I:y(D.y E)

J' J' _ J'2

%

11

E) + I: 11 (tlx E)
I'z l'11 - J'2z

(6)

Summary of procedure:
l. Calculate the expansions D.x and D.y.
2. Calculate the products D.x El and D.y El.
3. Determine the centroid of the line.
4. Make centroid the origin of a system of coordinates with positive direGtions
opposite to the anticipated expansions.
5. Calculate the line inertias 1., 11 , 1.,, 111
6. Insert in equations (3), and solve for X and 1" [equations (4)].
Moment of Inertia of Straiht Lines

x---

8
-~:::
~

----x

--

~&-e
\:)')

....~:

:
'

x-------~----x
1-"
-

Lme located at 90" to

J.:! +/a 2

12
ctx1s

tY
1

--a

-----1

1 lyla 1
1

y
Lme pCiralle! to ax1s

Product of inertia
<une part1llel to cm t1xis>
Fm. 5.

18
SI::-iGLE-PLA_:-E PIPING
Moment of Inertia of an Inclined Branch
+y
+y'

f.--m--

lb
1

'

L----.1...---+x
Fw. 6.

About u.xes through its own centroid

1~

]' =
u

p sin~ 8
12
2
l3 cos 8
12

About axes parallel to x' or y' at distances m or n

l., = 1:
I 11 = ]'11
8
(

o
15"
30"

45"
60"
75"
90"
105

120"
135
150"

165"
180"

+ ln
+ lm

2
2

sin 1 8

cos1 8

12

12

o
0.00558
0.02083
0.04167
0.06250
0.07775
0.08333
0.07775
0.06250
0.04167
0.02083
0.00558

0.08333
0.07775
0.06250
0.04167
0.02083
0.00558

0.00558
0.02083
0.04167
0.06250
0.07775
0.08333

19
PIPING STRESS CALCULATIONS SIMPLIFIED
Product of I.nertia of a.n I.ncli.necl Bra.nch
+y

t1---m--

,tJ

..)1'---,~--+x'

L----.L---+x
Fla. 7.

About axes x', y' through its own centroid

I'

za sin 28 -

""

24

About axes x, y, parallel to x', y' at distances m, n

[., 11

= [~ 11

+ lmn
sin 2S

24

o
+0.02083
+0.03608
~.04167

+0.03608
+0.02083

-0.02083
-0.03608
-0.04167
-0.03608

-o.<r.nJ3

Z.ab
12

20

Product of Inertia for Quarter Bend

Located in Plane of Projection

rY

+y'

+X'

R/

1
1

1
1

~-

+x_.L ____

m-.l
1
1

e\
+y'

mn}K

Examples:

--l

Ixy=fo01J7R 3 +

qTx'

W'J1J

+.x'

+X'

+y'

+y'

+O.IJ7R 3

-OIJ7JP

+Y'
-0137R 3

Tv obtain tbe sign of the term 0.13 R'. pass throu~h the rentroid of the 90 bend two axes +x' and
The sig:n i~ then dctermincd from the position of +x'
c;nd +y' relative to tbe are. The coordinates m and n are introduced algebraically.
-<-y' parallel to the positive gra,ity axes of tbe entire line.

Product of Inertia of Quarter Bend

Located at Right Angles to Plane of Projection

..
...
ac

+Y

ci

CENTR 010

OF ARC

SEE

PAGE

184

+X

MOOIFIEO l..ENGTH R1f'

2 X 1.1!1

Ixv

NOOIFIEO l..ENSTH TIMES COOROINATES OF CENTROIO OF QUARTER SENO

R1f"

XI.I5XMXN

Moment of Inertia of Quarter Bend

;;c------------T---;;c :x---7----------;;
1

1
1
1

m
1

1
1

,/

~-r1/

1/

I:;c=(0.1481JRJ+Rfm2JK
Oue~rtu

bend in true length

I:;c=(Q/488RJ+Rfm 1) lb.
Quarler bend in reduced length

2l
PIPING STRESS CALCULATIONS SIMPLIFIED
The Produet of Inertia of a Circular Are
General Formal&

--- ..............
'ez,,
'

'

'

k
~------J-----------------~%

I~ = [hkR8 - hR 2 cos 8 + kR 2 sin 8 + 0.5R 1 sin 2 8~.1{'

-

The Moment of Inertia of a Circular Are

General Formula

:r

C'= R.sin ~ (8 -91 }

~oT----r--a

About axes through center of circle

I~ - ~~ [8- ~sin 281:: K

R
l., - 2 [8 + ~ sin 28]~ K
About axes through centroid
I .. - la-

8m

I.- I'/1- mz

where K flexibility constant.

a modified length of are, i.e., e.ctuallength X K.

Vz(82-8tJ

1
~

i1

22

PROBLEM 1
90 Bend, Both Ends Fixed

23
PIPING STRESS CALCULATIONS SIMPLIFIED
PROBLEM 1
90 Bend, Both Ends Fixed

12-in. pipe, A.S.T.M. ~tion A-106

Steam temperature == ?10Th'
Pressure = 8-SQ pai
Wall thickness required:
Stress value S = U,6.50 gsi

tmin
*tmin

+ 0.125tnom

O. 518 in.

== lnom, i.uom =

o~87r:r =

Use 12-in. pipe, Schedule 80

0.595 in.

t = 0.687 in.

1 - 475 in.'
S = 74.5 in. 3
Expa.nsion = 5.75 in. per 100ft.
E = 25 X 10 8 psi

Az =

5 75 .
.
m. X 80ft = 4.6 m.
100

lly =

~~ in.

Az El =

lly El

X 50 ft = 2.88 in.

~: in. ~

= 2i~S in.

25 X 10 6 X 12 2 X

~;~

X 25 X 10 6 X 12 2 X

Manufacturing tolerance.

Fto. 8.

== 31,600,000 lb

ft. 3

;~~ = 19,800,000 lb ft 3

24
PRO B LE :\1 1
entrot

.:v

_.!.c.!:_1x'.
ft~;~ _ly_'_l.:.i;~~~~~
1
1

80 40 3.200:
O . O
801-15.4 -9.51 -t-11.820
80
25 l~. 50 1 2!.6[ 15.41 4-18,990
130
1.200
1.no :
+30,810
i - 7,200 - 55 ~ ft . - 1.250
'
130
.
1~
130
.
- 9.6 ft'

ab

be

1~1

i..:!:QQQ.!

r -

80 X 9.6'

~~' + 50

~' + 80 X 15.4' - 61..340

- 30,200
50 X 24.6'
' ~ - 29.600
91,HO
29,600X - 30,810Y - 31.1300.000
-30,810X + 91,740Y - 1(),800,000

7,370

X 15.4' - 22,230

r. -

lu(t;,:; El) + L.(:,.y El)

I,lu- I;.
L_.::..:.(:,._,y:__E....:l)_+_:__I..:.:,:.(_Ilx_E:::...:..:.l)
y,._

Ll, - [~
X: =- 91.740 X 31,600,000

+ 30,810 X 19,800,000
20,600 X 91,740 - 30,810 2
= 1,990 lb
y ,. 29,600 X 19,800,000 + 30.810 X 31,600,000
29,600 X 91,740 - 30,810 2
890 lb
Rea.cting moment ata:
+1,990 lb X 9.6 ft- 890 lb X 55.4 ft
= -30,200 ft lb
Bending moment a.t b:
+1,990 lb X 9.6 ft + 890 lh X 24.6 ft
,.. +41,000 ft lb
Bending moment a.t e:
-1,990 lb X 40.4 ft + 890 lh ;< 2Ui ft
"' -58,500 ft lb
KoTE: The moment at the point that has been con
nected with the centroid is the reacting moment at the
support. :\.11 other moments are hending moments,
i.e., the algehraic sum of the moments produced by the
forces and the moment at the right of a cross section .
'

'

....
'Pomts of mflecflon are af
pomrs of zero moment

"'\ e sa,soo
"'uo'J-. a9o lb.
FtG. 9.

25

SIMPLIFIED TABUlATION
The computation of the line inertias can be convenientl7 contracted
into a single table. The procedure whieh is demonstrated below has
the added advantage of being partl7 self-checking.
First enter in table the effective lengths and the coordinates of
the branches about the gravity axes. Then ealeulate the terma 1x2,
1,-2 and 1xy and check these values as follows:
The product of the first two divided by the third should
equal the third. A check in thb manner confirms the correctness of a11 three.
For example refer to branch ab (18,940 x 7 ,370) +11,820

= 11,820

The mODlent of inertia of a branch which is paralle1 to an axis consista of one term only, namel7 1x2 or ly2 depending on the axis
about which ealculation i.s made. Branches which are at right angle
to an axis have the additional term 13/12 wbich is placed i.lmlediately
below the first term.. For values of 13 112 refer to Page 182 a.nd
Page 18J.

26

SIMPUFIED TABULA.TION

FOR
PP.OBIEM 1

Branch

Lene:th 1

ab

80

be

50

r-

)('

lx2+ Io

ly2+ Io

-15.4

-9.6

18,940
42,600

7,)70

.....

11,920

24.6

+1.5.4

30,200

11,B14
10,416

1~.990

- +

30,810

.....

\ __

ly =

91,740

Ix =
\

__

1xy

29,600

, ..

Ixy

\_

10

.....,

moment of inet"tia about gravi ty axis of branch.

27
Stress Calculatin !or Problem 1
The stress Talues !or ASTM Al06 Grade A aaterial in tho co1d aad
hot condition are
S0

12 1 000 psi -

Sh

11.460

psi~

The stress range is

SA

1.2; x 12,000 + 0.25 x 11,460

17,865 psi

According te the requirement o! the Code for Pressure Piping tho

epassion stress calculated vith the modulqs ~ tlasticitY 1a !h!
~ cosdit,os MUst be vithin the stress raage SA
Inaamuch as this calculation vaa basad on the modulus o! elasticity
in the het condition, the bending momonta must be increased in tbe
rati~ o! le : Jh 29.9 : 25
1.195.
Tho u.:z:illwa moment occurs i:a the straigbt pipe at poi:at
equala 58,500 !tlbe.
58,500 x 1.195

u.d

69,900 ftlbs.

The expanaion stress S at e equala 69,900 ftlbs. x 12 : 74.5 1:aJ

11.250 psi.

41,000 x 1.195

49,000 ft1bs.

a) Uaiag a 1hort radius ve1d-elbow Schedule 80, the stress i:atonsifi-

cation facter (from tab1e).

SJ

2.42

2.42 x 49,000 x 12 : 74.5

19,100 psi

vhich ia beyond the stress range o! 17,865 pai.

b) Uai:ag a long radius veld elbow Schedule 80, the stress i:atensificat ioa factor

SJ

1.85

1.85

49,000

12 : 74.5

vhich is vithin the stress raage.

14,60Q pli

28
APPLICATION OF THE RUlES
FOR
RECORDING REACTIONS

The f1exibility ca1cu1ation for Prob1em 1 has been based on the modulus of e1asticity in the hot condition

Eh

25,000,000 psi

The reactions therefore represent initia1 intensities in the fully expanded state if the system is installed without co1d-springing;
spring factor

the cold-

e = o.

Subsequent re1axation of the piping, if any, will reduce the reactions.

However, in order to protect equipment from over1oad during the initial
stages of operation the reduction is disregarded.

The method of recording

reactions for various degrees of co1d-springing is as foll.ws:

1)

No co1d-springing

R0

e o

e R o

Initially no reactions exist in the cold condition.

However, should

self-springing occur, reactions will appear in the cold condition

which are appraised to ass\D11e in tillle intensities equal to

S"' --E;-E ))
( ---ti-.
SE
{ l

Where R denotes the reactions based on the modulus Ee in the co1d condition.
In this prob1em the ratio

Ee:Eh

= 1.195

or the other modulus are as follews:

and the reactions based on one

29
Ca1cu1ation based on Eh

Ca1cu1ation based on Ec

1990#

1ol9.5

1990

890#

890

=
=

30,200 ft1bs

"

30,200

.58,.500 ft1bs

"

.58,,500

2,378#
1,063#

=
=

36,090 ft1bs
69,900 ft1bs

The a11owab1e S-va1ues in the co1d and hot condition and the ca1cu1ated expansion stress are
Se

12,000 psi

11,460 psi

SE

14,600 psi

The term (

( 1 -

o.o6

The reactions in the co1d condition therefore may 1n time change fran
zero to

11

1,063

=
=

11

36,090

2,165 ft1bs

"

69,900

4,194 ftlbs

o.o6 x

lO~

2,378

1421

64+

co1d-epringing.

If the system is co1d-sprung 10~ the cold-spring factor C

= l.

The reactions in the cold condition are the calculated va1ues multip1ied
b,y the modulus ratio.

JO
In the hot condition the reactions theoretical1y are zero.

The eode,

however, requires that one-third of the reactions existing in the

co1d condition but converted to the modulus Eh be assumed to exist
in the hot conditiono
The reactions to be recorded therefore are:
eo1d eondition:

J)

Hot eondition.:

6631
297#

)0,200

=
=

10,066 ftlbs

58,500

19,500 ftlbs

2,3781

1/J

1,990

1,063#

890

)6,090 ftlbs

11

69,900 ftlbs

"

5\Yf, co1d-springing.
If the s,ystem is co1d-sprung

R0

Rh

=e R
= (1 -

5o%

the cold-spring factor e

2,378

1,1891

"

1,063

532#

ll

)6,090 ,. 18,045 ftlbs

11

69,900

The term

Hot eondition:

0.5

R is based on Ec

2/J e) R R is based on

eo1d eondition:

= o.s

)4,950 ftlbs

2/J

1,990

"

890

lt

)0,200

"

58,500

=
=

=
=

1,327#

593#
20,133 ft1bs
39,000 ft1bs

~ ~ in the formula for the reaction in the cold

~

;;

cor~ition

is assumed to indicate the degree to wbich a system will spring

itse1f if the expansion stress exceeds the sutaining 1evel at the particular operating temperatura.

pansion stress

The sma11er this term and the c1oser the ex-

Sg approaches the fu11 expansion range SA the greater will

31
be the yielding or relaxation in the hot condition and the censequent reaction in the co1d condition.
The fo1lowing example wi11 demonstrate a case of acute selfspringing.
Material - ASTM A335

Grade P21

Temperature ; 1000 F
S0

15,000 psi

sh

Allowab1e stress range SA

E0

29,900,000 psi

Eh

= ?,ooo

psi

1.25 x 15,000 + 0.25 x 7,000

= 23,000,000

= 20,550

psi

psi

Supposing the calculated expansion stress SE based on E0 is

18,000 psi and the

~stem

is insta11ed without co1d-springing,

e = o.

The reaction in the cold condition then is the greater of the follow-

ing two:

Re=

CR=O

OR
R

( 1 ..

...1llO.a. ...2.2.a.2. ))
18000
23

0.495 R

The system which orig:inally was stressle55wi11 spring itself and in

coo1ing set up reaction o.495R where R is the caleulatedreaotion for
the total expansion range based on the modulus E0 in the co1d condition.

:32

THRUST LINE

:'

If the resultant reaction force is transposed to the centroid, it will pass through
all points of zero bending moment. In this position the force is known as the thrust
line and as such offers a convenient accessory for visualizing the effect of the expansion
on every point of the pipeline.
For example, the reacting force located at the thrust line and multiplied by its
normal distance from a point gives the bending moment at that point. Consequently, the greater the distance, the greater the bending stress. Thus points of
high and low stress can be seen at a glance, and joints, welded or flanged, can be
readily located away from points of high stress.
The thrust line shows where improvements are most effective. For instance,
if it is desirable to use elements of greater flexibility, such as corrugated pipe, they will
be most beneficia! at the greatest distance from the thrust line.
The distance of the thrust line from the support can also be calculated by dividing the reaction moment by the reaction force, and, since the thrust line must pass
through the centroid, a check on the position of the latter is obtained.

:3:3
P I P I ::\ G S T RE S S

e AL e C LA TI O N" S S I :\I P L I F I E D

PROBLEM 2
90 Bend, One End Hinged

This problem shows the procedure for determining the end reactions when
one of the two ends is held so as to permit rotation but stop translatory motions.
This end then acts as if it were hinged and therefore offers no resistance to
moments. Let end a be the hinged end; then Ala = O.
In this case the origin of the coordinate system is placed at a, and the axes
are assumed in directions opposite to the anticipated expansions. The moment:;;
and products of inertia of the line about these axes when divided by El represent,
respectively, the deflections produced by a unit force in its own direction and
normal to its own direction.
The calculation follO\vs the pattern of problem 1 except that the axes are
laid through the hinged end. The dimensions and the temperature change
are the same as in problem l.

J4
PROBLE~l

2
y

80'

l----4()' ---t'""'
1

1
1

+y

l?esfrained
FIG. 10.
1

rflbs.

Ma.

J8Jfb.,80ft-f680b.,SOfl=-S.J,J60
!f,_!fLJII-~@~ Me
Mb ~.llJJ lb. x80ff
= +J0.640

1680/b.

+$3,360\

-5.].360

J8Jib.
FIG. 11.

35
PIPING STRESS CALCULATIONS SIMPLIFIED
PROBLEM 3
90 Bend, One End Hinged

In this problem end e is hinged, and end a is restrained. The procedure

follows that of problem 2 except that the origin is at e, and the axes are opposite
to the directions of problem 2.

36
PROBLEM 3
tY
1
1
b

80'

.;..;;...---f.~ a

;;;.;!- - - . , . .

-----40' ..

;----------+X

y
FIG.

12.

r.ll
l,

x, y,

ft ft ft

l,

lv

lxy
3

ab 80 40 50 160,000
be 50

o 25

80 X 50 2

= 200,000 ~

+ 80 X 40 2 = 170,660

O~~ +50 X 25 2

fe = 160,000

= 41,650
= 241,650

/,
241,650X- 160,000Y = 31,600,000
-160,000X + 170,660Y = 19,800,000
X = 551 lb
Y = 634 lb

/Jetfdr., """"""'*'"'

11-1/N.
,.., achns '",;M
(11"tJJ C/"0$11 M/ICI1n

e tf1nt1

Fto. 13.

o
l.,= 170,660

37
PI PI N G STRESS

e AL e U LA TI O N S

SI ~I P L I F I E D

PROBLEM 4
90 Bend, Both Ends Hinged

Figure 14 shows the solution when both ends are held in such a manner
as to permit rotation but stop expansion. In this case the terminals act as if
they were hinged, and, in order to satisfy the laws of equilibrium, the reacting
forces must be situated in a common line of action.
The process of solution is as follows: Make one end free and place it on
rollers that permit expansion along line ab only. A unit force applied in the
opposite direction will cs.c.se a deflection o, = 1,/EI. The unknown reaction
X causes X times as much deflection. If the expansion of length L is AL, then

Xo, =AL

l ______________________________
1

)8

PROBLEM 4

8a 144
2

-----,,

1-

~~~~~~~~~

FtG. 14.

za sin2 8 + l 2
12
n

Iz of ab:
lz of be:

80 3

12 sin 2148 + 80 X 21.2 2 =

5Q3

IT sin 2 58 + 50 X 21.2 2

Expansion

= 25 X 10 6 psi

Mb

fz =

77,850

x =

'1;

= 478 lb X 42.4 ft

5.43 in. = 0.452 ft

i~~ = 82,500,000 lb ft 2

Deflection due to unit force =

=

29,950

X 94.3 ft
I = 475 in. 4

El = 25 X 10 6 X 12 2 X

Xl>,.

i~~ ~

47,900

oz =

= 0.452

i1

~ ~~goo,ooo

= 20,200 ft lb

= 478 lb

J9
PIPING STRESS CALCULATIONS SIMPLIFIED
PROBLEM 5
Pipe Line with Varying Cross Section

This problem shows the procedure for determining the end reactions of a
pipe line with branches of different size. The 90 connection with square corner
is used to demonstrate the technique.
For the steam conditions and the dimensiona of problem 1, and the branches
of 12 and 10 in., the pipe schedule numbers are
For ab, 12-in. pipe; Schedule 80:
For be, 10-in. pipe, Schedule 60:

lu = 475 in.f
/o = 212 in.f
The expansiona are as in problem l.
~

= 4.6 in.

Ay= 2.88 in.

The routine is the same as that laid down in the computation of problem 1
except for the following mod.i.fication: In determining the position of the centroid
the length of each branch is divided by the moment of inertia of its own crosssectional area. Thus a mod.i.fied length l' is obtained and used throughout the
rest of the calculation, each pipe size having its own length modification factor
which, expressed in feet, equals
124

and

l' =

lr

These factors are

For ab:
For be:

124
475- 43.7
124
98
212 -

In calculating products of inertia the new length l' is used directly. In

calculating moments of inertia, however, the length mod.i.fication factor must be
separated from l in order to avoid the error of squaring or cubing. Note its
position in front of the parenthesis.
Equations (5) and (6) on pagel7give the solution for this type of problem.

40
PROBLEM 5

l
FIG.

15.

l' _ l ft X 12"
x', ft
I in. 4
40
43.7 X 80 = 3,496
80
98 X 50= 4,900
!l' = 8,396
- = 531,840 = 633ft
X
8,396
.
1

l'x'

i(
l

ab
be

o
139,840
25
392,000 1
<:>31,840
- = 122,500 = 146ft
y
8,396
.

xz r
+
Ior

1y+ r

1890,000
1,860,000
1365,000

745,000
o
530,000
1,020,000

,fii':.Tot

.. oo,f (.1 f 011

ab

80

-23.3

- 14.6

43.7

be

50

16.7

10.4

122,500
122,500

lor

l xy r

1,190,000
851,000

I y =5, 1 t 5,ooo

Io = i2

1 t ( TQII

98

l'y'

y', ft
1

IX : 2,295,000
Ix y :2 041000
2,295,000X - 2,041,000Y = ~E = 1,380,000,000
-2,041,000X + 5,115,000Y = Ay E = 864,000,000
X= 1,170lb
Y= 625lb

Fia. 16.

Resultant reaction: '\j'-""1,. .,.1=7o=-=-+---.:6=2=5

Reactionmomentata: +1,170lb X
Bending moment at b: +1,170 lb X
Bending moment ate: -1,170 lb X
2

= 1,328 lb

14.6ft- 625lb X 63.3ft = -22,400ftlb

14.6 ft + 625lb X 16.7 ft = +27,500 ft lb
35.4 ft + 625lb X 16.7 ft = -31,000 ft lb

41
P I P I X G ST R ESS

e AL e l. L A T I O ::-.; S

S I ~I P L I F I E D

PROBLEM 6
Offset U Bend with Tangents

6-in. pipe, A.S.T.M. Specification A-106

Stearn ternperature = 750F
Pressure = 52 e; psi
W all thickness req uired :
Stress value S = 10, ?00 psi
tmin= [

525 x 6 62 .5
2 X 10,700 + 2
*tnun

+ 0.125fuom

0.4

l + 0.065

_52_5 {

tnom 1 lnom = 0.;

0.225in.

5 = 0.257 in.

Use 6-in. pipe, Schedule 40

t = 0.280 in.

l = 28 in. 4
S = 8.65 in. 3
Expansion = 6.25 in. per 100 ft
E = 2-!.3 X 10 6 psi

tl:t =

;~:

X 60 ft =-- 3. 75 in.

625 in. X 12 't = O 7-

r
. o m.
100
28
3
6
2
"-El = 375
12 in. X 24 .3 X 10 X 12 X 12 4 = 1' 480 ' 000 lb ft
28
ay El = 07512in. X 24 .3 X 106 X 12 2 X 12
= 296 000 lb ft 3
4
'
"
~Y

1..\.j,

Manufacturing tolerance.

-----.insr:..... ...
....... n'------1
e

20'

42

PROBI.1

Abbreviated Tabulation

Branch

ab

12

-21.55

1x2 + Io

2.55

18

-15.55

- 6.45

78

5,575

144
be

~ + Io

20

- 5.55

4,355

748

667
de

JO

+ 4.45

- 0.45

4, 771

28

+18.45

+14 .55

593

1, 716

59

2,250
5.932

9,525

1,830
~=

+ 1,805

o
ef

661

486
617

-15.45

o
cd

lxy

7,,517

2J,J06

Ix =

14,271
Ix:y

::Ir

+1 O,J 18

I 0 is the moment of inertia of the branch about its own gravity

axi.s.

4J

14,271X - 10,318Y = 1,480,000

-10,318X + 23,306Y = 296,000
X = 23,306 X 1,480,000 + 10,318 X 296,000 = 167 lb
14,271 X 23,306 - 10,318 2
y = 14,271 X 296,000 + 10,318 X.1,480,000 = s-lb
1
14,271 X 23,306 - 10,318 3
Reaction moment ata: +167lb X 2.55 ft + 87lb X 27.55 ft = +2,820 ft lb
Bending moment at b: + 167 lb X 2. 55ft + 87 lb X 15.55 ft = + 1,775 ft lb
Bending moment ate: -167 lb X 15.45 ft + 87 lb X 15.55 ft = -1,230 ft lb
Bending moment at d: -167lb X 15.45 ft- 87lb X 4.45 ft = -2,967 ft lb
Bendingmomentate: +167lb X 14.55ft- 87lb X 4.45ft = +2,043ftlb
Bending moment at f: + 167 lb X 14.55 ft - 87 lb X 32.45 ft = - 390ft lb

FtG. 18.

44

THE CASE OF MOVING ANCHORS

Let it be assumed that the pipe (Fig. 8) is anchored at point a to an equipment

which itself moves, owing to expansion or other causes. Then the following cases
may anse.
l. Equipment moves in the direction of the expansion.
a. The equipment moves point a to the right an amount m which is less than the
pipe expansion ~. In this case the support at a yields the amount m and the pipe
stresses are due to ilx' = ilx - m.
For example, let m = 2 in.; then the positive x-axis is directed toward the left, as
in Fig. 8, and, in computing X and Y, .::lx is replaced by .::lx' = 4.6 in. - 2 in. = 2.6 in.
b. The equipment moves point a to the right an amount m which is greatcr
than the pipe expansion, say m = 5.5 in. Then
.::lx' = ~x - m = 4.6 in. - 5.5 in. = -0.9 in.

In this case the positive x-axis is opposite to that shown in Fig. 8, i.e., to the right.
2. Equipment moves opposite to the expansion.
Let point a be moved to the left an amount m. Then ~' = .:lx + m regardless
of whether m is smaller or greater than .::lx, and the positive x-axis is directed to the
left as in Fig. 8.
.
The foregoing may be. visualized by breaking the joint at the point of anchorage
and drawing the position of the pipe end in the expanded state and the position
of the equipment after it has gone through the specified movement. The direction
of the reactions is obtained by applying at the pipe end a force in the direction neces!!:l"V to close the gap.

PI PI::\" G STRESS

e AL e G LA TI O~ S

S DI P L I F I E D

PROBLEM 7
Pipe Line with Inclined Branch

Pipe: 12-in.
Schedule 160,

A.S.T.~L Specificatio~

A3J5

Grade P2

(Carbon-Moly')

t = 1.312 in.
1 = 781 in. 4

S= 122 in. 3
Temperature = 950F
Pressure = 1,200 psi
Expansion = 8.35 in. per 100ft
E = 23 7 X 10 6 psi
Inside area = 81 sq. in.
Area of metal = 47.14 sq. in.
.
8. 35 in.
f
~x = lOO X 22 t = 1 .84 m.
8 :3 .
~Y = { ~n. x 8 ft = 0.67 in.

~El=
~y

El=

S:2in.

0.67 in.

-r2-

=19,700,000lb ftl

781

X 23.7 X 106 X 12 2 X 124 =7,180,000 lb ft 3

...---.-: - :

'

X~~=

X23.7 X 10 6 X 12 2

1ij:S" i

X8.46~-1

~
'

FIG. 19.

Centroid
Tv-,l.r'
l. ft
x'. ft
y'' ft
01) 3o
----r5 -!50
3GO
30
be i 12
1
6
72
3.j;) ..)
25
cd 1 14. 1-! i 17
2-!0.-!
'
108
de 1
' 12- - ' 22 , __
264
H
,
1
_
_
_
_
_
_
j
1.'.331.5
68.14
576.4
1.33t
..)
576.4 = 8.-:tu
"" ft.
:r- = 68.14
. y= li8.H
= 19.54 ft

-o

l'ormuh (or

inclinc~l

branch:

-O.OHO; X 1U. 1 -i- l~.H X S.J~ X 5 . .5 -

+5-11.5

46

PROBI.BM 7
''

Abbreviated Tabulation
'

'

!'

Branch
ab

1
)O

- 8.46

2 + Io

1x

- 4.;4

2,147

o
be

cd

de

12

- 2.46

14.14 + 8 .54

12

+13 .54

+10.46

+ .5.46

- 5 .54

ry=

ly

+ Io
618

+ 1,152

2,2.50

7.3

303

144

1,313

1,031

422

6.59*

ll8

ll8

ll8*

2,200

368

900

144

48.5

5,713
Ix

5.2JJ
=

1xy

From formula for inclined branch.

I 0 is the moment of inertia of the branch about its own gravity axis.

,,,

47

52331 - 485Y 19,700,000

-4851 + 571JY 7,180,000
X = 39201
y 158.51
+3920f
-J920f
" e: -J920f
d: -3920f
11
e: +3920f

Resisting moment at a:
Bending
"
b:

11

"

"

X
X
X
X

19.54'
10,46 1
10,46 1
0,46 1
11,54 1

-1585f
-1585f
+1585f
+1585f
+1585f

F!G. 20.

X
X
X
X

8.46 1 +63,200 t1bs.

8,46' = -54,400 "
J,54' = -35,400 11
1J,54 1 = +19,700 "
13.54 1 = +66,700 11

48

Stress Ca1culation for Prob1em 7

Material:
S0
Ec

=
=

ASTM A335

Grade P2 (Carbon-Mol;r)

13,750 psi

10,000 psi

29,900,000 psi

2),700,000 psi

Allowab1e stress range SA

= 1.25

x 13,750 + 0.25 x 10,000

= 19,680

psi.

The Code for Pressure Piping regulates that the expansion stress
/

\-

SE be

2n

mQdulus ,2! elasticitx in the

condi tion,

As

this ca1culation is based on the modulus o! elasticity in the hot condition

the calculated stresses must be increased by the modulus conver-

sion factor Ec:En

=29.9:2).7 =1.26.

The ma.:ximum bending moment occurs at anchor point "e" and equals
66,700 ftlbs.

1.26 x 66,700 x 12:122 in3

8,270 psi

The greatest bending mom.ent in elbows occurs at comer "b" and equals
,54,400 ftlbs.

The stress intensification factor for a 12" - 90

radius elbow Schedule 160 is 1.11 (from tab1es).

=1.26 X ,54,400 X 12 X 1.11:122

inJ

= 7,,500

psi

long

Reactions
(For discussion see Prob1em 1)

1)

No co1d springing

e = o

(a) Cold condition

Re

= CR

or Re

= ~1

~~~

whichever is greater.
In this case the term ~ Ee is greater than uni ty.
Sp: Eh

Re

therefore is negative and the greater o! the two terms is

Re

= C.R = O.

No sel!-springing is expected.

The reaetions in the cold

condition are zero in the initia1 stage and remain zero

thereafter.
(b)

Hot condition
I

2)

),9201

1,.58.51

Moment at anchor a

= 6),200

ft1bs.

Moment at anchor "e"

= 66,700

ftlbs.

lOO~

co1d-springing

(a)

Co1d condition

= R based on Ec
X = 1.26 X J,920f =
Y = 1.26 X 1,,58.5#
=

Re

4,940#
2,000#

50

(b)

Moment at a

1.26 x 63,200

79,600 ft1bs.

Moment at e

1.26 x 66,700

84,000 ft1bs.

Hot condition
Theoretically the reactions are zero.

However, the Code re-

quires that one-third of the reaction3 existing in the cold

condition but converted to modulus
the hot condition.

{))

3,920

1,.58.5

assumed to exist in

Therefore

=
e =

.528#

Moment at a

63,200

= 21,070 ftlbs.

Moment at

66,700

22,230 ft1bs.

0o 5

Cold condition

Re = o.;
X
Y

(b)

be

= 1,307#

52% Cold-springing
(a)

Eh

= 0 .5
= 0 .5

R based on Ee
X

1.26 X 3,920

1.26 X 1,58.5

=
=

2,460#
982#

Moment at a

0.5 x 1.26 x 63,200

= 39,800

Moment at e

0.5 x 1.26 x 66,700 = 42,000 ft1bs.

ft1bs.

Hot condition

~ = ~1X
y

= 2/3
= 2/3

+e~

2/3 R based on

3,920

1,)8)

= 1,055#

2,6101

Moment at a

2/3 X 63,200

42,200 ftlbs.

Moment at "e"

2/3

44,.500 ft1bs.

66,700

51

FLEXIBILITY AND STRESS INTENSIFICATION FACTORS

Curved tubes exhibit greater flexibility than solid rods o! identical

shape and equal mornent of inertia.

They flatten under the effect of bend-

ing mornents to an oval form and consequently relieve the end reactions o!
the system.
In the course of this deforrnation the stresses recede !roa the extreme

fiber and concentrate with increased intensity between the extreme fiber
and the neutral axis.

The linear law of stress distribution which applies

to straight pipe does not apply when the pipe is.curved.

Other piping components such as tees, mitre bends, reducera, etc. also
react differently from straight pipe when subjected to bendin and therefore require special consideration in the analysis of piping systems.
Increased flexibility is accounted for by multiplying the actual length
of the bend or fitting by a factor "k" ea1led the flexibility !actor.

The

increased stress is accounted for by multiplying the stress obtained froa

the formul.a:

"bending moment divided by section modulus 11 by a !actor 11 1

called the stress intensification factor.

These factors depend on the flexibility characteristic "h which !or
elbows or pipe bends equals

wall thickness

bend radius of elbow or pipe bend

mean radius o! cross section.

.52
The Code for Pressure Piping regulates the use of stress intensification factors as follows:
calculations shall take into
account stress-intensification factors found to exist
in components other than
plain straight pipe. Credit
may be taken for the extra
flexibility of such components. In the absence of
more directly app1icable
data, the flexibi1ity factors and stress-intensi!ication factors shown in
Chart 1 may be used.. n
Formulas for the flexibilityfactor k and the stress intensi!ication
!actor i for various piping components are given on Chart 1 and plotted on
Chart 2.

They represent the present day know1edge derived from the theoret-

ieal and experimental works of Von Karman, Hovgaard, Beskin, Vigness and

Markl.
The factors for curved bends, originally deve1oped by Von Karman and
Hovgaard, have been verified by subsequent research for characteristics "h"
greater than

0.3 but for 1esser values of "h" both factors were found to be

considerably higher.

The practical ra.nge of characteristics is therefore

covered by two charts.

Chart 2 for characteristics h

0.02 to h

3 for characteristics h

0.3 to h

Chart

= 1.7
= 3.5

The latter, prizarily needed for radius bends, emp1oys the original designations as follows:
h

=;l.

=1

Flexibility and stress intensification !actors !or elbows may be taken

directly fra. the tablea included in this section.
The introduction o! !lexibility !actors increases the work involved in
the mathematical analysis

~s

each component constitutes an additional

branch o! the system requiring the computation o! several shape conatanta

!or each such branch.

The Code there!ore permita simpli!ying assumptions

b,y the following regulation:

simplifying assu.ptions are

used in calculations or model tests,
the likelihood of attendant underestimates o! !orces, maments and
stresses including the e!!ect o!
stress intensi!ication shall be
taken into aceount."

~ere

Omission of the flexibility factor which as previously stated is a

multiplier of the length, is an assumption on the side of safety.
permissible therefore, to calculate a

~stem

It is

consisting o! straight branchea

joined with elbows b,y ignoring the increased !lexibility of the !ittings
but the stress intensi!ication must be taken into account.

Probl.- 1 dem-

onstrates a solution based on simplifying assu.ptions.

Tests to determine the ef!ect o! torsion on curved tubes conducted b.1
Pardue and Vigneas !ailed to reveal

a~

significant increase in !lexibility.

The flexibility !actor as well as the stress intensification factor there!ore are unity.

Toble of Foctors

....

~~

:e-- o...

Description

)C

..

Ql

lit.; ...

"'e o
,.,_u
-e
o
cn_ ~.~..

o
.........

,..-

.: ""e

Oescription

~ ~
;e
.!!.o

..-'""' - .e::.....

vto i

e,..u
--o 1

1.1..1.1..

cn.:~.~o.

1.65

ll

o
o'"" u

Sketch

--

S:

11UTT IEUG> JO IliT ,

litU: IN G El..BO'I' ,

1.0

IIIOOCD, or

or PIPE 1!04.

liiLDIIIi'IIIX:X Fl.AIIiE

-r

!B.
,z

h2/3

t <111:01Bl.tIII:X.DCl

ltl'!'R.E

SLIP-Gil or

1.2

socm 111l.DIIIG rJ..otJGt

BEHD+

wit.h cloae a;aeinct

.!..X

h"'

1 ( r (l tan eX)

0.9

~~:

cot q .!J.
2 r2

...t

Rlcot a

PlWT ll!1.l:r;D JOIIIT,

or

S OOLE-IIELD!2)

socm

"'l.DIIKl

rwa

I!ITRE !SliD,

1.3

W1. t.h Widt pacinc:.

u
h5/6

'!r (1 t.an4X.)

0.9

h213

l~gt

q .!
r

R=i<lcot a)

lt
--r]!
1

W' JOM l'LoUXi.E

1.6

(nt.h ASA Blo.9

IIIUIIIKl TU
pe!'

.sA 816.9

0.9

t;i7'l

4.4+

...._

lAp Joi.at. t\ub)

RSI!IFORCI'J)

:iCUO.'tl) PIP! JOIXT,

or

SCJIDI!Z)

2.3

PUilil

TABRlU m

m,

~i;3

(t 112n112

t312,

W1. t.h plld or llddle

}f{i'rf!
pad

...Lt
,...

COIUIOOUID PD'I,
UIIIISIIIF<CID

at.raicllt. or eu,.,..,

2.5

FURIC...TID TU

or CIIIASID l!IDID

ll
h!/3

lit~

.l
r

e'Tht nu:ibilHv ractcn k &nd IU'tttl l.nt.enllf1c:tiOII racton 1 in Ull Tabll appl:o to CHt.i~ ot t.lle DOrinal wicnt. or ac:nedule ,.. t.ht pipa 111~ 111 ~.,. avat<ta, and 111all l.n no cue be t.llten laaa tb&n wlit.y,
Tbey apply over uw cttect.i'' are lanct.n (1nown b7 naavy dun-dot. linea in t.ne aketcnet) tor CQrVed IDd
ll1t.n el~. and t.o t.ne l.ntAnac:t.ion point !or t.eea.

t'TM al- ot

Ir and 1 can oe Ned direct.l1 !roe Chart. la, ant.erinc; n U: \lit cnaract.eritt.1c 11
ti"'OI tM COI"WI1&lu c1an, wnere:

1t beftiS l"lldi~&~ ot qld1.nt albolr or pipa band

r radilll oC f'latcllinr pipa
t. nll l.niclmeu oC Mt.cllint: pipa

eC~~~p~~tecl

" one-llalt &nf:l bat.Mn ...:!Jacent. 111 t.re IJUit

111 tre pac liiC a\ e en ter 11 na
T ped or aaddla t.nic:lrneaa

+Ibera !llonC" ara at.t.aened t.O ona or bOI.l'. anda, t.ne valu.. ot Ir and 1 l.n t.he Tabla anall be correct.ed
rae ton c1-na baloe, wnicn can be rud dirac: t.ly 1'ro. Cnart. la, ent.erinc 1 t.h l.ne COIIPUt.ed 111

b7 Ule

OM anc1 n111ced:

f U.o

incltadea

saddle

11'/6

a1nd~ \re

.)oint..

