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J=I @A )K =

) 

+7

11

HCA KEI ,

CKA 4 @H CKA

= AI 5JAM=HJ + ?K

ELH 6ANJ

"=

K #= A@E

-@ 2E AEH=

1 IJEJKE
7 ELAHIE@=@A -IJ=@K= @A += FE =I 1 IJEJKJ @A =JA JE?= -IJ=J IJE?= A + FKJ= ,AF=HJ= A J @A =JA JE?=

+EA J ?=

5K
 .K


HE
AI @A 8 HE=I 8=HE LAEI 


E EJAI    4ACH= @ I += E D I  + JE KE@=@A  ! ,AHEL=@=I 2=H?E=EI  !  2 = I 6= CA JAI  " )FH NE = E A=H  "  ,EBAHA ?E=EI  # 4ACH= @= +=@AE=  #  ,AHEL= 1 F E?EJ=

! " " " # $ &

 .K
  E

AI @A 8 HE=I 8=HE LAEI


EJAI

5A = f K = BK
(x0 , y0 )

@A @K=I L=HE LAEI ?K


,E A I GKA E

E D ? JA
f (x, y )

F J I =H>EJH=HE= A JA FH NE
(x, y ) JA
@A F=H= K L= H

I @A

,A

E
AH


L

EJA @= BK F H

GK= @

(x0 , y0 )

IA ANEIJEH A

HAFHAIA J=@

(x,y )(x0 ,y0 )

lim

f (x, y ) = L (x, y ) D
A

IA F=H= J @ A J

>0

ANEIJA K

AH

>0

J= GKA IA

0<

(x x0 )2 + (y y0 )2 <

|f (x, y ) L| <
2H FHEA@=@AI @ I E EJAI

+ IE@AH= @ f (x, y ) A g (x, y ) BK


(x,y )(xo,yo)

AI @A @K=I L=HE LAEI J=EI GKA


e
(x,y )(xo,yo)

lim

f (x, y ) = L

lim

g (x, y ) = M = 0.

- J 
(x,y )(xo,yo) (x,y )(xo,yo)

lim lim lim

L=L K.f (x, y ) = k.


(x,y )(xo,yo)

lim

f (x, y ) = k.L f (x, y ) + L M L


(x,y )(xo,yo)

! " #

(x,y )(xo,yo)

[f (x, y ) + g (x, y )] = [ ] f (x, y ) = g (x, y ) f (x, y ) = lim

(x,y )(xo,yo)

lim

lim

g (x, y ) = L + M

(x,y )(xo,yo)

lim

(x,y )(xo,yo) (x,y )(xo,yo)

f (x, y ) g (x, y ) =

lim

(x,y )(xo,yo)

lim

(x,y )(xo,yo)

lim

f (x, y ) =

+= ?K =

EJAI

-NA F  


[
(x,y,z )(2,2,1)

lim

] 2xy 2 + x2 yz 5x yz + 7xyz + = 106 x yz


3 3

x3 y 3 = lim x2 + xy + y 2 = 0 (x,y )(0,0) x y (x,y )(0,0) lim


!

(x,y )(0,0)

lim

x2 + y 2 x2 + y 2 + 1 1

x2 + y 2 + 1 1 x2 + y 2 + 1 + 1 x2 + y 2 + 1 + 1 2 2 = lim (x + y ) (x,y )(0,0) x2 + y 2 = lim x2 + y 2 + 1 + 1


(x,y )(0,0) (x,y )(0,0)

lim

x2 + y 2

x2 + y 2 + 1 + 1

= 2

>IAHL=
I L= = =

2=H=

?K A

@A E

EJAI @A BK JA @A @

AI F

E=EI A
BK AI H=?E

AI E A=HAI

IK>IJEJKEH E

HAI F=H=

I GK=EI

AIJ

2=H= BK

=EI GK= @

? HHA E @AJAH

B= AH AIJA FH ?A@E

A J

@ALA IA A J

KI=H = HACH= @ I
@ EI ?=

E D I

   4ACH= @ I += E D I
5A f (x, y ) L1 GK= @ (x, y ) (x0 , y0 ) = C @ ?= E D C1 A f (x, y ) L2 GK= @ (x, y ) (x0 , y0 ) = C @ ?= E D C2 ? L1 = L2 A J lim f (x, y ) ANEIJA
(x,y )(x0 ,y0 )

