ELEMENTS OF LITERATURE

1. Plot The framework of the story which has five components. a) introduction b) rising action
rising action climax denouement resolution & conclusion

c) climax d) falling action (denouement) e) conclusion (resolution) 2. Introduction

introduction

ound at the beginning of the story and has four purposes! a) to arouse the reader"s interest (attention grabber) b) to introduce the main characters c) to give an idea of the setting d) to give clues to the actions that may follow $ series of steps where the action and the conflict are introduced. $ clash of opposing forces. These are the main types! a) b) c) a) person vs. person person vs. self person vs. nature&environment&unknown person vs. society

#. Rising Action %. Conflict

'. Climax

The point of the story at which we know how the story will end. The main conflict and the suspense end here. (f the excitement of the story is a let down at this point) it is called an anti*climax. The conflict is resolved and loose ends are tied up. The process or steps taken to solve the main problem in the story. ollows soon after the climax and provides closure to the story. $round whom the action centres! a) !rotagonist * main character b) antagonist / opposing force to main character c) foils / characters that are complete opposites of each other d) stereot"!e / character typing based on appearance e) de#elo!ing c aracter / a character that changes by the end of the story f) flat$stoc% c aracter / character with few personality traits g) round c aracter / character that has many personality traits

+. Falling Action ,. Resolution -. Conclusion .. C aracters

T e aut or de#elo!s a c aracter t ree &a"s' 1. by the author"s comments 2. by the character"s own comments and works #. by the comments of the other characters in the story 10. Setting The time and place in which the story occurs

11. Atmos! ere or Mood The prevailing feeling that is created in the story through the dialogue and the imagery (eg. 1loomy) tense) menacing ) 12. T eme 1#. Point of (ie& The central idea behind the story / a reflection on life. The perspective from which the story is seen or told. T e t ree main !oints or #ie& are' 1. First Person Narrati#e / protagonist tells the story 2. T ird Person Narrati#e / character from the story who refers to the protagonist as he or she #. Omniscient Narrati#e / reveals the mind of all characters* all seeing) 1od like perspective) 2outside3 the story 1%. Sus!ense 1'. )ialogue 4ncertainty as to the outcome of the story. $ctual conversation between the characters) signified by 25uotations3.

1+. Monologue or Solilo*u" $ conversation with self or outloud towards the audience in a 2performance3 situation. 1,. Fores ado&ing $ hint that something will happen in the future. 1-. Flas +ac% 1.. Iron" 20. Imager" $ device that shifts the story from the present to the past. $ hint of sarcasm) a slight twist of what is expected. $ vivid description or figures of speech used to create mental pictures or to appeal to the senses.

21. Figurati#e Language 6anguage that enhances description in writing.

22. S"m+olism 2#. Meta! or 2%. Simile 2'. Personification 2+. C aracteristics

7omething that stands for a complicated or abstract idea. $ comparison $ comparison using 2like3 or 2as3 1iving human like 5ualities to non*human things or giving 2life* like3 5ualities to a non living thing. (dentifies uni5ue 5ualities of a character. 1ives the reader 2internal3 information about personality and 2external3 information about appearance.

2,. T"!es of Conclusions There are three main kinds of conclusions 1. Cliff ,anger! an unfinished story that leaves the reader 2hanging3 at the climax. 2. Left ,and Turn! The ending surprises the reader and usually changes their opinion about the entire story. #. Finis ed Stor"! $ story with a proper 2wrap*up3 or conclusion. The reader is usually satisfied when finished.