CHART 1

.5.5

flexibility

fa e tor

and
Stress

lntensification

f1etor

Chut la
Graph for

Ir

and

.
1

.2

,4

Correcton

f~etor

CHART 2

TUIE TURNS,ING
97.006-54

PIPING STRESS CALCULA TIONS SL\IPLIFIED

8

1
1

1
K
7

V
V

/
/

/2 ?.,2 +/0
12 ~.z + 1

:\

p=}Kf-j

:\

1.8" 12?-.Z-2

0.2

7.09

2.54

1.50

1.32

0.89

o.:>

5.34

1.97

1.15

1.23

o.qz

0.4

4.10

1.56

2.00

1.18

0.938

0.5

3.25

1.30

2.25

1.45

o.qsz

0.6

2.70

1.13

2.50

1.12

o.qso

0.7

2.31

1.02

2.15

1.10

Q.q68

o-.8

2.04

3.00

1.08-

o.qu

o.q

1.84

o.q5
o.qo

3.25

1.065

o.q11

1.0

1.69

0.88

3.50

1.06

0.980

1.25

1.45

0.86

!2'}.2+/

\
\

i\
\

\/
/\
/

./

/\

' '\

/
1\

'1\

.....

-..... ~

"'

r- ......_

""""

"

fJ
1

o.s

! i

0.5

1.0

1.5

0.3

tR ::

.\ rz

i
1

2.5

1r

Fi:o. 39.-Flexibility consta.nt a.nd stress coefficieni.

CHART 3

2.0
e:

3.0

3.5

57
FLEXIBILITY FACTOR

AND
STRESS INI'ENSIFICATION FACT<lt
FOR

FlexibilitT eharacteristic

Flexibility factor

Virtual length 1'

r2
la25.
h

actual lenth in .teet x k.

Stress 1ntensif1cat1on factor

_!:R._

.58
LONG RADIUS WELD-EL.BOVS

10 11

8"

6"
Schedule

Number

1'

1'

1'

9.6.5

2.9

1.5.1

12.1

J.4D 2).7

JO

8.64

2.71

13 .5

9.7

2.9.5 19.l

40

6.6

2.27

?.?

?.J?

2.44 11.6

8.1

2.61 1.5.9

60

5.7)

2.06

9.0

.5.7

2.07 ll.J

80

4.06

1.64

4.?

4 .5J

1.76

7.1

4.7

1.8J

9.4

lOO

J.74

1 .5.5

.5.8

).8

1.60

7 .5

120

J.O

l.J4

).5

J.OO

l.J4

4.7

].2

1.40

6.2

140

2 .58

1.21

4.0

2.6

1.22

.5.1

160

2.2J

1.4

2.6

2.26

1.11

).5

2.2

1.11

4.4

20

14 11

12 11

16 11

Sch~dule

Number

20

14.J

J .. 81

JJ.6

11.8

JO

10.7

J.lJ

25.2

9.7

2.9J

1'

1'

J.J5 J2.4

1J .5

J.6 42.4

26.6

11.2

).22 3.5.2

40

8.59

2.70

20.2

8.25

2.64 22.6

8.2.5

2.64 25.9

60

6.04

2.14 14.2

5.96

2.12 16.4

6.18

2.17 19.4

80

4.85

1.8.5 11.5

4.60

l. 78

12.6

4.69

1.80 14.7

lOO

J.86

1.59

9.1

].58

1 .50

9.8

J. 7J

1.5.5 11.7

120

J.l6

1.39

7.4

).lO

l.J6

8 .5

J.08

1.)6

9.6

140

2.75

1.26

6.4

2.5.5

1.00

7.0

2 .53

1.19

7.9

160

2.28

1.11

.s.J

2.22

1.00

6.1

2.)0

l.lJ

7.2

LONG RADIUS 1.-IELD-ELB<J.JS

.59

20'f

18 11

24 11

Schedule
Number

1'

1'

20

15.3

3.97

_54.0

14.1

3.76

55.2

17.0

4.28

80.0

30

10.8

J.l5

38.1

10.4

).O?

40.7

ll.l

3.21

52.0

40

8.25

2.64

29.1

8.73

2.73

)4.2

9.0?

2.80

42.7

60

6.J5

2.21

22.4

6.23

2.18

24.4

6.50

2.24

)0.6

80

4.74

1.82

16.7

4.80

1.83

18.8

4.88

1.85

23.0

lOO

3.75

1.56

13.2

].86

1.59

15.1

3.86

1.59

18.1

120

).16

1.39

11.1

).14

1.39

12.3

3.24

1.41

15.2

140

2.64

1.24

9.3

2.62

1.22

10.2

2.67

1.24

12.5

160

2.30

LlJ

8.1

2.32

l.lJ

9.1

2.33

1.13

10.9

30"

Schedule
Number

10

25.8

_5.6J

152.0

20

15.9

1... 08

93.5

JO

12.7

3.51

74.8

1'

LONG RAD1tTS WELD-ELBCMS

60

SHORT

~~AD

It"S rft!LD-EI.JJO\fS

10 11

8"

6"
~chedu1e

1J .o

3.56

13.5

lh. 7

:3.87

19.2

7.7

11.0

3.20

11.5

12.1

J,h1

15.9

8.6

2.70

.o

8.6

2.72

11.3

2.15

4.8

6.8

2.:32

7.1

7.2

2/'-0

9.4

)O

40

9.88

2.97

60

80

6.11

1.

16"

1lJ."

12"
Schedule

1'

1'

!Tumber

JO

16.1

4.12

25.4

lh,O

3.75

22.0

12.9

:J.s.s

20,2

12.4

J.h5

22.7

10.J

J.lO

16.2

10,7

3.14

19.6

60

9 .o

2.81

lh.2

8.9

2.77

16.3

80

7.2

2.1~2

ll.lJ.

t 0.)75
1.()

o .5"

11

N\unber

14.5

3.85

- -

26.7

16.7

1
l~.22

1'
35.1

12.h

J.hs

26.0

61

SHORT RADIUS

18"

W:l.D-EL:BO~'iS

24"

20"

Schedule
E'umber

o.375"

JO
t

o.5"
40

18.9

/...58

16.1

1'

44.7

21.1

4.93

4.12

)B.O

1.5.7

4.Q.

14.0

3.75

JJ.O

"

12.4

).45

29.2

13.1

"
3.58

t .

)O"

Schedule

Number
t

0.375"
20

1'

32.2

6.53 126.5

23.9

5.)6

94.0

SHORT RA.D IUS iT.LD-EIJ30WS

1'

5.5.4

25.5

5 .6o

41.0

18.9

4.59

.59.6

15.8

h.07

49.8

l'

"
)4.)

80.3

62
PI PI N G STRESS e:\. Le lJ L.\. TI n ::\'S S L\1 P L 1 F 1 E D
PROBLEM 8
Pipe Line with Curved Branches
The pipe Jine in Fig. 21 contains three 90 circular ares each with a radius of curvature
R = 4 ft.
The pipe size i.-; 6 in., Schedule 40.
The operating temperature is 760 F, the pre"sure 450 psi.

::r
t'"
_. .r.'S48' i-

;...:<e:

/'"' t-i

I = 28 in.<
S = 8.65 in. 3

-17452

-~ 1

~-16' --

~x = 6 ;~n.

X 39 ft = 2...1: in.

~Y = 6 ;~n.

X 7 ft = O.H in.

1 ......
1 ~

'4J;i'

*1

~,,

- f

24.3 X 10 6 psi
2
.lx El = .4 in. X 24 3 X 106 X ~
12
.
144

= 944,000
A

.,.y

El = 0.44 in.
12

2' 3
06
28
X .,., X 1 X 144
= 173,000

Before calculating the position of the centroid,

the modified length of the curved branches is
determined from the formulas given in the 7b"''
be
article on curved branches.
cd

de

f
fu

= 0.28 in.

= 6,625 in. - 0.28 in. =

.
3 . 172 m.
2
R = 4 ft X 12 = 48 in.
r

>.

= 0.28 X 48

3.172 2

'"

C'i:NTROID

l, Ft

x7, lt
6
14.548
16
17.452
27.5
37.548
39

!?

12
72
127.8
8. 79
18
:.!88
8. 79
153.1
15
' 412.5
8. 79
329.5
15
585
1
86.37
1.967.9
:
1,967.9
~" 8 ft
.. - 86.37 - -

--

l 34

K = 12 X 1.34 2 + 10 = 1 4
12 X 1.34 2 + 1
.
~Iodified

length of bend

=~

X 4 ft X 1.4 = 8.79 ft

FIG. 22.

v'. 1t

i
1
1

ll-

lv'

12.75
234
215.5
390
215.5
217.5
1,285.25
1,285.25
14 9 ft

1.452
13
24.548
26
24.548
14.5

86.37

--

6.)

PFOBI.EM 8

Branch

ab

12

be

cd

de

8.79

18

8.79

-16.8

- 8.2.52

- 6.8

- ).348

1.x2 + Io

-14.9

-13.448

- 1.9

+ 9.648

y2

+ Io

lxy

+ 3,004

J,J86

2,670

144

.598

1,..590

97.5

13

13

12

832

6.5

2J3

486

2.51

820

4.5J

l.)

1J

12

784

ef

fg

gh

1.5

8.79

1.5

+ 4.7

+14.848

+16.2

+11.1

+ 9.648

- 0.4

Iy

3J1

1,8.50

281

1,9J7

820

13

1J

J.93.5

281

+ 1,2.59

12

97

11,734

Ix

8,623

::

I
Samp1e ca1culation for bend "ben:
= lx2 + 0.1488 RJK = .598 + 1J
= ly-'+
n
= 1.590 + 1J
lxy + 0.137 !JI
= 97.5 + l2

+ .5. 717

64

F!G. 23.

Resisting moment ata:

+177lb X 14.9 ft- lO! lb X 22.8 ft =

+340ft lb

Bending mom<'nt at b:
+177lb X 14.9ft -!Ollb X 10.8ft =+!,550ft lb
Bending momcnt at e:
+177lb X 10.9ft -lOllb X G.Sft =+!,243ft lb
Bending moment at d:
-177lbX 7.lft-10llbX G.8ft=-1,944ftlb
Bending moment at e:
-177lb X 11.1 ft- lOllb X 2.8 ft =- -2,248 ft lb
Bending momcut at f:
-177lb X ll.lft + lOllb X 12.2ft-

-733ft lb

Bending moment at g:
-177lb X 7.1 ft + lOllb X 16.2 ft =

+381ft lb

Bending moment at h:
+177lb X 7.9 ft + lOllb X 16.2 ft,. +3,035 ft lb

Material ASTM Al06 Grade A

= 12,000 psi
10,)60 psi at 760 F
Al1owab1e stress range

1.25

12.000 + 0.25

10,)60

17,590 psi

As this calculation was based on the modulus of elasticity in the

hot condition the bending moments must be increased in the ratio
of

E 0 :~

Sp;").

= 29.9:

24.J

1o23

(See Section The Expansion Stress

65
The greatest bending moment in the straight pipe occurs at point
h and equa1s 3,035 ft1bs.
Converted to co1d modulus M
Expansion stress

= 1.23 x 3,035 =

3,730 x 12:8.65

3,730 ft1bs.

5,170 psi

The greatest bending moment in the curved portian is 2.340 ftlbs

x 1.23

2,880 ft1bs.

characteristic

The stress intensification factor for th

A = 1.34 is J,r= 0.88 which is 1ess than unity.

Therefore no stress intensification occurs.

The bending stress in

the curved portien is

(

l.-

2,880 x 12:8.65

4,000 psi

The stresses in both, the straight and the curved parts, are
within the allowab1e stress range.

66

THREE-DIMENSIONAL PIPING
In a fully restrained three-dimensional pipeline the end reactions consist of three
forces acting along the axes of an assumed system of coordina tes and of three moments
acting in the planes formed by these axes.
If one end is temporarily connected with the centroid of the system by means of
an inflexible bracket (Fig. 24), then as in the case of single-plane piping the reactions
at the centroid consist of forces only and the computation is reduced to the determination of three unknowns instead of six. The reacting forces at the actual end of the
line ha ve the same intensity as the forces
obtained for the centroid, and the moment
+Z reactions equal the product of these forces
and their offsets from. the end.
The centroid acts as a hinge. If it is
released, expansion "\Yill cause identicul
y
translatory movements at the centroid and
at the end to which it is connectcd.
Fra. 24.
The directions of the coordinate axes
are assumed opposite to the anticipated expansions. The latter are designated by
Ax, Ay, and .1z. In order to move the centroid back from the expanded to the original
position, forces X, Y, and Z are applied so that their combined effort causes defiections
equal to -Ax, -Ay, and -.1z.
Each force causes three component movements, one in its o>vn direction and two
along the other two axes. These movements are proportional to the moments of
inertia or the products of inertia of the line about the axes as follows:
The movement in the x-direction produced by a unit force acting in the x-direction
is I;/ El.
The actual end reaction X applied at the free centroid will cause a movement of
X(I,;i El).
The movement in the x-direction produced by a unit force acting in the y-direction is Iz 11 / El.
The actual end reaction Y applied at the free centroid will cause a movement of

+x-(

YUzv/EI).
The movement in the x-direction produced by a unit force acting in the z-direction is I,j EJ.
The actual end reaction Z applied at the free centroid will cause a movement of
Z(I"'.I El).
The algebraic sum of the foregoing movements is the total movement in the
x-direction. Equating this sum with the expansion Ax furnishes the first of three
equations (7), the other two are obtained in similar manner and represent, respectively,
the movements in the y- and z-direction.

67
THREE-D I.:\1 E :N SI O N AL P IPIN G

XI, - YI, 11 - Zlu = 6.x El}

-XI,ll + YIII- ZIII. = D.y El
-XI%. - YIII. + ZI. = .lz El

(_

1-

For explanation of signs, see the article on Single-plane Piping (page 16).
Procedure:
The line is successively projected into the three planes formed by the coordinate
axes. Branches that are parallel to the plane of projection \Vill appear in true length.
Branches that are normal to the plane of projection will appear as a point and are
indicated by a heavy dot.
Forces located in the plane of projection, such as theX and Y forces in the xy-plane,
will cause torsion in all branches that are at right angles to that plane. In calculating
the position of the centroid, the length of members appearing as points is modified in
order to account for the displacement due to torsion.
While flexura! displacements depend on the modulus of elasticity, displacements
due to torsion depend on the modulus of rigidity. The follmving relation between
these two moduli permits a ready conversion of one into the equivalent of the other:
Let E = modulus of elasticity
G = modulus of rigidity
I = moment of inertia of metal area
m = 0.3 (Poisson's ratio)
M,= torque
L = length of branch
E
G = 2(1 +m)
The angular distortion i dueto a torsional moment i\!1:

.
t

1 -

1 -

f -

(7)

JfcL .1l1cL2(1 + 0.3)

1.31l1tL
2GI =
2EI
=
El

Thus the angular distortion of a straight member subjected to torsion can be

expressed by the modulus of elasticity if the true length is multiplied by 1.3.
The mechanics of the method can be readily followed in the numerical problem
9, which covers the case of a line consisting of straight branches only. The successive
projections into the three planes formed by the coordinate axes show which of the
members are subjected to torsion by the forces located in the plane of projection.
For example, branch cd in the xy-plane is subjected to torsion by the X and Y force.
Its actuallength is 84 ft. Its modified length is 84 X 1.3 = 109.2 ft.
This length is used in determining the position of the centroid, the moments
of inertia, and the product of inertia.
It will be noted that the moment of inertia of the line consists of two parts
obtained from two different planes. For instance one I, is obtained from the xy-plane
and one from the xz-plane. Their sum is the total moment of inertia, which is the
coefficient for X in the first of the three equations (7).
The reaction forces X, Y, Z obtained from these equations are transferred to
the actual end, which in this case is at point f. The reaction moments at end f

68
PI PI X G STRESS CA. L C U LA TI O 0." S SI :\1 P L I F I E D

are the product of thesc forces ::md their respective levers from the centroid to f.
Bending moments at any point are obtained quickly by multiplying the forces at the
centroid by their offsets from the point in question.
For example, \vith X = 1,22G lb and Y = 900 lb, the reaction moment at fin
the xy-plane is
+1,226 lb X 55.77 ft + 900 lb X 1.8 ft

+70,000 ft lb

The bending moment at point b is

-1,226 lb.X 4.23 ft + 900 lb X Gl.S ft = +50;400 ft lb
The latter is the algebraic sum of the moments fromf to b and can also be obtained
in the conventional manner, i.e., starting at the support and proceeding to the point
in question.
Reaction moment at f = +70,000 ft
.Nloment of X-force at f about b = -1,226 lb X 60ft = -73,600 ft
lVIoment of Y-force at f about b = +900 lb X 60 ft = +54,000 ft
Bending moment at b = +50,'100 ft

lb
lb
lb
lb

69

PROBLEM 9
Three-dimensional Pipe Containing Straight Branches Only

24-in. pipe, Schedule 80

t = 1.218 in.
l = 5,673 in. 4
S = 472 in. 3
Expansion

= 6.25 in./100

ft

E = 25 X 10 6 psi
l..

JO'
a
FIG. 25.

6 25 in. X (90 ft - 30 ft)

100
= 3.75 in.
6 25
A = in. X (60 ft + 30 ft)
y
100
= 5.62 in.
25
6
A- =
- 25 m.
.
100in. X 84ft = n.
=

Wo(.

~El

75
= 3 in. X 25 X 10 6 X 5,673
12

X
A

/j.y

6
El = 5 62
12 in.
X 25 X 10 X 0- ' 673

X
Az

1 ~ = 308,000,000 lb ft

1~ =

460,000,000 lb ft 3

1~ =

430,000,000 lb ft 3

El = 5 25 in. X 25 X 10 6 X 5,673
12

PRO)ECTION IN XY -PLANE

+.x' .. a x x
..... ' ''
......

CENTRO ID

a:
be'
cd

de

1, ft

30

:--6o-'

---r,-800

90

15
-30
-15

1,350
-3.276
- 450

109 2

30
60
:u"" 319.2
576
~ .. -319.2

ef

?,ft

576
-1.8 ft

i.ft
75
60
60
60
30

2,2505.400
6,550
1,800
1,800
f7~800

17 800
--77ft
y- ,. 319.2
- OO.

71

PROBIEM 9

x;y-plane

Branch
ab

be

1
JO

90

61.8

16.8

19.2J

4.2J

l.
cd

de

ef

109.2 -28.2

JO

60

-1J.2

1.8

4.2J

4.2J

-25.77

Iy

172 +lo

lx;r

114,500

11,1.50

+3.5. 700

2,2.50

2.5,400

1,61.5

60,750

87,000

1,95.5

.5,2.50

.540

2,2.50

19.5

J9,700

18,000

1x

+!o

+ 6,400

-1J,OJO

- 1,670

- 2,7.50

= 295,J4.5

Ix

7.5,210
I

x:r

+24,6.50

72

PRO]ECTION IN XZ-PLANE

CENTRO iD

lx'
. z', ft 1
lz'
a;-,-ag--,--6o--2.3-tO_&!_I~276

l, ft

be :
90
cd
84
de
30
ef
i8
:l ~ 321

~;~

x', tt

15
-30
-15
O
= 2.2-1 ft

1.350'
-2.520
- 430
O
+ i20
;