-NA F 

2=H= ?= ?K =H

EJA

x2 y 2 lim (x,y )(0,0) x2 + y 2


+ IE@AHA FHE AEH ?= E D =FH NE = @ IA FA AEN

EIJ

y=0

x2 =1 (x,0)(0,0) x2 lim
)C H= L= I I =FH NE =H FA ?= E D

y=x

x2 x2 =0 lim (x,x)(0,0) x2 + x2
2 H J= J E EJA A GKAIJ ANEIJA

!
 + JE KE@=@A

,A

= BK

@A @K=I L=HE LAEI

@EJ= ?

K= A

(x0 , y0 )

IA

(x,y )(x0 ,y0 )

lim f

f (x, y ) = f (x0 , y0 )
J K= A J @ F J @A

,E A

I GKA

K= A

IA

B H ?

(x0 , y0 )

@A

2H FHEA@=@AI @= +

JE KE@=@A

5A f (x, y ) A g (x, y ) I

? J K=I A

(x0 , y0 ) A J

 f (x, y ) + g (x, y ) J= >


f (x, y ) g (x, y ) J= >

? J K= ? J K=

f (x,y ) g (x,y )

J= >

? J K= ? J K=
A ? K J GK=

" h(x, y ) = u[f (x, y )] J= >

-NA F
t + ln t

,AJAH E A 1xy A f (x, y ) = 1+x2 y 2

!

h(x, y ) = u(f (x, y ))

K=

F=H=

u(t) =

5 K

) BK

f (x, y )

? JE K= F=H= J @ (x, y ) F H KJH


[ ] 1 xy 1 xy h(x, y ) = + ln 1 + x2 y 2 1 + x2 y 2

=@ u(t)

? J K= F=H= J @

t > 0 =IIE

@AIJA

@ h ? J K= F=H= J @ (x, y ) J= GKA f (x, y ) > 0 EIJ

xy < 1

-NA F  "


f (x, y ) = x2 + y 2 + xy f (x, y ) =
x2 +y 2 xy 1

K= F=H= J @

(x, y )

K= F=H= J @ J ?

xy = 1 x>y x2 + y 2 1

! "

f (x, y ) = ln(x y ) ? f (x, y ) = 1 x2 y 2

K= F=H= J @ J

K= F=H= J @

"
 ! ,AHEL=@=I 2=H?E=EI

 !  2 = I 6= CA JAI
5KF D= GKA f (x, y ) JA D= @AHEL=@=I F=H?E=EI ? J K=I 7 = AGK= B ?EA z = f (x, y ) F J P (x0 , y0 , z0 ) @=@= F H @ F= J= CA JA IKFAH

z z0 = fx (x0 , y0 )(x x0 ) + fy (x0 , y0 )(y y0 )

-NA F
(2, 2, 2)

#

,AJAH

E A = AGK=

F=

J= CA JA

IKFAHB ?EA

z = y cos(x y )

5 K

2HE AEH= A JA ?= ?K =

I =I @AHEL=@=I F=H?E=EI

fx = y sen (x y ) fx (2, 2) = 0 = fy = cos(x y ) + y sen (x y ) fy (2, 2) = 1

- J
z 2 = 0(x 2) + 1(y 2) = z = y
 " )FH NE = E A=H

) AGK= @ F = J= CA JA = CH ? @A K = BK F=H?E=EI ? JE K=I A K F J (a, b, f (a, b))

f @A @K=I L=HE LAEI GKA JA

@AHEL=@=I

z = f (a, b) + fx (a, b)(x a) + fy (a, b)(y b)

) BK

E A=H ?K

CH ?