=-

~~~

84
-+2

i,560
3,528

O
14,364

= H.H ft

73
PROBLEM 9

xz-p1ane

Branch

ab

J9

be

l..

cd

90

84

57.76

12.76

-32.24

1x2 + Io

J9.26

J9.26

- 2.74

1z 2 + Io

130,000

60,100

14,600

138,800

60,750

87,500

6JO

49,400

8,9JO

60,000

2,250

390

156,100

lxz
88,400

45,080

7,420

1-

de

e!

JO

78

-17.24

- 2.24

-44.74

-44.74

I.z

23,100

?,800

304,420

Ix

465,030

Ixz

= 171,800

74

PRO]ECTION IN YZ-PLANE

z'~~--------------~f--~
~
~
-r--::----:-t___..L

CENTRO ID

ly
2,250
7,020
5,040
2,340
1,800
18,450

(J)i
be .
cd 1
de
ef
'Z:l - 330
1

y-

50

- 55.9 ft

15,876
1

z- ~

- 48.1 ft

75
PROBLEM 9
:rz-pla.ne

Branch

ab

be

1
30

117

Y'

19.1

359

4.1

~ + Io

3.5.9

10,944

38,700

2,2.50

1,967

150,800

1,412

3,100

49,400

6.56

90,000

4o,248

139,000

18,000

l-

cd

de

e!

84

39

60

4.1

4.1

-2.5.9

- 6.1

-48.1

-48.1

Iz

1z2 + Io

lyz

+20,570

+17,200

- 2,100

- 7,680

+74,750

7.5,477

r,.

471,000

Iy.z

+102,74o

76

SIMPLIFIED SOLUTION OF EQUATIONS

Piping stress calculations involve the use of large figures. It is therefore advisable to express dimensions and pipe properties in feet. ~evertheless, the number
of significant ciphers remaining is large enough to make the solution of three simultaneous equations by method of elimination or substitution a tedious and timeconsuming task. However, the structure of the equations is of a special type. The
left side is symmetrical about the upper left to lower right diagonal, and for this
case the process of solution can be simplified. The 1L W. Kellogg Company has
developed a method that reduces the working time and practically eliminates the
possibility of errors. It is published in "Expansion Stresses and Reactions in Piping
.Systems.''
The procedure as applied to problem 9 (page 69) is as follows:
1fake a table consisting of. 4 columns and 11 rows. At the top of the columns
inscribe X, Y, Z, Constant, and in the row marked (1) place the coefficients of the
unknowns and the constant, the latter with opposite sign. ~ow read row (1) asan
equation. The unknowns X, Y, Z, instead of being placed beside the coefficients,
are placed in the heading of the table, the constant is on the left side of the equal sign,
and "equals zero" is omitted from the table.
In the same manner place the second and third equation in the rows marked (2)
and (3). Thus far 3 rows are filled, 8 rows are blank. Thereafter fill the rows in the
order indicated by the numbers at the left side of the table as follows:
Row (4) is obtained by dividing the figures in row (1) by the negative coefficient
of X, i.e., by -540,240.
Row (4) then reads

-X

+ 0.0456 Y + 0.318Z + 570

= O

Row (5): Each number in row (1) is multiplied by the coefficient of Y in row (4).
For example:
540,240 X 0.0456 = 24,650
This operation, applied to two columns, is indicated by arrows.
Row (6) is the sum of the figures in rows (2) and (5). This addition makes the
coefficient of X = O and reduces the number of unknowns to two.
Row (7) is obtained by dividing the figures in row (6) by the negative coefficient
.of Y, i.e., by -765,225 resulting in

-Y+ 0.145Z + 620

=O

Row (8): each number in row .(1) is multiplied by the coefficient of Z in row (4).
For example:
-171,800 X 0.318 = -54,600
This operation is indicated in one column by arrows.

7?
S DI P L I F I E D S O L U TI O N O F E QUA TI O N S

Row (9): Each number in row (6) is multiplied by the coefficient of Z in row (7).
For example:
-110,580 X 0.145 = -16,000
This operation is indicated in one column by arrows.
Row (10) is the sum of the figures in rows (3), (8), and (9). The coefficients for
X and Y become zero, and '\Ve obtain one equation with one unknmn1.
Row (11) is obtained by dividing the figures in row (10) by the negative coefficient
of Z resulting in

-z +
z=

1,930 - o
+1,930 lb

Returning to row (7) and using the known value for Z

-Y+ 0.145

X 1,930 + 620 =O
y= +900 lb

,.

Returning to row (4) and using the known values for Y and Z

-X+ 0.0456
!, from xy-plane: 75,210
!, from xz-plane: 465,030
Total!,:
540,240

X 900 + 0.318 X 1,930 + 570 = O

X= +1,226lb

l. from xz-plane: 304,420

l: from yz-plane: 75,477
Total l,:
379,897

!" from xy-plane: 295,345

!" from yz-plane: 471,000
Total!":
766,345

540,240X - 24,650Y - 171,800Z = 308,000,000

-24,650X + 766,345Y - 102,740Z = 460,000,000
-171,800X- 102,740Y + 379,897Z = 430,000,000
z

(1)

{4)

540,240---- 24,65~1
1
~ + 0.0456

(2)
(5)

- 24,650
+ 24,650

(6)

~i

(3)

(8)
(9)

1,120

1
1

+765 ,225

i
1
1

-102,740
7,840
+110.580

~1

'

1
1

1
1
1

!
1

z=

- 160 '000 '000

- 14,000,000
-4H,OOO,OOO

-110,580\
1

+
1

-308,000,000
570
+

0.145_:1

-102,740
7,840.

(10) 1

-171,800
+ 0.3l'e

-171.800
+171,800

(7)
[__

+766,34~/

Constant

620

+379,89:/
- 54,600
- 16,000

-430,000,000
- 98.100,000
- 68,900,000

+309,297

-597,000,000

+ 1,930 lb
y= + 900 lb
X= + ],226lb

1,930

78

COMBINING MOMENTS IN THREE-DIMENSIONAL PROBLEMS

In general any point of the line is subjected to three moments acting in the three
planes formed by the system of coordinates. The moment that acts in the plane
at right angles to the pipe axis causes torsion; the other two cause bending. The
resultant of the latter is obtained by vectorial addition. For instance, if .~zu and
Mz~ are bending moments in the xy- and xz-plane, their resultant is
'\j.ivf~

+ 111;.

In order to find the point of highest stress, the moments are tabulated in planes
of projection, and, if desirable, bending-moment diagrams may be drawn for each
plane. Of the three moments obtained for each point, mark the one that causes
torsion, thus leaving the other two for vectorial addition. At the junction of t\YO
branches (for example, ata corner b formed by two branches ab and be) two torsional
moments and consequently two different sets of bending moments exist, depending
on whether b is considered as the end of branch ab or the end of branch be. A brief
inspection will show which of the two combinations will cause the greatest effect.
With S the section modulus of the cross-sectional area of the metal, the bending
stress is

and the torsional shearing stress for the torque 11111z =

llft

is

Mt S

2S ::

The COiftbined expansion stress as established by the Code for Pressure

Piping is
SE

v~z

4St2

with the proviso that these stresses are based on the modulus o! elasticity in the cold condition.
Designers may prefer to make flexibility calculations ba~ed on the modulus o! elasticity in the hot condition in order to obtain the initial
reactions at operating temperature. In this case it is necessary to increase Sb and st by multiplying these values by the ratio Ec:Bh

79
C0::\1 BINING ::\10 :VfENTS IN THRE E-DI ::\1 ENSIO N AL PROBLE:MS
MOMENTS
Point

xy-plane

--

xz-plane

yz-plane

-1,226 lb X 34.23 ft + 900 1-1,226 lb X 39.26 lb + 1,930 +900 lb X 35.9 ft - 1,930

lb X 34.1 ft
lbX61.8ft
:
lbX57.76ft
:

BM +13,600

T- +63,300

B,}f -33,500

Resulta.nt BJl +36,000

1

-1,226 lb X 4.23 ft + 900

lb X 61.8 ft
1

Same as for a

+50,410

+900 lb X 35.9 ft - 1,930

lb X 4.1 ft +24,380

+63,300

,------------------~--------~--------~------------------

B.lf ""' 80,500

1
T 63,300
BM 55,900
T 24,380
---1----------------------------~--------~-----------------------------Same as for b
-l ,266 lb X 4.23 ft - 900 \-1,226 lb X 39.26 ft - 1, 9301
lb X 28.2 ft
lb X 32.24 ft
1
1
1
~aximum bending
e
+24,380
-30,570
-110,400
moment 115,000
1

T 24,380
Same as for e

BM 115,000

T 30,570

BM 113,000

j+1,226lb X 44.74ft -1,9301 -900 lb X 48.1 ft - 1,930

lb X 32.24 ft
lb X 4.1 ft
1

-30,570

-7,400

-51,200

Resultant bending
moments are
S maller th an a t e
[by inspectionl

--1----------~----------~----------Same as for d
-1,226 b X 4.23 ft + 900 +1,226lb X 44.74 ft - 1,930
lb X 1.8 ft
1

1
1

-3,570

+ 1,226 lb X 55.77 ft + 900 1

lb X 1.8 ft

lb X 2.24 ft

-51,200

+50,500
1

Same as for e

1-900 lb
1

1
1

BM +70,000

T +50,500

x 48.1 ft + t,93o lb
X 55.9 ft

B.M: +64,600

1 Resisting
1

Resultant B.lf 95,200

\

moments

80
Stress Calculation for Problem 9

Material ASTM

A106

Grade A

Operating temperature 760 F

S0

= 12,000

E0

psi

29,900,000 psi

10,360 psi

Eh

25,000,000 psi

Allowable stress range:

sA

1.25 x 12,000 + 0.25 x 10,360

17,590 psi

This calculation was based on modulus Eh.

The resulting !orces

and moments, therefore, re!er to the hot condition.

The expansion stress Sg must be based on modulus E0
The maximum stress condition from the table for moments is found
in the e1bow at point

e",

namely a bending moment of 113,000 fUbs.

and a torsional moment of 30,570 ftlbs.Converting to modulus E0 by

multiplying by the ratio E0 :Eh

1.2, the bending - and the tor-

sional moments beeome respeetively;

113,000 x 1.2

135,600 ftlbs

30,570 x 1.2

36,684 ftlbs

The stress intensification factor for a 24"-90 long radius elbow

is 1.85 (see tables).

This factor is applied to the bending stresa

So :

lo85 (135,600 X 12:472 in))

St

36,684 X 12:2 X 472

467 psi

6,450 psi

SE

= V63902

+4

4672

6,)90 pei

81

PROBLEM 10
Three-dimensional Pipe Containing Quarter
Bends

l.

12-in. pipe
t =~in.

l = 361.5 in.
S == 56.8 in. 3
Temperature '745F
.
5.88 in.
E xpans10n =
100 ft
E = 25 X 10 6 psi

.lx

=-

~Y

==

El =

~~:

X 11 ft = 0.647 in.

5 88 in.
.
100 X 21 .o ft = 1.27 m.
5

~~:

~; in.

X 9 ft == 0.53 in .
X 25 X 106

361. 5 = 3 380 000 lb ft 3

X 144
'
'
.l El == 1. 27 in. X 25 X 106
y
12
36 5
X 1. = 6 620 000 lb ft 3
144
'
'
~El = 053 in. X 25 X 106
12
36 5
1. == 2 770 000 lb ft 3
X
144
'
'

82

LOCDllon af
cerrtroid

O.D. 12.76 in.

:'.fe&n radiua of pipe 6.125 in.
Rad.iua of bend R - 60 in.

+.X

IR
0.6 X 60
- ; ; -~ 0.8
!2X' + 10
2
12X' + 1

1
... !

l\1

' 1

1~

'

"'\::)

1\j

.....;.
(\

1
1

'

0\

..:

Id

"")

'
.x-x- ~~----

1~-G.Js:...

..J

l-

~-8'-:

-5..J.9'- __:

+.Y +Y'
CENTROID

_
abl

, t

~ RK

15.71

1.815

28.6

11.5

cd

do

t/

X , t
1
U t
1/
--8- 1 -.8--'~129

2R

..

X 1.15

ft X l. 3
J -

9.0
5. 2

1
1

r 1

~~::

1.61

rt

1i:&

19.686
10.75
1.816
O

309
123.6
1

18.3
O
677. 9

5
11 - : ; : - 12.2 ft1

PRO]ECTION IN XY-PLANE

~
O'

'

83
PROBLEM lO

~ranch

l
6

ab

be

6.39

cd

9o3

0.20.5

1.5.7

11 .5

-1.61

u2

1y2 + Io

+ Io

244

.519

18

3.56 .5

o.6

881.8

24.1

)7.2

37.2

34.3

29.8

24 .5

26.8

126 .5

7 .48.5

-1.4.5

lx)"

,1

de

9.0

-1.61

).2

-1.61

-10.38.5

-12.2

:r,.

23.4

970

2l

13.4

774

1.50o8

108

;66.4

!,:

3,3.54

~
Samp1e calcula tion f or "be" :

Iy 1x2 + Oo1488 RJ 1.5o7

Ix 1,2 +
N
1.5o7

lxy

lxy + 0o137

R)

1.5o7

X
X
X

Oo2052 + 0.1488 x .532

7o4852 +
N
0.20.5 X 7o48.5 + 0.137

+700o)

Oo6 + 37o2
88lo8 + 37o2
)3 X 2 24.1 + 34.~

'

Sample calculation for Nde":

Iy = 1x2 = 9 X 1.612 23.4

Ix 1.,.Z + 0.1488 R3K = 9 X 10o38.5 2 + 0.1488

=9 X

(-1o61) (-10o38.5)

= 1.50.8

.53

lol)

= 970

+ 21

84

FtG. 32.

CmNTBOID

.tt
oll
k

..
.u

"

_!:,_lt

j;x 4 x 1.14-

9.03
u.Ut x 1.3- a. u
s..m.... lH:- !1.03

1.814

t-

O:S' i

Uft

o
o

IZ'

Ul.,

o
o
o
04.,

t
ll
ll
ll
7.184

:;r

81
1M.6

a,.ll

8
34:1,,

' - u.;' - 7.9e,.

PRO]ECTION IN XZ-PLAlfE

8.5
PROBLEM lO

xz-plane

Branch

ab

6.0

'

0.)1.5

9.0

be

1.04

6.5

1z2 + Io

lxz

2.5)

6.,5

40.6

18

lx2 + Io

1.04

0.9

9.8

* 21.4

)).6

16.2

;.o

ed

14.9.5

de

9.0

1.04

-1 .5

-1 .5

-0.7'75

20.)

,5.4

o
et

4.0

-1 .5

Is

142.0
5o)

206.6

Ixs

lel5 0e1488

sJ

).5.7

).56.2

* 0el488

10.7

21.4

9.0

-,5.96

-2).)

lel,5 21e4

::a

66.7

86

+z'

--- -----------2/.S! ___ --------- ~

FIG.

33.

CJ:NTROID

. t
l.2..:.....!_ __
11 _ _._t_ _ _
._
~1
a x 1.3- 7.8 21..s
168
9
10.2
be '~X S X 1.15 9.03 1!1.686
117.7
9
81.2
cd
11..5 10.75
123.6
9
103.5
de

ix.sx:J1.S.7

1.815

211.9

-s
u-~~8

10.32ft

7.18&

6,1

112.s
8

373.1
-~
7.82ft
~8

PRO]ECTION IN yz-PLANE

87

PROBLEM lO

iBranch

ab

7.8

be

11.18

9.0

9.)65

lT

1.18

1.18

+ Io

1z2 + Io

975

10.9

794

12.6

cd.

'

11.5

o.4J

1.18

102.7

99.7

* 2l
'.
1

1.)-z

16

5.8

de

15.7

-8.505

-0.6J5

126

llJ4

6.5

** J7
e!

4.0

-10eJ2

-5.82

427
o

I"'

J7
lJ5.2

0.1488 RJK

*** 0.137 R}K

1.15

240.0

53

223.5
~=

0.1488 RJ

J4.J***

J516

r.,. =
*

8.5.7

568o2

88
PROB!EM lO

r. from xy plane: 3,354

111 from xy plane: 366

111 from yz plane: 224
Total 111 =
590

1: from xz plane: 206

Total 1: =
3,560

I. from xz plane: 356

l. from yz plane: 3,517
Total l. =
3,873

3,560X - 700Y - 67Z = 3,380,000

-700X + 590Y - 568Z = 6,620,000
-67X- 568Y + 3,873Z = 2,770,000
y

(4)

3,560
1

-700
+ 0.196

(2)
(5)

-700
+700

+590
-137.2

(6)

+452.8

(1)

(7)
(3)
(8)

- 67
+ 67

(9)

(10)

-568
- 13
+581

= + 3,900
y== +21,000
X = + 5,160

67
0.0188

568
13
581

1.285

+3,873

1.2

748

+3,124

(11)

--

CoD.Btant

- 3,380,000
950
+
- 6,620,000
662,000

- 7,282,000
+

16,100

- 2,770,000
63,700
- 9,350,000

-12,183,700
3,900

89
Stress Ca1cu1ation for Prob1em 10
A computation of the bending moments in the three planes of projeetion as demonstrated in Problem 9 will show extreme condition in the
straight pipe at point "a" as follows:
a torsional moment in the yz-plane of 18.800 ftlbs.
a bending moment in the xy-plane o

149,000 !tlbs.

a bending moment in the xz-plane of

)1,6)0 !tlbs.

The vectorial sum of the 1atter two moments is 152,000 !tlbs.

The stresses are:
Bending stress
Torsional stress

152,000 x 12:56.8

tn3

18,800 x 12:2 x 56.8

=
tn3 =

)2,100 psi
1,980 psi

The eombined stress (see Page 7) is~2,1002 + 4 x 1,9802

The pipe material is ASTM A-106 Grade B for whieh Se

=)2,400

psi

= 15,000

and Sh

=21,975

psi whieh

12,9oo (at 745or).

The allowable stress range SA
is less than the eombined stress.

=1.25 Se

+ 0.2) ~

The line therefore is not acceptab1e.

90

THREE-DIMENSIONAL PIPE LINES OF VARIABLE FLEXIBILITY

The general equations for the solution of piping problems express the simple
fact that the end reactions applied to the centroid of the cantilever system produce
deflections that are equal and opposite to the expansions. The tenns that give the
deflections dueto the end reactions have the product El in the denominator as shown
on page 18. In the case of piping with constant cross section and the same modulus
E, the work in solving numerical problems is materially reduced by moving this
product to the right of the equation sign as in equations (7)( Page 67)
For lines with variable cross sections or piping with variable flexibility, this
simplification is lost, for the line inertias of each branch must be divided by the
moment of inertia of its own cross-sectional area. Equations (7) must, therefore,
be written in the following fonn:
= ~x

X 1z _ y lzv _ z 1u
1
1
1
-X ly

+ y ~v

z Ir

~y E

(8)

-xln _ ylv + z I. _ ilzE

1
1
1 In this setup the sum 1zl 1 for instance, consists of individual quotients, the
numerator of which is the line moment of inertia of the branch about the x axis and
the denominator the area moment of inenia of the cross-sectional area of the same
branch.
Since calculating moments of inertia of pipe lengths involves squaring or cubing
of lengths and distan ces, precaution must be taken, in introducing numerical values
of area inertias, that 1 is carried along in the first power and not accidentally included
in the process of squaring or cubing.
For orderly procedure and to avoid errors, it is advisable to calculate first the
values 1/l. For instance, in problem 5, which presents the case of a 12-in. and a
10-in. pipe with area moments of inertia of 475 and 212 in.', respectively,
1
124
/12

1
/o =

475 =

43 7

12
212 = 98
4

The factor 124 converts 1 into feet 4

When line moments of inertia are calculated, these numbers are set in front of the
parentheses containing the line inertia calculated in the usual manner.

91
PROBLEM 11
Three-dimensional Line Containing
Corrugated Sections

r----------

----103'- . ------------

J~, Jbe

1a
4

1
12
6. 6
For ptam
pipe 7 =3423 ,17 ~ : .O

fOrcorrog

12

t'
-:
s;

:t:

ptpe :I..LJ42J. 4 xS=JO.J .!...._:

e

x......,o!::-_,.
Y

. -~

1'~

d\---16

m.

Fw. 34.

This problem shows the procedure for pipe

lines ha.ving branches of different flexibility.
Two branches of a 24-in. line are corrugated
to obtain greater over-all ftexibility. The
effect of corrugating as established by tests is as
follows:
In bending the ftexibility of a corrugated
bra.nch is five times that of the plain pipe.
This is expressed mathematically by assigning
to the corrugated length when engaged in bending one-fifth of the moment of inertia of the.
pbin pipe.
In torsion, however, the corrugated pipe
has the same ftexibility as the plain pipe, and
therefore I is not altered when this action is
accounted for.
x, y, z = reactions and directions of positive
coordina.te axes
24-in~ pipe, Schedule 40
I = 3,423 in. 4
24-in. pipe, corrugated

I e = I.
- lll ben d'mg
;)

24-in. pipe, corrug::ed

le = I in tor.-;ion
Expansion = 3. i in. in 100 ft.

~ = \~n.
A.y

.u

= 3.7 in.

(103ft - 14ft)

3.7 in. 23ft

100

in.

3.3

0.85 in.

49ft
= l. 81 in.
100
33
A.x E = in. X 29 X 10 6 X 12 2
12
= 1,142 X 106 lb/ft
~ y E = 0 8512 in. X 29 X 106 X 122
296 X 10 6 lb/ft
1
.:iz E = l.S in. X 29 X 10 6 X 12 2
12
650 X 106 lb/ft

92

PRO]ECTION IN XY-PLANE

---202.: ___ ,

~ /J.l-l

'

+x'

~4

'~

<ri

"i

--

t Cenfrotd..

7'

lf

1
1

...
::::

'
. . .;;---L-,---1
;

!OJ

_1=
:.._____
;bcd

'L J7.s 1 --r--14 __ ,

1

'

~J/.Ji6.i.-1

+y +y'

FIG. 35.
CENTRO ID

12
1' l ft X
'
I in.'

:z.
lt
,

-:-'

l'L'

1'

~. ft

23.{00~~-;--~.

0.06 X 103
625/a7.5
b<:d 6.0ts X 49 X 1.3 386! - 141-5.420 23
i
d
30.3 X 164861-141-6.800 15
!
ef
6.06 X 1
42- 141- 5911 3. 5 i
fg 1
6.06 X 14 ~ - 71 ~~ O
:
1,623
9,9901

1'/

14.380
8.870
7,270
148

30.668

.
X

9.o90
"rt
1,623 6 -

!9. 30.668

- 1.623 -

18 85f
.
t

9.3
PROBI.D1 11

xy-plane

Bra.nch

10)

ab

)1.)

**6).7

bcd

-20.2

16

de

e!

-20.2

-20.2

14

fg

-1).2

J_x2r + Ior

*r

4.1.5

4.1.5

- ).8.5

-1.5.).5

-18.8.5

6.06

6.06

)O.)

10,7.50

.5.51,.500

1.57,200

6,6.50

198,000

7,170

10,3:37

17,100

10,000

17)

14,770

)0,100

1,)80

6.06

r is the 1ength modi!ication factor 124 :I

**

1.)

6).7

-32,400

)7 ,60

1),000

21,200

7.5,180

Ixy

49

81,200

1,.5.50 ,4.50

1x;y"r

610,.500

6.06

r.,.

J.?r + Ior

+120,600

PROJECTION

XZ-PLANE

z +z'
+1

=a~--~~O~J-'----~----+-~----~b--.
~

FIG. 36.
CENTI!OID

,
1

_zrt x 12
1 in.

..... ltl
:

ab l--tl-.06-X_1_0_3____
tl2-5137.

b<:
6.06 X 19
cd
30.3 X 30
del tl.Otl X 23 X 1.3
fu
6.Ctl X 14

si

l':r'

z', lt 1

l'z'

23. 400J-:;;-ll-30-.-tl00-

1151-141- 1.610,39.5
4.540
9091- !41-12. 700 15
13.600
!811-14- 2,5401 O
1
O
851- 71595 O 1
O
~.
48.740

m:

- 3 11
z- - 5.955
1.9!5
. t

j'
48.740
i- 1,915 -25.4 ft

9.5
PROBLEM 11
xz-phne

Braneh

ab

103

be

19

ed

30

de!

*29.9

14

!g

34.4

23.6

6.06

-17.1

-17.1

-17.1

-10.1

14.1

-10.4

~r + I 0 r

1z 2r + I 0 r

738,.500

348,000

.5.51,.500

33,600

22,900

3,.500

266,000

98,000

68,000

.53,000

116,800

8,620

.54,800

1,)80

6.06

30.3

6.06

-2.5.4

-2.5.4

Iz

6.06

1.3

-27,800

161,300

78,.500

21,800

712,000

lxz

23

.507,000

1,6.52,600

I:z:

lxzr

+740,800

96
PRO]ECTION IN yz.pLANE

.... z'

+Z

ahr-r-- ZJ ----1

FIG. 37.
CENTROID

,
1

_e rt x 12
I in.

-1

ab 6.06 X 103 X 1.3

6.06 X 19
be
30.3 X 30
cd
30.3 X 16
d
6.06 X 7
1
fg 6.06 X 14 X !.3

y -

',

ftl

811123
115 23
909!23
485115
421 3 5
111 o
2.413'

50.940
20 6 f
2,473 . t

l'' :', .ft

_ _

l'a'

18.6501 49
2.645 39.5 1
20.9001 15
'
7. 2751
oo 1
1,470

30,740
4.540
13.630

50,9401

57,910

o
o
o

t - ;::;:- 23.4

ft

97

PRO BI..m-1 ll

yz-plane

Branch

ab

*1339

be

2.4

2.4

19

ed

2.4

30

2.5.6

16.1

- 8.4

J:l'r + Ial"

6.06

4,660

.532,000

662

29,700

3,.500

.5,230

64,000

68,000

1.5,26)

266,000

10,337

12,327

2) ,000

17J

47,000

60,800

6.06

)O.)

1z2r + I 0 r

''
l ..

ly'u

49,800

4,440

-18,300

r.
1

16

de

-.5.6

-2).4

)O.)

6),4oO

r -

e!

-17.1

**18.2

!g

-20.6

-2).4

-2).4

6.06

6.06

Iz

1,047,000

~
10)

**

14

X
X

1.)

1e)

1)).9

18.2

.53,700

9.5 ,6.52

Iy

16,7.50

+169,790

98

PROBLEM 11

r.-

Sum of I. - 75,180 + 712.000

787.180
Sum of
1.550,450 + 1.047,000 - 2,597.450
Sum of [, 1,652.500 + 95.652
- 1, 748,252

Reactinc couplee at g
In r plane
+3.160 lb X !S.S.~ ft - 375 lb X 6.2 ft - +57,000 h lb
In xz plane
-3,160 lb X 25.4 ft + 1,750 lb X 3.1 ft - -74,700 ft lb
In~ plane
-375 lb X 23.4 ft + 1,750 lb X 20.6 ft - +27,300 ft lb

787,180X- 120.500Y- HO.SOOZ- 1.142 X !01

-120.600X + 2,597.450Y- 169,790Z296 X 101
-HO.SOOX- 169,700Y + 1,748,2522
650 X 10'
X - 3.160 lb
Y - 375 lb
Z - 1,750 lb

MOMENTS
Point

-b

:ty plane

xz plane

yz plane

-3,160lb X 4.15ft + 375lb +3,160 lb X 23.6 ft- 1,750lbl +375 lb X 25.6 ft- 1,750 lb
X 82.8 ft
X 85.9 ft
X 2.4 ft
+17,900
-75,400
+5,400
1
BM 77,500
T-+5.400
Same as for a
-3,160lb X 4.15ft- 375lb 1+3,160lb X 23.6ft + 1,750lb
Point of maximum
X20.2t
X17.1ft
stress for plain
-20,670
+104,500
+5,400
pipe
T 5,400
BM- 105,000
T- 20,670
1 BM 106,500
Same as for b
+3,160lb X 4.6ft + 1,750lbl +375lb X 6.6ft -1,750lb
X 17.1 ft
X 2.4 ft
-20,670
+44,420
1
-1,725
1
BM - 44,500
T .. 20,670
Same as for b
-3,160 lb X 25.4 + 1,750 lb-375 lb X 23.4. ft- 1,750 lb
X 17.1 ft
1
x 2.4 ft
Point of rnaxirnum
-20,670
1
-50,400
-12,970
stress for corru
gated p1pe
BM - 52,000
T - 20,670
1 BM 24,400
T 50,400
+3,160lb X 11.85ft- 375lbl
Same as for d
~-375 lb X 23.4 ft + 1,750 lb
X 20.2 ft
J
X 13.6 ft
-50,400
+29,830
1
+15,030
1
BM 33,200
T 50,400
Sarne as for d
l-375 lb X 23.4 ft + 1,750 lb
+3,160lb X 18.85ft- 375lbl
1
X 20.6 ft
X 20.2 ft
-50,400
+51,900
+27,300
1
1 BM,. 72,400
T 27,300
BM 58,700.
T- 50,400
Same as for f
+3,160lb X 18.85- 375lb -3,160lb X 25.4 + 1,750lb
X 6.2 ft
X 3.1 ft
Resisting moments
-74,700
+27,300
+57,000
1
T 27,300
BM 94,000
1

--

99

1-,

\
1

TABLES OF KLASI'IC CONSI'ANTS

.....
o
o

TA/JlE X
TNEKNAL
A
IJ

MLAN COL,ICI~NT 01' TNilltii!IAL IJU..~ON a

I.INEAit THCNMAL LXPAN-'ION (IN.jiiNifl)

MATERIAL.
CA~IJIJN

.STIII.
CAHIJON-NOL';' .37"11L
J.OW-CHitOME .37"111.S f)'Jwv.l,(CA.
INTrltMEDJATE AO"t STIELS
S CH. MO THifU
.9 Cit. MO.

~---

Aii~TJWITIC

~TAINLE-'$ .STECLS

OlEH.

2SC.Il-.tONI.
MONEL

67NJ.

-.Jocu.

6.38
0,,,

6.60 G&

6.0-1

6.19

o
o
o
o
o
o
o

/J

,__ A

A
IJ

titi IV/. - ,!!1 CU. .AL .

"lf'ONZt::

L!JRA$.$

fT1

/J
A
f--8

61t"AY CA.3T lltOH

~
m
r

MONEL

ALUMINUM

WA't:JU6HT /RON

CU.-NI.
_{~-~)__

TE/IIIPEIMTUitE

f--A

O.!#
3.341.4-6
.S.SO
0.&
7.'16

I.ZI
1.641.22
7.14

1.17

lt'AN6~

.Joo -too SOO" 6oo

/J
.:STA'AI6HT CH,tt'0/111/LIItl -'TAINi.ES$ STEEL.S
I~CR
17CH. AND .t7CA'.

IN HINII I'IHM 10-lf TO ININCATID

2()()

.lWTA.

ID rlllljiNjlllti.l!')}

?o

~~-~8
..

EXPA~ION

7.~ -~ 7.M

ToF. ro

700 dOO'

7.H

7.~

2..70 .3.61. ~.60 5.6!1 6.'KJ

6 ..34- 6.50 6.66 6.80 6.96
1.71 1. ..50 3 ..!J.S ,,2-l- 5.1-1- 6.10
3.-#7
~-.5' ~.it) ~.(Jl. !J.!Jl. IO.t
l.GI 38Q 5.01 6.24 ?.50 8.lJO
.5.66 t-----S.81 S.!J6 6.J.J ti.L6 6.!19
/.56 2.90 .3.08 ..!1.90 4.7.!J .S.6tJ
7.~
808 8.21. 8..~ 8.S.l d&!J
z.~
.320 4.24 5.39 6.#- 7.60
{J.QZ
.5.lo 8.40 --~ 8.~ 8.96
Z.ZI
3.2S .,.,.33 S.J/~ 6.64 785
7.68 1.90 lJ.09 8..30 8 ..JrJ 8.~
Z./.l
3.1.3 -117 .S.ZlJ 6.-1.3 7.6Z
1.&

IJ.ZIJ

I.J.60

..1.66
J1J3

TIM,IItATIIIt~.

3oo
7.61
7.81
7.10

1000 1/0tr llO(f /.JO()-

d./.1.

tJ./3

7.U 7..U 1.-11 1.4.9 7SSi

10.00 11.06 {)5
7.07 8.0~
/O. M IO.LS 10..39 1(),-l{j 10.54 /0.60
10./L 11.-18 IL-.81- /-1- ..ta IS.S6 ~.92

-s.o.s

~----

6..S ~ ~7.e
6.-1-9 7.40 8.31
8.81 8.9l. ,9.00

8.78
S./6

6.78 ~6.M ,!!Q

!J.ZO 10./1 J/.01
3-0d 9./L
S./8
3.95 1/.J~ l.t.31 /..9.-H J#.6S"
.9,.3.1- 9..s S.'KJ !J.8.1J JO. ().1.

Sil. 10.-/rt 11. 7") IJ.lf H.Sl. /6.02.

.5.90 9.10 9.30 3.SO !) .'JO !J.8S
8.86 10.16 II ..SO I.J.OG 1~..32 IS.7t!

IZM
Z.()()
S.7S

/3

0.90

/.61-

10./.l

.S.19 7.11 !J.o.J

610 6.M 6:1-7 6~ 6.~ 7.00 1.1.9
.-IZ ..1.1.+ .. .11 .5.03 .538 61)7 ~.ac:
10~.3 I().!JZ /O.H IOSL KJ.~ 10.7 KJ.IJO /O. !JO JJ.OCJ

.f-.06

I.J!JO 1-I.UJ

IO.OJ

fj

156

l..79

A
B
A
8
A
8

~.76

7..11.

10.00 /0.23 Ja.f-7 10.6S 7032 11.16 11.40 11.63 11M IZ.~
1.76 .f..a5 .S /O 6130 8.26 318 11,35 .!J!J U.6S /6.39
7.-18 7.61 7.7.J 7.tJ8 c'J.O/ 8./J !129 8 ..39
2.06 3.01 3.99 S.OJ 6.06 7.12 d.l6 .!J..36

I.SZ
1.14-

8..S+
/ ..3.3

" 71

l.-10

11oo

~~ _(l_.J~,
~.M IO.M -11.10 ll.U 13 ..34-,

7.S7

S~.3

GU 71J5 3.30

KJ68 lc.()j 1.3 7'1-7 H.9l

8.90

3S1.

--~----L

---l____L

--

-------

~,,

r--

l
)

TABLE y
MODULI OF ELASTICITY ANO TORSIONAL Rl(ilDITY FOR FERROUS MATERIAL
6

~ MOOUL.UI OF ELASTICITY- MUL.TIPLY \IALUES BY 10

~ HOOULU~ OF TORSIONAL RltiiDITY- HULTIPLY VALUI.S 8Y 10

"':a:a

TEMPERATURE, DE~ F

..1

MATERIAL

CAR80N STE.ELS
WITH CARBON COHTENT

O.JoJ. OR

LE~$

CARBON STitELS

70 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400

27.9

27.7

21.+

t1.D

211-4

21.1

2-f.&

23 .

19-S

JS.-f

/3.0

"

/O.tJ

10.1

/O.(,

10-'f

IO.t

9.,

g,,

'9.0

1.1

5.,

5.0

Zf.S

u. o

21.3

27--4

2,.7

H-+

23-8

21-S

18-8

IS.O

/l.+

/1. t.

lo.'

10.1

lO. S

''

9.2

8.3

7.2

5.1

26.1

Z-f.S

23.0

Zo.+

li.

&.8

7.8

5.,

zz.tJ

21."1

zo.e

llfS'

18.1

7.3

'1

WITH GARBON CONTt:NT

,t.80VE

CA"80N-MOLY STEI!L~,
LOW
HOLY STEitLS

C"-

THIItOUC4H

"'

O.S0'1

.J/. '"

21.1

U.5

29.0

2tJ. (,

21.0

t.1. 4

<

"."

11.-f

11-2

11.0

10.1

10.'

10.2

21 ...

Z1.1

26.1J

Z6 . .f.

u. o

''

25...

2+-1

t.f.2

---------------- - - - tNTf:lltHI:OtATE

UH10LY

l,.,

1:

~TAtHLf::U

-i

):lo

.-

CD

...."'

.:S

--

IRON

CAST

NO

8."1

tJ.(,

3-~

1./J

27.0

z.o

2-f.8

ZJ.I

21, 1

,._,

IS.,

11.2

IO.tJ

10.5

10.1

'1.0

8.Z

1.2

,.o

... 7

28.2.

27.7

21.0

z,.5

''
~5-8

"'

11.5

/1.-f

/l.t

JO.,

10. t.

J.2

12

12-6

12.2

10,1

2'1. 2

U.1

21.1

27.1

"'
"

11.+

".l.

/1.0

!-

t'.S'

lS.i.

1/. tJ
13.-f

''

" 7

11.0

i.J.O

''
10.2

--

---~---~--------------~--

.,,l

11.1

~RAY

9.5

10...

STRAI<HT GHflrOHIUM
STAlNLfSS ST!!L
(12 Cflr, 17GR, 27 Cl't

IR ON

23.5

9.7

lO.,

(i

STEEL
-------

WROU~HT

..

- '---

SU.&LS{6%- t'j.Git), A U.HUI

ITIC

.,

-- ------ --

/l. 2

OATA AVAILAILI

.....

,>"

c3illf

...,
o

TABLE Z
MODULI OF E'LA5TICITY ANO TORSIONAL Rl<iiDITY OF' NON- FERROUS MATERIAL
lt MODUL.US 01' EL.ASTIGITY -

HUL.TIPL.Y VALUES BY 10*'

~ MODULU' OF TOR510NAL Rl(iiDITY- MUL TIPLY VALUES BY

!l
...

&
~

MATERIAL
MONEL
29 GU, AL

COPPER- NICKEt.

eo- 2.0,

70-Jo

70 100

ALUMINUM

200 300

400 500 600 700 800 900

z,.o

2,.0

2,.0

ZS.8

2S.t.

Z5 .f

Z+.1

2.3./

21.0

tt

'I.S

,.!i

.,.3

''

8.,

8.7

a.s

8.2

1.'1

18.'1

18.8

18.+

18.0

17.,

11.2

11..1

"2

15.3

ID, t.

ID.,

10.+

10.2

1.5

8.!i

3.1

3.'1

3.e

3.7

3.5

?1.1

,..

TE'MPERATURI!, OEt F

67NI- 30 CO
66 NI -

10

18.,

1000 110011200

"o

/"f.3

13.0

i
1

C.OPPER

99.98% GU

ID

C0t1t1ERCIAL 8RASS
66 CU, 34 ZN
LEADED

ITI

88

......

4.5 Z.N

TIN

8RONZ.f.

,,,0

15.8

15'.'

,.03

6.00

5.

1'1. o

5.21

13.0

.,0

15 . .f

15.1

1'1. 7

5.1.5

5.45

5.30

/+.2

13.1

!
1

13.'1

U.7

13.5

13. o i 12.7 : 12.. z

s.zs

5.10

...."'o

4.12

Jt.1

12.1

/l.4-

12.

4.82

4-.U

4.!U.

....... o

1/.8

-------

4.58

/1.7

1/.3

IO.'J

' - - - - - - - - - ----------

(1

NO OATA AVAILA8Lit

4-.6,

--

C:U, 6SN, 1.6 PS,

C'4

4.7Z 1
1

---------

--~

lOJ

Extractad !rom

Code tor Preesure Piping.

(JSA BJl.l-1955)

104

AMERICAN STANDARD CODE FOR PRESSURE PIPING

Table 2
AS TIA
Spe ci ficacion

~latera!

Welded material:
Fumace welded
Carbon Sceel
Lap welded
Buce Welded
Aucomacically welded
ausceniti e stainle ss
sceel

Allowable Stresses for Pipe in Power Piping Systems

\linimuml
Values of S Psi for Temperatures in Deg Not co Exceed
Ultima ce
-20
Ten sil e
1
Screngch co lOO
400*
200
300
450
500
600

Grade

A 120
A 120

8,800
6,500

8,600
6,350

8,200
6,100

7,600
5,850

75,000

15,950

15,950

14,450

13,450

60,000

10,800
15,000

10,600
15,000

10,200
15,000

9,800
15,000

650

7,600
5,700

1
1

18% chromium,
8% Ni.- Ti
18% chromium,
8% Ni.- Cb

A 312

TP321}

A 312

TP34-7

12,900

12,650

12,600

14,500

14,000

13,700

15,200

14,900

14,850

Seamless material:
Carbon steel
5% Chromium, Y,% Mo.

A
A
A
A

120
335} P5
335 \ P5b
369
FPS

18% chromium, 8% Ni.- Ti

A 312
A 376

18% chromium 8% Ni.- Cb

A 312
A 376

9,600

1P321)
18,750

18,750

17,000

15,800

B 43

8,000

8,000

7,000

3,000

B 42

6,000

5,500

4,750

3.000

B 42

6,000

5,500

4,750

3,000

30,000
30,000

6,000
6,000
6,000

5,500
5,500
5,500

4, 750
4,750
4, 750

3,000
3,000
3,000

42,000
42,000

6,000
3,600

5,500
3,300

4, 750
2,850

3,000
1,800

6,000

6,000

6,000

6,000

6,000

6,000
4,000

6,000
4,000

6,000
4,000

6,000
4,000

6,000
4,000

75,000
TP347J

Seamless
Red brass
Copper2 in. & smaller
Copperover 2 in.
Copper cubing
Annealed
Brighc annea1ed
Copper brazed stee1
Case iron
Centtifugally
case
Metal molds
Sand-lined molds
Pie case

B 75
B 88
B 68
A 254

Class 1
OassU

FSB
Types
WW-P-421 1 & II
ASA A 21.6
ASA B 21.8
ASA A 21.2

1Pipe in accordance with API Speciflcation SL manbe used u opecifledln Par. lOS (e).
2
The severa! typea and radea o( pipe tabulated above shall not be uaed at temperaturas in exceaa of the ma>timum temperaturas !or wltich the S
valuea are indlcated. (Sea alao ~pecitlc requirementa for service condltiona contempleted.) Allowable S valuea for lntermedlate temperatureamay
be obtained by intarpolation.
1 Caat-iron

pipe shall not be uaed for lubricatlnc oil linea for machlnery (Sea Par. 155) and in any case not for oil havlnc a temperatura above

300 F.
For ateam at 250 pai (406 F) the valuea civen may be uaed.

T able 2a

Allowable Streues for Pipe ln Power Piping Systems

Noto: lt'ho1o w-'dod conetru<:llon la uaod, oonalderatlon ahould bo Qlvon to lho poliMibJUty ol IJTaphte lonuatlon In the lollowlnll toola:

Carbon atael above 775 F; carbon-molybdetwal ateel abovo IJ75 F; chrome-motybdenum atoel (with chromlwn undor 0.60) abovo 975 F.

MateriaP

ASTM
Specification

Gcade

Id en tification
Symbol

Mnimum
Ultimare
Ten sil e
Stcength

v.

-20
to 650

-700
--"--

Welded Matecial
Fumace welded:
LG welded
arbon stee1
Wrought icon
Buu we1ded
earbon stee1
Wcougbt iron
Elecuic fusion welded:
earbon steel

ues of s Psi for Temperatures in Deg F not

750

800

850

-----

A 53
A 72

45,000
40,000

9,000
8,000

A 53
A72

45,000
40,000

6,750
6,000

e45
00
05

48,000
52,000
55,000
45,000
50,000
55,000
60,000
48,000
60,000
45,000
50,000
55,000

8,000
9,600
10,100
8,300
9,200
10,100
10,100
9,600
12,000
10,100
11,250
12,400

9,250
11,350
9,800
10,900
11,900

8,300
9,950
8,700
9,900
10,850

7,500
8,450
9,200

5,950
6,550
7,000

A 134

A
A
A
A
A
A
A

A 139

245
245
245
283
283
283
283
A

A
B
e
A
B
e
D

s.

A 155 A 285 A
A 285 B
A 285 e

lO

900

950

Exceed 1

------------.-----,-------

.. --

1,~~!--~-'- lOO_J_I _._I?~ j__~200

1 1,000

Killed carbon steel

A
A
A
A

A
B
A
B

KC55
Ke60
Ke65
KC70

55,000
60,000
65,000
70,000

12,400
13,500
14,600
15,750

11,900
12,900
13.950
14,950

10,850
11,650
12,450
13,250

9,200
9,700
10,250
10,800

7,000
7,000
7,000
7,000

Carbon molybdenum steel

A 204 A
A 204 B
A 204 e

CM65
CM70
CM75

65,000
70,000
75,000

14,600
15,750
16,850

14,600
15,750
16,850

14,600
15,750
16,850

14,100
15,200.
16,200

12.950
13,500
14,300

11,250
11,450
11,700

l-S% cbrom .,\l% mo1y steel

1% cbrom.,\l% mo1y steel
1~% cbrom., l-S% mo1y stecl
2~% c~rom., 1% mo1y steel

A
A
A
A

A
\leR
1 eR
B
Pll 1~eR
P22 2~eR

65,000
60,000
60,000
60,000

14,600
13,500

14,600

n.soo

13,500

n.soo
13/OO
n,soo

14,600
13,500
13,500
13,500

14,100
13,250
13,500
13,500

12,950
12,750
12,950
12,950

11,250
11,800
11,800
11,800

48,000
60,000
48,000
60,000

10,200
12,750
10,200
12,750

9,900
12,200
9,900
12,200

9,100
11,000
9,100
11,000

75,000

Note
6

12,550

12,500

12,350

12,150

12,000 1 11,750 111,500 1 11,150 1 8,750 1 6.~50

E1ectric resistance
welded:
earbon steel

A 53
A 135

Automatically welded
stainless stee1:
18% Cr-8% Ni-Ti
18% Cr-8% Ni-eb
S..amlcss matecial
eacbon steel

A 312

201
201
212
212

301
301
335
335

A'
B'
A'

TP321l
TPH7

A 53
A 53

48,000
60,000

12,000
15,000

11,650
14,350

10,7')0
12,950

9,000
10,800

7,100
7,800

5,000
5,000

A 106
A 106

A
B

48,000
60,000

12,000
15,000
11 :liJO

11,650
14,350

10,700
12,950

zeoo

7,100
7,800

5,000 1
5,000

/6t,DO

14 1~)

9,000
10,000

11,750

11,450

10,550

9,000

"tC.l\

I"l 1\C.f\

}\ 16"

Type A
A 83
A 179 Low carb.
~

A 192

7D,000

(47,000)
--

<~?~~~)

llr

fil'l.ft

1 j

tn

Ul\fl

9,000
9,900
9,900
9,900

5,600
6.750 1 4,500

5,000

., 0/\{\

.. 111111

1 2,500

'21oo

7,001) j '),:lOO 1 3,7'>0 1 2,700

1
7,100

!.~50

5875

1 4,250

.....
o

""

Table 2a All twoble Stresses for Pipe in Power Piping Systems (Continued)

Note: Where wolded conatructlon la uaod, conaldoratlon ahould be IIIVn lo the poaalblllty ol il<llf>hllo lonnallon In lho lollowiO/i ateela:
Carbon atool abovo 17!J F; 'caton-molybdetw.Jm aloel abovo 11!J F; ch10m.- molybdenum ataol (wllh ch10mlum under 0.60) above 91!J F.
-

.. h,cecial'

ASTl
S.e.:lfl-

IJenti- lJitimate
ficatiou Tensile
Syn.bol Stcen;th

Grade

cation

Cw:bon molybJeuu:n

Ctuom. molyuJeuum
~7. Ce-~7. Mo
1% Cd%

f,lO

1X% Cr-~17. Mo
2 Y.% Ce- 17. J\lo

37. Ce-17. t\lo

57. Ce-Y% Mo

Stainlcss sceel
187. Cr-87. t'li-Ti

-----

!\linirauu

PI}

A 335
A 369

FP 1

A 335
A 369

p 2
FP 2

A 335
A 369

p 12}
FP 12

A 335
A 369

P11
FJ 11

A 213
A 335
A 369

Fl'22

A 213
A 335
A 369

-20
650

to

Values of S Psi for Temperatures in De8 F not to Exceed1

- ,--
-700

750

800

850

900

1,000

55,000

13,750

13,750

13,750

13,450

13,150

12,500

55,000

13,750

13,750

13,750

13,450

13,150

12,500

10,000

6,250

60,000

15,000

15,000

15,000

14,750

14,200

13,100

11,000

7,500

60,000

15,000

15,000

15,000

15,000

14,400

13,100

11,000

950

c. S So

1,050

1,100

5,000

2,800

4:;00(f

4o5~

1,150

1,200

3<>oC

~-n}

60,000

15,000

15,000

15,000

15,000

14,400

13, lOO

11,000

7,800

5,800

4,200

3,000

P2l
Fl'21

T21}

60,000

15,000

14,800

14,500

13,900

13,200

12,000

9,000

7,000

5,500

4,000

2, 700

A 335
A 369
A 335

P5 ~
FP5
P5b

60,000

Note 6

13,40(1

13, lOO

12,800

12,400

11,500

10,000

7,300

5,200

3,300

2,200

1,500

60,000

Note 6

13,400

13,100

12,800

12,400

10,900

9,000

5,500

3,500

2,500

1,800

1,200

A 213}
A 312
A 376

TP32l

75,000

Note 6

14,800

14,700

14,550

14,300

14,100

13,850

13,500

13,100

10,300

7,600

5,000

A
213}
A 312
A 376

TPH7

75,000

Note 6

14,800

14,700

14,550

14,300

14,100

13,850

13,500

13, lOO

10,300

7,600

5,000

18% Cr-8% Ni-Cb

-----L--.
1

----

Pipe in accordunce with API Spec.ification 5L may be used aa epec.Uled in Par. 105(e).

The several types aod KrtHie of pipe tabulated at;ove &hall not be used at tetuperaturea in excesa of the maximum temperaturea for which the S valuee are indlcated. (See also apecific requlrementa
for aervice conditions contemplated.) Allowuble S valuea for internaediate temperaturea may be obtained by lnterpoJation_
\
3
VALOES
O
.
\
The values tabulated are {or Ctass 2 pipe_ For Clasa 1 pipe which la heat treated and radioiraphed, th~ae ~ mny be increased by the ratio of ~ divided by 0.90. ~ .:: \ \

"'It plate materia& havin~ phy::dctd propertie& other than stated in Secti"n 6 of the AST:1 SpecUication A 139 ia uaed in the manufacture of ordinary electric-fuaion-welded eteel pipe, the allowablt!'
stress shall be lt.tken as 0.20 times the tensile str-ength for tetHperatures o{ 450 F and Lelow
sFor electric-resiatance-welded pipe for appllcotiona where the temper~ture la below 650 F, and where pipe furniahed under thi a claealfication ia aubjected to aupplemental teata and;or heat
treatmenta as i:l~reed to by the supplier and the purchaaer, and whereby such supplenental tests and/or heat treatments demonatrate the atrength characteriatics of the weld to be equal to the minimum
tensite stren"th specified for the pipe the S vulues equul to the correspondin" seamJesa crades may be uaed.
see Table 2 Cor value~ hom ~20 lo 650 t.

107

AlloWGI:Ie S Valuea Psi for Pipe in Oil Pipin; Systems Within Refinery Li~~tits
Niaimu111
Seamleaa ASTN
or
Specifi Grade Note a Uhimate
Tnaile
c:atioa
Welded

Material

Valuea of 5-Pai for 1-tetal TemperaNtea ua !.Jea F aoc to Eaceed

.,

20

200

300

400

9,~50

9,100
12,150
1-4,500
18,150
8,200
10,900
12,300
15,-400
1-4,500
111,150

8,650
11,500
13,800
17,250
7,800
10,-400
11,750
1-4,650
13. !1)0
17,250

sao

1600

650

700

Scret~Ath

100

1,2,3
1,2,3
1,2
1,2

50,000
50,000
48,000
60,000
45,000
-45,000
-48,000
60,000
-48,000
60,000

10,000
13,300
16,000
20,000
9,000
12,000
13,600
17,000
16,000
20,000

1,2,3
1,2

75,000
48,000
-48,000
75,000
75,000

25,000 23,850
9,600 9,200
12,800 12,250
21,250 20,300
25,000 23,850

2
2

48,000
60,000

16,000 15,300 14,500 13,800 13,100 12,350 12,000 ll,f.'IO

20,000 19,100 18.150 17,250 16,350 15,500 15,000 14,350

6
6
6
6
6
6

.qi,OOO
52,000
55,000
45,000
'10,000
5'5,000
45,000
50,000
55,000

10,800
11,950
12,650
10,350
11,500
12,650
11,250
12,500
13,750

10,350
11,450
12,100
9,900
10,950
12,100
10,750
11,900
13,100

9,860
10,900
11,500
9,400
10,500
11,500
10,200
11,400
12,500

1,2,3
1,2,3

-48,000
60,000
48,000
60,000

13,600
17,000
12,000
15,000

13,000
16,200
11,500
14,350

12.300 11,750 11,100 10,'500 10,200 9,900

15,400 14,650 13,900 13,150 12,750 12,200
10,900
13,650

CA&BON ITEEL PIPE

BurtWeld AH
Beaaemer
1.ap-Weld A 53
(API5L) Beuemer
Seamleaa AH
Beaaemer
(API5LB)Deoaid. Be u. Seamleaa A 53
RunWeld AH
{API5LI> O.H.or E. F.
Lap-Weld AH
(API'SLI) O.H.or E.F.
AH
ERW
(API5LA)O. 1-4-or E. F.
A 53
ERW
(API'SLBlO.H.or E.F.
Seamleaa A 53
(API5LA)
Se11111leu AH
(API5L8)
(API-~L)

Deoaid.
0,11. or
O.H. or
O.H. or
O.H. or

Seamleaa
Rurr-Weld
Lap-Weld
ERI'
Seamleu

Reaa.
E.F.
F..F.
E.F.
E.F.

B
A

B
5L
5L
5L
5L
5L

Seamleaa A 106
Seamleu A 106

O.H. or E.F. 5j JCilled

O.l-4. or E.F. Si JCilled

EFW
EFW
EFW
E Fl'
F.FI'
EFW
EFI'
FFW
EFW

A 13-4
A 13-4
AIH
A 134
A 13<4
A13-4
A 134
A 13-4
A 13-4

E.F.
E.F.
E.F.
E. F.

ERI'
ERW
EFW
EFW

A 13'5
A 13'5
A 139
A 139

o.H. or E.F.
O.H. or E.F.
O.H. or E.F.

EFI'
EFW
E Fl'

A 155
A 155
A 155

EFI'
E FVI
EFW
EFTi

A 155
A 155
A 155
A 155

Spiral W
Spira1 VI
Spiral Ti
Seamlesa

A 211
A 211
A211
A 333

A 245 A O. H.
A 245 B O.H.
A 245 e O.H.
A 283 A O. H. or E. F.
A 283 R O,H, or E.F.
A 283e&D O.H.orE.F.
A 285 A O.H. or E.F.
A 285 8 O.H.or E.F.
A 285 e 0.11. or E.F.
O.H.
O.H.
0.11.
O. H.

A201
A201
A212
A 212

API
API
API
API
API

or
or
or
or

A 0.11. or E.F.
B O.H. or E.F.
A O.H. or E.F.
8 O.H. or E.F.

A 245 A O.H.
A 245 B O.H.
A 245 e O.H.
O. H. orE. F.

S
All
he .. in.

Vlllue ror 843

u
11
e
e

A
B
A
R

e:
2.ooo

16,350

9,900
11,100
13,900
13,100
16,350

9,050 8,800
10,200 9,900
12,750 12,200
12,000 ll,6'j0
15,000 14.350

22,700 21,550 20,400

8,700 11,300
11,600 11,050 10,500 9,900 9,1>00 9,300
19,300 18,300 17,350 16,400 1M50 15,100
22,700 21,'~50 20,-400 19.300 18,750 11, ~o

10
10
10
10

55,000
60,000
65,000
70,000

6
6
6
1,2,8

48,000
52,000
55,000
55,000

11,500
12,800
13,500
18,350

2.
2,
2,
2,

11,050
12,200
12,900
17,500

10,500
11,600
12,300
16,700 15,850 15,000 14.200 13, 7'50 13,250

pal rcw metal tm-t,... not eacllnc 4$0 "

vah... ,,. welded plplnc lnehad lhe )olnl ertlclency ohown In p 3:15 (d) , . . . . . d

The " ol non-elllcon kllled earbon o te el 11 not reeomnended above 900 1'.
1Corbon , a ond cbon-molyden\l1'11 u .. t mey be oubjeet to criiPhltlaetlon ....,.,. 900 F .

S
S

9,300
10,500
13.150
12,350
15,500

11,650 11,300 11,000

"000 14,350 13,650 13,000 12,350 12,900 12,500 12,100
16,(,'50 15,900 15,200 14,450 13,650
13,250
18,350 17,500 16,700 15,850 15,000 14,200 13,750
13,250
11,200 16,600 15,950 15,350 1<4, 700 14,0')() 13.750
15,000 14.3'10
15,350
16,000
16,700
17,400
18,100
18,750
15,500
20,300 19,550 18,850 18,100 17,350 16,600 16,250
16,600
17,500
17,900
18,700
19,500
20,300
21,050
21,900

e4'1 1.2.5,10 45,000

e 50 1.2.~.10 50,000
e 55 1,2,5,10 55,000
Ke 55
Ke60
Ke65
KC70

12,'150
15,300
19,100
8,600
11,500
13,000
16,200
15,300
19,100

val .... lnelud )olnt ertlcl-y oras P e -

valuel ohown In th.. cehnnn 20 to 100 " ..,.,. be .... d ror low .... t."""'rat .. P">Vided th
reque-nta et AJOO met.
1 Th .... or n ..... qvllty plt (A 215) lo not recommended ror , ..,... . . . . . . OY ... aso F.

108

Allowable

'S Values Psi far Pipe in Oi 1 Pipng Systems Within Refinery Limits (ConUn~U)

Valuea of S-Pai for Metal Temperarurea iD De& F oot co Ezceed

1~

ROO

8,200
9,100 7,900
11,000 9,200
10,700 9,300
12,9'10 lO, ROO

R'O

(,, 700
1, 3~0
1, 900
R.C.~O

9~0

90fl

'1, '100
'1,'100
(,, ')00
6,'100

1,000

3,800
\,ROO

UOO
4,'100

2,1,0
2,1'10
2, '100
2,'~00

1.0~0

1, , .. o
l. 3'0
1,(.00
1JOO

1,100

1,1~0

1,200

1.2~0

1,

~00

1, 3~0

1,400

1.4~0

ASTM
l. ~00 Specificauon

A ~3
A~ 3
A"\ 3
A ~3
A' 3
A '13
A' 3
A '13
A '3
AB

R.,O
R'IO
1,000
1,000

13,300 10,700
1'1,(,~ 12.500

1!,100
9. '1~0

"\, '00
G, "\00

3,1!00
4,500

2.1~0

2, 500

1, 3'10
1,(00

1,000

APIR
API'IL
APIR
APIR
API 'IL

10,100 9,300
12.9'10 10,!100

7,900
R,MO

6, '00
(,, ,00

4,'SOO

2, ~00
2, ~00

1,600
1, MO

1,000
1,000

A 106
AJO(,

s.~~o

4.~oo

p<,n

A 134
A 134
A 134
A 134
A 134
A 134
Alli
A 13
A 134
7,900
9,200

!l, 700
' 3~0

'1, .. 00

3,1!00

..... 00

\,ROO

10,2~0
9,000
11,1'10 ?,{.()()
12,0'10 10,200

7, 7'10
R,0"\0

(,, '100

4, ')()()

(., ')00

4.~00

3~0

6,500

4, "100

,~on

4,'100

?,lOO
11.000

12,0"\0 1O, 200

12,?~0 10,1<00
IJ,R'IO 11,400
14. 7'10 12,000

12. ,()()

10,200

R,

R, 3~0

R.no

R, <)<,O
?,2'10

R, 3.,0

r., 'SOO

r. 'SOO
(,, 'iOO

(,, 'SOO
t
7

4, ~00

4,'100
4, '100

1. ~(lf)

A quallly

2,1 'O
2,1"\0

1, 3~0
1, 3'SO

~'SO

R"\0

2. '\00
2. ')00
2,,00

1,(00
1,(00
1,(..00

1,000
1.0oo
1,000

2, ~00
2, "\00
2, "\00
2, 'SOO

1,(.00
1,(00
1,(.00
1,600

1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000

A 1"\'S
A l'S'I
A-;-;
A I"''S

1,000

A 211
A 211
... 211
A 3'\3

2. 'l!l()

r.... tor

l'or llowble

1.(.0'1

ol 92 per cenl for truct..,al plate 1 lncluded.

valuea ,..,., to tfie mateftala Uatd therein.

veJuea ahown ln the column -20 to 100 F may be uaed for 1ower temp.,.h prnvtdec1 the
req\W'ement a ot thl~ ap~iflcation are met.
1
S vaJu at tOSO F' .nd .bove ehouJd be uaed only when ur.,ce ta provtdd that the "teel
ha a rredominiii'IIC era in not flner than AST~, N o. 6.
0
'
S va.h.Ma aho.m are for ("'Jaaa 1 piotnc which hat treated and radJ;oc:raphed and are baaef'i
on a joint efftctency factor ot 1.00. Where th4 operaU.on .,.. not ciii'Tierl out, the S value aho"'n
ah&ll be :pultif'tlied by the oroper tnlnt effir-utncy fAC"tnr and reforerl accot'dtncly.

A 13"\
A
A !;9
A 139

n.,

A 1'\'S
A 1-...
A l'S'

109

Allowable S Volues Psi far Pipe in Oi 1Piping Svstems Within R&finery Limits (Continued)
1

Seamless ASTM
M.Lnimutu
or
Speci fi Grade Notes Ult.imate
cation
Ten si le
'elded
Strength

Material

CABBON STEF.L TUBF.S

Lap-1Veld
O.H. or E.F.
O.H. or E.F.
Seam1eu
O.H. or E.F. Si Killed Seamless
O.H. orE. F.
ERW
O.H. or E.F.
ER1V

A83
A83
A 161
A 178
A 178

O.H. or E.F. Si Killed

O.H. or E.F. Si Killed
O.H. or E.F. Si ICilled
O.H. or E.F.

A 192
A 210
A226
A334

Seamless
Seamless
ERW
Seamless

A
A

1,2

A
e

1,2,3
1,2,3

2
2
2,3
1,2,8

47,009
60,000

Values of S-Psi for Metal Temperatures in Oe11 F not to l'xceed

20
to
100

200

12,800
16,000
15,650
13,300
17,000

15,300
15.000
12,750
16,200

12,2~0

300

600

~00

400

6~

11,600 11,0~0 10,~0 9,900 9,600 9,300

14,500 13,800 13, 100 12,3~ 12,000 11,650
14,200 13.550 12,850 12,150 11,800 11,450
12,150 11,500 10,900 10,350 10,000 ?,7'SO
15,-400 14.6~0 13,900 13,1 ~o 12,750 12,200
12,350
15, ~00
10,500
14,200

12,000 11,650
15,000 14,350
10,200 9,900
13,750 13,250

55,000

16,000 15,300 14,500 13,800 13,100

20,000 19,100 18,150 17,250 16-,350
13,600 13,000 12,300 11,700 11, lOO
18,350 17.~00 16,700 15,850 15,000

42,000
42,000
42,000
42,000

8,400 7.9~ 7,500 7,100

11,200 10,600 10,000 9,450 8,900 8,300 8,000
11,900 11,250 10,600 10,000 9,450 8,800 8,500
14,000 13,250 12,500 11,800 11,100 10,3'i0 10,000

60,000

700

IRON PIPE
O. H. or 1Vroupr Welded ButtWeld AP15L
O.H. or Wrout;bt 1Ve1ded Lap-1Veld API'iL
ERW
O.H. or Wroustu 1Ve1ded
API~L
Seamleu API'5L
O. H.

7,800
11,300
~.7'50

IRON TUBES
O.H. !roa
O.H. !roa

Lap-1Ve1d A83
ERW
A 178

11,200 10,600 10;000

11,350 10,800 10,300

8,900
9,300

9,450
9,1!00

8,300
8,800

8,000
8,500

7,800
8,300

CABBON MOL Y PIPE

eM65 2,10
eM70 2,10
C.\175 2,10

65,000
70,000
75,000

21,650 20,800 19,950 19,150 18,300 17,500 17,100 16,700

23.350 22,400 21,500 20,600 19,7'50 18,8'50 18,400 17,950
2'5,000 24,000 23,000 22,0~ 21,100 20,1'50 19,700 19,200

Seamleu AB'5
Se ara le u A 33'5

PI
Pl'.i

2
2

55,000
60,000

18,350 17,650 16,9'50 16,300 15,600 14,900 14,'550 14,200

18,7'50 18,150 17,600 17,000 16,450 15,8'50 1'5,600 15,300

Seam1eu
Searn1e
Sesmlus
ER1V
ER1V
ERW

A 209
A209
A 209
A 2'50
A 250
A250

Tlb
TI
Tia
T1b
TI
Tia

2
2
2
2
2
2

B,OOO

55,000
60,000
53,000
55,000
60,000

17,500 16,850
18,350 17,6~
20,000 19,2~
14,8~0 14,300
1'5,600 1'5,000
17,000 16,350

16,2'50 15,600
16,9~0 16,300
18,4~ 17,700
13,800 13,2'50
14,400 13,8'50
15.700 15,050

15,000
1'5,600
16,900
12, 7'50
13,2'50
14.3'50

A 283
A 283
A 283
A28'5
A 28'5
A28'5

6
1,2,5
1,2, 5
1,2.5

4'5.000
50,000
55,000
45,000
50,000
55,000

13,800
15.300
16,900
1'5,000
16,6'50
18,350

13,200
14.600
16,100
14,350
15,900
17,500

12,550
14,000
15,3'50
13,650
15,200
16,700

11,350 10,700 10,3'50 10,150

12,5'50 11,8'50 11,500 11,1 'SO
13,800 13,0'50 12,650 12,200
12,3~ 11,610 11,300 11,000
13,650 12.900 12,500 12,100
15,000 1<4.200 B,750 13.250

2,4
2,4
2,4
2,4

'5'5,000
60,000
65,000
70,000

17,200
18,750
20,300
21.900

16,600 15,9~ 15,350 1<4,700

18,100 17,400 16,700 16,000
19,550 18,8~ 18,100 17,3'50
21,0'50 20,300 19,500 18,700

A 204 A O.H. or E. F.
A 204 8 O.H. or E.F.
A20.o4 e o.H. orE. F.

A l''
A 15~
A 155

EF1V
EF1V
EF1V

O.H. or E.F. Si Killed

O.H. or E.F. Si Killed
CABBON MOLY TUBES
O.H.
O.H.
O.H.
O.H.
O.H.
O.H.

or E.F. Si
or E.F. Si
Ot E.F. Si
or E.F. Si
or E.F. Si
or E.F. Si

Killed
Killed
Killed
Killed
Killed
Killed

14,400
1<4,900
16, 150
12,2'50
12,650
13,7'50

14,050 13.750
1<4,'~'50 14,200
1'5,800 1'5,400
11,950 11,700
12,350 12,050
13,400 13, lOO

CAJlDON STEEL PLATE

O.H.
O. H.
O.H.
O.H.
O.H.
O.H.

or E.F.
orE. F.
or F..F.
or E.F.
or E.F.
or E.F.

O. H. or F.. F.
o.~. orE. F.
O.H. or F.F.
O.H. Ot E.F.

Si
Si
Si
Si

Killed
Killed
KiUed
ICilled

A 201
A201
A 212
A 212

".......
All

Value

B
6
e &e O 6
A

}
8

11,9'50
13,300
14,600
13,000
14,4'50
15,8'50

fOl' 84J %,000 poi for metal te-atwe Mil oacee4U,. 4$0 P.

S .......

lor -lcle4 plplnc lnci\ICie 11\e )olnt .tflcleftCy eho- la Pw. 325 (d) ao revleed

Th " " of ...,,...lllcon lo.Uhd cwbon otee! lo not roco-ndttd above 900 P.
1
Cert>on ot . . l end .,......,.,moi,We,_ otael may be oultject to I"IIPhlti-tlon
1
5 ...... lnclude a )oiat efflclency of 15 ~ cent.

'S

valueo aho- In U.e col.-n 20 to 100 P

o of AJOO met.

ro~ment
1

abo 900

p,

me y be ., . . d for lower , .._, ...... prold..S the

T'Iwt "oo of " - '!'lailly piOile (A 215) la not reco.....,.nded for t-wo o 150 P.

14,0'50
1'5,3'50
16,600
17,900

13,7'50
1'5,000
16,2'50
17,500

13, 2'50
14,350
1'5, 500
16,600

llO

Allowable S Volues Psi for Pipe in Oil Piping Systems Within Refinery Limits(Continued)
Values of S-Psi for Metal Temperatures in De}lt F not to Exceed

7~0

ROO

8~0

1 900 1

1,000

4,500
4, 500
3,800
3,800

2, '100
2. ~00
2,1'50
2,1 '10

1 ,(,00
l,f.OO
1,350

9, ,00
9,200
7,800
9,200

7,900
7,R'IO
f>, 6 '10
7,3'10

6, ~00

10,700 9,300
12,9'10 10,800
9,100 7,900
12,0~ 10,200

7,900
8,650
6, 700
8,350

6,~00

10.~'10

8, 9'10
11,000

4, ~00
4, 500
3,ROO
4, '100

2,500

1,600
1,600
1,350
1,600

1,100

1.1~00

1,200

1,2'\0

1,300

1, Wl

1,400

6,500
'1, 500
'1.~00

6,'100
5,500
6,'100

2, 500

2,1'10
2, '100

1.3~0

A 1(>1
A 17R
A 17R
A
A
A
A

1,000
1,000
8~0

1,000

192
210

22(,
334

A PI-~ 1
AP1-~ l

APHI
API-~ J

9,100

A R3
A 17R

7,~0

7,7~

16,2'10 15.(~ 14,400 12, '100 10,000

17, '100 1(,,900 l\000 12, 7'10 10,000
IR, 7'10 18,000 1'1, 900. 13,000 10,000

(>,2'50
(,, 2'10
(,, 2'10

4,000
4,000
4,000

2,400
2,400
2,400

13,8'10 13,'100 B.I'IO 12.~00 10,000

1'1,000 14,400 13, 7'10 12, '100 10,000

6,2'10

4,000
4,000

2,400
2,400

12,8'10 12, '100 10,000

13.1~0 12, '100 10,000
1 ' 7'10 12, '100 10,000
10,900 10,(.'10 A, '100
11,200 10,6'10 A, 500
11,700 10,(,'\0 A, 'lOO

6,2'50

4,000
4,000
4,000
3,400
3,400
3,400

2,400
2,400
2,400
2,0'10
2,0'10
2,0'50

n,l'IO
13,'100
14,400
11,200
11,500
12,2~0

9,4'10
10,2'10
11,100
10, 2'10 9,000
11,1'10 9,00
12,0'10 10,200
12,0~0
12,9~0

AST\!
1, ~00 Spe~ifi
cauon

AA~

1,000
1,000
850
8'10

7, 300
7,7'10

13.4'10
13,8'10
1'5,000
11,400
11, 7'10
12, 7"\0

1,4~0

A R~

~.~'lO

10,700

/1.0~0

9~0

10,200
10,800
13,!1'10 11,400
14, 7~ 12,000

6.2~0

6,2'10
<l,250
'1. 300
'1,300
5,300

7, 7'10
8,0'10
8,3'10

(,, '100
6, 500
6,'100

4,'100
4, 500
4, '500

2, '500
2,'100

R, 3'10
8,(.'10
8,9'10
9.2'0

(,, ~00
6, ~00
6,m
6, 500

... 500
4, '100
4,'100
4,'500

2, '100

2. ~00
2, '100

2, ~00
2, '100

1,(.00
1,600
1,600

1,000
1,000
1,000

1,600
1,600
1,600
1,600

1,000
1,000
1,000
1,000

A 1~~

A 1~'>
A 1'>'\

A
A
A
A

''o' alloweble

A 28~
A 21H
A 2R~
A 28'1
A 2R5
A 2R~
A 201
A 20 l
A 212
A 212

valuee refer to the macwtaJa Ueted theretn.

vah.a.ee llhown 1n the column

lOto 100 P

may b4 uaed for lower 1emprUI"e provlded the

rqulrementa of lh.ta apectfic81ton _. rnet.

'S

vel-a at 1050 1' .,.d _ , . ohou.ld be ., . .d only .,)\en aaautanc la poovldad that tha ateal

haa a predomla.d w;ra.lft alae not fin th.,. ASTM !'lo. 6.

10 S vel- . . . . , _ - f Claaa plplnc whlch la haat trwtad and radlow;raph<td and beaed
on a jolnt fficlenc,. facto ol' 1.00.
lh op. . ellona .,.. not c-14 out, tha S vel.,.a ahoahell be ""alu.,ued by the PI'09" jo&nt afflc:lancy fect ....S ,..ducad accdlncly.

W'h

2'10

A 2'>0
A 2~0

A q-llty fact of 9l poo cent fo atNChanl plate lnchodad.

s

209

209
209

lll

Allowable S Voluea Psi f Pipe in Oi 1 Piping Syatema Within Refinery Limita(Continueoa')

se-lesa ASTM
or
S4>eci fi- Grade
l'eldeJ
cacion

Macerial

CUBON MOL YBODUM PLATE

O.H. or E.F. Si Killed
O.lt. or E.F. Si Killed
O. H. or E. F. Si JC illed 1

A 20-4
A 204
A 204

A
B
e

A }01

Notes

2
2
2

IAiaimum
Ultimare
Tenaile
Stri!GSth

6~.000

VaJuea of S-Psi for Metal Temperatutea in De F nor co Esceed

-20
to

200

-400

300

~o

(~

lOO

1 MO 1 700

21,6~0
23,3~

7~,000

20,800 19,9~0 19,1 ~o 18,300 17,~0 17,100 16,700

22,-400 21.~00 20,600 19, 7~0 18,8W 18,-400 17,9~0
25,000 24,000 23,000 22,0'50 21,100 20,150 19,700 19,200

65,000

21,650 20,1!00 19,950

A 301

60,000

20,000

.\ 20}
A 20}
A 203

A&: O
B&: F.
e

4
4
4

65,000
70,000

21,650 20,6'>0 19,700 IR, 7n0 17. 7~0 16,7')0 1(,,2'50 15,'500
23,3~ 22,250 21,1~0 20,150 ~9.100 18,050 17,500 16,600
2'1,000 2},fi~O 22,700 21,5'10 20,400 19,300 IR, 750 17,700

1 A 300

1,2, 3

70,000

CHROMIUM MOL YBDENUM PLATE

<'er 'IMo)
O.IL or F..F. Si Kili ed
( 1 er ' Mo)
O.H. or E.F. Si JCilled

19,2~0

19,1~0

18,300 17,500 17,100 16,700

18,500 17. 7~0 17.000

16,250 1~.900 15,500

NIC'KEL STEEL PLATF.

O. H. or F.. F. Si Killed
O.H. or F..F. Si Ki11ed
0.11. or E. F. Si Killed

7~.000

PLATE FOR LOW TEMP. SERVICF

CHROMIUM ANI'l CHRO!MIUM NICXEL PLATE

Type
Type
Type
Type
Type
Type
Type

}04
316
321
347
405
410
430

IR er R Ni
IR er R Ni Mo
IR er R 1\:i T
IR er R Nieb
12 erAl
12 er
1 7 er

A 240
A 240
A 240
A 240
A 240
A 240
A 240

"

75,000
7'1,000

o
A
n

".000
60,000
ll'I,OOO
70,000

\f

T
e

'~.ooo

IR, 750 16,650 15,000 13,6~

IR, 750 111,750 17,900 17,500
IR, 7'10 18,750 17,000 15, ROO
IR,7~0 18,7~0 17,000 1~.800
1~.6~ 1'1,200 14,ROO 14.400
18,750 17,900 17,000 16,150
21,900 20,650 19,400 18,150

12,500
17,200
1~. 200
15,200

11,600
17,100
14,900
14,900
n.~o 13,400
1~.300 14,400
16,900 1 '5,650

11,200
11 .o~o
14,850
14,850
13,000
13,950
15,000

10,ROO
17,000
14,800
14,800
12,450
13,550
14,400

17,500
16.250
16,0'10
16,050
14,500

17,100
15,900
15,1100
1'I,ROO
14,100

16,700
15,'100
1'1. s~o
15,550
13.650

CHROMIU"lt MOLYRDENllM PIPE

A 301 'Cr 1 'll otlorEF

A ~01 1 er' j'.b OHor F.F
A 33~ 11 ,C..r', \bSiotlort:F
AH~ 2'4Cz 1 ~-bOllar FF
A H'l '1 Cr 1 1 ~ Ollor F.F

FFl'
E f1'
F-F-11'
E'F'I'
F.FI\'

A 1~5
A 1~5
A 15'1
A 1~'1
A 15~

('Cr Mo)
( 1 C r ''.lo)
( 1 1 , e r 1 , \lo Si)
<1 '. ( r ' 1 \lo)
( 2 Cr 1 1 Mol
12 ' er 1 Mol

Seamfess
5eamless
Seamless
Seamless
Seamless
Seamless

A 335
A 33~
A 335
AB'I
A 33~

( 3Cr 1 \lo)
("ier 1 1 ~lo)

Seamless
Seamless
Seamless
Seamless
Seamless
Seamless

A B5
AB'I
A 33~
A 33~
A 33~
A 33~

("iCr'

1 '~oSi)

( 5 C r ' , ~lo e!:> or Ti l

(7 er 1 1 \tu)
,')Cr 1 '.lo)

Valu

AlJ

1
1

...

H~

A
H

1' 11
P22
P'la

10
10
10
10
10

P2
P12
P11
P3a
P3b
P22
P21
P~a
P~b

P"ic
pi(,
p:

(;~.000

21,6~

(.(),000
(,0,000
(,0,000
(,0,000

20,000
IR, 7~0
1!\7'10
lll, 7'\0

19.1 ~o
17, "~0
11.1 ~o
17,1 ~o
l, 200

IR,300
17,000
l(.,t;OO
16,600

~ 5,000
(,0,000

IR,3~0 1~,6~ 1(,,')'\0 16. 300

1R, ~"SO IR,l"iO 17,(00 1:' ,fl'\0
IR. i''\0 IR. 250 17,(,50 17,150
1!!,7~0 18,2~0 17,6'\0 17,150
IR, 7'\0 IR,l ~O 17,600 17,000
1R, 7'10 18,250 J7,MO 17 ,!50

15. (,{)()
16,450
1(,,600
16,600
16.450
16,600

14, 9<JI)
15.900
16,050
16,050

14,550
1'1,(.~0
15,ROO
15,ROO
15,R~O 15,600
16,050 15,800

14,200
1"i, ~50
15. ~50
15,550
15,300
15,500

16, 7~0
16,200
16,200
16,200
16,1 ~o
16,250

16,100
15.3'\0
1'\,350
15. 350
15,300
15,450

15,450
14,500
14,500
14.500
14,450
14,600

15,1~0 14,.800
14,!00 13.6~
14,100 13,6'\0
14,100 13,6~
14,000 13, S50
14,200 13,800

r,o,ooo

60,000
60,000
(.(),000

r.o.ooo

(.(),000
(.Q ,000
(>0,1)00
60,000
60,000

IR, 750
IR,7"i0
l'l, 7')0
IR, 750
IR, 7"i0
IR, 7~0

20,ROO 19.9~0
19.2'\(1 11!, '\00
1!',250 !7,(,'10
IR, 2'11) 17,6~0
17,900 17,0'10

IR,100
17,900
17,900
17,900
17 .R~O
17,900

17,400
17,0'\0
17,050
17,0')0
17,000
17,100

1~.350

for 843 2.000 pa1 for ntJ temreratW'e not excedin.c 450 F.

valuea for welded pipnc lftCluderlt.he JOint effictency sho-.n '" ? w. 325 (d) revted

The uae of non- di con kHled carbon 1teet ta not recommendett abo ve 900 F.

C bon 1teel end carbon-molybden\.ftl ateel may be tub)ect to crephttizaton above 900 F.

.S

Valuea incJude a JOint fficlency of 85 per cent.

".") va.l\ea ahown in the column

rqurm4fnta of AJOO met.

.. 20 to 100 F

my be uaed for lower ttomreratw provtded the

ll2

Allowoble S Valu.a Pai for Pipe in Oil Pipine Syae.ma Within Refinery Liita(CouiaMJ)
Valuu of S-Pai fot Necal Teaperatuzea ia Dea F aot

no

ID

1.2~

EacH<I
1,300

1,3~

11,.00

,1,4~0

1.

ASTW
Speci6

950 ,1,000

1,0~

1,100 1,150 11,200

16,250 1 ~.650 14,400 12, ~00 10,000

17, ~00 16,900 15,000 12, 7~0 10,000
18,750 18,000 15,900 13,000 10,000

6,250
6,250
6,250

4,000
-4,000
4,000

2,400
2,400
2,400

16,250 15,650 14,400 12,500 10,000

~.2~0

4,000

2,400

A 301

15,150 14,750 14,200 13,100 11,000

7,500

5,000

2,800

A 301

4, 500
4,500
4,500

2,500
2Y>O
2, 500

800

13,850 11,400
14,7~ 12,000
1';,650 12,600

8~0

8,950
9.2~0

9,550

900

6,500
6, 500
6,500

CaGO.

A204
A 2o.4
A 2o.4

A 203
A 203
A 203

A 300

9,400 9,100 fi,ROO fl, 500 7,500

16,000 15,100 14,000 12,200 10,400
14,100 13,R50 13,500 13,100 12,500
14,100 13,fiC.O 13,500 13,100 12,500
9,100 8,000 4,000
11,000 fl.800 6,400
11,700 9,200 6, 500

10,400
16,900
14,700
14,700
11,800
13, 100
13,800

10,000
16,750
14,550
14,550
11,000
12,750
13,150

1f., 250
1'\,150
15,300
15,300
13,250

15,(50 14,400 17, ~00

14,750 14.200 13,100
1~.000 14,400 13,100
15,000 14,400 13,100
12,800 12,400 11, c,oo

10,000
11,000
11,000
11,000
10,000

(., 250
7, 500
7,ROO
7,800
7,300

4,000
5,ooo
5, 500
5,800
5,200

2,400
2,800
4,000
4,200
3.300

13,850
15,050
1<;,300
15,300
1'},000
15, 300

13,500
14,750
15,000
15,000
14,700
1'5,000

13.150
14,200
14,400
14,400
14.000
14,400

12,500
13,100
13,100
13,100
12,500
13,100

10,000
11,000
11,000
11,000
10,000
11,000

6,250

4,000
5,000
5,500
5, 500
4,200
5,800

2,400
2,ROO
4,000
4,000
2,7')0
4,200

14,500
13,250
13,2'>0
13,250
13,100
13,3'>0

13,900
12,800
12,800
12,800
12,'500
12,9'>0

13,200
12,400
12,400
12,400
11, ')00
12,500

12,000 9,000
11,500 10,000
10,900 9,000
11,500 10,000
9,500 7,000
12,000 10,800

7,000
7, 300

'>,'500

4,000
3,300
2,')00
2,800
2, ')00
3, 300

9, 700
16,500
14,300
14,300
10,100
12,100
12,500

7,')00
7,800
7,ROO
6,200
7,800

~.'>00

7, 300
5,000
8,')00

5,200
3, 500
4,800

uoo

5, c,oo

5, 750
fl, 500
fi,OOO
8,000

4, 500
6,ROO
5,000
5,000

U 50

uoo

3,600
3,600

2,450
4,000
2, 700
2,700

1,800
3,000
2,000
2,000

1.400
2,350
1, 550
1,550

.~

2,500
3,000
2,200

2,')00
2,500
l. 750
3,000
2, 700
2, 200
!,ROO
1,800
!,ROO

2,200

1,200
2,000
1,500

1,200

AH5
AH5
A 335
AH~

1,200

1,200
2,000

A B~
A 335

l. ')00
1,500

A335
AB5
AH5
A B5
AB5
A nc,

1,200

1,200
1,200
1, ')00

vaha rafer to tha material a liatd theretn.

veJuae ahown 1n the coiumn 20 to 100 Ji"

raqWramente of thia IIIJ)ec:iflc:ation met.

240

A 15~
A 1'\5
A 1~5
A 155
A 155

A qu..Jity factor ot 92 per cant (or atructuraJ p!ate te included.

"For allowabJe

7~0
A 240
1,500 A 240
1,000 A240
1,000 A 240
A 240
A 240

1,000
1,850
1,200
1,200

m ay be uaed for lo..,.r te"'1)4'raturea pt'Ovtdad tha

'S valuea at 1050 F and abov ahoWd be uaed only when aaa\W.,C 11 provid.ct that the ateel
haa predominent 1rain aiae not flner than ASTM No. 6.
0
t 5 valuee ahown ..,.. (or Ctaae 1 pipinc which la heat treated and rediocrfiiPhd and baaed
on joint efflciency f.ctor of 1.00. Where th operatlona ar not cwried out. the S val u ahoWft
ohall be multiplled by the proper jolnl efrlclency lktor and reduc:ed eccordlncly.

ll)

Allowoble S Volues Psi for Pipe in Oi 1 Pi ping Systems Within Refinery L imits 1 Continued)
Seamless AST\f.
Spectfi Grade
or
cation
'elded

MatC'rial

CHROMitJM AND ClfROMIUM

Cd) Mo,
(lCrVa)
(lY.CrY:Mo)
OY.Cr '1 Mo Si)
(A200Gr3XI'~Cr Y.Mol

~LY

Tl2
Tl7
1
Tll

Seamless A 213
(A 200 Gr 4)(2 Cr Y Mol
(A 200 Gr 6X2Y. Cr 1 Mo) SC'smless A 213
(2YCr YMo)
SeamiC'ss A 200
Seam1ess A 213
\A 200Gr 5X3 Cr 1 Mo)
(A200Gr8X5Cr !/:Mo) Seamless A 213

Tl4
T22
2
T21

(A200Gr7X7Cr !/:Mol
( A200 Gr 9)(9 Cr 1 Mo)
(12Ct +Al)
02Cr)
( 16Ct)

SC'amle~s

Seam1ess
Sesmless
SeamlC'ss
SC'amless
Seamless

Yalues of S-Psi for 'dC'tal TempC'ratures in OC'j F not to EliCC'C'd

-20

-r

100

10

200

400

300

~00

'

(.,00

(,\O

700

11JBING

SC'amiC'ss
SC'amless
SC'amless
SC'amless

A 213
A 213
A 200
A 213
A 213

(1

'!inirnum
Note.s l!ltimate
Ten si le
StrC'n gth

T3

T~

1~,6~
15,6~0

60,000
60,000
60,000
(,0,000
60,000

1~. 5~0 15,4~0 15,3~0 15,250

15.5 50 1~.400 1~.300 15,200
15,650 15,550 15,450 15,400 1~.300
15,650 15,550 15,4~ 15,400 15,300
15,650 15,550 15,450 15,400 15,300

60,000
60,000
60,000
60,000
60,000

15,650
15,650
15,650

1~.5~

15,0~

15,5~
1~.~50

15, lOO
15,050
14,800
13,400

15,150 15, lOO 15,0~0

1~.050 1~.000 14,350
15,200 15,150 15,100
15,200 15,150 1~.100
15,200 15,1~ 15,100

1~.450 1~.350 15,2~0 1 ~. 150 1~,100

15,450 15,400 15,300 1~.200 15,150
15,4~0 15,350 15,250 1~,150 15,100
1~,650 15,550 15,400 15,300 1~.200 15,050 15,000
15,650 15,4~ 15,200 15,000 14,500 14,000 13,700

A 213
A 213
A268
A 268
A268

T9
TP 405
TP410
TP430

60,000
60,000
60,000
60,000
60,000

15,650
1~.650
18,750
18,750
20,000

15,450
15,450
17,700
17,900
19,000

15,200
15,200
16,650
17,000
18,000

15,000
15,000
15,600
16,150
17,000

14,500
14,500
14,600
15,300
16,000

14,000
14,000
13,550
14,400

ERW
Seamless
ERW
Seamless
ERW

A 312
A 312
A 312
A 312
A 312

TP 304
TP304
TP 309
TP 309
TP 310

75,000
75,000
75,000
75,000
75,000

16,000
18, 7~
16,000
18,750
16,000

14,150
16,650
16,000
18,750
16,000

12,750
15,000
14,700
17,300
15,750

11,600
13,650
14,200
16,700

(25Cr20Ni)
(25Cr20Ni}
(25Cr20Ni)
(18Cr R Ni 2!/: Mo)
(lRCr 8Ni 2YzMo)

ERW
Seamless
Seamless
ER9
Seamless

A312
A 312
A 312
A 312
A 312

TP310
TP310
TP310
TP316
TP 316

75,000
75,000
75,000
75,000
75,000

16,000
18,750
18,750
16,000
18,750

16,000
18,750
18,750
16,000
18,750

(18 Cr 8 Ni 3Yz Mo)

(18 Cr 8 Ni 3~ Mo)
(18Cr 8 Ni i)
(18Cr 8 Ni Ti)
(18Cr 8NiCb)
(18Cr 8 Ni Cb\

ER9
Seamless
ERW
Seamless
ERW
Seaaaless

A 312
A 312
A 312
A 312
A 312
A 312

TP 317
TP 317
TP 321
TP 321
TP 347
TP 347

75,000
75,000
75,000
75,000
75,000
75,000

(18Cr8Ni)
E R1'
A249
(A 271 TP 304)18Cr8 Ni) Seam1ess A 213
18Cr BNi 2Y:Mo
ER9
A 249
18Cr 8 Ni 2Yz Mo
Seamleu A 213
18 Cr 8 Ni 3\) Mo
ER-9
A249

TP 304
TP304
TPH6
TP 316
TP317

75,000
75,000
75,000
75,000
75,000

T7

1~.000

13,700
13,700
13,000
13,950
14,500

13, ~50
14,000

1~.500

10,600
12,500
14,100
16,600
15,050

9,850
11,600
14,050
16,500
14,600

9,500
11,200
14,000
16,450
14,400

9,200
10,800
13.950
16,400
14,100

15,750 15,500
18,~0 18,200
18,500 18,200
15,200 14,900
17,900 17,500

15,050
17,700
17,700
14,600
17,200

14,600
17,200
17,200
14,550
17 ,lOO

14,400
16,900
16,900
14,500
17,050

14,100
16,600
16,600
14,450
17,000

16,000
18,750
16,000
18,750
16,000
18,750

16,000 15,200 14,900 14,600

18,750 17,900 17,500 17,200
16,000 14,450 13,400 12,900
18,7~ 17,000 15,800 15,200
16,000 14,450 13,400 12,900
18,750 17,000 15,800 15,200

14,550
17,100
12,700
14,900
12,700
14,900

14,500 14,450
17,050 17,000
12,650 12,600
14,8~ 14,800
12,650 12,600
14,850 14,800

16,000
18,750
16,000
18,750
16,000

14,150
16,650
16,000
18,750
16,000

9,850 9.~0 9,200

11,600 11,200 10,800
14, 5~0 14,500 14,450
17,100 17,050 17,000
14, ~~o 14.~00 14,450

13,400
13,400
12,4~0

CRROMIUM NJ(l(EL PIPE

(18 Cr 8 Ni)
(18 Cr 8 Ni)
(25Crl2Ni)
(25 Cr12 Ni)
(25 Cr 20Ni)

~UII

9
9

NICXEL 11J.NG

Vlllua

12,750
15,000
15,200
17.900
1:5,200

11,600
13,650
14.900
17,500
14,900

10,600
12,500
14,600
17,200
1<4,600

for 843 l,OOO plll for metlll t - u r e not c..Unc 450 F.

AliS ....... for -lded plptnc Jnclude U.. joh\t efflclency ....,..,.. In p.,, 325 (cf) revlaed
haretn.

'n.o 11aa of
1
1

ftD""IIicon !rUlad certoft Ueal le not racOIIWftended

libo 900

F.

Cwboft ataal end cut>on-molybden..,. ataal ,_,.1M aubjee1 lo crlll)hlllaatlon llbove 900 F.

Oll-a lncludlt a joiM elflcieecy of 15 p e-t.

,.,. .... ...., ..... in 11\a eo.l- JO to 100 F

raql&iremanta of AlOO _.. -
1

Tba uee of

n.....

may 1M uaed 1M lo- tamperat......, protdltd tha

qua.Uty plata (A 215) la not raco,_anc:lad

fM

temp.,.al......,a o 150 F.

114

Allowable S Valuea Psi for Pipe in Oil Pi ping Systema With in Refinery li111ita ICor&~Uu.~J)
SeiUIII~

Maceri al

or

1re1d~d

Vai\Wa of S-Psi for N.ul TftaPCratwu Dea F _, Eac... cl

ASn.
,..iaianaml
Spift- Gradfl Note a Ultimac~ 20
.40()
eo
T~aail~
200
100
~
610
cacion
500
600
1 100
Scrett~th

ai.,_VII NIOKD. 'nJtUIG tODII&.)

18Cr8 Ni 3 1/2MD
18Cr8 Ni Ti
(A271 TP \21;
18Cr8 Ni Ti)
18Cr 8 Ni Cb
(A 271 TP '47;
18Cr8 Ni Cb)
VCr20 Ni
2'5 Cr 20 Ni
2SCr20Ni
2SCr 20 Ni

111,7~ 17,900 17,500 17,200 17,100

16,000 16,000 1-4,<450 U,-400 12,900 12,700

A269
A 2<49

TP317
TP 321

7'5,000
75,000

18,7~

ERW

A 213
AH9

TP 321
TPH7

75,000
75,000

18, 7SO 18,7~ 17,000 15,800 15,200 1-4,900 1-4,8~ 1-4,800

16,000 16,000 1<4,<450 13,-400 12,900 12,700 12,650 12,600

s~-~~

A2B

TP347

75,000

18,750 18,750 17,000 15,800 IS,200 1-4,900 1-4,850 1-4,800

A 249
AH9
Seamleu A213
Seamleu A2B

TP 310
TP 310
TPHO
TP 310

75,000
75,000
75,000
75,000

16,000 16,000 1~.7~

16,000 16,000 15,750
18,7~ 18,7~ 18,500
18,7~ 18,750 18,500

s~aca1eaa

ERW
Seaml~u

ER1V
ERW

9
9

15,500
15,500
18,200
18,200

-~00

co
JI)()

200

300

-400

1-6,000

3,350

2,900

2,400

1,800

30,000
-60,000

6, 700
8,000

6,500
8,000

5,000
8,000

2, soo
3,000

15,050
15,050
17,700
17,700

wo

14,600
1-4,600
17,200
17,200
600

17,0~
12,6~

1-4,-400
1-4,-400
16,900
16,900
6SO

17,000
12,600

1-4,100
1-4,100
16,600
16,600
700

.U.tMNVII PIPie

( 3S) Allaeal ed

s~amleaa

B 2<41

'-CA

COPPEII AND COPPEII ALLOY PIPE

Copper ADD~aled
Red Braaa A1111eal~

1Seamleul B <42
Seamleaa B 43

NICXEL AND NICXO.. .U.LOY PIPF.

Mooel Aaoealed
1Sc-amleaaB 16~
Nickel Aanealed
Seamleaa B 161

.<; Value

70,000
55,000

2,000"

17,200 16,500 15.500 1<4,800 1<4,700 1<4,700

10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000 10,000

for rt43 2,000 pal fo. metal ta-ereh

not eaceedlftC 450

r.

,All 5' v&luea for -l<ied plplnc lnclude the jolnt efflclency oho- ln Per. 325 (d) leed
henln.
1
Th uM of no,..alllcon kllled cerbon ateel la not recommended abo 900 r.
1
Carbon ..... nd carbon-molybdltnum ......... ,be aubjec:t to .,.,lllaetlon
900 r.

abo

'S

alu lnc:lud Jolnt efrtclncJ of

as per e-t.
100 ~ may

vah.aee ahown in the colwnn 20 to

requtrementa of AJOO .,. met.
1
The uae of f1nc quaHty plate (A ll5) 1a not

be ueed for lower tefi'WP4rh provtc1d the

:co~nded

(or te,erat!lee o ver 150 f'.

1-4,700

115

Allowoble S Volues Psi for Pi pe in Oi 1 Piping Systems Within Refinery Limtt.fr:'nntinued)

values of S-Psi for Metal Temperatures in Deg F not co F.xceed
7~

1
1

R~O

ROO

900

9~('l

1,000

1,050

1,!00

1.1 ~o

1,200

1,2~0

1,300

1.3~0

1, 400

1,450

ASTM
1, ~00 Specificacion

15,000 14,7~0
12, 9'}() 10,800
1~.050 15,000
15,050 15,000
15,050 15,000

1<4,200
8,650
1-4,-400
1-4,400
1-4,400

13,100 11,000
-4,500
6,~00
13,100 11,000
13,100 11,000
13,100 11,000

7,~00

~.ooo

1,000

7,~0

1,600
5,500
5,500
5, 500

2,800
1,000
4,000
4,000
4,000

1.~~0

2,500
7,800
7,800

2,500
2, 500
2,500

1,200
1,200
1,200

A 213
A 213
A 200
A 213
A213

15,000
15,050
15,000
1~ 500
13,100

1-4,700
15,000
1-4,700
13,900
12,800

1-4,000
1-4,-400
14,000
13,200
12,-400

12,500
13,100
12,500
12,000
11,500

10,000
11,000
10,000
9,000
10,000

6,200
7,800
6,200
7,000
7,300

4,200
5,800
-4,200
5,500
5,200

2, 750
4,200
2, 750
4,000
3,300

1, 750
3,000
1, 750
2, 700
2,200

1,200
2,000
1,200
1,500
1, 500

A 213
A 213
A200
A 213
A 213

13,100
13,100
11,800
13,100
13,500

12,500
12,800
11,000
12,750
13,100

11,500 9,500 7,000

12,500 12,000 10,800
10,100 ~.100 8,000
12,100 11,000 8,800
12,500 11,700 9,200

5,000
8,500
4,000
6,400
6,500

3, 500
5,500

2,500
3,300

1,800
2,200

1,200
1,500

A 213
A 213
A268
A268
A 268

8,850
10,400
13,750
16,200
13,800

8,500 8,250 8,000 7, 750 7, ~00

10,000 9,700 9,400 9,100 8,800
13,3'}() 12,650 11,700 10,600 8,900
15,700 14,900 13,800 12,500 10,500
13,350 12,700 11,700 10,600 9,350

7,200
8,500
7,200
8,500

6,400
7,500
5,500
6,500
4.250

4,900
5, 750
4,250
5,000
3,050

3,800
-4,500
3,2'}()
3,800
2,100

2, 750
3,250
2,450
2,900
1,250

2,100
2,-450
1,950
2,300
650

1,5'}()
1,800
1,500
1, 750
400

1,200
1,400
1,100
1,300
300

850
1,000
750
900
200

650
750
650
750
150

A 312
A 312
A 312
A 312
A 312

13,800
16,250
16,250
14,350
16,900

13.350
15,700
15,700
14,250
16, 7'}()

12,700
14,'900
14,900
1-4,000
16,500

11,700
13,800
13,800
13,600
16,000

10,600
12,500
12,500
12,800
15,100

9,350 8,300 7,200

11,000 7,100 5,000
11,000 9, 750 8,500
11,900 10,400 8,850
14,000 12,200 10,400

6,150
3,600
7,250
7,200
8,500

5,100
2,500
6,000
5,800
6,800

4.050
1,450
4, 750
4,500
5,300

3,000
750
3,500
3,-400
4,000

2,000
-450
2,350
3,000

1,350
350
1,600
2,000
2,3'}()

950
250
1,100
1,550
1,850

650
200
750
1,300
1,500

A 312
A 312
A 312
A 312
A 312

14,350
16,900
12,500
14,700
12,500
14,100

14,250
16, 7'}()
12,350
14,550
12,350
14,550

14,000
16,500
12,150
14,300
12,150
14,300

13,600
16,000
12,000
14,100

12,800 11,900 10,-400

8,850
10,-400
10,600
12,500
10,600
12,500

7,200
8,500
6,800
8,000
6,800
8,000

5,800
6,800
4,250
5,000
-4,250
5,000

-4,500
5,300
3,0'}()
3,600
3,050
3,600

3,-400
4,000
2,300
2,700
2,300
2,700

2,550
3,000
1, 700
2, 000
1,700
2,000

2,000
2,350
1.300
1, 550
1,300
1,550

1, 550
1,850
1,000
1,200
1,000
1,200

1,300
1,500

8,850
10,-400
14,350
16,900
14,350

8,500 8,250 8,000 7, 750 7,500 7,200 6,400

10,000 9,700 9,-400 9,100 8,800 8,500 7,500
14,250 14,000 13.600 12.800 11,900 10,-400 8,850
16, 7'}() 16,500 16,000 1';,100 14,000 12,200 10,400
14, 2'}0 14,000 13,600 12,800 11,900 10,400 8,850

-4,900
5,750
7,200
8,500
7,200

3,800
4,500
5,800
6,800
5,800

2, 750
3,250
-4,500
5,300
4,500

2,100
2,450
3,-400
4,000
3, 400

1, 550
1,800
2,550
3,000
2, 550

1,200
1,400
2,ooe
2,350
2,000

850
1.000
1, 550
1,850
1, 550

6'}()
750
1,300
1,500
1,300

15,100
11,800
13,850
12,000 11,800
14,100 13,850

1-4,000
11,500
13,500
11,500
13,500

n,ooo

12,200
11,100
13,100
11,100
13,100

2,5'}0

A q,..llty lector ol 92 par ce,. for atructwal plt le lncl\lllled.

1 For allowablS valuae reler to the rnt-1 liatttu tt; . . . in.
1 S """- .,.._In th cohn lOto 100 F may be 11eed ror lo-

--ur P"'Idd the

"'""'"'"'""' ol thie tpecillcellon mee.

lu .. 1050 F ..... - - ehou.ld be .... d oft.ly wheft . . . ._ . le prOYidotd tluot the 1
ha a _do....,..,t .,...,. '- not '"'"' than Al\ITM No. 6.

10
S .......... eloown for CIHe 1 pipinl wtUch le hat tNeted nd rlldioll'~d .,d ba . . d
oftajolnt el0ci811Cyler:torol 1.00 . ..,.r th operellon ftOt c.nad out, '-" S val- .,.._
ahal1 be ..,..uplld vy the !Jft'P'Ir jol,. eft&clncy hoc:tor ...S r.dllced acc......SintiY.

A 312
A 312
8'}() A 312
1,000 AH2
850 A 312
1,000 A 312

A249
A 213
A249
A213
A 249

ll6

Allowable S Val u es Psi for Pipe in Oi 1Pipinq Systems Within Refinet"y Limita (Conclude)
Valurs of S-Pai for
7')0

1
l

1!()1')

')()()

fi'IO

?'10 1,000

lo4~ral T~mp~raa.u~

li.O'lO 11.100

16,900,16,7'10 116,'100,16,000 1',100114,ooo 12,200 10,400

12, ')00 12, ,')0 12,1')0 12,000 11,1!00 1U00 11,100 10,600

11. ~oo
11,700
1\,800
1\,AOO

13, 3~0 12.700

1 ,,.,'\0 12,700
1'1,700 14,900
1'),700 14,?00
ROO

C)()()

~;c.{''!

~12, 'UU l

13, ~00

13, 1t,U

10,600 9, }')0
10,600 9,3'10
12, 'lOO 11,000
12, 'lOO 11,000

6,000
A, }00
7,100
9, 7~0

',OOO
A, '\00

1,0'10

1.100

14,7oo 14.''l0l1uorll.-.1oo 1 },8..0

7'\0

Eac~~d

1.2~0

1,}00

1, 3'10

1,400 11.4'10

ASTM
1, '100 Sp~ci fi
caaoo

4,000

l. ~00

3,000
1, 700

2,3'0
1, 300

1,')00
/!'lO

A 269
A 249

}.(,00 . 2, 70

2,000

l,''IO

1,200

1,000

A 213

400
2,000
4'\0
2, 3'0

300
1, 3'10
3'10
1,600

200
9'10
2'0
1,100

!'lO
1\'\0
200

A 249
AH9
A2B
A 213

1,200

13,AOO
13.800
16,2'10
16,2')0

1,1 ~o

o De F oot to

')'\0

1,000

4,2'\0
7,200

8, ~00 1 6,800
6,800 4, 2'0

~.

,00
3,0'10

8,000

'1,000

3,0'10
6,1 '\0
3,600
7,2')0

2,100
'1,100
2,'500
1\,000

1,2')0
4,0')0
4, 7'10

3,000
7')0
3. '\00

1.200

1,2'10

1,300

1,1'10

1.4~0

'O

1, 3'i0

1,1!'10
1,000

1,400

1.4~0

7~0

1,')00

R 241

A 42
Fl .ll

14,'100

B 16'1
Fl 1(, 1

8,000

A q'\laUty

',or
1

factor o( 9l per eent for atructW"al plat ta lncluded.

allowabl

valuea retar to U'\e r.1ateriala liatef"i thtn..

Yahaea ahown &n the colwn.n .. lO to 100 F .. may be uaed for Jower temp.Curea provtded the

reqWrefl'lenta of thia a.,.cUicM.lon met.

'S vah.aea al lOSO Ji and abow ahou.ld be uaed onJy when aaa..-.nce i a pi'Ovided that the ata el
haa prwdonunanl IJ'ain not f1ner than A.STW No. 64
10

5 vah,.a ano_, - lor Cl . . 1 pipl,. whlch la heac treaced end roodiopaphed and . . baeed
on a joh etflcieney rectot' of 1.00. Whete th op.ratlon not c:.-rled out. the S va!ue ahown
ohall be mi.IIUpiled by the l>f'opr jolnt elficlenc:y factor end reduced ecco.-dlnct_y.

117

Allowable S Values Psi fcr Pipe in Oil Pipi~ Systems

Oivision 8
S pe e ii icacioo

Material
Seamle sa ate e 1:
Grade A
Grade B
Grade e
Grade A
Grade B
Grade A
Grade B
Grade 42X"
E lectricfuaioo-elded
a ce el:
Grade A
Grade B
Grade e
All Gradea
All Gradea
All Grades
Electricresiscaoce
welded aceel:
Grade A
Grade B
Grade e
All Grades
Lap-welded aceel:
Bunwelded aceel:
Lap-welaed -oucht i.roa
Bctwelded -oqbc i.roa
Seaa~le aa braaa pipe
Seamleaa copper pipe
Seaa~leaa copper cubi.aa

S Value
aclOOF,
Ps1

AP15L
AP15L
API5L
ASTM A 106
ASfM A 106
ASTM A 53
ASTM A 53
AP15LX

25,500
29,750
38,250
25,500
29,750
25,500
29,750
35,700

ASTM A 155
ASTM A 155
ASfM A 155
ASTM A 134
ASTM A 139
APISLX

18,350
20,650
21,200
0.68Y
0.68Y
0.85Y

AP15L
AP15L
API5L
AP15LX
AP15L
ASTM AH
AP15L
ASTM AH
AP15L
APISL
ASTN B 43
ASfM 8 42
ASTM B ~
AST1oe B 88

21,700
25,300
32,500
0.85Y
15,950
15,:)50
15,300
15,300
15,300
10,200
10,000
7,500
7,500
7,500

"CC"t-

!J9eclllcat.lon API St.X proldea fot hlcher yteld atrencth by

bet-en -ducer cona..wr. S
for u.. .. hictwr cr-Ge ah.U be O.U u-a
the yteld -..,.m.

11.1-

ebo 11.1-

9 -

HOT1t: "MI
ofS- to be ... ed In the 1'19'1 w.U thlclr.neaa P-Illea
10 npla.lned In Par. 325.

HOT1t: Por electrlc-,.alat-ce--lclad pipe ....... pqoe f\IF'Iehed tla

cJaaa.ltlcaUon la ""'lactad to ,._...,enta.l teata ancllor lwet treet81eftla aa _..,.