AIIA F =

J= CA JA = I=>AH

L(x, y ) = f (a, b) + fx (a, b)(x a) + fy (a, b)(y b)

@A

E =@= E A=HE =

@A f A

(a, b) A = =FH NE =

f (x, y ) f (a, b) + fx (a, b)(x a) + fy (a, b)(y b)

?D= =@= =FH NE = E A=H @A f A (a, b) + IE@AHA K = BK @A @K=I L=HE LAEI z = f (x, y ) A IKF D= GKA x L=HE= @A a =J a + x A y L=HE= @A b =J b + y - J E ?HA A J ? HHAIF @A JA @A z
z = f (a + x, b + y ) f (a, b)

2 HJ= J

E ?HA A J z HAFHAIA J= = L=HE= @A L= H @A f GK= @ (x, y ) L=HE= @A (a, b) F=H= (a + x, b + y ) )IIE @A E I = @EBAHA ?E=>E E@=@A @A K = BK @A @K=I L=HE LAEI

,A
B H =

!

5A

z = f (x, y )

A J

@EBAHA ?E LA

(a, b)

IA

F @A IAH AIFHAII

z = fx (a, b)x + fy (a, b)y + 1 x + 2 y


@A

2 0 f

GK= @

(x, y ) (0, 0). fx


A

6A HA =  
(a, b)
A J

5A =I @AHEL=@=I F=H?E=EI @EBAHA ?E LA A ,AJAH

fy

ANEIJA

FAHJ

(a, b)

A I

K=I A

(a, b)
= E A=H @= BK

-NA F  $

E A = =FH NE

f (x, y ) =
A

20 x2 7y 2

(2, 1)

A KIA = F=H= =FH NE

=H

f (1, 95, 1, 08)

5 K

)I @AHEL=@=I F=H?E=EI I
x fx (x, y ) = 20 x2 7y 2 2 fx (2, 1) = 3 fy (x, y ) = fy (2, 1) = 7 3 7y 20 x2 7y 2

) >=I fx A fy I @=@= F H

? JE K=I FAHJ @ F J (2, 1) 2 HJ= J f

@EBAHA ?E LA ) E A=HE =

L(x, y ) f (2, 1) + fx (2, 1)(x 2) + fy (2, 1)(y 1) 2 7 3 (x 2) (y 1) 3 3 1 (20 2x 7y ) 3

) =FH NE =

E A=H ? HHAIF @A JA
f (x, y ) = 1 20 x2 7y 2 (20 2x 7y ) 3

F HJ= J JA GKA L= H HA=

f (1, 95, 1, 08)

1 [20 2(1, 95) 7(1, 08)] = 2, 847 3 f (1, 95, 1, 08) = 20 (1, 95)2 7(1, 08)2 = 2, 834

 "  ,EBAHA ?E=EI


2=H= K = BK @A @K=I L=HE LAEI z = f (x, y ) @A E I =I @EBAHA ?E=EI dx A dy ? E @AFA @A JA - J = @EBAHA ?E= J J= dz @A E@= F H
dz = fx (x, y )dx + fy (x, y )dy

L=HE LAEI

>IAHL=

5A

dx = x = x a

dy = y = y b

A J

= @EBAHA ?E= @A

dz = fx (a, b)(x a) + fy (a, b)(y b)


EIJ ? = J= @EBAHA ?E= = =FH NE = E A=H F @A IAH AI?HEJ= ?

f (x, y ) f (a, b) + dz

-NA F  %
@A

5A

z = x2 xy + 3y 2

(x, y )

L=HE= @A

(3, 1)

(2, 96, 0, 95)