to by U.. . _ u a r - tha .,..,.heaer, wlwNby '""" .._-nca.l teata -.,,..
haat traet- deeonet.fete the atreftClh dl.-.ctwtat.lca of tha wald to be .,._,
to tha llllan- ten..Oa atrancth -cl.lled for tha pl9'1, tha S
to 11M

co,..._...,.. .. _,

arade may

_...._

11.1- ..,..

ll8

Allowable S Values for Pipe in District Heating Pipiog System

ASTM
Specficauon

Grade

earbon Steel

A 120

...

E lecuic-fusionwelded steel

A 134

Material

Electric-t'esistancewelded steel

Mnimum
1
Ultimace Values ofS -Psi for Temperatures in Oeg F Not to Exceed
Ten si le
-20
Suength
~00
200
4~0
400
300
to lOO

...

9,600

10,800

10,600

10,200

9,800

45,000
50,000
55,000
60,000

8,800
9,600
10,100
11,300
9,200
10,100
10,100

8,800
9,600
10,100
8,300
9,200
10,100
10,100

8,800
9,600
10,100
8,300
9,200
10,100
10,100

8,800
9,600
10,100
8,300
9,200
10,100
10,100

11,800
9,600
10,100
8,300
9,200
10,100
10,100

A 139

A' 48,000
R' 60,000

9,600
12,000

9,600
12,000

9,600
12,000

9,600
12,000

9,600
12,000

AB

A'

48,000
60,000

10,200
12, 7'50

10,200
12, 7'50

10,200
12, 7'50

10,200
12,7'50

10,200
12,750

A 13'5

A'

48,000
60,000

10,200
12, 7'50

10,200
12, 7'50

10,200
12, 7'50

10,200
12,7'50

10,200
12,7')0

9,000
8,800
8,000

9,000
8,()00
8,000

9,000
8,200
8,000

9.000
7,800
8,000

7,600

6,7'50

6, 7')0
6,100
6,000

6,7')0
'),850
6,000

5, 700

6,000

6,750
6,3'50
6,000

A
A
A
A
A
A
A

24~

245
245
2113
283
283
283

A
R
e
A
B
e
D

B'

48,000
~2.000
5~.000

B'

Lap welded
Steel
Steel
'1' rought i ron

AB
A 120
A72

4'5,000

Rurt welded
Sceel
Steel
l'roughc. iron

A ~3
A 120
A72

45,000

Seamless
Red brau

B 43

8,000

8,000

7,000

3,000

R 42
R 42

6,000
6,000

~.')00
5, ~00

4, 7'50
4, 750

3,000
3,000

6,000
6,000
6,000

uoo

5,500

~.500

4, 7'50
4,7'}0
4, 7'50

3,000
3,000
3,000

,OOO

3,600

'),500
3,300

4, 7'50
2,8'50

3,000
1,800

6,000

6,000

6,000

6,000

6,000

4,000

4,000

4,000

4,000

4,000

eopper-2 in.
and smaller
eopper -over 2 in.

...

40,000

...

40,000

B 7'}

eopper tubing
Annealed
Bright annealed

B 88

30,000
30,000

668

eopper brazed aceel

A 2'>4

eaac !ron
eenuifugally cut

FSB
n-P-421

elaul
elau 11

42,000
42,000

Typea
1 and 11

6,~00

9,000
8,000
6,750
6,000

Pie case

P'or
1

jASA A21.2

e t - at l50 pa (406 P') the val.uee el.,. Y be uaacl.

al

The
typea ancl 1ad ol pipe tabu.letecl ab- ahaU . - be uaecl M t - - Ln e of the maalnn- , . _..
t..-ea f01t wtUch the S val.uea lftdlcMecl. (S aleo apec:lflc raq\llra,..nu l01t -Ice conclltlone conte-latacl.) Allowabla S
l.w lftl..,...dlat t - . , . may b<t obtal ... cl by lnt..,...latloft.

al-
1

P'or electrlc ...eatatatK.,.Iclecl pipa for appllct- ...,.,. lha t - . , . la below 650 P', ancl ...,.,. pipa f....Uahecl -...ciar
thle claaalflcatlon te aubjectoOd to -1-ma.l teeu ancl/or tw -nt . . - d to by tha
ancl !he p,.c:hae.,.,
ancl - b y euch -'-nta.l teate aftd/or hM treM-nta d._natrMe tha at""'th chactwlatlca ol the -Id to be q-J
to tha au.u ...... tnU atrencth epeclttad '"" th pipa, tlw S yaJ- ....... to tha COitt8epoftcltnc -' erad ....,. be .......

ot-

._u.,

t-

'u plata anerla.l havlnc pyalca.l propant

atMecl Ln lactlon 6 ol A.ITW lpac:lltcMlon A 139 la uaecl Ln tba fac:t..,. ol Oltdln_,. lecutc-4ualoe--lded atael pipe, tJoe a.llo-1 au.aa aha.ll be tallen 0.16
tlw tenaiJe U.ncth '"'
, . _ . , . . ol 450 P' ancl below.
c ..t-lron pipe hal.l . - be ueed '"" 1\lbricau.nc oJJ IU. '"" eac:tw.ry
,....,_.. ,.. ab09e lOO P'.

11-

<- Pw.

155)- 1a _,. c . . - ,..,. oll haYtnc

119

Allowoble S Volues for Pipe in Oistrict Heoting Piping System

Material'

ASTM
Specificauon

E leccric-fusionw~lded 5ted

E lecuic-resistance
we lded stee 1

A 1~5

fic ..uon
Symbol

Grad~

Mnimum
Ultimar~
T~nsile
Srr~nsrh

Valu~s

of:; - Pst for

Des F Noc to

600

650
8,ROO
9,600
10,100
8,300
9,200
10,100
10,100

T~mp~rrcures

E:~c~ed

700

tn

750

A
R

48,000
52,000

A
B
e
O

45,000
50,000
60,000

8,800
9,600
10,100
R,300
<>,200
10,100
10,100

A 285 A
A 2R5 B
A 285 e

45,000
50,000
55,000

9,000
10,000
11,000

9,000
10,000
11,000

8, 700
9,700
10,600

7,!100
R,800
9,600

45,000
50,000
55,000

10,100
11,2'10
12,400
12,400

9,800
10,900
11,900
11,900
12,900
13,950
14,9'10

8, 700
9,900
10,850
10,850
11,MO
12,450
13,250

A 245
A 245
A 245
A 2R3
A 2R3
A 2R3
A 283

A 134

A 139

eazbon steel
earbon steel
eazbon 5teel
Killed ciU'bon 5teel
Killed ciU'bon sceel
Killed ciU'bon sreel
Killed ciU'bon sreel

ld~qci-

A
A
A
A
A
A
A

285
285
285
201
201
212
212

A
B
e
A
B
A
R

~5.000

5~.000

e45
e 50
C')~

Ke 55
Ke6o
Ke65
Ke70

60,000

13.~00

6~.000

70,000

14,600
1'1, 7'10

10,100
11,250
12,400
12.400
13.500
14,600
1~. 7'10

~~.000

A 53

A
R

48,000
60,000

10,200
12,750

10,200
12, 7'10

9,900
12,200

9,100
11,000

A 13'1

A
B

48,000
60,000

10,200
12,750

10,200
12,7'10

9,900
12,200

9,100
11,000

l.ap welded
Sceel
"rou~thr ron

A 53
A 72

45,000
40,000

<l,OOO
8,000

<),000
8,000

Bun ~lded
Sreel
"rou~thr iron

A 53
A 72

4'1,000
40,000

6, 750
6,000

tl, 750

Seamless sced'

A
B

4!1,000
60,000

12,000
15,000

12,000
15,000

11,650
14,350

10,700
12,950

48,000
60,000

12,000
15,000

12,000
15,000

11,6'10
14,350

10,700
12,950

47,000

11,7'10
11, 7'10

11, 7'10
11,750

11,450
11,450

10, 5'10
10,550

47,000
60,000

11, 7'10
15,000

11,750
15,000

11,450
14,3'10

1,550
12,950

~3

A JO(,

A R'
A

~q

A l<l2
A 210

Type A
Low earb.

--

6,000

TM verai (ypea and erad ol ptp41 tabulated abOYe ahflll noc: be I.Aaed at: temperac,. in e of the maa.&mum
temperat:w- for ...n.!ch the S vah,. are lndtcated .. (S a&ao apeciflc requi.r,.,..,. tow 14n'Vic:e concUUona contefl'lt)l
ted.) "llowbl S valuea '"' lntmwdlt temperon,. ,.Y be obtlned by

;,..,..,,.u-.

The vluea tabulated l01t .\STW" ISS pipe l01t Claaa l pipe. For Cl . . 1 pipe, -lch la heat treated and radlocrpnd, th ........ may be lncred by the r!ltlo ot 0.95 dlvlded by 0.90.
1 The5

v&luea lor 600 F lor tul>lnc apeclllcatloM referrad lo In Tt>l Jo4A, bul not la Tabla Jo4, ahaU et>PIY

temperet .. up to 600 F.

f01t

aJI

120

AMERICAN ST ANDA RO
TABLE 1
ASA
Designation

SPECIFICATIQI4S FOR PIPE WITH ASA OESIGNATIQI4S ANO

TITLES OF ST ANOARO SPEClFICA TIQ.IS
ASnf orAPI
Designation

Title

836.1

ASTM A'3

1'elded and Seamless Sceel Pipe

836.2

ASTM A72

1'elded 1'roughtlron Pipe

836.3

ASTM Al06

Seamless CarbonSteel Pipe for HighTemperature

Service

836.4

ASTM Al34

EleccricFusion1'elded Steel Pipe, Sizes 30 in. and

Over

836.,

ASTM Al3'

ElectricResistance-1'elded Steel Pipe

836.9

ASTM Al39

ElectricFusion1'elded Sceel Pi pe, Si zu 4 in. to bur

nor including 30 in.

836.11

ASTM Al55

ElectricFusion1'eh~ed Sceel Pipe for HighTenspera

rure and HighPressure Service

G8.7

ASTM Al20

8laclc and Hoc-Dipped Zinc-<:oated (G.Innized)

Welded and Seamless Sceel Pipe for <Xdinary Uses

API

5L

Line Pipe

API

5LX

HighTest Line Pipe

836.16

ASnf Al58

Seamless
Service

AlloySteel Pipe

for HighTemperature

ASnf A206

Seamless Catbon-Molybdenum Alloy-5teel Pipe for

HithTemperature Service

ASTM A211

Spiral1'eJded Steel or lron Pipe

ASTM A253

1'elded Alloyed OpenHeartb lron Pipe

ASTM A280

Seamless ChromiumMolybdenum AJloy.Sceel Pipe for

Service ac High Temperarures

ASTM A312

Seamless Sceel and 1'elded Auscenicic Scainte .. Sceel

Pipe

ASTM A315

Seamless 1 Per Cmt Ouomium, 0.5 Per Cene \4olybdenum AlloySceel Pipe for Ser,;ce ac lfigh Tempera
cures

121

WROUGHT -STFEL ANO WROUGHT -IRON PIPE

TABLE 2 OIMENSIONS OF WEl.OEO ANO SEAMLESS STEEL PIPE

'

L.

, ..

1
\

L.

Nominal

Out-

Pipe

si de
Diam

Size
1/8
1/4
3/8
1/2
3/4

0.405
0.540
0.675
0.840
1.050

1
1 l/4
1 1/2
2
2 1/2

1.31'
1.660
1.900
2.375
2.875

3
3 1/2

3.500
4.000
4.500
S.563
6.62S

'

NOMINAL 1'ALL THICKNESS

Sched

Sched

Sched

Sched

Sched

Sched

Sched

Sched

Sched

Sched

10

20

30

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

.......
.....
....
.....
.. .. ...
.......
.......
.......
...........
..........
.......
.......
.... ...
.......
.......

.......
.......
.......
..........
......
.....
.........
... ..
.........
......
.........
....
.......

.......
..... ........
........
.......
..........
....
.......
.......
.......
.......
....
.............
....

0.277

14
1f1

8.62S
10.750
12.750
14.000
16.000

.......
.......
0.250

18
20
24
30

18.000
20.000
24.000
30.000

8
10
12

0.250

0.250
0.250
0.250
0.312
0.312

0.307
0.330
0.375
0.375

0.2SO
0.250
0.250
0.312

0.312
0.37S
o.3n
0.500

0.438
o.soo
0.562
0.62S

0.068
0.088
0.091
0.109
0.113
0.133
0.1<60
0.14'
0.1,4
0.203
0.216
0.226
0.237
0.2,8
0.280
0.322
0.365
0.406
0.438
0.500
0.562
0.593
0.687

.........
.....
..........
...........
.... .....
.....
.......
.......
.......
.....
.........

0.0913
0.119
0.126
0.147
0.154
0.179
0.191
0.200
0.218
0.276

.... ...
.......
.......
......
........
.......
....... .......
.......
.......
.
......
... .. .. .......
....... .......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......

.......
.......
... .. .. .......
.......
....... 1),187
.......
....... 0.218
0.250
.......
....... 0.250

.......
.......

0.281
0.343
0.37S

.......
........
......

0.300
0.318
0.337
0.3,
0.432

.......
0.438
.......
.......
.
......
.......
....... 0.5)1
..
...... 0.438
.......
0.(,2'
0.500
......
....... O.Sf12 ....... 0.718

0.406
0.,00
o. 5f12
0.593
0.656
0.750
0.812
0.968

o.soo
0.593
0.687
0.750
0.843
0;937
1.031
1.218

0.593
0.718
0.843
0.937
1.031
1.15()
1.281
1.531

0.718
0.843
1.000
1.093
1.218

0.812
1.000
1.12S
1.250
1.438

1.375
1.500
1.812

1.562
1.750
2.062

0.90h
1.12'
1.312
1.406
1.593
1.781
1.968
2.343

....... ....... ....... ... .... .......

A.ll dimensiona are iven in inches.

The decimal thickneues lisced for che respective pipe aizes repreaent their nominal or aYerae wall dimeosiona.
For tOlerancu on wall !hickneuea, aee appropriace macerial apecificationa.
Thicknuaea showo in bold face type for Schedule 40 are identical with thicknesses sho- in baid face rype for
Standard WoUipe in Tab.le 4. Those in bold face type iD Scladules 60 and 80 are idencical wich thicmeues ID bold
face type for J.tro Stron~ WoU pipe in Table 4.
Some of the lar;er, heavier wall seccions are beyond the capabilitiea of seamless mili produ'ctioc and muse be obt&Ded from t\U'IIed-and-bored billets or ocher sources.

122

AMERICAN STANDARD
TABLE 3 NOMINAL WEIGHTS OF WELOEO ANO SEAMLESS STEEL PIPE
(Liated by Schedule Numben)
~omina!

Pipe
Size
1/8

l/4
3/8
1/2
3/4
1
1 1/4
1 l/2
2
2 1/2
3
3 1/2
4
5
0
8
10
12
14
1(.,
18
20
24

30

Sched Sched
10

PE

Sched

Sched

Sched

30

Sched

Sched

40

(.,()

80

100

120

140

160

PE 2

PE 2

PE 2

PE 2

PE 2

PE 2

........
........
........
........
........
........

........
........
........
........
........
........

........

........

........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........

........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
.
.......
........

.
.......

........
.
.......

20
2

PE

PE

....... ........ ........

....... ........ ........
....... ........
....... ........ .
.......
....... ........ ........
....... ........ ........
....... ........ ........

....... ........ ........

....... ........
....... ........ ........
....... ........ ........
....... ........ ........
....... ........ ........
....... ........ ........
....... ........ ........
....... 22.36 24.70
....... 28.04 34.24
.......

33.38

3.71

4~.68

42.0~

52.3

47.39 59.03
52.73 78.00
r13.41 94.62
98.93 157.53

43.77
54.57
r12.58
82.()()
104.13
140.80
1%.08

T&C2,3

.......
.......
.......
.......

PE

T~c2,3

0.2<4
0.42
0.57
0.85
1.13

0.2..
0.<42
0.57
0.85

.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......

1.68
2.27
2.72
3.65
5.79
7.58
9.11
10.79
1<4.62
18.97

1.68
2.28
2.13
3.68
5.82
7.62
9.20
10.89
14.81
19.18

2~.55

28.55
<40.<48

29.35
41.85

.......
.......

35.7~

45.4~

~3.53
....... 63.37
....... 82.77
....... 104.n
....... 122.91
....... 171.17
....... ........

1.13

........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........
........

0.31
0.5<4
0.7<4
1.09

1.<47
2.17
3.00
3.63
5.02
7.66
10.25
12.51
1<4.98
20.78
28.57

........

Sched Sched Sched

19.01
27.04
30.39
()0.(,3 (,7,76
89.20 104.13
12~.49 139.68
150.07 170.22
192.29 223.50

1.3 o
1.94
2.84
3.7<
4.8<
7.44
10.01
14.32

........

22.51
32.9<'
45.3 o

74.6 9
<43.39 50.87
3~.64
115.()5
54.7<4 64.33 76.93
160.27
73.10 88.51 107.20
189.12
84.91 10.13 130.73
245.11
107.50 136.46 1114.83
138.17 170.75 207.% 244.14 274.23 308.51
166.40 208.87 25.10 2%.37 341.10 379.01
238.11 2%.36 367.40 429.39 483.13 541.94

.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
....... ........ ........ ........ ........ ........ ........

All dimensiooa ate given in oches.

1
'1'ei,.;trs ahown in bold face rype for Schedule 40 are identical with weighcs shown in bold face cypc for Sl_andard
ll'ail Pip~ in Table ~. Those ahown in bold face rype in Schcdules 60 and 80 are idencical with weishu sho~ 1n bo~d
face rype for E1otro Stron~ Wail pipe in Table ~. 'l'e1ghts are given in pounda per linear foot and are for p1pe w1th_plam
mda escept for sizes wh1ch are commercially available with threads and couplinss for which both weights are hsted.
l'eights are calculated OG the ballis of 1 cu. in. oi steel = 0.2833 Iba.
2
PF. desunes pip4! with plain ends. T&C denotes pipe with threads and couplin8s
3
The weil!hta of line pipe with couplinss are slighdy 8reater than shown in Schedules 3().and 40 and may be found in
API Speci i cation ~L.

U)

WROUGHT -STEEL ANO WROUGHT -IRON PIPE

TABLE 4

DIMENSIONS OF WELDED ANO SEAMLESS

STEEL PIPE

(Liatecl oa Stonclorcl Woll, Extra Stron9 Woll,

oncl Double Extro Stron9 Woll)

Nominal

Out

Pipe

si de

Size

Diam

NOMINAL WALL THICKNESS

Standard
Wall

E:rtta Strong
Wall

0.119
0.126
0.147

o.~

1/8
1/4
3/8
1/2
3/4

0.405
0.540
0.675
0.840
1.050

0.068
0.088
0.091
0.109
0.113

1
1 1/4
1 l/2
2
2 1/2

l. 315
1.660
1.900
2.3n
2.875

0.133
0.1-40
0.1 ~"'
0.203

0.1 '"'
0.179
0.191
0.200
0.218
0.276

3
3 1/2
4
5
6

3.500
4.000
4.500
5.563
(),625

0.216
0.226
0.237
0.2,8
0.280

0.300
0.318
0.337
0.375
0.432

10
12
14

8.625
10.750
12.750
14.000

0.322
0.365
0.375
0.375

0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500

16
18
20
24

16.000
18.000
20.000
24.000

0.375
0.375
0.375
0.375

0.500
0.500
0.500
0.500

0.1<6~

Double Eztra
Sttl')ng Wall

.......
.......
.
0.294
0.308
0.358
0.382
0.400
0.43()
0.552
O.MO

.......

0.674
0.750
0.864
0.875

.......
.......

.......
.......
.......
.......
.......

All dinwnsiona ar~ i Yet\ in inchea.

The decimal thicknuaes li ated for da reapecti Yll pipe a us repreaen theu nomiaal or averasl!' wall dimenaaona. For toleraacn on wall
dli c:k.nea sea, aee appropri ate 'material sp ecdi cauoaa.
Thicknnaea aho..n in boid face rype for Slt:ll'lciarci WaJl are identcal
with corre.pondins thickneu aho..n tn bold face !YPe for Sdudule 40
in Tabie 2. Tboae aho- in bold face rype for f:;,lra Slitons lfiaJl are
idenlical with correapoadins dlicknuaes ahown in bold face rype in
Schedulea 1'0 and 80 in Table 2.
Doubl.e EJCtra Suo"! f'aJl ha a no corrcapandins achedule numbcr. (Sec
lauoductory Notes, Par. 9.) Dimenaaoaa are idcntical with Do10ble
f;,lfa Suo"& fapl!' ahowo Appendix to the 19~9 editionof thia
atmdvd.

124

AMERICAN STANDARD
TABLE S NOMINAL WEIGHTS OF WELOEO ANO
SEAMLESS STEEL PIPE 1
(Liated u StandOtd Woll, Extra $trong Woll, ond
Doulala Extra Strong Woll)

Nominal
Pipe
Size

Standard Wall

1/8
1/4
3/8
1/2
3/4
1
1 1/4
1 1/2
2
2 1/2
3
3 1/2
4

'

Double Extra
Scrong Wall

PE 2

PE 2

PE 2

T&C 2

0.24
0.42

0.24
0.42

0.31

0.~7
0.8~

0.~7
0.8~

1.13
1.68
2.27
2.72
3.65
5.79

1.13
1.68
2.28
2.73
3.68
5.82
7.62
9.20
10.89
14.81
19.18
29.35
41.85
'1.15

0.7<6
1.09
1.<67
2.17
3.00
3.63
5.02
7.66

7."
9.11
10.79
14.62
18.97
28.55
40.-48
49.56
54.57
62.58
70.59
78.60
94.62

6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
24

Enra Sttong
Wall

.......
.......
.......
..... ..
... ... .

o.~"

10.~

12.51
14.98
20.78
28.,
43.39
54.74
1"5.42
72.09
82.77
93.45
104.13
125.49

.......
.......
.......

1.71
2..44
3.66
5.21
6.41
9.03
13.70
18.58

.......

27,54
38.5'
B.l6
72.42

.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
........

AJI dimeru.ioaa are &iea in inches.

1'1'eisftta a.bOWII D bold face rype for Sl-tOTG l'oJl ate idenc&l
with weijlu a.bowa ia bold face rype for Schedule 40 ia Table }.
1hoae ailowt~ ia bo.ld face rype for :a.lTa SlTOitS lf'oJl are ideac&l
'llith -
ahowa ia bo.ld face rype for Schedwea 60 aad 80 ia
Table }. A.ll weisht D Table 5 abon are ideatic&l widl choae ia
Table 7 for Wrou1Jhc-lron Pipe. Weipua are .-inn ia pO\&Ada per lioeat foot aad are for pipe with plaiD onda ezcepc for aizea whic:h are
CIOmnler&lly uailable with thread aad coupliaaa for which both
wei~ta ate liated. 'l'eishta are c&lc:ulated oa the baaia of 1 cu. ia.
of ateel 0.2833 Iba.
2
PF deaotu pipe with plaio ends. T&C denotn pipe with lhrellda
aad coupliaa

snu

,'

12.5

'

WROUGHT -STEEL AND WROUGHT -IRON PIPE

TABLE 6 DIMENSIONS OF WELDED WROUGHT-IRON PIPE
(Listad oa Stondord Woll, Extro Strong Woll, ond
Double Extra Strong Woll)

Nominal
Pipe
Size

NOMINAL WALL THICKNESS

Out
si de
Di a m

Standard
Wall

Extra Strong
Wall

Double Extra
Scron~ Wall

1/8
1/4
3/8
1/2
3/4

0.405
0.540
0.675
0.840
1.050

0.0<'9
0.090
0.093
0.111
0.115

0.099
0.122
0.129
0.151
0.157

.......
0.307
0.318

1 1/4
1 1/2
2
2 1/2

1.315
1.660
1.900
2.375
2.875

0.136
0.143
0.148
0.20

0.183
0.195
0.204
0.223
0.282

0.369
0.393
0.411
0.447
0.567

3
3 1/2
4
5
6

3.500
4.000
4.500
5.563
1).625

0.221
0.231
0.242
0.263
0.286

0.306
0.325
0.344
0.383
0.441

0.615

8.625
10.750
12.750
14.000

0.329
0.372
0.383
0.383

0.895

16.000
18.000
20.000
24.000

0.383
0.383
0.383
0.383

0.510
0.510
0.510
0.510
0.510
0.510
0.510
0.510

''

8
lO

12
14
l~

18
20
24

0.15~

.......
.......

... ,. ...

0.690
0.768
0.884

.......
.......

.......

.......

.......
.......

All d.imenaiooa ve Ji io inchn.

The decimal thickneaaea liatad forme reapeCYe pipe aizes repre- t their DOm1oal or aYera1e -11 dimeasioos. For rolerucea oo wa.il
tb.ickaeaaea, aee appropriace material apecificatioru.
Thicknuaes of sil of me aizes ahowa abcne are alihdy rncer
man those of correapoad.in1 aiua for areei pipe shewa io TaD.lea 2
~nd 4 to compen .. te for the d.iffcreoce in weidlta per cubic loor of
WTOulbt-areel ud wrou1ht-iroa. Sec hurodvctory "'Norca, Pv. 10.

126

AMERICAN ST ANO ARO

T ABLE 7

NOMINAL WEIGHTS OF WELDEO

WROUGHT-IRON PIPE 1

(Liated aa Standard Wall, Extra Stronv Wall, and

Oouble Extra Stronv Wall)

Nominal
Pixo
Size

1/8
1/4
3/8
1/2
3/4
1
1 1/4
1 1/2
2
2 1/2
3
3 1/2
4
5
(l

8
10
12
14
16
18

20
24

Standard Wall
PE 2

0.2-4
0.42
0.57
0.85
1.13
1.68
2.27
2.72
3.65
5.79
7.58
9.11
10.79
14.62
18.97
28.55
40.48
49.5t.
54.57
A1.58
70.59
78.no
94.62

T&C 2

Extta Stron~
Wall
PF.2

Double Extra
Scrong Wall
PE 2

.......
.......

0.2-4
0.-42
0.57
0.85
1.13

0.31
0.54
0.74
1.09
1.47

1.68
2.28
2.73
3.68
5.82
7.62
9.20
10.89
1-4.81
19.18

2.17
3.00
3.63
5.02
7.66

3.66
5.21
n.41
9.03
13.70

10.25
12.51
14.98
20.78
28.57

.......

29.35
41.85
51.15

43.39
54.74
65.42
72.09

.......

82.77
93.45
104.13
125.49

.......
.......
.......
........

.......
l. 71
2.44

18.58

27.54
38.55
53.16
72.42

.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......

.......

AJI dimeaaiona are in io inchea.

1YeiFta ..Oowa in bold fac:e rype for S141tdat'd WaU are identical
wich wCFts s.llowu in bold fac:e rype in Table 3. Thoae shown in
boid fac:e rype lor :t.lra SU'o11 lfoU are idencal wich weihca
s.llowa ia bold fac:e type lor S<hedules 60 and 80 ia Table 3. All
weipu in Table 7 aboe are ideuical wich choae ahowta in Table
~ fot 'l'rouhrScul Pipe. 1'ei4hra are len iD pounda per liaear
Icor and are lor pipe wit:h pla1n nda ucepr lor aizea whic:h are
coromerci ally nallable wit:h chreada and couplina lor which boch
weihu ate &i n.
2PE deaotu pipe wirh plain enda. TacC deootea pipe wit.b thread
aad couplins

127

DERIVATION OF RELATION BETWEEN DEFLECTION AND LINE INERTIA

An elastic structure subjected to externa! forces will deform by bending, contracting, and elongating. Disregarding the ett"'ct of the latter two, which in the
majority of cases is negligible, the work of de~ormation due to bending alone is
expressed by

l.

where W = work performed.

1l1 = bending moments caused by the externa! actions.
E = modulus of elasticity of the material.
I = moment of inertia of the cross-sectional areas.
l = total length of structure.
According to the theorem of Castigliano, the partial derivative of W with respect
to any one of the externa! forces gives the displacement in the direction of that force.
t

d8

1'

___ _

..., lib.

lB
~
X....
/ lf'!lb
1
tllb.,

A :;:"!

y
Fto. 42.

The partial derivative of W with respect to an externa! moment gives the angular
displacement in the direction of that moment.
Thus if X is one of the forces, the displacement ~""" in its direction is
A..:.

*
=

oW
f' ..l! oM d
oX = Jo El oX 8

(1)

Figure 42 shows a cantilever structure fi.xed at A and loaded at the free end B with
a force X.
The variable bending moment due to X is
J1 = Xy

and therefore

oM

oX =Y

The fi.rst subecript for A indicates the direction of the force, the aecond the direction of the diaplaeen:umt.

128
P I P I N" G S T R E S S

e AL e U L A T I O ~ S

S I ~1 P L I F I E D

Substituting in equation (1) the displacement

r~

Jo

..u =

j\,f

El y ds

Let m., denote the moments produced by a unit force (1 lb) at B in the x-direction;
then m., = ly, and equation (2) may be written
,\

~rz

fc Afm., d
Jo El S

(3)

In this form the equation for the displacement permits a convenient interpretation
which may be expressed as follows:
To find the displacement ata specified point andina specified direction apply on
the unloaded cantilever and at the point in question an amciliary unit force in the
desired direction and compute the moments m for all branches of the line. Compute
the moments 1'}[ due to the external forces on the free cantilever, form the products
ilf m for identicallimits, and solve the integral of equation (3).
Displacement in Direction of Force. In the case of Fig. 42. M = Xy and
m== m., = y. Therefore

,\

~rz

f y 2 ds

= X fl

Jo

y ds _ X (

El - '"

Jo

m; ds

(4)

El

= Iris the moment of inertia of the entire line about axis x.

The equation for

the displacement may therefore be written

.6.,., = X

It is also seen that

1!

il

= Xn

= r:r: is the displacement

(5)

in the x-direction produced by a

unit load acting in the x-direction.

Displacement Normal to Force. A similar procedure will give the displacement
.6..,., at right angles to X. There the auxiliary unit force is applied in the y-direction,
. due to the external
and the moments mxv due to it are multiplied by the moments . 11
force X.
Sin ce
m,., = lx
and
1lf = Xy
fc Mm.,.,
fe xy
(6)
...,v = Jo
= X Jo El ds

-m

!ol xy ds is the product of inertia r... of the line with respect to axes Xand y.
A.v = X
The term

~l is

x-direction.

ij

X ,11

Therefore
(7)

the displacement in the y-direction due to a unit load acting in the

129

A unit load in the y-direction will cause a deflection

has the same value, namely,

~'

o!P' in the x-direction which

Therefore
(7a)

(Maxwell's law of reciprocity of deflections).

a force Y causes in the x-direction is

~ -- Y El
r.!l
Y Ox

t.ll"'

Consequently the displacement which

(7b)

Angular Displacement Due to Force. The angular displacement at B caused

by force X is found by applying a unit moment (1ft lb) at B. In this case m = 1ft lb,
and the change of angle at B dueto X is
=

T:em

f 1 1lfm

Jo

El ds = X

f' y ds

Jo

El

(8)

Jo y ds =

S-:e is the statical moment of the line about the x-axis. Thus the angular
displacement due to X is
T:z:m

~j
\

= X

S:e
El

= angular displacement due to a unit force in x-direction.

Angular Displacement Due to Moment. The angular displacement due to an

external moment 1l1 at Bis obtained by combining the moments dueto an auxiliary
unit moment at B with the externa! moment 'lf.

r,.,. =

L' ~;

r,.,.

.1.l1

ds

f'

Jo

m= 1ft lb
ds
J.lfl
El= El

(10)

~lis the change in angle dueto a unit moment.

Translatory Displacement Due to Moment. The displacement along tne :t-axis
due to an external moment 1l1 at B is obtained by applying a unit force along the
x-aXlS. For this case m:e = 1y and

f' 1l1m"'

t.,.:e

J: y ds =

S:e

= Jo El

ds = M

f' y ds
Jo El

statical moment of the line about the x-axis; therefore

(11)

3.- =

~j

displacement in x-direction dueto a unit moment.

..

130
PIPING STRESS CALCULATIONS SIMPLIFIED

Note the law o reciprocity between translatory and rotary displacement by comparing
equations (9) and (11). In the former S,JEI signifies the angular displacement of B
due to a unit force in the x-direction, expressed in radians, in the latter the displacement in the x-direction due to a unit moment at B expressed in feet or inches.
Although the meaning and the dimensional quality difi'er, the numerical values are
the same.
Summary:
l. The displacement in the direction of the' force is proportional to the moment o
inertia of the line about an axis along the force [equation (5)].
2. The displacement at right angles to the force is proportional to the product o
inertia about two rectilinear axes, one o which contains the force [equations (7)
and (7b)].
3. The angular displacement caused by the force is proportional to the statical
moment of the line about an axis along the force [equation (9)].
4. The angular displacement due to a moment is proportional to the length of
the line [equation (10)].
5. The translatory displacement due to a moment is proportional to the statical
moment of the line about an axis along the line of displacement [equation (11)].
The factor of proportionality is 1/El.
THEORY OF THE ELASTIC CENTER
A pipeline situated wholly in one plane with its end fully restrained and subjected
to temperature changes constitutes a statically indeterminate system with tlitree
unknown quantities at each of the two terminal points. These unknown quantities
are the horizontal and vertical components of the end reactions and two restraining
moments, one for each end. To solve this problem, there are available
l. The three fundamental equations of equilibrium, namely,

The sum of all horizontal forces equals zero.

The sum of all vertical forces equals zero.
The sum of all moments equals zero

l:X = O
l: Y = O
l:M = O

2. Three more equations, which are obtained by considering the distortion in the
r-----,
system caused by the restrictions that prevent the
:
free expansion of the pipe.
1
!fr.
The pipe line shown in Fig.- 43 is subjected to
1
B
i .ay
temperature changes. If end B were made free and
1
~~ end A were securely fixed, the pipeline would beAl
J
come a cantilevel' which, when heated, would
43
Fia.
lengthen horizontally the amount ~ and vertically
the amount t.y. There would be no angular distortion at the free end, and the ultimate shape of the line would be similar to the original shape, the point B merely
being translated to B'.
H two unit forces are now applied at the free end and in directions opposite to the
expansiona~ and tJ.y, part of the translatory displacements will be restored, and the
free end will undergo a rotary motion resulting in an angular displacement. !nas-

131

\
i

much as no angular displacement exists in the original, i.e., the fully restrai'ed
system, a counteracting moment must be applied at the free end to hold the pipe
element at B in its position, which in the case of Fig. 43 is a vertical position.
If we apply at the free end forces X and Y anda moment M (Fig. 44) which have
such intensities as to move point B' back to B and restore the original position of the
tangent at B, it is evident that these forces and the moment are identical with the
actual end reactions. This statement is expressed mathematically by equation. (12)

r------

\.

1, B'
_ __

11

A~-

le

_ _ _ _ _....._

FIG. 44.

in which the sum of all horizontal movements produced by X, Y, and Mis made equal
to the expansion ~~ the sum of all vertical movements made equal to ~y, and the
sum of all rotations is made equal to zero.
The movements in the x-directions are given by equations (5), (7b), and (11).
The movements in the y-direction are obtained by changing the subscripts of the first
equation. The angular displacements are given by equations (9) and (10).

X _b_ + y f:zv
El
El
l "11 + y I"
X El
El
X
,.,_
\

= ~
El
+ ~Y.Lu El
Sv
= ~y

+ 1!l1 S.,

~j + y ~ + M i l

(12)

= O

The left side of equations (12) contains six dissimilar coefficients which express
the geometrical disposition of the members and are calculable. The expansions ~
and ~y are known.
Considerable simplification of the problem is obtained if one of the two supports,
sa.y support B, is released and temporarily
connected to a rigid bracket leading to the
center of gravity of the line in Fig. 45.
Loads upon the system or expansions
within the system would cause the centroid
y
e, if it were free, to move in the same direction and with the same magnitude as point B,
+y
if it were free to move. In order to nullify
FIG. 45.
the displacements at e due to the loading
on the free cantilever, only translatory forces are needed, as will be shown later.
They have the same intensity and direction as the reacting forces. at B. The final
result, therefore, is obtained by transferring to point B the reactions found for point e
and adding at B the moment caused by the offset of e against B.

1)2
PIPING STRESS CALCULATIOXS SL\IPLIFIED

If the clisplacements are calculated for the centroid, axes x and y in Fig. 45 are
gravity axes. For such axes the statical moments S:: and S11 are zero, and equations
(12) change to
(13)

Thus the problem is reduced to the computation of only three coefficients, namely,
1:, l:v, and !,'" Also note that moment .J.YI-now referring to the centroid-has disappeared. The forces X and Y applied to the center of gravity accomplish the same line
displacements as X, Y, and lYf, at B:
The reactions set up at each end of a fully restrained three-dimensional pipe line
consist of three component forces and three component couples (see Fig. 24). If the
elastic deformation is analyzed in a manner similar to that explained for single-plane
piping, six equations are obtained which require predetermination of 21 dissimilar
coefficients of the same nature, namely, line inertias and statical moments.
If, however, one end is made free and its reactions are transferred to the centroid
of the system by a temporary rigid bracket, the couples disapj}ear, the unknowns
are reduced to three component forces, and the number of equations is reduced to
three, namely, equations (7), page 67,

1))

DEnECTIONS
The deflection at any point is the algebraic ~ of the displace~nts caused by the actions at one side f that point.
!or exacple, to !ind the deflection at point d apply at d the
!orces and the moment which the right side (dotted portion) exerts
upon the le!t.

,.
1
1

X
i

~
1

~------~

Jig. 46

', .

fl)H

If d is rieidly connected with the centroid e and the actions at

d transferred to e the moment becomes zero and e will go through
the sama displacement as d.
Displacamant due to rotation:
'rhe rotation of the rigid bra.cket about fulcrm

r=

_l_

El

(X Sx +

! Sy)

. . . . eq.

The deflection of d due to thls rota.tion is:

in x - direction l. Y'
in y - direction

..

Displacement due to !orces:

The displaceoents causad by X are:

1s

9 Pace 129

134

in x - direction X Ix

Er

)
)
)
)

in 7 - direction

eq,. 5 & 7

Page J28

Simi1arly the displacements causad by Y are:

in 7 - direction !_!z
11
in x - direction

l:I

Sx, s7 , Ix, Iy, and Ixy are the line conetants of the branches located between the fixed end and the point for which the deflection
is to be calculated.
Procedure:
l. Calculate rotation

times JI
(14)

2. Calcu1ate def1ect ion

~x

in x - direetion a.nd
in 7 - direeti on

A7
..O.x

:S:I

X Ix +

Y Ixy +

Lly

lli

! Iy +

X I:ey- +

1: l:I x', (16)

:S:I yt ( 15)

~ x and LJ 7 the re spe ct 1 ve expans i ons from the fi:.ted

end to the point for which the.defleetion is to be computed.

3. Add t o

Sign convention:
Clock:wise o.oo.ents are positiva.
Clockwise rotation is positive.
X force toward right is positiva.
Y force upward is positive.
The axes of the coordinate system with origin at centroid are
positiva to the right and up.
The constants Ix and Iy are positiva.
The constants Ixy, Sx and

S- .ma7 have ei ther aip.

13.5
-

Yith this s~ convention equations (14) (15) and (16) becoce:

r~x

(.

=-X Sx + y S,. (17)

ax JI

= X Ix

LJ.,- 11

y I,-

YI%7 +

JI Y'

. . ( 18)

XI%7

El X'

(19)

:l:r.amp1e:

\
Calculate the de!lection o point
o the .,- - axis .

d,

Prob1em 6 in the directiot

+'!'

___..._ ___;_____..______+
X

~--1.1:ff--y~:
=
rMitot----1

z..f5---.;

J'ig. 47

Statical moment about x - axis from point

6.45 + 20

Statical moment about 7- axis !rom point

lx

12

(-2.55)

+ 18

1 a"

4355 + 1284

15.45 = + 394
a 1 to point "d 1

18 X (-15.55) ~ 20 (-5.55)

12 X (-21.55) +

5719 +

to point ud1

=-

650

11358 froc Page 42

I%7 !rom 1 a 1 to 1 d1 with sign reversed because the axes in Fig. 47

are opposite to those in Jig. 17:
+ 661
X=

- 1805

- 167+

y=

- 1?16 = - 2860

+87+

Page
.... (From
to
47.)

'+3 vi th signs a.ccording

Jig.

1:36
~I

Z"":S:I

4,725,000

= -

Ay EI =

(-167'#) 394 + 87'# (-650) = + 9248

87 x 11358 - (-167'#) (-2860) - 9248

(Jrom eq. 17)

X

4.45 + 469,)73
(l'rom eq. 19)

469.37.3 : 4,725,000 = + 0.099 !t + 1.181

)y

Expansion from "a" to "d" = (6.25" x 18') : lOO

'rotal

-~
= + 2.3

The same result is obtained by considering that portion of

which is at the right side o! d.

~e

line

+J

"...

:,...

~
1

+.A'

'

/8.~S

J1g. 48
y

+ 167#

Sx

Sy

-871

)O

0.4.5 + 28

X (

-14.5.5)

- )94

30

4.4.5 + 28

18.45

+ 6.50

Note that these values are equal and opposite to the respective
values obtained in the previaus calculation because the statical moment of the entire line about a gravity axis is zero.

Iy from

to

= .593 +

11:355

11948 from Page 42

137

Ixy from

r:mt = -

)
l-

to

+ 59 - 7517 = - 7458 from Page

with signs adjusted.

(+167+) <-J94)

Ay El

- 87f

l)Y' =

164,857

hpa.neion from

11948

to

+ 9248

(+16'?f) (-7458) - 9248 X 4.45 =

+ 164,857

4,725,000

+ (-87+) . (+65o)

0.0)5 ft + 0.42

(6.25 1 x JO)

lOO

= +~

Total + 2.)

r
'

(
\

'

r ,

\
\

\.

J -

~Z

1)8

DEFLECTION FOR THREE-DIMENSIONAL SYSTEMS

The basic rules are the same as outlined for single plane systems,
narnely
the deflection at any point is the algebraic sum of
the actions at one side of that point plus the expansion from the fixed end to the point for which the
deflection is to be computed.
The equations which follow are extraeted from the General Determinant
published by the M.W. Kellogg Compan;r in "Design of Piping System:s"
but modified for the origin at the centroid which somewhat simplifies
the problem.
The eonvention on which these equations are based differs from that
used heretofore inasmueh as moments and rotations are positive when
eounter-e1ockWise,
The forees are positive in the direetions shown below.
+ z

..)----------..... +

In a three-dimensional system the aetions at an;r point consist of

three forees and three moments. The mom.ents can be eli.minated by
conneeting the point with the centroid of the sy'tem by means of a
rigid braeket and applying to the centroid the forces only. The
centroid will then go through the same displacements as the point
in question.

1.39

In the following eq'\lltions:

r-

~.

z;

and

x,

and

x,

Ay

and

rz

denote the rotations about the

z - axes respectively.

.6.

denote the defleetions in the directions of the

coordinate axes.

z'

are the distances from the centroid to the point

for which the deflection is to be calculated

\
x1,

y' and

RO!ATIONS

= + y.

In yz - plana:

EI

Z"x

In xz - plan e:

EI

t y =+

Z. I lx - X .l lz

In xy - plane:

EI Z:z

=+

X L ly - Y .z lx

lz - z.z l:y

(l)

... .
......

( 2)

...

(.3)

DEFLECI'IONS
( ~ x - z'.

Z: Y + Y' z:z) EI

( .A y - x'

z;

+ z' Z"x)

( ~z - y' . rx +

X1

EI

Z:y) EI

= - Y I !.yx - Z Z Izx
= - Z I Izy - X .Z Ixy
= - X I Ixz - Y.! Iyz

+ X1. Ix

. (4)

+ Y Z Iy

(5)

+ Z I Iz

( 6)

The summations in these equations extend from the fixed end to the point
for which the deflection is to be calculated. Note that equation (2) is
obtained from equation (l) and equation (.3) from equation (2) by permutation of the symbols in sequence x, y and z. Similarl.,v equation ( .5) is
obtained from equation (4) and equation (6) from equation (.5).
The deUections ~ x, ~y a.nd .6 z are due to the forces and moments acting
at the point in question. To obtain its final position add the thermal
expansion between this point and the fixed end.

140

EXAJ1PLE

Ca1culate the disp1acement of point nbn in direction z.

Pipe:

12" Schedule 80

475 in.4

Material Specification:

ASTM A-315
Temperatura

. . . . 1% Chrome, 1/ Zf, Molybdenunt

900 F

Expansion ?.81"/100 ft.

24,500,000 psi

The reaction forces have been calculated separately and are

shown in Figure a1 with signs conforming to the convention of
formulas (1) to (6). The reaction moments are now shown as
they are not needed for the deflaction calculation if the origin o! the coordinate axes is placad at the centroid of the
system C.
Y=+416

X+.,93o* /

40'

Y=-416

Z=-34+9:11

Figure a.

The disp1acement ~z is obtained from equation (6). This equation

contains the rotations rx and Z'y which are obtained from equations (1) and (2) and mu.st be calculated first.

141

It will be noted that these three equations contain the following

shape constants: statical moments, products of inertia and moments of inertia. The moments of inertia Iz from both planes taken
from the stress calculation are:
~

'--

for branch ab 9648

for braneh be 2789)
for branch od 1481)

4270

The statical moments and the products of inertia are also available
from the stress calculation but, for explanatory purpose wil1 be
calculated again.
Procedure

\.

Cut the s.rstem at point b, connect b with the centroid and aPply at the centroid the forces which one side axerts on the other.
The calculation will be made twice, one as a check of the other.
First Calculation
Consider the effect of branches bcd" on branch "ab".

Figure b.

Calculate rotation

z;.

This rotation takes place in the yz - plane in which the projection

of "ab"appears as a point. Its position relativa to the centroid as
obtained from the stress computation is shown in Figure c.

142

ab

40xi.J:. 52'

y~ -0.55'

Figure c.
Ilz

52 x 8,2

I ly

52

EI

X (

= 24,500,000

Solve equation
80,815,972 .

-0 .55)

+426.4
:r

-28.6

X 475 : 144 80,815,972

(1)

rx . . (-416#)
7

"x

426,4 - ( +)449#) (-28.6)

- 0,000974 radians.

ry.

Calculate rotation

This rotation takes place in the xz-plane in which "ab" appears

in full 1ength.
'Z= +.J449*

Figure d.
1x

l"lz

= 40 x 10.1

40 (-10.)6)

= -414.4)
+404

)
)

143
So1ve equation (2):
80,81;;,972 .

rY = +3449f!: C-414.4)

- <-39301) 404

ry = +0.00201 radians
So1ve equation (6):
The .forces are entered in equation (6) l-lith the signs shown in
Figure b namely

X = -3930#

\-

From the projections Figure e and Figure d:

+9.64

Y' = -0.55

.
....

. . . . Figure d

. Figure e

. . . . . Figure d
. Figure e

Ixz=

40 ( -10.36) 10.1 = -4185.

:r,.z=

52 ( -0.5.5) 8.2 = -234.5

Iz

= +34491r

o! "ab" = 9648 (listed in the text .followi.ng Figure a)

[~z- (-0.55).(-0.000974) +9.64 x 0.00201] 80,815,972

- (-393.01)(-418!))- (-416f=)(-ZJ4.!)) +3449#
[.6 z +O. 019711} 80' 815' 972
.AZ

+0.188 .ft.

16,731,350

9648.

.....

(A)

E:xpansion .from 11 a 11 to "b" in z - direction

Total de.flection in z - direction

=
=

o
+2.25"

144

Second Calculation
Consiier the effect of branch "ab" on branches "bcd".
are now opposite to the directions shown in Figure b.

The forces

Y+416

----X=+.J930#

el

Z= -.3449-#

d
e

Figure e.
~.

Calculate rotation

This rotation takes place in the yz-plane.

b-1

r- 0.5"5

+Z

I
J

-;r-

Y=+41~

.l.__

z ::-3,449.#

1
1

- -e

~d
1

~4-

Figure f.

1--+Y

145
--

11z

= 30

( -6.8) +10 ( -21.8) = -422

Lly

=30

(-0.55) + 10

4.45

= +28

So1ve equation (1)

80,815,972

c:x

= +416# (-422) - (-3449if) 28

tx -o.00097 radians (This checks the result of the

first calculation)

t7:

Calculate rotation

This rotation takes place in the xz-p1ane .

!.
f

Figure g.

1 lx 30

!1z

9.64 +13

9.64 414.5

JO (-4.9) +13 (-19.9) = ~5.7

So1ve equation ( 2):

80,81.5,972

ty

=+

t7

(-3449#) 414 .5 -39301/: (-40.5.7)

+0.00201 radians (This checks the result of the

first calculation)

146
So1ve equation (6)
The forces are enterad in equation ( 6) with the signs shown in
Figure e namely

+3930if

+416#

-3449#

From the projections

Ixy

= 30 X 9.64

Iyz

Iz

4270 ( 1isted in the text fo11owing Figure a)

(-4.9) +1J

30 (-0.55) (-6.8) +10

9,64 (-19,9)

= -3910,8

4,45 (-21,8) -856.7

The term at the 1eft side of equation (6) is the same as in the
first ca1culation, see equation (A).
[,Az +0.019711) 80,815,972

-39301 (-3910.8) -4161 (-856.7) + (-34491) 4270

[ t.l z

+O. 019711] . 80. 815.972 +998. 6ol

. z

-o.0074 ft.

-o.o88"

Elcpansion from "d" to "b" in z-irection

equals 7.8111 /100 1 x )0 1

+2,343"

Total deflection in z-direction

+2.255"

147
TABlES OF COMMON SHIJ'ES

The following tables permit determining the reaction !orces and pipe
stresses for the most frequently used common shapes.

They were deve1oped

for the Grinnell Company, Inc. of Providence, R.I. by the author who
herewith expresses his appreciation o their kind permission to reprint
these tab1es from their publication 11 Piping Design and Engineering.
It will be noted that the formulas for the unknowns are identical for
sb.apes consisting of straight branches.
t~ken

Tbey contain a constant "k

frcm the tab1es, the expansion factor

which accounts for the

expansion and the modulus of elasticity at operating temperature, the

d.istance

11

L" in feet as indicated in the Figure and the outside diameter

of the pipe

in inches.

Prob1em 1 of this book demonstrates the exact so1ution of a 90 turn.

The prG>cedure for tabular so1ution of the s.rune prob1em is as foll.ws:

Frau table of 11 EXPANSION FACI'ORS 11 find for 710<7

e

= 47.5

L:h

836 (by interpolation)

in4

= l2.7.5u
= 80:.50 = 1.6

= 198.5#
! : 14.4 X 836 X 47):802 = 89.5#
Expansion stress = 71 x 836 x 12.7.5:80 = 94)0

kx =32

ky : 14.4

kb

= 71

=32

836 X 47.5:8o2

psi

This stress 1.s based on the modulus o:f elasticity in the hot corxiition.
Converting to the co1d modulus the stress is
94)0 x 1.19.5

11,290 psi

148

Result from exact calculation:

1990#

890{/:

Expansion stress based on cold modulus ll,250 psi

The stress obtained from the tabulated stress factors for shapes consisting of straight branches only are those in the straight portion of
the pipe adjacent to e1bows or at the anchorage,depending on where the
maximum bending moment occurs.
In order to find the stress wi thin an e1bow draw the thrust 1ine
through the centroid of the system using the react.ions

~ht.qi..r\ed

tabulated coefficients and sca1e the following dimensions:

from the

distance "a

from thrust line to point farthest away from it and distance "b 11 from
thrust 1ine to e1bow.

The stress in the elbow is the tabulated stress

multiplied by the ratio b:a and by the stress intensification factor of

the particular elbow.

(Short or long radiua elbow.)

EXPANSION FACTORS
Medium
and

Temp.

'7

'"

1-

High
Carbon
steels

Carbon-Moly
Steels and
Low Cr-moly
Steels Thru
J% Cr

Intermedia te
Cr-Holy
Steels
5% to 9% Cr

Austenitie
Stainless
Steel

Straight CTomium
Stainless steel
12 Cr, -17 Cr,
27 Cr

70

lOO

40

40

36

54

3.5

1.50

108

108

96

14.5

93

200

176

176

1.5.5

233

12.5

300

)10

310

271

409

218

400

442

447

)82

.580

)68

.500

.574

.586

.504

7.54

481

600

710

729

62)

917

.586

700

827

867

740

1080

679

800

922

996

8,54

12)2

748

900

972

1107

961

1376

792

9.50

971

114.5

1013

1447

798

1000

967

1183

106)

1.51.5

796

10.50

1189

1107

1.572

778

1100

118.5

1147

1627

7.50

11.50

1101

1176

1670

70.5

1200

1002

120)

1709

6.50

Expansion factor

SXpansion in inches oer lOO ft. x E

1728

lOO

E modulus of elasticity at operating temperature.

150

HOOKED Z SHAPE

J.------'t'------1

F,____. ------------------------~---~-

l_,,h

'------'J

[p

Reacting Force

Fx = kx e L 2 lb

Reacting Force

Fy

Reacting Force
Reacting Force

l p in inches 4

SB

D .
kb e - psi

I p in inches 4

D in inches

L in feet

---

JI

k.

h
l. o

ko

1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8

12.0
17 2
23.0
32.0
42.0

12. o
12.5
13.4
14.4
15.4

36
-6
58
71
85

2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8

54.0
68.3
84.4
103
125

16.6
17.8

3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8

1
1

0.6
0.8

k.

k,

ko

1.18
2.7

1.31
2.2

5.9
9.4

3.3
4.7
6.2
7.7
9 2

13.1
17.3
22.0
26.7
31.4

4.3
7.8
ll 2
15.2

l. O
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8

20.6
22.0

102
120
140
161
184

2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8

24 3
30.0
37.0
45.0
54.0

10.9
13.0
15. 1
17.2
1\J 3

36.4
41.5
46.6
51.7
58.0

150
175
207
237
274

23.5
25.0
26.5
28.0
29.5

2W
234
25\J
287
318

3.0
3 2
3.4
3.6
3.8

64.8
76.0
880
100 O
113.5

21.6
24.0
26.5
2\J.O
31.6

64.8
72 o
7Y.5
87 o

-.0
4.2"
4.4
4.6
4.8

315
356
406
456
510

31.5
33.0
34.6
36.2
37 8

34\J
381
41-t
450
487

4
4
4
4
4

2
4
ti
8

128.7
144
160
178
1\J8

34.5
37.4
40.4
43.4
46.4

103
112
121
130
13!)

5.0
5.2
5.4
5.6
5.8

570
630
700
775
855

3\:1.5
41.2
43.0
H. 7
46.2

.528
5!J

49.4
52.5
55.6
58.7
61.8

148
!57
l7
1ilj
185

!J38
1020
1110
1212
1313

48.2
49 8
51 6
53.4
.)5 o

840
8\J2
!1+-1

1426
1517
1655
1785
1917
2059

56.8
58.6
60.2
61.8
63.6
65.4

V(J7
1050
1104
115Y
121Y
1284

6.0
6 2
6.4
6.6
6.8

kv

ky e L 2 Jb

D .
k b e - ps1
L
D in inches
L in feet
sB

Maximum Bending Stress

:\Iaximum Bending Stress

[p

7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.8
8.0

1
1
1

l\.1.2

1
1

1
1

\J5.0

tilO
ti 52

5 4
5 ti
5 8

219
241
263
286
310

743

ti.O
ti )
ti.4
ti.ti
ti 8

334
360
388
416
H

65.0
68.4
71.8
75 2
78.9

1\J5
205
215
226
23ti

7.0

479
508
540
579
615

82.0
855
89.1
92.7
96.3
100.0

246
257
268
278
289
300

\J
i\JO

~
?

;)

i 2
i 4
i 6

i 8
8 o

653

151

Z SHAPE

F,

_j.Y___

__.o....____--11 ______,.._

F"'

Reacting Force

F 11

= k11 e ---;;
L lb

::\laximum Bending Stress

SB

= kb e

j._"-Fx

t-----=-------fl
Fy

I p in inches4

lE-:

1. 5

-L-
1 h '
1

k.

k.

kb

'

"

1 k.

k,

kz

o' 8

12' 8

11

1.0
' 1.2
1 .4
16 '
1.8

1
1

17.2
22 5
28 3
~35. 041

39. o '

69. o

37.9
37.8
37 7
42' 1
43.2

11 '8

'

61.9
57 8
60 '6 1
66 3 1
72.0!

35

'

15 9
21 o
27

76

\) 2 '

lO 5

34

69
69
69
71
75

1-!4
18
22
30
38

81
88

66

2'J
2Y

66

30
32

33

67
6\)
71

46
57

3.5
38

76
83

12 6
16 o
20
27
34

1
1

kv

23
22
23
24
25
26

41

36 '
37
39

52.8
63 o
76 o
89.0
102

45.7
79.3 ' 50
48 o ' 86 5 ' 60
51.0 1 93.8
71
54.5 1 101.2
83
58.21109.0
96

41
43
46
49 '
53

96

6S

40

90

102
110

79
91

43
-to

97
105

42
51
61
71
82

116
132
14\J
168
188

62.2'
66 o
70 o
74 o 1
78.0 1

116.1
124.5
133 o
1-ll o
149.0

56 1 118
59 1 126
63
134
66 : 143
70
151

104
118
133
149
165

49
51

115
121
128
135
142

92
106
121
136
151

37
39
41

82.0
86.4
90 6
94 8
99.0

157
166
174
183
192

150

!56
l8.'i
. 204
' 223
243

49
51

72
75

157
164
173
182

56
58

288
313
339
365
392

78
81
3.1
88
92

190
198
206
214
223

264
286
310
335
360

61
63
66
68
71

-!22

'15
q8
l02
105
108

232
240
248
256
265

386
-!14
-!43
472
502

76
79
81
84

ko

62

'
'

,
1

k-z

k 11

52
53
55
57

.
'

L
\ Ji

19
20
21
21
22

80
86
92

40
48
58
69
80

24
25
27
29
30

99
107
114
120
127

90

104
118
132
147

32
34
36
38
40

2.0

' 2 '2
i2 4
1

'

2 6
2:8

'3.0
3.2
' 3.4
3.6
3 8

1
1

4.0 ' 210

4.2 235
44 260
4.6 ' 285
4.8 310

'.
1

5.0
5.2
5.4
5 6
5 8

336
364
3!13
425
457

103
107
111
116
120
1

1 6.0 4\H
i 6.2 526
1 6 4 ' 562
1 6.6 1 5\18
11 6 8
633
1

'

124
! 129
' 133
138
142

110
124
140
168
177

8
o

197
219
,j
241
o '263
o ' 287

2 201 4
6 ' 210 o
8 219 5
2 228 o
5 i 237 5
1

73
77 '
81
85 '
88 !

159 " 181

168
201
177
221
186
241
194
263

'
92 i 203

314
341
370
399
430

96
100
104
108

212
221
230
239

1,

,')..!

57
60

63
5n
1)9

27

67

29
31
33
35

73

44

46

133
l-tO
147

53

50

51
52
55
58

63
68

' 1 o
1

!61
168
175
182
189
197

260
281
' 304
329
355

52

205
212
219
227
234

381
408
436
' 465
4!)5

63
65
67
69
72

54

'
'

26
2 8

93

99

3 2

105

3 4

111

46
48
50

3 6

117

3 8

124
130
137
143
150

4 o
. 4 2
i . 4
' 4 6
-t 8

156
163
!69
176
182

.) o
' 5 -t

190
196
203
210
217

6
6
6
6
6

--

.)

5 6

5 8

'

8 1 245 5 . -!61
4 1 254 5 ' -!93
8 263 5 ' 526
2 273 o 561
6 282.0 598

112 248
116
258
120
267
124
276
1?8
285

~.10

478
' 506
! 535

73
1

'

''

O
2
4
6
8

i 70' 670

145 o 287.0 t 636

132' 294
565
lit
274
.533
86
242
526
74
224
1 o
152 o 300 o ; 674
136
303
601
115
282
565
89
248 1 557
76
230
7. 2
7 4 758
156' 5 309 o ' 714
140
312
639
118
290
599
92
256
.588
78 ' 237
7 4
f7.6 1 803
161 .o 319 o : 756
143
321
680
1
122
299
633
94
263
620
81
244
7 6
~ 850
165.5 328 o , 798
148 1 330
724
125
308
668
97
210 , 655
83
250
1 s
~-8_9_8__~1_7_o_.o_L_33_7_._o~84
__o__~1_5_2~~--340
__~~-7_7o_____1_zn__~3_1_7~:_7_o_3__~_99
__~1__27_n__L_69_.4_____ss_____2_5_7___s__o
1

1 2 . 715

1 2 '
1 4
l 6
1 8

2 2
2 4 .

74

44

56
58
61

80
87

42

163
182
201
220
239

!54

1
1

11 8
14
19
24
30

60

ko

-6-o
22155w
8 .5
20 : 56 : o' 8

34

D in inches

65!25!---n-

i 35

D .

L psi

---,---,---11-E!.

-~----r---;---

[p

L in feet

o-;-;~143.0"':83.81----s-51381--91- 73

[p

k:~:e L 2 1b

Reacting Force

152

U SHAPE

~TH

EQUAL TANGENTS

-L .....

-~

~
l.2

k.

3
k,

k.

1.4
1.6
1.8
2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8

12.00
14.85
18.00
21.52
25.32

18.00
20.25
22.50
24.83
27.10

12.5
15.8
19.6
23.4
27.3

3.0
3.2
3.-l
3.6
3.8

29.45
33.9
38.7
43.7
49.1

29.45
31.8
34.1
36.5
38.8

31.2
35.6
40.0
46.1
52.3

4.0
4.2.
4.4
4.6
4.8

54.9
60.8
67.3
73.9
81.0

4111
43.4
45.9
48.2
50.6

58.5
64.7
71.0
79.1
87.2

8.2

2.40 1.20 2.46

3.70 9.25 4.46
5.31 11.37 6.46
7.22 13.53 8.46
9.45 15.75 10.48

Maximum Bending Stress

8B

D in inches

L in feet

D
L

= ko e-

8
:-

~.

kb

k.

10.9
13.6
16.3
19.0

2.52
4.65
6.79
8.93
11.08

21.8
24.9
28.0
31.1
34.2

13.24 24.8
16.6 28.5
20.4 1 32.2
24.4 1 35.9
28.9 39.7

37.4
40.6
43.8
47.0
50.2

33.6
39.0
44.5
50.3
57.0

43.7
47.6
51.6
55.6
59.8

53.6
57.0
60.4
63.8
67.3

64.0
71.1
78.9
87.0
95.8

64.0 69.1
68.2 1 78.1
72.4 87.2
76.6 96.3
80.8 105.4

k,

8.82 2.58
12.0
4.78
15.2
6.98
18.4
9.20
21.6 11.42

k.

kb

k.

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2.67 ~
13.9

9.29 2.64
12.8
4.841
16.3
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19.8
9.o
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9.69
13.3
5.0
17.0
7.4
20.8
9.8
24.7 12.3

13.87
16.9
20.8
25.5
30.6

27.1
31.0
35.3
39.7
44.0

14.4
17.5
21.3
26.2
31.7

28.8
33.4
38.0
42.7
47.5

35.8
41.2
46.9
53.0
60.2

48.7
53.3
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62.8
67.6

37.7
43.7
49.5
57.5
65.5

52.7
58.0
63.3
68.7
74.1

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kb

1o:1l

k.

kb

k.

k,

17.9
22.0
26.1

2.10
5.2
7.7
10.2
12.7

14.9
18.0
22.5
27.5
33.0

30.2
34.8
40.0
45.3
50.7

15.3
18.6
23.8
29.0
34.7

31.2
36.2
4l.i
47.3
53.0

15.53
20.0
25.2
30.7
36.3

i 38.0

43.7
49.5
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15.79 33.2
21.0 38.6
26.3 1 44.4
31.7 1 50.5
37.2 1 56.9

39.3
45.7
52.2
59.5
138.5

56.2
61.7
67.3
73.0
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40.7
48.0
55.5
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59.0
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77.7
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41.9
50.0
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75.2

61.5
67.8
74.2
80.7
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43.0
50.8
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1-1.0
18.1
22.3
26.7

2.73
5.29
7.85
10.41
12.97

10.3
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22.9
27.4

2.75 10.4_l1:o
5.35 14.9 l 1.2
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13.15128.5 1.8

32.3

2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
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3.0.'

1
1

5.0 88.2
5.2 95.9
5.4 103.8
5.6 112.1
5.8 120.7

52.9
55.3
57.7
60.1
62.4

6.0
6.2
6.4
6.6
6.8

129.6
138.8
148.4
158.2
168.4

64,8 141.6 88.4 155.8

67.2 152.4 91.9 1167.2
69.6 ,163.3 i 95.4 179.1
71.9 Jli-1.2 1 98.9 191.0
74.31185.2 1102.41'204.0

7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.8

178.9
189.8
200.9
212.4
224.2

76.7
79.1
81.5
83.8
86.2

8.0
8.2
8.4
8.6
8.8

236.2
248.7
261.5
24.6
287.9

88.6 260.7
91.0 1275.0
93.4 289.3
1
95.81 304
98.2 318

9.0
9.2
9.4
9.6
9.8
10.0

kb

F =k e"'
"'
L2

1p in in ches;

[p

Reacting Force

302
316
330
345
360
375

100.5
102.9
105A
107.7
110.1
112.5

95.3 70.8 104.6 85.2

104.4 1 74.3 )14.0 89.5
113.5 77.8 1123.6 93.9
122.6 81.3 134.0 1 98.3
132.0 84.8 144.6,102.7

196.31106.0
1209.1 109.5
221.9 1113.0
234.7 116.5
247.6 120.0

332
348
!365
381
397
H4

7i.1

3.:<.

84.9
92.2

3.4
3.6
3.8

72.5 73.6 79.7 77.5 85.8 80.9 91.0 84.2 94.-J. 86.6 99.5
i7.5 82.0 85.2 87 .o 92.2 90.4 97.3 95.0 102.0 97.0 107.0
82 ..) 91.0 11 90.8 1 96.5 98.6 1100.5 104.7 106.2 109.6 108.0 11-U
87.5 101.7 96.3 ,106.5 105.0 112.0 111.7 117.8 117.2 120.0 122.8
92.5 112.4 101.9 118.0 111.4 124.2 118.7 129.8 125.0 133.3 131.0

4.0
4.2
4.4
4.6
4.8

114.7
125.0
136.3
1147.6
159.0

97.8
103.0
108.3
113.5
118.8

122.5
134.0
,146.0
1159.0
172.0

171.3
184.0
1198.0
i212.2
1226.4

124.1
129.5
134.\)
140.3
145.7

185.2 138.8
199.0 145.1
1213.0 151.4
228.0 157.7
1
'244.21' 164.0

,_217.0 !129.4 240.7

:230.5 1133.9 256.0
1
244.2 1138.4 1271.5
i259.2 ,142.9 1287.5
274.5,147.411304.3

151.1
156.6
162.1
167.6

107.0
1111.5
1116.0
;120.5
1125.0

63.6
70.6

107.5 130.0
113.7 142.0
120.0 155.0
126.2 169.0
132.51183.0

117.8 136.7
124.5 149.4
131.3 !162.4
138.1 ;177.0
144.9,192.6

125.9 142.5
133.2 157.5
140.6 172.6
148.1 187.0
155.6,202.7

133.0 147.9
141.0 163.0
149.0 '178.5
157.1 194.5
165.2,211.0

139.4
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11156.5
165.2
11173.9

5.0
5.2
5.4
5.6
5.81

197.8
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1228.5
245.0
1
'1262.5

151.8
158.8
165.8
172.9
180.0

209.0
1225.0
241.8
259.5
'279.0

163.3
1171.0
1178.8
186.6
1194.5

219.2
236.0
,253.0
271.0
1292.0

173.5 228.3
1181.8,245.8
1190.2 263.8
198.7 282.8
1207.2 1305

182.6 6.01
191.4 6.2
j200.2,6A
120\U 6.ti
_1218.0 1 6.81

261.8 170.3
:279.8 1176.7
1297.81183.1
1316
189.5

280.7
[299.5
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J33!l.O

187.1
1194.3
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j208.9

:298.7
1319
339
!359

202.5
210.5
j218.5
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1358
381

216.0
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j328
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1
398

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236.6
2+6.3
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7.01
7.21
7.4
7.6

123.5
127 .O
1130.5
1134.0
137.5

1289.8
1305
1320
1336
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152.0
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161.2
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1340
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'377
395

184.1
189.i
195.3
200.9

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1413
11434

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1400
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1445
470

!231.0 +29
1238.5 ;455
1246.0 1480
253.51505

!250.9 1451
(259.2 476
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1275.81529

1268.9
1277.8
l286.7
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1::~:~ ::
1475
502
'.530
1560

:;::: :::

141.0
1144.5
148.0
1151.5
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!367
i384
1402
1-+22
443
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1175.0
179.6
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1188.8
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198.1

1416
437
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206.6
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218.2
224.0
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456
1479
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527
1551
575

235.0
1241.6
'248.2
254.8
1
1261.4
268.2

495
520
545
s7o
596
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'261.0
1268.6
276.2
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291.4
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1284.1
11292.4
301
1309
j317
j326

305
314
323
332
342
351

1590
1620
651

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345

117
750

365
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1556
1584
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559
589
:618
J648
680
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1

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28.5.5
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1305
11315

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8.2
8.4
8.6
8.8

9.0
9.2
9.4
9.f
9.f
10.0

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(

'

U SHAPE WITH TANGENTS

,.

'1

Fy

L,
,~

Fx
L

:a

f"-

1
\-

k,

ko

/p

= kx e 12

Reacting Force

F:::

Reacting Force

F =k11 e -2

::\Iaximum Bending Stress

se

/p

k,

k,

ko

:
k.

11

k,

kb

L)
1
a 1

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k,

kb

10

k,

D in inche,;

L in feet

kb eL

/.

k,

kv

ko

1.0 25 Q5'g:-lz:-.l.-1-1- ! ) 9 ---z.s 1'"'1.4"~---o:- 291~ ---o;j'3Q:~i~~~

12 5
15 1
17 7
20. 4

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7.6.
10"2 1
12 9

1.8
2.2
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3. 1

H 6 1

55

l. 5

1 6
2.1
2"6
3. 1

18"81
23
27.2

8.2
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1.7
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29.9
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36"5

16.5
20"3
241
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4.9

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15.6
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30 ti
35.6

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53

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407

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5 9
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57.0
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40.8
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55

7 3

600

7 1

74"0

7"8

80.0

ti5
76"0

ti9"0
77
86
95"0

7 5

8.2

87
98"0

Oi

2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8

12.4
16.0
197
23 . 4
27.1

1.0
1.2

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1

30 3
41.7
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51.5

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94"0
103

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54"5

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76

o
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104
113

112
121

8 3 :

131

8.7

124
135
84
88
146
92.0 . 157

140
150

9 2
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96
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o 168
o 180

ti ti

8 o
8 4
8 8
9

o
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71.0
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80
85
89.0

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9 6

94.0
99 o
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10 \) ' 108

80

9.1

111
122

9 5
9.9

111

10"4
10 9
11 3

12 7
13 2
13 ti

113

11 8

118
123

1\)9
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127
132

232
248

137

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12 3
12 i
13 1
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103

l 71

10.3
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107
110

UJ3
206
220

234

14

249
264

14 4

147

216

11.1:114
1151117
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228
240

12 3
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125

279

128

15

157

295

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280
2U\J
319
338

ti

ll.i2

357

8"0

252

266

13 1
13 5

132
136

: 312

8"2
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377
3\li'l

13 \) '

1~0

348

14 3 : 143
14" i 1 147

366
384

16 1 167
16 6 ' 172
17 o 176
17 5 ' 181

192
204

8"6

280

295

8.8

309

9.0

323
339
355

9.2
9.4
9.6
9.8
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3l

15" 2
15 6
16"0
16 4

151
156
160
165

387

16.8

169

403

17"3

175

330

1-l 8

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152

186

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11 4

o
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86.0
92
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132
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172
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10

48
56
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72.0

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182

53
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10"8
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4.4
6.4
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10.4

58"0
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72
79"0
86"0

11 i
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17"5
20. 4

1 2 1
1.4
1.6
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30"9

4
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1p in inches 4

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4.7

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292

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14.1
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2 1
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17.2
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33 . 5
39.5

4.0
4.5
4.9
5 "5
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46.5

ti2
71
81. o

6.5
6.9
7.4
7.8
8.3

92.0
105
118
132

8.8
9 3
9 8
10 3

145

10"8

159
172
188

11.3

8.2
11.0

o
o

138
146
154
162

' 206

171

179
186

193
201
208

223

198

204

17. 1

211

17.5 i 251
17 9 1 259

16 6

18 4
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268
277

' 465

19.3

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399
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450
1

103

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111
120

4 4

128
137

4"6 '
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11.7 . 154
12" 1 ! 163
12.6 i 171

476
502

530
561
592

4 2 .

5.0
5.2

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13. o . 180

5 8

13.5

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1-!0

198
208

6 o
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16.0 238
16.4 2,1;
16 8
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17 2 265
17. i 27 4

352

375

192

67 .O j 3.0 .
74.0 ' 3.2
81
3 4
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95.0
3.8

15.5 ' 228

215

1.2
1.4.
1.6
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35.5 1 2.0 1
41.8 ' 2.2
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2"4'
54 rj
2 6 ;
tiLO
2 8'

329

222
229
236
2,!3

15 8
16 2

14.5
15

15 5

186

16 2,
21.0;
25 8 1
30.6 j

242
261
283
306

15 9
16 3
16 7

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420

55

5-l o

9 4 1 115

122
128

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54.ti

116

166
173

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10.31 130

141
14 5

120
133

134
140

ll 8

109

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15 5
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2.9 '. 24 8.
3. 4
29. 5 ~

218

18 2

283

18 6
19

293

19.5

303
313

20.0

324

ti .

6 ti
6 8
7

'i 2
i 4
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8 o
8 2 1
8 4 :
8 6 .

8 8.
9"0.

9. 2 i

9.4
9.6
9.8
10.0

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L%

U SHAPE WITH TANGENTS

., - - -

= 3

/p

Reacting Force

F:r =k:r cL2

Reacting Force

F11 = k11 e L 2

:\laximum Bending Stress

ss = kb e

[p

Fx-fr

-...1--Fx

r~----------~L~-----------1

L
1
;:-

--

1p in inches 4

'

l. o

2. 5
4.0
6.0
8.0
10

o. 7

1.1
1.5
1.8
2.2

9. 3
12.7
16.1
19.5
23

2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8

13
16
20
24
28

2.6
3.1
3.6
4.2
4. 7

26
30
34
39

3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8

33
39
44

k.

_k_.__ l_k_.- __k_.__li_\

3. 2
5.8
8.4
11
H

2.1
2.8
3.5
4.2
4.9

11.8
16.6
21.4
26
31

3. 3
6.0
9.0
11
14

2. 2
2.9
3.6
4.3
5.0

12
17
22
27
32

5.3
5.6
5.9
6.2
6.5

33
39
+t

49
54

18
22
26
31
39

5.6
6.3
7.1
7.8
8.6

36
40

47

17
21
26
31
37

52
59

19
22
28
34
43

5.8
6.6
7.4
8.2
9.0

37
44
50
57
64

50
55
59
64
69

45
51
59
68
77

7 .o
7.9
9.0
10.0
11.2

60
66
72
78
8.3

48
57
65
74
84

9.3
10. o
10.7
11.5
12.2

66
72
79
8\l
93

52
60
70
80
90

9.8
10.5
' 11.1
11.8
12.4

71
78
86
93
100

3
3.
3 .
3 ti .
3.8

111

10.0 . 73
10.6
78
11.3
8.3
11.9
88
12.6
93

87
96
107
118
130

12.4
13.1
13.8
14.5
15.2

89
95
101
108
115

95
107
119
132
145

12.8
13.6
14.3
15.1
15.8

lOO
108
115
122
130

101
115
129
143
157

13.1
13.8
14.5
15.3
16.0

109
117
125
134
142

4.0
4.2
4.4
4.6
4.8

92
96
lOO
105
109

120
131
142
154
166

13.2
13.9
14.5
15.2
15.8

97
102
107
112
117

144
157
170
184
199

16.0
16.7
17.4
18.1
18.8

122
128
134
141
148

160
174
190

138
145
153
161
169

172
188

16.7
17.4
18.1
:1 18.8
19.6

152
161
170
178
187

226

16.5
17.2
17.9
18.7
19.4

5. o
5.2
5.4
5. 6
5. 8

14.2
14.9
15.7
16.4
17.1

114
119
124
129
134

179
191
204
219
234

16.5 121
17 1 . 127
17.8 132
18.5 137
19.1 142

216
231
2-!9
267
285

19.7
20.3
21.0
21.6
22.3

155
161
167
174
181

244
262
280
300
321

20.1
20.7
21.4
22.1
22.9 !

178
185
193
201
209

305
330
353

120.3
1
21.0
21.8
22.6
1 23.4

196
205
215
224
233

6. o
6.2
6. 4
! 6. 6
6.8

208
220
232
246
260

17.8
18.5
19.1
19.8
20.4

139

250
266
282
299
317

19.8

304
323

23.0
23.7
24.4
25.1
25.8

187
194
201
208
215

344

21.2
21.8
22.5

147
152
157
162
167

23.6 : 219
24.2 227
24.8 1 235
25.5 i 242
26.1 i 251

376
403
430
457
485

24.2
: 24.9
25.6
26.2
26.9

243
253
263
273
283

7.0
7. 2
7.4
7.6
7.8

276
290
305
321
338

21.1
21.8
22.5
23.2
23.9

23.2
23.9
24.6
25.2
25.9

172
177
182
187
1\J2

410
432
455
480
506

26.5

222
230
237

464

513
542
573
637

27.6 . 294
303
28.3
313
29.0
323
29.7
333
30.4

8.0
8.2
8 . .
. 8.6
8.8

355
372
389

24.6
25.3
25.9
26.6
27.2
27.9

26.6

197
203
209
214
219
224

532

669
703
738
774
810
845

343
31.1
353
31.7
363
32.4
373
33.0
33.7
38.3
34.3 . 395

9.0
9.2
9

4.0
4.6
5.2
5.8
6.4

35
38
41

43

15
18
21
26
31

50
56

5.2
5.8.
6.3
6.9
7.5

47
51
55
59
64

38
44
51
59
67

7.0
7.6
8.2
8.8
9.4

4.0
4.2
4.4
4.6
4.8

62
69
76
84
92

8.1
8.7
9.3
9.9
10.6

68
73
78
82
87

73
82
92
102

5.0
5.2
5.4
5.6
5.8

101
llO
119
129
139

11.2
11.8
12.4
13.0
13.6

6.0
6.2
o. 4
6.6
! 6.8

148
159
170
181
194

9.0
9.2
9.4
9.6
9.8
10.0

k.

11.4
15.6
20
25
29

10.2
15
20
25
30

2. o
2.6
3.3
3.9
4.6

l. 4
1.9
2.4
2.9
3.5

8.0
8.2
8. 4
8. 6
8.8

3_ . 1
4.0
7.0
10
13

2. 8
4.0
6.0
9.0
12

---;Li

10

!------.,--- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -------:--- __ ,

'

1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8

7.0
7.2
7.4
7.6
7.8

D in inches

L in feet

~~ _k_.__ _k_._l_k_.__k_.__:_l_k__[_k_._,_:_:_k_._1 k.
1

D
L

406

423
440

1-H
149
155
159
163
1G8

173
178

335
354
373
392

18.3

411

18.8
192
197

430
450
470
491
513
.538

202
207
212

+t

20.5

27.3
27.9

28.6
2\J.3
.1 30.0

'

3-H
365
387

560

58.8
ti19

649
680

208

367
390
-!13

438

46

251

574

26.7 i 260
27.5 ' 268
28.2 1 277
29.0 286
29.7 294

30.2 258
31. o 265
31.8 1 273
. 32.6 ! 281
33.41289
34.2 298

604
634
665
697
730
765

30.5
31.2
32.0
32.7
33.4
34.2

27.2

27.9
28.6
29.3

2-!4

490
i

~l~

303
312
321
330
339
348

205
222
241
262
283

605

l. o \

1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8

2.0
22
. 2.4
2.6
28

. ~.
: 9.
10.0

155

U SHAPE WITH TANGENTS

bJF,

Lr

-1

Fx --~------...1

~-1
L

k.

1.2
1.4

o8

1.8

2.6
4.5
ti .1~
8.9
11.2

1.3
1.8
2.3
2.7

9.7
11. o
15.0
19.0
23 o

2.0
2.2
2.4
2.ti
2.8

13.5
17.5
21.5
25.5
297

3.2
3.8
4 5
5 1
5.8

3.0
3.2
3 4
3.ti
3.8

34.2
404
47
52
59

4.0
4.2
4.4
4.6
4.8

66
72

ko

k.

--1-

--10.8
15
19
23
27

k.

lti. 3
20
25
30
36

5.4
6.3
7 2
8 o
8 9

31
35
40
45

18
22

50

40

6 4
7 1
7 8
8.5
9 2

.)1
.)6
1
ti6
71

43

~~ 8
10.ti
11 5
12.3 1
13 2 .

55
5\J

56

ti9
74

65
74
83

10.0
10.8

76
81
86
\J1
\Jt:i

111
122

14. 1
15. o
15 9
16 8
17 i

79
84
8!!
94

133
lH
1.')7
171
185

18.5
1\J .f
20 3
21 1
22 o :

104
109
1l.f
11\l
125

129
135
1-!0
146
152

199
215
230
245
260

~)
131
23.8 . l31i
24 7 1-!1
25 5 146
26 . 151

234
251
2ti9
288

276

12.4
13 2

5ti
64
72
81
~l()

lOO

5.0
5.2
5.4
5 ti
5.8

107
117
127
137
148

ti.O
6.2
ti 4
6.li
ti S

159
170
181
194
208

18 o
18 \.)
19.7
20.6
21 5

222

158
163
169
175
181

311

3:JO

27 4
28.3
292
30.1
31 o

k,

k.

2.4
3 2
4.0
4.8
5 6

D in inches

--

10
ko

k,

1221-----s5

ko

12 5
17. ti
22.8
28.0
33.2
38.6
45 2
52
58
65

2 o
2.2
2 4
2 (j
2 8

-')

88
\!ti
104

3.0
3 2
3 4
3 ti
3.8

1-

17 1
22.1
27 1
32

9
12
1()

2.5
3.4
4.2
5.0
5.8

20
24
30
37
45

6.7
7.6
8.4
9.3
102
11.0
11.9
12.8
13.7
1~ ti

ti. 2

ii

-1.0
12
1 4
1.ti
1.8

6.2
7 .O
7.9
8.8
\) 6

35
40
4ti
51

19
23
29
36
43

ti 5
7.4
8 3
9.1
10. o

37
-13
49
56
62

10.5
11.4
12.3
13 1
14.0 1

ti3
69

52

75

iO

81
87

80

ti8
75
82
89
96

54
ti3
72
82

90

lO. 9
11.8
12.7
13.ti
14.5

93
104
116
128
141

15. o
15 8
16 7
17 ti
18 5

93

102
113
126
140
155

15.5
16.4
17 2
18.1
18.9

104
111
118
126
133

108
123
138
153
1ti8

15 7 112
16 5 : 121
17 4 130
18 3 ! 138
19 2 ! 147

4.0
4.2
4.4
4.6
4.8

154
168
183

l\J4
20 3
21 2
22.2
23.1

125
132
139
146
153

170
185
201
219
238

19 8
20.7
21.6
22.4
23.3

1-12
150
158
166
174

183
200
218
23

5.0
5.2

~a

20 1 ' 155
21 o lti.f
21 \.) 173
22.8 l 182
23 7 Ul1

309

24 o
24.9
25.9
26.8
27.8

160
167
174
181
188

2.58
277
Z!l6
316
340

24.2
25 1
26.0
26.9
27.9

182
191
1\J9
208
216

278
2\J9
321
34ti
371

24
25
2ti
27
28

156
161
166
171
177

330
351
372
393
.U5

28 i
29 4
302
31 o
31 8

195
202
208
215
221

367
38\)
412
-!3ti
.fti3

28 8
30 ..
1 31 2
; 32 o

225
233
241
2+!1
wul

399
-!27
-!55
-!83
.)11

2!) 2
300
309
31 7
32 ti

228
235
241
248
255

4\JO
51\J
5-!8
578
ti08

32 8
33 7
34 6
35 5
3U.4

2ti5
27-l
283
2\J2
301

5-!0
570
ti03
637
li73

262
268
275
282
288
296

640
672
704
. 736
1 768

37.4 310
38.1 318
38.9 326
39.7 33-l
40.5 3-t2
-!1 3 'i 351

710

6-i

22.

ll

14

?~

~
33

48

200

217

57

187
192
198
20-l
210

370
3!10
HO
-!30
-151

32 o
32.8
33 7
34.6
35"
.o

184
189
194
199
204

437
-!60
484
510
536

32
33
34
35
36

9.0
9.2
9.4
9.6
\) 8

382

31 4
32 3
33 2
34. 1
350
3ti. o

216
222
228
234
240
246

-ti3
496
51\)
542
566
590

36.3
37 2
38 1
139
40.0o
-!l. o

209

562
500
615
645
680
710

37.0
37 8
38 7
39 6
40 4 1
41.3 .

L in ieet

D
kb e-

4
209
25.5
30

27.0
27 \)
28 8
29.7
30.6

10.0

SB =

296
313
330
347
364

41~)

Maximurn Bending Stress

[p

3 11
39.
4 i
5 4

52
8

8.0
8 2
8.4
8.o
8.8

-!38
457
-!76

F 11 =k 11 eL2

6
9
12
15

236
250
264
279

400

Reacting Force

kb

k.

22 4
23.2
24.2
25 1
26.0

330

F, =k, eL2

7 o
i 2
7 ..
7 ti
7 8

2~)3

[p

Reacting Force

----- ---3.4
2 3
11 8
3.2

:.!8 5
33 o
37 5
-120
4ti 5

1
14.0 : 102
14 8 107
15 \) 112
16 4 117
17 2 123

'

ko

1.85
2.5
3. 3
4.0
4.7

t\!

2.9
5 o
i 7
105
13.3

ll ti

80

88
97

k.

[p in inches 4

k.

1.6

-1.0

~
L2

214
219
224
229

235

..
3
1

tO

99

106
112
118
1

800

~J.ti

\H

)-

')-

7-t7

784
821
858
i

-<!16

80

200

5
5

ZO'J

-! 21!!
3 22\J
2 : 23\.1
!

5 .f
5.6

,) 8

ti.O
ti 2
ti .f
li.ti
ti 8

249
259
21.)9
279
289

i o

33 ..
3-! 3
35 2
3ti.O
36 \)

299
JO<cl
31\l
330
3-!l

.s o