F=HA

I L=

HAI

dz

5 K

+= ?K =

I = @EBAHA ?E= J J=
dz = z z dx + dy = (2x y )dx + (6y x)dy x y

= @ x = 3 dx = 0, 04 y = 1 A dy = 0, 05

>JA

dz = [2(3) (1)](0, 04) + [6(1) 3](0, 05) = 0, 73

E ?HA A J @A z
z = f (2, 96, 0, 95) f (3, 1) [ ] [ ] = (2, 96)2 (2, 96)(0, 95) + 3(0, 95)2 32 3(1) + 3(1)2 = 14, 2811 15 = 0, 7189

>IAHLA GKA z dz
 #

=I dz

=EI IE F AI @A ?= ?K =H

4ACH= @= +=@AE=

,A

E
A

 " +=I 1
y = h(t)
I BK

5KF

D= GKA

x = g (t)

AI @EBAHA

z = f (x, y ) ?E LAEI A t

IA = K - J

= BK

@EBAHA ?E LA @A = BK

y t
A

@A

@EBAHA ?E LA @A

f dx f dy dz = + dt x dt y dt

-NA F  &

7IA HACH= @= ?=@AE= F=H= @AJAH

dw E =H dt

w = ln

x2 + y 2 + z 2 ,

x = sen t,

y = cos t,

z=

JC t

5 K
dw w dx w dy w dz = + + dt x dt y dt z dt x y z (cos t) + 2 ( sen t) + 2 (sec2 t) = 2 2 2 2 2 x +y +z x +y +z x + y2 + z2 sen t cos t JC t = 2 (cos t) + 2 ( sen t) + 2 (sec2 t) 2 2 2 2 2 2 x +y +z x +y +z x +y +z JC t = (sec2 t) sen 2 t + cos2 t + JC 2 t = JC t

,A

 # +=I 11
A

5KF BK

D= GKA

z = f (x, y )

IA = K

= BK

@EBAHA ?E LA @A

@A

x = g (s, t)

y = h(s, t)

AI @EBAHA ?E LAEI @A

A @A

- J

z z x z y = + s x s y s

z z x z y = + t x t y t

-NA F  '

,AJAH

z z E A s A t

z = arcsin(x y ),

x = s2 + t2 ,

y = 1 2st

5 K
z z x z y = + s x s y s 1 1 = (2s) (2t) 1 (x y )2 1 (x y )2 2(s + t) = 1 (x y )2

JA GKA
1 (x y )2 = 1 (s2 + t2 1 + 2st)2 [ ]2 = 1 (s + t)2 1 = 2(s + t)2 (s + t)4 [ ] = (s + t)2 2 (s + t)2

z 2 = s 2 (s + t)2

&

,A
K

 $ 8AHI
@A ?=@=

/AH= 
xj
K

5KF = BK

D= GKA

IA = K

= BK

@EBAHA ?E LA

@A

L=HE LAEI

x1 , x2 , . . . , xn
= BK

@EBAHA ?E LA @A A

L=HE LAEI

t1 , t 2 , . . . , t m

- J

@EBAHA ?E LA @A

t1 , t 2 , . . . , t m

u x1 u x2 u xn u = + + ... + ti x1 ti x2 ti xn ti
F=H= ?=@=

i = 1, 2, . . . , m.

 #  ,AHEL=
,A = = AGK=

1 F E?EJ=
F (x, y ) = 0

= GK= @A A y = f (x) E F E?EJ= A JA ? @EBAHA ?E LA

K = BK

@A x F=H= J @ x

E @A f 5A F

F dx F dy dy Fx + = 0 = = x dx y dx dx Fy

-NA F  

,AJAH

dy E A dx F=H= = AGK=

cos(x y ) = xey

5 K

) AGK=

F @A IAH AI?HEJ= ?
F (x, y ) = cos(x y ) xey = 0

C
F dx F dy + = 0 x dx y dx dy [ sen (x y ) ey ] + [ sen (x y ) xey ] = 0 dx

- J

sen (x y ) + ey dy = dx sen (x y ) xey

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