S li
8.8

3'L 8

352
3(i2
372
382
392
403

o
2
\) 4
\)ti
!l 8
lO O

386

3\l 5
-+0 3
-11 2
-!2 o

)
~

7 .
7 (j
7 8
"8 2-!

~~
~)

156

U SHAPE WITH SINGLE TANGENT

o
Reacting Force

[p

F,

kx e L 2

Reacting Force
:\Iaximum Bending Stress

L.

[pin

inches 4

D in inches

L in feet

Fy

f--

1.5

a
1
1

;--

k.

k.

k.

k.

k.

k.

k.

k.

l. 41

11.3
15
20
25

3.3
6
9
12
16

2.3
3 5
-L8
6.0
7.2

1.0
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8

2.63
4.0
6.0
8.0
11.0

0.75
l. 27
l. 79
2.31
2.83

10.5
15 o
19.5
24.0
28.5

2.8
4.8
7
9
12

2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8

14.5
18"
22
26
32

3.4
4.2
5.0
5.9
6.8

33.6
39
46

16
20
24

53

30

3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8

39
45
51
59
69

8.8
9.9
ll.O
12.0

4.0
4.2
4.4
4.6
4.8

79
89
lOO
111
124

13.5
15 o
16.5
18.0
19.9

5.0
5.2
5.4
5.6
5.8

139
152
lti5
179
1\J3

2.28
3. 15
4.0
4.9

30

60

37

5.8
7.1
8.4
9.8
11.0

67
74
81
89
98

45
52
60
70
80

12.4
14.1
15.8
17 5
19

99
109

53
62
71
81
94

108
118
128
138
148

91
102
ll4
128
142

21
23
25
27
29

120
130
140
151
162

108
121
135
150
1ti7

21.8
23 1
24 4
25.7
27 o

159
ltiY
179
18\J

156
171
188
206
225

31
33
36
38
40

173
185
197
209
221

185
203
221
240
260

209
225
242
261
281

28 5
30 2
31.9
33.6
35.4

209

43
45
48
50
53

233
24ti
259
272
285

280
305330
355
380

37.3
39 2
41 1
43 o
45 o

.j.'j

7.4
7.6
7.8

302
322
342
364
387

28Y
301
313

66

299
313
327
341
335

406
435
-!64
-t93
523

62
65
67
70
72

8.0
8 2
8 4
8.6
8.8

411
439
468
497
526

4o s
4\) o
51 2
53
55

326
340
355
370
384

6!)
71
74

370
383
396

''
79

422

553
587
1)21
656
691

75
78
80
83
85

! 9.0

555
586
617
649
681
714

58
60
63
65
67
70

398
412
426

435
451
468
-!85
502
522

726
765
805
845
885
925

88
91
94
97
100
103

'

---
L '

i h

1~~\

7.7

1
1

1
1

19\l

38
44
50
58
66

20
25
30
36
44

8.4
10.0
11.5
13.0
14.5

75
82

16
18
20
22
24

90

k.

3.6
6.0
9.0
12. o
16.5

2.7
3.9
5.1
6.3
7.5

42

21.3
28

8.8
10.5
12. 1
13.8
15.5

40
48
55
62
69

2 o
2. 2
2 4
2.6
2.8

77
85
93
101
110

3 ('
3
3 ..
3.6
3.8

118
127
136
145
154

4.0
4 2 i
4.4
4 6
4.8 i

34

40
-!9

6.0
6.2
ti.4
ti.6
6.8
7.0
-1. ?~

9.2
9.4
9.6
!
9.8
1 10.0

'

244
263
283
305
329

220
231
242
253
266

_,'

?--

440

455
470

1
1

355
378
403
430
460

58
60
63

491
520
550
580
610
640
679
718
757
797
837

82
85
88

92
95
99

409

i
1

12
14
1.6
1.8

87
96
105
114

103

17.2
19.0
21.0
23.0
24.6

26
28
30
33
35

124
13-!
144
154
104

117
131
147
164
181

26.5
29
31
33
35

37
39
H

43
45

174
183
193
203
213

1\18
218
238
259
280

37
39
41
43
46

163
173
182
192
201

5.0
5 2
5 4
5 ti
5 8

47
50
53
56
59

223
236
2-!Y
262
275

302
324
347
371
3~17

48
51
52
54
56

211
220
229
238
247

ti o '
6 2 .
6 4
6 6 ;
6.8

286
2\19
311
323
335

425
-t53
481
510
541

58
61
63
65
68

257
267
277
287
297

7 o
7 4
7.6
7 S

347
359
371
383
395

574
609
tj44
679
714

70
73
75
77
80

308
318
329
341
350

8 o'
8.2
8.4
8.6 !
8 8

409
421
434
i 447
461
476

750
788
826
864
002
940

82

361
371
381
391
401
411

7i

59
69
80
\H

'

12.5
18.3
24.1
30
36
49
56
63
70

13.0
18.4
23.8
29.2
34.6

llol
i

85

87
89
92
94

-1 ?~

9.0
9.2
9 4
9 ,
9
10. \r

...
157

U SHAPE-EQUAL LEGS
1

k.

o 03i

0.2
0.3
0.4
o5
0.6
O.
0.8
0.9

r.

k.

0.6li
1.308
2.232
3.370
4.580
6.430
8.110
10.39

0.1165
0.256
0.469
O.65
1.191
1.68
2.38

12.00
16.74
22.26
28.56
35.52

1.0
1.2
1 4
1.6
1 8

3.00
4.88
7.37
10.55
14.48

2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2.8

19 2
24.6
31.4
39.2
48.0

3.0
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8

5.8
69.1
82 2
95 6
111 o

92.64
104 5
1182
130.8
138.4

4.0
4.2
4.4
4.6
4.8

128.1
147.0
166.6
189 o
213 o

160.0
176 1
192.0
208.8
22i.4

5.0
5 2

239.0
266.0

246.0
264.0

F x - - -...

43.20
52.32
60 72
70.56
81.24

Reacting Force

D .
sa = kb e - ps1
L

l\Iaximum Bending Stress

[p in inches 4

D in inches

L in feet

U SHAPE-MODIFffiD

Reacting Force

Reacting Force

:.Iaximum Bending Stress

sa

D
kb e L

F,.......i-.

:a .....
L

k.

1
1.2
,_

2 62
3.32

o 51
o 69

1.5
2
3
6

4. 17
5.46
7.20
9.30

1
2
4
7

D in inches

L in feet

I p in inche:o'

k,

"

26
66
70
tiO

k,

k,

k.

k.

lO -+5
14 l
13 8
17 3
222
28.i

k,

k.

k.

k,

k,

2 28
2.79

12.6
17 6

o -+2

145
1i 3
22 o
28 2

2 63
3 38

o i.)

4. 12
5 50

15
2 GO
4 70
7 i5

9'

l 01
l

lO

33
1

10 .10
14 45

2 82
3 69

l .u
l 85

11 2
16 5

3 30
4 3i

13
17
21
28

4 12

5 30
7 08
940

13 3
16 1
21 3
28.2

...j

o 86

1
2H
! .. 65
i 87

5 6
i 3

9.4

1
1

uon
oi F,R !
Force
:-.

i
'

2 14
4.50
i i 66

158

U SHAPE UNEQUAL LEGS

Reacting Force

lp
F:r: = kx e L 2

Reacting Force

F11 =k11 eLz

::Vlaximum Bending Stress

SB

I p in inches4

!p

kb eL

D in inches

L in feet

Fy

: h

h i

~ -----;--4_1_3---:--- -----...,...-2--.,-----! ----:--3--,..-----1----...,...---..,-,_ _ ,_-_11_,

1

__:_J
r-i2
1

i o. 4
i o. 6
1

0.8

11 l. o

0.07

o 60

l. 15
2.4

kv
0.6
o. 7
o. 8
0.9

1.5
3 o
5. 8
9.5

k.
0.29
o 75
l. 9
3.6

3. o
3 6
4 2
4. 8
5. 4

21
29
39

8
10
15

50

22

62

32

4. 9
5. 7
6. 5
7. 3
8. 1

6.0
6.6
7 3
8.0
9.0

75
90
106
123
142

44
57
71
87
105

9.0
10.0
ll.O
12.5
13.5

88
104
121
140
162
185
209

7
8
11
15

ok. "3
v

1.4
2. 7
4.8

k-l--k1-1_'
3.4
3. 5
13
3. 8
15
4.4
20

il _ _

254

23

3.0
3.2
3.4
3. 6
3.8

24

331

4 .O

380

292
332
378

414

428

450
486

481
537

160

5.2

10.0
lO 5
11 .5
12
13

162
183
206
230
255

128
151
178
208
240

15
16
17
19
2Q

184
210
239
271

5.7
6.1
6.5
6.9
7.3

222

278
318

21

23

318
349

335

361

365

445

410
461
512

24
25

334

14
15
16
17
18
19

280
307

311

239
273
310
351
398

303

336

7.i

396

428

26
28

0.8

193
219
246
273
301

110
130
152
178
206

288

17
19
20

124
H2
160
180
201
244
266

o. 4
o. 6

135
160
189
220

3.8
4.1
4 4

4.0
4.2
4.4
4.6
4.8

92
110
129
150
171

81
99
118
138

26
34
43
56
72

60

75
94
1

233
1

16
18
23

ll.O 1
12 o :
13.0 ,.
14.5 .
16
1

3.0
3.2

4 8

47

37
48
60
75
91

3. 4

1!

l. 2
l .4
1
1.6
! l. 8 .

58
68
80
93
108

'

2.3
2.6
2.9
3 2
3.5

--14-~

38
49
62
76

27
35
43
52
65

l. 5
3. 2
5.7

k.
4.6
4. 8
5. o
5.5

29

2.0
2.2
2.4
2.6
2. 8

6. o
7. o
8. o 1
9. o 1
10 o 1

2.1

l.li

ok. 1>9

9
12
18
26
35

16
21
28
36
45

3.6
3. 8

6. 2
8
11
18
27

kv
1.8
2. o
2. 2
2.5

4. 3
6
9
13
19

: 1.2
1 4
1.6
l. 8

l. 2
l .4
l. 6
l. 9

1
"

259
288
11

114

22

26
28
29

1~

l. o

2.0
2 2 .
2.4
2 6
2 8
1

362

4.2

396
432
469
506

4.4

4.6
4.8
5.0

:.5'}

TWO PLANE U

\L

').

~.

l
C"""

'.

r.

[p

Reacting Force

F.=
k"' e~
Lz lb

Bending Stress

sB

= ko e -

Torsional Stress
I p in inches!

\-

St

.
psi

D .
k t e- psi
L

L in feet

D in inches

Where no va.lue ior k, is listed the torsional stress is

negligible

ri

\.....

XoTE: Letters indicate location of maximum combined stress.

..

o 50
---,----..,----1
kb

/
1

2
3

o 050
o 055
o 058
o 060

:
'

10

o 62 ' o 27
B
o 67 1o 31
o ~21 o 34
B
'
o. 76 1 o 36

1 90

0.0647 0.84

2 32

2 40

255

:3

1 24

'1
1
k; i

k,

1 54

.\

7 09

.\

l 73

.-\

o 75

1 53

4 75

1 . i2

5 65
B

1 86

6 34

6 36

11>

6 5

7 70

~-

10 5

8 i .

15 6

6 95

7 40

2 16

7 80

0.40 J2.741 2.28

8. 40

1
1

kb
.\

2. 05

1111

9. 12

7 65
1

12. 9

16 6

20

k,

kr

k;

11

11 8

i 228 2
1

23. 4

2~~ 2

11

o i 2t 8

6> 11 19. 5
9" 7 127.7
2

34 5

11

~>

3~-7

37.2

3280
35.4

44.7: 4489
49.0 j 51 4

28. o

29 . 5

37a 6
40 . 6

.\

9. 8

24.5
26.5

11

t4

2 26j

400~448 6

1 224128 4

-~

o 651

o 1 22. o 11 12

10 211 198 3
10 9
21 .0

18~ 9

i 2~>

8 lO

955, rt'6

208

11
1 k. 1

1 99

-~

t2

4 40 j1

2 69 1 2 22
'

.
3 31

~
h

k,

------------:-----

3 43

o 06351 o ~1 1 o 39
o.0641' o 825/ o 396
B

~4

k,

.-\

1 75

1 -!2 i O. 70

!
0.063i08Qj038
i

o. 55 o 195

l.
'

kv
k;

-----1

o 061 o 78 o 37
1

0.25

o 521

t -1

1
1

16. o 5

>
12.-\0
1

1'

61!

7
8

1,,

:: 4 ,1 568o
vv 6
59. 3
1

:
1

160

TWO PLANE U-WITH TANGENTS

lp

Reacting Force

F =k e- ps1

Bending Stress

ss

Torsional Stress

D
se = ke e - psi
L

I p in inche

"'

"'

L2
D

kb e L

L in feet

D in inches

Where no value for k 1 is listed the torsional stress is

negligible
~OTE:

Letters indicate location of maximum combned stress.

L1a = 2
---,-----------,-------------,-------------,-------------,-------------,------------~---
1
1

o 25

:; --

o5

1--
k,

ko

k,

1 0.20 \63
0.28 2.04

ko

! k,

k,

1
4.810.43

1.23

DID

ko

k,

k,

1.26

2~96

1.:1

3.77

7.94 1.72

k.

5.70 10~6 . 1.~

13.3 11;0

1.10

6~oo

7.oo 13~o

19.6119; 1

o.34 2. 27
1 0
0.3512.:2

1.81

6.25

7.86 14.3

0.36

1.89 6:40

8.50 15:0

28.512~.2

0.37 2.38

1.95

8.96 15.6

31.6j28.5

0.38 2.40

2.00

2.04,. 6.651

10

0.39,2.43

2.08

9 80,16.3

2
A

2!.5

2~32

2:4

\.86

35.6

3:.4,

\40

40.0

29.6

7.20

51.0

36.5

4:77 50.7

3t6

9:58

66.7

~.0

6. 76
9:28

4.48 59.0 35.4

9.38

81.8

42.2 11.8

66.6

40.0
D

3.94 73.4
D

38 o j32.6

16.0

21.0

9.3

2~76

4.21

36.3 31.6

1.07

220

ID

6.75

k,

0
5 15 28.8
0 1
4.97

34.2 30.4

9.58 16.0

3 15 18.2

8.45 15.0

24.4 j23.0

9.30 15.9

0.38 2.42

LH

6.60,

1.40

lA

5~62 o.30

k.

b:

-
~

1---,-----,-k,
ko
k,

6.95j13.0

DID

6.50

k,

1.....

1.53

2.:6

k,

-1~-A------A------A---~
1.89 :5
A
1.91 :6
A
2.0
~.7
11

3 0.32 2.;5
4

---D-~-00.64 2~79 0.:1

--0-

k,

!
'

43.1
D

3.70 79.0

45.9

9.20

95.5

D
D

48.1 14.3
D

8.70 119

43.2 14.2
O

9.00 108

10

52.5 14.1

Lla - 4

025

1 ,

os

ii
f
------.----~ -1-----r~

k, 1 ko

k,

k,

ID

'

0.6713.20

1.22

iD

i 2

3
4
5

1.3515.80
o
1.70 7.00

iA

4.35,0.30
O

k,

1.67

2.15 8.13

2.23 8.30

2.26 8.36

0.15

k;

2.0

e
6.3

740

36 2 30c0

8.94 18.8
o
9.72 20~2
10.3

21.1

2. 09 21.3

1.89 27.8
o:
1.69133 3

31.4
o
37 0

37.8
41.4

45.0

44.4
46.8

i:o

7 70

85.7

50.6

ko

2.15

e
7.0

k,

k.

ko /

24.2

17.7
e
28.5

26.6

e
7.4
e
19.0
e
31.6

44.5

3~.5

48.5

~.0

2.23

ll.O

e
68.4 49.0
e
95.5 56;0

11.3

k.

10.5

41.6

48.6

15.0
e
24.0

52.6; 31.0 17.3

'o
o
69.5 40;5 19~2

11.0

k,

i.i5
o

10.7

9.3

24~5

7.84 169

110

5.2

k,

21.2

1 :

k,

6.55

2.17 8.14

ko

4.30 9.96j2.45 6.96 11.0

o '1 o
o
6.23 13.8 2.28 14.0 16.5

2.01' 7.75
1
o
2.098. 00

1.8817D44

k,

ko

76.3
109

k, /

l,i
1

2
3
1'

e
56.0
e

6~.0

4
5

7 14 100
D

6.80 113
D

6.45 127

49.4 20.3
D

125

57. 1 20. 8 155

D
D

186

171.5 21.3 216

6.75 145
D

60 . 2 34. 5
D

64. o 21.3

63.6

71.0 36.8
D

184

226

82.8 38.8

269

76.6 5.66 7
e
e
85.4 7.42, 8
e
e
93.5 9.35 9
e
e
101
11. 7
10

TWO PLANE U-WITH TANGENTS

lp

Reacting Force

Fr =kr e -lb
LZ

Bending Stress

ss

D .
= k0 e L psi

Torsional Stress

s1

.D

1p in inches 4

k 1 e L psi

L in feet

D in inches

Where no value for kt is listed t.hP t.orsional stress is

negligible
NOTE: Letters indicate location of maxmuru combmed stress.
-

L/a ""6

r.

la

0.25

i b .....

0.5

ir:' h -=--1-kb _k.

11

k.

k,

k.

k,

- - - - - - - - - -e1 - A

1.00 1 3 D34 1.16

1.50
D
D
D
2. 79 8 58 1.50 5.86
D
1 D
4.06,1200 1.39 11.15

2
1

3
4
5
6
7
8

4.81,14.0
. D
5.44115.6

15.95

5.65 16DO
' D
5.89,16/

23.0

10

l. 90

9.7
D
18.5
D
25.0
D
33.0
D
35.0
D
38.3
D
40.8
D
42.5

4.10

25.4
27.3
28.6
29.8

2 2

19.5

26.1
16.4 10.7
D
D
47.4
27.0 13.7
D
D
t3.9
38.1115.7
D 1 D
49.3 17.0 104
D
D
59.5 18.0 137

29.3

45.0

k.

+--

2.38

85.0

43.0

60.0

60.0

D
72.0 42.50 220
D
D
86.5
45/51274
D
100.5 48.25 330
D

5,

i7.5

138

95.0

61

1100

189

113

71

lu~e

248

131

8:

148

91

174

1 84.0

e
77.0

94.4

125

68.0

1-

30.8

68.6

53.7

b
,_

12.35 26.0

56.7

8 5

54.2

37.7

68.6 18.3 173

D
D
76.5 18.25 209
D
D
84.0 18.15 244

~
e

32.2

2.32\ ~-1
11.8 22.0

7.5

10.7

k.

' e

8.65 14.3

k,

k,
k,
------ ------ -----~

k.

6.1

5.12 19.3
D
5.45 32.6
D
5.44 46.7
D
60.9
1 5.18
D
4.87 74.0
D
4.59 86.0
D
4.29 96.6
D
D
44.2 1 4.02 106

19.9

6.06116"7
6.22 17.0
D
6.3117.2

4.7

128

312

137.5 8.9 382

163.5 7.4

10

L!a =- 8

~b

0.25

..... !,

1~
~

0.5

-~b

1
1

' k, j k. 1i k., 1 k, 1' k,

1
i k;
k; : le,
k.
k;
k,
k,
k.
k,
k,
k,
L
-1---------~-----------------------------

k.

kb

l. 22

4 .2

1 2

4.10 10.0

1
1

3
4

6. 75 15.8
j

8.75 20.0
D
10.2 '23.0

ll.O

1
1

l. 69

e
l
5 20
1

Do

2.57

7 2

2. 79 15 1
o

19.0

2.62 23.4

7
1

11.8
12.3

z/o

7.84

29.0 1 9 2
DjD
31.6 ! 38 6 1 9 7
46 8 10 1
0
D
54.0 10 1
1

9.9

5t.6
D
64.0

50.0

12.7

27.8

54.0

1a.o

284

57.3

98
D
9.4

e
8. 3

2. 32

17.5

23 2
40 9
61.8

28.4
e

39.0
D
D
39 6 23.0

11.9

24.5

29.6

40.5
e

55.5

57.0

107
130
152

6;5 1 905,175

12.81 28

73.0

32.6
60.0

3t2 225
D
D
95.5 31.9 279

w~5,336l335

i 47

67

e
1

13.3

31.5

34.3
65.9

le

53

75

108

96

149.5 1107
je
206
1129

161

u8

210

!14~

225

118
e
143

299

16S

!1~

342

1168

390

194

145

1406 uw

475

218

89.0
e
104
1

101

e9 . o

186

53.5 26.3 128

D
D
67 2 28.9 174

s~ 1

2. 5

le

88.8

le8. 8
.e

oD

84.0

2 . 44

45.0

6. 3
e

Dio

38.7

!'

l. 8

olo

25.0
D
26.0

oo
9 36 5.60

[e

ie

e
6

e
1

10

162

THREE DIMENSIONAL 90 TURNS

Bending Stress

= k
.b

s8

Torsional Stress

sr

F 11

k11 e L~ lb

Lt
-=m
Lo

Reacting Force

F,

k, e L lb

Reacting :.roment

.1!xy

kxy .

e . - ft. lb.
La

Reacting :.Ioment

JI zz

= kxz

e - ft. lb.
La

k1 e -

Reacting :.roment

JI yz

= kyz

e - ft. lb.
L3

psi

La

[p

[p

[p

[p

[p

Reacting Force

i,

Reacting Force

D .)
e -L ps1 j
3

[p

L1 ~ L3

Fx

k, e L~ lb

I p in inches 4

D in inches

L in feet

rn=l

m=2

_n_ __k_~__ _ k_,-1~1~\-k_,_ ~~~~ k., k. k, k, 1 k, k, 1 k,. k.. j k 1 n :

1
0 2530~24 o.'"95 8.56 8.561 3.2
4.9
0.31 ~141,40 2.09 i~l2.75 ~~ 0.60 1 0.740.251
1
---,--.--,-.--~.--,-,--,-~--~~----~~--

.\

<k D

3.78

.\.

.tr: D

.\.

21 26 7

\. & D

4
1

1.11

.\.&0

....

_-'-.kD

A.JID

,o.o

2.43

1
1

.-\.tr:D

.1-.t:D

79.2
8's".2

2.70
0
2"."-, 6

lo
97.0

.\

2.5

0.55

2.131' 22.14
A

4.8

2.0

0.55

2.53

1.20

1.40

6.4

0.9

o 37

4.101 13.50

o 94

o 9 ~ 7 9

o. 8

o. 58

66

O.i4

9.5

O 64

O 65

7.2

210

0.55

O 72

8.6

25 3

o 53 112.6

0.47

0.47 114.1

0.48

0.77

10.2

29.4

0.43

0.81

11.6

33.5

0.42
O. 38

o'

0.35

0.42 115.7
O. 38 .117. 2

0.39 0.91
O. 35 , O. 93

3.33

3.5

'

1.10 '. 1.11 o 751

l

2.00

2.8

2.06

1.0

2 . 38

o. 70 1 o 66

l. 66

'

,1.12

1,

1.14

0.661 1.30

o . 85

10391

0.65

0.21

2.72

0.56. 0.68

2.01

4:

O 52

O 17

3.10

0.45

0.63

2.38

3 43

0.39

0.68

2.76

3 791

o 35

0.72

3.13

4.16! 0.32
1
'
o 09314.501
o 28

o 75

3.50

0.76

3.84

i
1

0.51

o 51

0.063

0.44

o 14

o 39

0.12

0.35

0.11

'

'41 4

10.53'
1

o 29

1 o 42

1370.6

1.01 o.501

0.98

3.70

/1.01

0.42 1 1.27\0.45

14.6

,1

5.0

'

4.78,1.2912.00

.\

13.2

1
1

6.92 !1.82 1.95

o 45 ~

l 7 34

O 62\11 O

0.53

0.74

180.12 1130361

0.!)2

2.80

2.31

1.8213o'54[3.'03

2.80

A.t:D

2.17

"11 61.0
'"0

0.45

~ ..6~
1.98

5 152.2

3.7

.\ <k D

3~ .. 5
0
43.4

o11:

4.0

3.7814, .4

A .. D

19 20 11.68
1
1

5.25

1.66

\<kO

5.25

A <k D

o 75119.62

8
9

2'2~40 1.36

o so

!,

0.31

'

o 35 18 8
o 33 o 95 16.1
45.5 1 0.60
0.29: 0.085i 4.84
0.27: 0.80; 4.20 i 10
m=3
m=4
---.--~~~~~~~-.-~-~~~~-~~~~.-~---,-.-~~,-,---.---e--~
_n_,_k___ l_k_,_I~I___.!5.::.._!~1~J~:~i __k_-1_k_,_j_k_,__ _!L,~ ~.~.~ __n_,
1
o 25'
1 3.!
112.8 11.7811.041 9.5 11.10: 0.59 72:3
15.6 i 1.37 0.84 12.0 1.7 ! 0.-!9 ,0.251

10

2.81

56-~7

5.~

o .50

40_~3

4._;

8.7

o 75

28.7

1s.o

16.1

22:3
2

9.3
O

12.0

13~7

15~6

0.11,
1

11.64

0.84

1.54[4.7

l1.68

o.96, 32.6

11.62

0.7-i 124:0

! 6.~

i 1.1 11.00

o 71 1 8.0

4.!61 4.5

0.5411.50 3.6

0.15

1-i

0.22

0 11
0
0.21
o

0 22

1.10

o.~6 o.1a1 os o.6o 1 o.:4

1
o 02 1 0.095[1.14 0.44 o,o9

O.O21. 1.24 1 0.341 0.58

'

'

0.20

o.33 o.o57jl.33l' o.3o 10.57

0.28 0.048! 1.45 0.25 11 0.55

o.!1

o.25

2<6

o;1

o.2a l o.oa61 1.68[ 0.21 [ 0.59

23.6

0.21 1 0.21

17.5

19~5

9
10

0.10,
0.82

0.40

o.o44IL571 o.22

i o.56

0.0321 1.80: 0.19! 0.61

0.95

1.061
1.18

1.13

8.4

12.3

1.12

5.4

2.2

i 0.72

i o 37

1.10

3.9

2.0

' 0.61

1.481 0.13

0.80

1.3

1.2

0.51

7~26[ o}o
0.76[ o o:_, o.65
7.98' 0.09 l 0.47 o Oo01 0.64
0
858 0. 16 1 0.35 O 0411 0.67
1

o.6
0.4

o.88 o.42
0.66. 0.45

3
4

0.3

0.58: 0.50

o.'7

3.6

6.65[ o 52

. 4.80
1,

9/8

o.p
o

0.010
o.15

1.421,: 13:2

0.:10

1.55

0.10

1-!.3

10.70 .o.501
751

11.04

1.29 1 12\2

NOTE: Letters indicate location of maximurn combi.oed stress.

50~5 o.; 10.5 10.85

6.7

l,

'

[L12!1 1.40

10~4 , 0 02-i

3
1 4

'

o.27f o 0321 o.7o

i'

0.23

0.20

o.24 o.s1

0.54

o 026! 0.74

0.20

0.50

0.59

o.o231 o.80

o.1s

0.48

o.65

o.1sl o.o19j o.s3

0.11

0.49

0.69

0.161 0.0171 0.88

0.15

0.49

0.75

10 '

163

THREE DIMENSIONAL 90 TURNS

m= 6

m= 5
1

k.

b.25: 88\2

,,

k,

k,

k,

k,,

k.,

'6:66 ~~~~~~~~~~

/o.5~/59> 8._~:11:.1510.67109519:

7o

r-

::.:,

1 2

i
1

'

'

6 21. o 066\ 0.77

1

6.24

6. 69 1 o 05 71 o 33

9:50
lO 08

ko

p 25 iu'o
~ 5oi 81\
1 \
0.75150.6

'

,\

35.1

~501

~-: ~.:
1

o 09
i

o.57 \1.-1

0.06

1 0.-!7

0.7

0.15

o. 42

02~ 0.-1~

44.7

10.30 i 8.75! 0.35

0.7:

3.4

0.52 0.751

3.1

0.47

L 6

O. 33
o. 25

::;

0.012

1:
1

o. 29

10.22, o

o 53

1030

111.07

6.7

1 0.20

9\78 5.73

1.8

-195 !

o.85 o o3

~-~ ! ~-:~
\ o.-10

:; 1 :

::

0.05

! 6.10

[ 0.23

'

.\.

.\.

9 O

4 .9

l. 70 ! O. O

oD

j
1

o. 70 L 1

5 ~50

o . 03

o . -!6 1 o 026

o. 32

o . 41

80

o . 23

606

003

o.321. o.o19j o.3o

o 29 : o 67

0.22

5!

6241

0015i 0.2-1

0.2141

6'

650

0:041 0.1811 0.011 10.27

0.16 \o

5~

o 2071

tio 80

0.0-!' o 16

o 14 i 0.-11

0.241

l o.015

0.0105 0.31

7 ~ 02 1 O. 0271 O 14 . O. 00861 O. 32

0.-!5\ 0.44

7.33 1 00481 0.12

\ k,,

kb

k,

k,

k.

o.33
m=8
1
k,

1.6

i o 30

1.9

o 75 \1.3

ss,'8

15>2 :112

'

O. 12 1 O. H

O. 26 1 9

o 11

0.21

o -12
1

10

\ n

027

106393

4.7

0421075

o 50
0.66

kv,

0.-!6

14.5

0.49

0.57

k.,

k,,

1'0.-19

io

ood

o.i6 13.6

o 37

0.30 1 0.21

0.45 1 0.41

o. 31

-;;--;;- 132 'o u'-15 ~ ~

'

l. 5

k.,

j
i

1 o. 36

0.55 119.5

O. 47

~-4

0.61 1 a.2
1

o. 80 1 o. 04

0.30

~ ~ :~ ~ :~

0.-!81 0.14

,\

9'4

5. 34

~41 o 3~

107218.-1/4.0
1
1
i
1 o tiO 5.8 3.7
1

'

31\

.\

0.53 o 50!

o. 63

98

3.6

0.16

0.25\ o

1aa5 !16 o
1

o.82 u.4

0.037 'o -!31 0.-!

8; J;:-~

.\

0.61

0.58

o. 026

O 0701 O 1-! 1 0.010 1 0.52 1 O 13

m=i
1 k, , k, ) k, 1 k, 1 k,,

11206

, 0.38 lo 251.

10~77 13. 7

2.1

69_,o

i
l.~. 0.31

\ o.62 j.l.O

L5

102~3
.\

0.-!2

1 o 96

2.9

1 :.;

~_k_,__k_,_j_k_,_~ ~~~~~_n_

1.:,,

8'9 .20.8

10

o 057 o -!7

~ :~ ~ ~ ~;:11 : :;

~:u o~:71

-!J5\t.6

f.

::

8\1

:;;-;-~--;-;-~~o 25
~.14.8 5.1 0.-!3o 50!

0.41

560114101107
\
\
1
38 6 11 12 -12 7 3

11 0.17

6.-!

-1.2

o 27

11

2.0

o 046! 0.35 1 1.8

2.2

o 3811'
o 26 2

o.91

o.o23\ o.26, o 82

1.4

0.19

o 22

>i

4.92
o

6\57

i -1~29

1
1

1
i

0.60

'

1
3
1
0.16\4

-1.90

;:::

049

0.019!0.26

019

440!

;:::

050I0.013\021I0-!5

10

-1:10

0.32

o.014 1 o 23! o 29! o.71

0.11

3:'JO.

::;

o 325\ o oul 0.191 o.29

o.78

0.14!

4.75

:;:

0.23

o 011

0.16

o 23510.0089\0.18\0.21

0.63

o 1331

4:So

:::3

o.1781 o

0.11[ o.16

o.55

0.1211

::l

0.1401 o 00621 0.171 0.12

0.-17

0.1281

0.1321

9:

5~00

5.20'

10 ; 5 25 '

043j0.9

0.22 i o 211 o 59
1
o 0092 0.22/ o 161 o.51

o.18

3 95!
1
0.1671 4:10

o 15

.
1
1

o 0083\ o 231 o 13 10.47

1
o 13. o 0065\ o 23) o 11 o.-12
1

O 005.5! O 23 ! O lO

O 11

1
1

0.176

4.201

Ol83J,

.."-t5,
o

'

f :ousl o 00511 0111' o 10 ~o -13

1

O 32 1 O 1861 4 ti2
1

o 50

96.6

:\

_\

o 75

61.8

15 9 116

,,

13 9: 7 8

7. 17

5. 1

.\

3 6

3 2

2 1

! 0.52

67 2

. 0.15

0.54

6.9

o 04

o. 31

l 9

0.35

o 23

i o 15

5 -!6

12.5

o 21

15 3

5. 1

2.3

2.8

8.25

LO

o 016

: 0.20

0.91

1 T O 153

o 55

o 012 1 o. 16

o 50
o 32

i o 115 4
O 90 O 10 i 5

o 00581 o 13

0.21

o il

0.00481 0.12

o 16

.\

5. 1

o 18

3 o26 :

o 14

3.8

'

4.0 !

"";
"

O 1161 O 00411 O 1371 O 10 1 O.H

o woi o 003oi o 1371

o 09

O 35 : 0.00741 O. 1-1
!

O 106i

3.3

0.41 :o 108:

34

XOTE: Letters indicate location of maximum combined stress.

2
3

i ti

1401 o 00491 o 1381 o. 12 o. -!9 o. 104;

o 35
o 211!

o -t9

3.6 : ::l

o 36 lo. 751

028:2.1

3> .
3.12 !

5 9

o 09

3.5 :::3

o 30

52 11.1

O. 39 : O 1341 lO :

0034

. o 24

O. 09

8. 3

3 o,j

1-t

io

.\

o 88 : o 102'
1
o 2~~: o 00~1! o 1-!51 o 21 : 0.69 0.102!
O 1" O 00a81 0.1-tl 0.16 O 56 0.110!

i o 3351 o 008.51 o

-t: 1 1

12 6

17 7

o 11

O lOO O 00441 O l 7
m= lO

38

o 012. o 16

45 ti

o 11ti.

56 1 o 94 o. o19 1 o 20

lO

: o. 39

o 57

11' ..

3 9

0.5\J

41 5

..

o 40
1 o 2-t

LT 1 18.5

oo12i

l 2

'

o 004011 0.1151' o 12 0.51

o 00341 0.1131 0.10 1 0.-16

, 0.10 1 0.00301 O 112i 0.09

o . 10 ii 6
o 57. 0.091 7.

O.H

0.087

o 086

O 0871 10

DOUBLE OFFSET EXPANSION BEND

General:
Length = 9..!25R
:Modified Length = 9.-25RK

Lclp
I:;
I, \about gravity aXJs X -X) = 12.52R3 K
For Stress of 10,000 psi, E of 29 X 106 :
0.728R 2 K
Defl.ection =
D/3
inches

Fx

R in feet

976lp
RD/3 pounds
D in in ches

I p in inches 4

L distance between anch<D.in feet

e ex:pansion factor
~ .. total ti:J.ermal expaMwn in inches

Fx

r------2"".""82,._,8'-'R"--------1

For Stress of 10,000 psi, E of 29 X lO'

Radius of Bend R
Pipe
Size

Wall
Thickness
t, in.

Sch.
~o.

D.

5D.

6D.

Defiection,
in.

Anchor
Force,
lb

1
1
1

Defiection,
in.

10D.

8D.
Anchor
Force,
lb

Defiection,
m.

Anchor
Force,
lb

Defiection,
in.

Anchor
Force,
lb

0.45
0.37

307
376

0.68
0.61

219
276

o 99
0.91

171
219

40
80

o 154
0.218

0.36
0.27

382
461

40
80

0.203
0.276

0.42
0.35

566
667

0.54
0.46

457
545

0.84
0.77

328
400

1.22
l. 15

257
317

40

80

0.216
0.300

0.56
0.43

783
944

O. 72
058

637
770

1.07
0.93

452
559

153
141

350
443

at

40
80

0.226
0.318

0.70
0.54

920
1155

0.90
0.70

767
931

1.32

545

1.12

677

187
l. 69

536

4.

40
80

o 237
0.337

0.83
0.65

1069
1390

109
0.84

912
1120

l. 59
1.34

646
814

2.24
1.98

501
638

40

80

0.258
0.375

1.12
0.88

1435
1978

1.45
1.13

1223
1594

2.14
l. 76

897
1145

2.93
2.55

897

40
30

0.280
0.432

1.44

1.10

1783
2743

1.90
1.39

1570
2185

2.83
2.13

1192
1569

80

0.322
0.500

2.11
l. 61

2538
4170

2.76
2.03

2279
3360

40
60

0.365
0.500

2.73
2.33

3400
5190

Std

0.375
0.500

3.47
3.06

3780
5830

XS

0.375
0.500

4.46
3.89

30
40

0.375
0.500

5.02
4.71

3870
6440

xs

30

0.375
0.500

5.82
5.54

3970
6740

20
30

0.375
0.500

6.49
6.18

2"

2t"

5'
!

6"

1
1

8'

40
!

10'

12.

xs

'

1
t
1

14"
16"
18.
20'
1

30

t
1

3880
6020

4020
5770

1
1

1
1

422

686

i'

-------~-

---

~~-~-~-

EXPANSION U BEND

General:

Length

6.283R

:\1odified Length

6.283RK

Lc!p
I::

1:: (about gravitfy axis X-X)

3.HR3 K

For Stress of 10,000 pS1., E oj 29 X 106 :

Deflection

0.312R 2 K

Di3

inches

R in feet D in in ches I p in inches 4

L distance between anchors in feet
e expansion factor
ilx total thermal expansion in inches

F _ 1667/p
ds
~- RDf3 poun

For Stress of 10,000 psi, E of 29 X 106

Radius of Bend R
Pipe
Size

Se h.
)lo.

D.
2'

3'
1

-!'

s
6'

1-!'

16'
18'
20'

Defiection,
in.

.\nchor
Force,
lb

Defiection,
in.

Anchor
Force,
lb

Defiectwn,
in.

.\nchor
Force,
lb

o -!3
o 39
o 52

292
373

0.-!9

438
542

0.66
0.60

598
757

0.80
0.72

720
915

0.96
085

855
1000

652
787

o 16

0.19

525
6-!2

o 29
0.26

373
472

40
80

0.203
0.276

0.18
0.15

967
1,139

0.23
0.20

780
930

0.36
0.33

560

4{)

80

0.216
0.300

0.24
0.19

1.337
1,612

0.31
0.25

1089
1315

0.46
0.40

772
955

40
80

0.226
0.318

0.30
0.23

1.572
1.972

038
0.30

1310
15'JO

0.57
0.48

930
1157

o 35

1.825
2,37-!

0.!7
0.36

1557
1914

0.68
0.58

1104
1390

o 237
o 337

40
80

0.28

683

0.258
0.375

40

80

0280

40

o 432
o 322
o 500
o 365

40
40

0.500

2,450
. 3,380

o 62
0.49

2089
2722

0.92
0.75

1532
1\!55

3,050
-!.80

o 81
o 60

2682
3730

l. 21
0.91

2035
2681

o 69

0.90

4.330
7,130

l. 18
0.87

3890
5740

l 78
l. 32

3060
4120

1.17
1.00

5,810
8.870

l. 54
1.28

5250
7560

l. 99
l. 73

8850

xs

0.375
0.500

l. 49

l. 31

6,-!60
9,950

30

0.375
0.500

l. 91
l. 67

6,620
10,290

40

0.375
0.500

2.15
2.02

11,000

30

o 375

0.500

2.-!9
2.37

6,780
11,510

0.375
0.500

2 78
2.65

6,870
11,570

Std.

xs
30

xs
20
30

1 26
10\J

1172
1532

1 63
1 34

1555
2100

5970
i

!
1

o 48
o 38
o 62
o 47

1
1

60
12'

Anchor
Force,
lb

0.15
0.12

80
lO'

Defiection,
in.

10D.

8D.

0.154
0.218

80

8'

oD.

5D,

80

4{)

2!'

3t'

Wa.ll
Thickness
t, in.

6,610

166

EXPANSION U BEND-TANGENTS = 2 FT

General:
Length = 6.283R + - ft
::Vlodified Length = 6.283RK
Lclp

:::...

+ 4 ft

-~~-=--=- ~--~_t

fx

1:. (about gravity axis X-Xl

=

3.1-lRJ K

+ 8R 2 K + 6.28RK + 1.33

F x r-_ _ _4"'"'-'-R_ _ __,~

For Stress of 10,000 psi. E of 29 X 10 6 :

Deflection """

(0.312R3

(R+ 1JD.d
0.132
(R + 1 )D{3 inches

+
Fx

+ 0.795R 2 + 0.624RlK
R in feet D in inches I p in inches{
L distance bet\Yeen anchors in feet
e expansion factor
~:z: total thermal expauson in nches

1667lp

+ 1 )D{3 pounds

(R

For Stress of 10,000 psi, E of 29 X 106

1
1

Pipe
Size

Se h.
:-<o.

D~

W&.ll
Thick-

2'

2!'
3'
3!'
4'

1
1

.-\nchor
Force,
lb

Deflection,
in.

.-\nchor
Force,
lb

Detlection,
in.

0.57
o -ti

262
321

O. 70

'

0.62

0.58
0.50

433
516

0.75
0.69

O.ti8
0.55

653
789

0.86
O. 75

834

0.97
0.91

297
366

514
637

l. 02

540

651
810

1.27
1.15

536
682

1011

803

1.44
1.28

838

743
89ti

40
80

0.226
0.318

o.o7
0.52

933
1,170

0.77
0.61

1012

0.99
0.84

40

0.237
o 337

0.58

1,141
1,483

0.88
o 68

1038
1275

1.12
0.94

0.88
o o9

1,656
2,283

104
0.82

1492
1945

1.38
1.13

117S
1505

l. 75
l. 53

945
1236

l. 04
o 79

2,115

1 25
0.93

2012
2799

l. 71
1.29

1628
2145

2 .1ti
1 .11
--

1297
1751

l. 35
l. 04

3,330

l. 67
l. 23

3110
4590

2.33
l. 72

2737
3470

4370
6300
5110
7590

0.258
0.375

296
357

0.73

1
i
1

80

0.280
0.432

40
80

0.322
0.300

40

0.365
0.500

l ti3

4,680

1 39

7,150

2.04
l. 70

0.375
O. 500

1 97
1 74

5,390
8,290

2.52
2 20

o 375
0500

2 -t4
2 13

5,o50
8,780

o 375
0.500

2.67
250

5.740
9,560

xs

30

o 375
0500

3 03
2.88

5.980
10,150

20
30

o 375
0500

3 32
3 16

6,140
10,330

30

350
427

O.oO
0.-ti

40

182
233

o 216
0300

30

0.89
0.81

40

X.S

18'

213
269

80

X: S

16'

Anchor
Force,
lb

494
581

Std.

Deflection,
in.

0.51
0.42

o 52
O -tO

i
1
1

3,350
5,480

1
1

12'

Anchor
Force,
lb

o 203
0.276

60

20'

Detlection,
in.

40

40

10'

14'

80

40

8'

lO D.

8D.
1

80

80.

6'

6D~

o 154
o 218

40

80
5'

5D.

ness
t, in.

Radius of Bend R

1
1

428

1.11

658

167

EXPANSION U BEND--TANGENTS = R

General:

Length

= 8.283R

~1odified Le~h

= 6.283RK + 2R

[---=-=

Lc1p

F,

1,

1, (about gravity axis X-X)

+ 0.167)_R3

(8.715K

Deflection

(0.577 K

+ 0.011 )R

D/3

- ---- --....-x

--i,----,x

;--lf..------.::;4!.\.R_____

For Stress of 10,000 psi, E of 29 X 106 :

2

. h
me es

R in feet D in in ches l p in in ches~

L distance between anchors in feet

ds
F, -- llll]p
RD{3 poun

e expansion factor
~"' total thermal expansion in inches
For Stress of 10,000 psi, E of 29 X 106
Radius of Bend R

1
1

Pipe
Size
D.

2'

Wall

Se h.

40

2!'

40

80

a
!

a;
4'
5*

6.
8"
10"

16'

20'
1

434
524

o 37
0.30

350

o 55
0.49

249
314

080
0.74

194
249

0.203
0.276

0.34
0.28

0.44

759

520
620

0.68
0.62

373
456

0.99
0.93

292
361

0.47

725
877

0.86
0.75

514
637

1.23
1.14

399
504

o 56

O. 72

873
1059

1.07
0.91

620
i71

l. 51
l. 36

480
610

088
0.68

1038
1275

l. 28

108

735
927

1.80
1.60

570
727

1392
1814

172
1.42

1021
1303

2.36
2.06

781
1021

1788
2-!88

2.27
l. 72

1357
1786

3.06
2.51

1037
1400

2594
3830

3.34
2.48

2036
2745

644

o 37
o 58

80

40

0.226
0.318

0.56
0.43

1047
1314

80

40

0.237
0.337

0.66
0.52

1217
1582

80

40

0.258
0.375

0.90
O. i l

1633
2252

116
0.91

80

40

0.280
0.-!32

1.15
0.88

2030
3120

l. 52

40

80

o 322
0.500

l. 69
l. 30

2889
4750

2.21
1.63

o 365

0.500

2. 18
1.86

3870
5910

2.87
2.41

3500

0.375

?.-.11
--

2.45

4310
0630

3.70
3.24

3980
5900

o 500

xs

o 500

0.375

3.56
3.11

4410
6860

30

o 375

0.500

-!.00
3. 76

-!400
7330

xs

30

0.375
0.500

4.64
4.42

4520
7670

20
30

0.375
0.500

5.17
4.93

-!580
7710

30

112

Deflection,
in.

428

891
1074

40

18'

0.29
0.22

0.45
0.35

xs

lO D ..

0.1.?4
0.218

ID.

0.216

Std.

in.

Anchor
Force,
lb

t~on,

o 300

40

Defiec-

80

60
12*

8D.

6D.

Anchor
Force,
lb

Defiection,

t, in.

80
1

5D,.

Thickness

~o.

Anchor 1 Defiection,
Force,
lb
in.

Anchor
Force,
lb

5040

168

EXPANSION U BEND-TANGENTS = 2R

General:

Length = 10.283R
::\1odified Length = 6.283RK
Lclp
l;z

+ 4R

I=L --------

!, (about grav1ty axis X-X)

(17.42K
6

For Stress of 10,000 psi, E of 29 X 10

.
D efl ectwn

F:z

(0.865K

+ 1.333)Jl3

+ 0.0662)R 2 mr
.
h
PS

Fx

D{3

~1
1
1

f..I-----Z.4R~-----l~

833/p
=

--'---L..
Fx

RD{3 pounds
L distance between anchors in feet
e expansion factor
~"' total thermal expanswn in inches

R in feet
D in inches
1p in inches4

For Stress of 10,000 psi, E of 29 X lo'

Radius of Bend R

!
1

Pipe
Size
D.

2*

Wall
Thickness
t, in.

Se h.
No.

1
i
1

40

80

0.154
0.218

5D.
Defiection,
in.

0.45
0.35

6D.
Anchor
Force,
lb

326
393

3*
3t"

i
4'
5.
6'

80

0.203
0.276

0.53
0.44

483
569

40

80

0.216
0.300

O. 70
0.55

40

80

0.226
0.318

40

80

0.237
0.337

80

40
40

40

80
8'
1

1
i

40

80

[
i

Defiection,
in.

Anchor
Force,
lb

Del.ection,
in.

Anchor
Force,
lb

0.57
0.-!i

262
321

0.87
O.ii

187
236

! Defiection,
in.
1

390
465

1.07
0.98

280
342

668
806

0.90
O. i4

544
657

1.36
1.19

386

0.87
0.68

786
985

1.12
0.89

655
795

1.67
l. 43

465
578

l. 03

0.82

912
1186

1.36
1.06

778
956

2.01
l. 70

551
695

0.258
0.375

l. 39
1.10

1225
1688

l. 81
l. 43

1044
1360

2.69
2.23

766

0.280
0.432

l. 78
l. 37

1522
2341

2.36
l. 75

1340
1865

3.54
2.70

1017
1339

0.322
0.500

2.59
2.02

2166
3560

3.42
2.55

1945
2868

0.365
0500

3.34
2.88

2901

477

1
i
1
1
1

40

60

-t-!30

Anchor
Force,
lb
:

1.26
1.16

146
187

1.56
l. 47

219
271

1.94
l. 79

299
378

2.38
2.15

360
457

2.83
2.52

427
545

3.70
3.25

586
766

0.69
0.59

1
1

10D.

2t"

8D,.

---------

EXPANSION U BEND-TANGENTS = 4R

General:
Length = 14.283R
:\Iodified Length = 6.283RK

+ 8R

Lc[p

[,

\.

I x (about gravity axis X-X)

, ..
1

(44.27 K

+ 10.66)1?3

For Stress of 10,000 psi, E of 29 X 106 :

.
D efl ectwn

(1.465K

+ 0.353)R 2 .

x ~

x------------

h
me es

D/3

556[p

F" = RD3 pounds

R in feet
D in inches
I p in inches 4
L distance between anchors in feet
e expansion factor
~" total thermal expamon in inches

For Stress of 10,000 psi, E of 29 X 106

Radius of Bend R

Pipe
Size

D.

2"

Anchor
Force,

lb

Defiection,
in.

lb

in.

217
262

108
0.90

175
214

166
1 4\J

a22
380

1 ao
1 13

260
a10

1 a2
1 05

H6
5a8

1 iO
1 41

o 226
o 318

l. 6a
1 29

524
658

2 12
l. iO

40
80

o 237
o 337

l. \J1
1 55

609
792

40
80

0.258
o a75

2 57
2.08

40
80

0.280
o ..32

3.26
2 59

Defiection,
in.

Anchor
Force.

o 15-1
o 218

0.84
0.66

0.203
o 276

084

80

0.216
o 300

40
80

40
80

2;"

40

80

a
a;
4'

s
6.

8D,

6D.

5D.

Se h.
)lo.

40

LOO

Deflecton,

10D.

Anchor
Force,

.-\nchor
Force,

lb

Detlection,
in.

125
157

2.4a
2.26

97
125

2.06
l. 8\J

187
228

a.Ol
2.86

146
181

36a
439

2 59
2 ao

257
a19

374
347

200

437
530

3 10
2.76

310
386

4 56
4 17

240
305

2.56
2.03

519
638

3 82
3 28

368
464

817
1127

3.37
2.72

697

1016
1562

4.37
3.33

895
1245

908

lb

252

170

DOUBLE OFFSET U BEND

General:

Length = 6.283R
:Ylodified Length = 6.283RK
Lclp

r,
l;, (about gravity axis X-X) = 3.61R 3 K

For Stress of 10,000 psi, E of 29 X 10 6 :

Defiection

Fx

0.260R 2 K

D3

inches

1209[p

RD3 pounds
L distance between anchors in feet
e expansion factor
~x total thermal expansion in inches

R in feet
D in inches
]p in inches 4

For Stress of 10,000 psi, E of 29 X 106

Radius of Bend R
Se h.
.No.

Wall
Thickness
t, in.

40
80

z;

Pipe
Size

D.

5D.

10D.

8D.

6D.

Defl.ection,
in.

.\nchor
Force,
lb

Deflection,
in.

Anchor
Force,
lb

Defl.ection,
in.

A.nchor
Force,
lb

Deflection,
in.

Anchor
Force,
lb

0.154
0.218

o 13
0.10

4i3
5il

0.16
0.13

381
465

0.24
0.22

271
342

o 35
0.33

212
2i1

40
80

0.203
0.276

0.15
O. 12

iOl
826

0.19
0.16

566
675

0.30
0.27

406
496

0.44
0.41

318
393

3'

40
80

0.216
0.300

0.20
0.16

970
1169

o 21

0.26

789
954

0.38
0.33

560
693

0.55
0.50

434
549

3t'

40
80

0.226
0.318

0.25
0.19

1140
1430

0.32
0.25

950
1153

0.47
0.40

6i5
839

0.67
0.60

664

40

0.237
0.337

0.30
0.23

1324
1722

0.39
0.30

112\1

80

1388

0.57
0.48

800
1008

0.80
0.71

620
791

40
80

0.258
0.375

0.40
0.31

1777
2451

o 52
0.40

1515
1974

O. 76
0.63

1111
1418

o 91

6'

40
80

0.280
0.432

0.51
0.39

2209
3400

o 50

0.68

1945
2707

1.01
O. 76

1416
1944

8'

40
80

o 500

o 58

O. 75

3140
5170

0.99
0.73

2823

lO'

40
60

0.365
0.500

0.97
0.83

4210
6430

12'

Std.

0.375
0.500

l. 24
1.09

4690
7220

2'

4'

5'

14'
16'
18'
20'

xs

0.322

xs

o 500

0.375

l. 59
l. 39

4800
7460

30
40

0.375
0.500

l. 79
l. 68

4790
7980

xs

30

0.375
0.500

2.08
l. 98

4910
8350

20
30

0.375
0.500

2 32
2.21

4980
8390

30

H60

l. 05

522

850
1111

171

,.

!
_
r.

Propertie8
of
American Standards Association
Pipe
ASA Standard B)6.10
r
1
1

L.-

172

Pipe

Size
&

Outside
Diam.

2.067 0.154 3.355

1.075 o.6657

0.561

80

XH 1.939 0.218 2.953

1.477 0.8679

0.731

2.375" 160

t.689 o.343 2.24o

2.190 1.1626

o.979

1.503 0.436 1.774

2.656 1.3110

1.104

40 Std 2.469 0.203 4.788

1.704 1.5300

1.064

80

XH 2.323 0.276 4.238

2.254 1.9240

1.339

2.875" 160

2.125 0.375 3.547

2.945 2.3530

1.638

XXH

1.771 0.552

2.464

4.028 2.8710

1.997

Std

).068 0.216 7.393

2.228 3.0170

1.724

40

stct

2"

XXH

2~"

40

J"
3.500"

80

XH 2.900 0.300

6.605

3.0~6

3.8920

2.225

160

2,626 o.437

5.416

4.205 5.0330

2.876

XY..E 2.3oo c.6oo 4.155

5.466 5.9330

3.424

---

__ ____
"

-------

173
\

,-

r-

Pipe
Size
&

,i '

Outsi de
Diam.

3t"

, f

j\

Q)

3..

'O~

~E
eX~

r-f

..-4..-4

F.

1/)

~~

c...t

lll

J..
Qi
t) ;-1

11)

't)Gl~
.,.. E

1/) Cll o
,::::: ..-4,:::::

HOH

~11)
..:.:

Q)

r-fO..C::
r-f;EO
c
,:::::
:SE-oH

N
Q)

11)

~~1!

,11): : : f oc

H..C:H

4"

11)

~~13
+J Q) C)
Q) .. c

:E<H

ctl.::t

,:::::

11)("\
11)

Ct!

:::S
..-lr-fl!
;-1 :::S

;::HH

C!j::f::H

...)

..-4

11)

~o 8 o,: : :

Q)

'O
Q)

o,:::::

40 Std

3.548 o.226

9.89

2.68 4.788

2.39

80

XH

3.364 0.318

8.89

3.68 6.280

3.14

40

Std

4.026 0.237

12.73

3.17 7.23

3.21

80

XH

3~~26

0.337

11.50

4.41 9.61

4.2?

120

3.626 o.4'37

10.,33

5.58 11.65

5.18

160

3.438 0.531

9.28

6.62 13.27

5.90

XXR

3.152 o.674

7 .oo

8.10 15.28

6.79

4.000"

11)

4.500"

40

.Std

5.047 0.258

20.01

4.30 15.16

5.45

80

XH

4.813 o.375

18.19

6.11 20.67

7.43

120

4.563 0.500

1.35

7.95 25.74

9 .. 25

160

4.313

0.625

14.61

9.70 J0.03

10.80

4.063 0.750

12.9?

11.34 3J.63

12.09

5"
5.563"

XXH

174

Pipe
Size
&

Out-

.!id e
Diam.

f..

],8

~~

Q)
.-i
Q) ~ U)
al
=
1:10
"'
Q)
Q)
.,.. .,.. .,..E..C
E Ul U) cj u
.g~ S::.,..=

HOH

40 Std
80

6"
6.62.5"

XH

U)

Q)
.-iU..C
r-~;au
al
=
..le:

U)
Q)
'O
Q)
.,..jai..C
U) Q) ()
S:: f.. =

~~H

H<H

6.065 0.280

2~.~

.-i

al al

f.

U)

~.,.U)

..e

=t~
~ (1) ()

Q)

(.

o= :;::1!/)(""\U)
.,..jl"'iQ)

~::l..C

()
"' u
Q) o =

:S HH
= S::

U)::E;H

5.58 28.14

8.;o

~<~

8.40 40.49 12.22

.5.761 o.432 26.07

120

.5 .501 o.;62 23.77 10.71 49.61 1.5.00

160

5.189 0.718
XXH

.,
U)

f..

(1)

4.897

21.15 13.36 .58.99 17.81

0.864 18.83 1.5.64 66.33 20.02

20

8.12.5 0.250 .51.8

6.58 57.7 13.39

JO 25#

8.071

0.277 51.2

7.26 63.3

14.69

40

7.981

0.322 ;o.o

8.40 72.5

16.81

7.813 0.406 47.9

10.48 88.8

20 .58

7.625 o.;oo 45.6

12.76 105.7

24.51

100

7.439 0.593 43.5

14.96 121.4

28.14

120

7.189 0.718 4o.6

17.84 140.6

32.61

28#

,.

60

8.625"
80

XH

17.5

Pipe
Size
&

Outsi de
Diam.

!t-1

(/)

r-1

~ b
],l: ,....,....
;:1

""

..e

() ...,

CI):Z:

{fl

~~

4)

""al
-+->

(/)

(/)
al

'O Q)
rl S ..C
In C'O ()

HS:

Q)

iS HS:

t:: (/)

_:.:: V

r-~o.:::

r-~:ao

S:
3t:-<H
C'O

4)

'O

ocu.:t

(/)

(/)

Q)

~id~

..-4<1l..C

en v o

s::
H<t:H
e~

+l

Q)

'f. ()S:

::;:: .J;

>

S: S:

~~~

~ a:. ..e
()

~HH

() "8 ()

0.812

38.5 19.93

153.8 35.65

6.875

0.875

37.1

41.30

162.0 37.56

160

6.813

0.906

36.4 21.97

165.9 38.48

20

10.250

0.250

82.5

8.26

113.6 21.12

JO 35# 10.136

0.307

80.7

10.07

137.4 25.57

40

Std 10.020

0.365

78.9

11.91

160.7 29.90

60

XH 9.7.50

0.500

74.7

16.10

212.0 39.43

80

9.564

0.593

71.8

18.91

244.9 45.56

100

9.314

0.718

68.1

22.62

286.2 53.25

120

9.064

0.843

4.5

26.23

324.3 60.Jti

140

8.750

1.000

60.1

30.63

367.8 68.43

160

8.500

1.125

56.7 34.01

399.4 74.31

8"
XXH

t::

7.001

140

8.625"

t:: (/)("'\

;:1 In
,....,...~
-+-> ;:1

+o>..-41n

10"

10.75"

176

Pipe
Siz~

&

Cutsi de
Di a m.

e,...

(1)

~
a5~

...-l

al

S:: t.D

.,...,..

e (1)
S~ ~~

..C:

lll

'O 4> <ll

~...)(/)

rl E .C
11) al c.;
S: rl S:

S::

N
(1)
Q)

,..-l<;..C:

,..-l:E<J
rG
S:

t)

(1)

~all!
m Ql <J

;l:-<H

S::~ S:
H~H

20

12.250 0.2.50

117.9

30 4.51

12.090 0.330

Std

HOH

(1)

Cll

...-l

al

+l
Cll

lll

al~
Q)

<J

~S:

::t::<H

C!$.;:T

+l..-!Vl
S:: +l Cll
Q)

..e:

e Ql u
~S:
S::
HH

S:: (/)(""\

o ;::;

(1)

..-1...-lCil
.,._l:;::l..C:

<J 'O ()

41 o S:
(J');i:;H

192.3

30.2

114.8

12.88 248.5

39.0

12.000 0.375

113.1

14 .58

279.3

43.8

11.938 o.4o6

111.9

1.5. 74 300.J

47.1

11.750 0.500

108.4

19.24 361 .5

56.7

60

11.626 0.562

106.2

2t.52

4oo .s

62.8

80

11.376 o.687

101.6

26.03

47 ,5.2

74.6

100

11.064 0.843

96.1

31.53

561.8

88.1

120

10.750

1.000

90.8

36.91

0!1.7

100.7

140

10.500

1.125

86.6

41.08

700.7

109.9

160

10.126

1.312

80 .. 5

47.14 781.3

122.6

40
12"
XH

9.84

12.75"

177

Pipe
Size
&

Outsi de
Diam.

4>

r-l

::l t.
'O <l.l

~~
o ::l

(ll

-+-)

(ll

"'C!l~
.,..;
E
(ll

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184

APPLICATION OF THE FLEXIBILITY FACTOR

TO OUT OF PLANE BENDING

The Code or Pressure Piping in Section 6 o its 1955 edition under

"Basic Assumptions and Requirements" regulates as follows:
"Calculations shall take into account stress intensification
actors found to exist in components other than plain
straight pipe. Credit may be taken for the extra flexibility
of such components. In the absence of more directly applicable data, the flexibility factors and stress -intensification
factors shown in Figure 2 of the Code, (Page 54 of this book),
may be used."
The Code also permits the application of the flexibility factor to outof-plane bending. No additional flexibility, however, is assigned to the
theoretical displacement caused by torsion i. e. in torsion k = l. It is
evident that the foregoing regulation makes the use of flexibility factors
optional and the application of stress -intensification factors mandatory.
A curved bend under the actions of forces and moments normal to its
plane is subjected to bending and torsion. In the case o a circular quarter bend, analysis shows that these effects are equally divided over the
length of such bend so that in the aggregate one half o its length is in
bending and the other half in tor sion. Applying the flexibility factor to
one half the length and the torsion conversion factor to the other half
the modified length is

1'

RI
2

R1

~k + ~ 1~

which for k = 1 (i. e. no additional flexibility due to flattening) takes the

form

RT
1' --"115
2
.
When the total length of the elbows in a system is but a small portion
o the total length o the line, the k- factor can be ignored because its
effect on the result in this case is minimal and the omission on the side
of safety.

185

Conversely, if a system consists primarily of radius bends with short

tangents between them and if the pipe diameter is large and the pipe wall
thin the analysis will give substantially lower reactions if the k- factor is
also applied to bending out of the plane of the bend. In this case one half
of the k- factor is applied to each of the two planes normal to the bend.
The effective length in each of these planes of projection then is

'
'

= Ri
--:--

k
R
2 + -z- 13

For large k- factors the second term is small in <7omparison to the

first so that the following simplified equations are adequate for all practical purpose
.

1'

R:

(k + 13)

Ixy 1' .mn

I y 0.074R 3 (k+ lb)

1' .n 2

where m and n are the coordinates of the centroid of the quarter bend.

Allowable expans~on s~ress range

Allowable S-values
~merican Standard
Application of the rules for recording

4
reacti~ns

103
120
28

e
Charts for flexibility and stress intensification factors
Combining expansion stresses
Combining moments

54
7
78

Deflections, single plane system

Deflections, three-dimensional system
Derivation o relation between deflections and line inertias

133
138
127

130
lOO

Elastic center, theory o

Expansion coefficients
Expansion factors
Expansion stress
Explanation of signs

149
6

16
F

Flexibility
Flexibility
Flexibility
Formula for
Formula for

factor
factor for elbows
factor charts
reactions, single plane system
reactions, space system

51
57
54-56
16-17

67

Modulus of elasticity
Moduli o elasticity and torsional rigidity, relation o
Mament of inertia of branches
Moment of inertia of steel pipe
Moving anchors

101

67
17
172
44

line with varying cross-section

Pipe wall thickness calculation
~oduct of inertia of circular are
of an inclined branch
of quarter bend
Problem 1, 90 bend, both ends fixed
Problem 2, 90 bend, one end hinged
Problem J, 90 bend, one end hinged
Problem 4, 90 bend, both ends hinged
Problem 5, Line with varying cross-section
Problem 6, Offset U-bend with tangents
Problem 7, Line with inclined branch
Problem 8, Line with curved branches
Problem 9, !bree-dimensional line, straight branches
Problem 10, Three-dimensional line, curved branches
Problem 11, Three-dimensional line, varying flexibility
Properties of pipe
~ipe

39

12

21

19
20

23
33
35
37
39
41

45

62

69
81
90
171

Reactions, credit for cold springing

Reactions, single plane, constant cross-sction
Reactions, single plane, variable cross-section
Reactions, rules for recording and example
Relation between deflection and line inertia

16
17
28
127

Schedule numbers
Section modulus of steel pipe
Sel..f-springing
Self-springing, example of acute case
Simplified solution of 3 equations
Simplified tabulation
Single plane piping
Stress calculation, typical
Stress intensification factor
Stress intensification factor for elbows
Stress range
Stress range reduction factor
s,~ry of stress examination

172
172
2

31
76
25

14

27

51
57
3
4
ll

T
Ts.b1es of elastic constants
Tab1es of al1owab1e S-values
Tables of American Standard
Tab1es of common shapes
Tab1es of f1exibility and stress intensification factors
Tab1es of properties of pipe
Tab1es of va1ues 13:12
Thrust 1ine
Thickness, pipe wa11

lOO
103
120
147

54
171
182
32
172