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PONTOS DE EQUILBRIO
Consideremos o sistema autnomo
f ( y) = 0 .
dy
= f ( y ) . O ponto de equilbrio definido pela solues de
dt
Exemplo 1:
dy
= y (1 y )
dt
O arquivo .m derivy
function dy = derivy(t,y)
dy=y.*(1-y);
Note-se que:
1)
y(0)<0 f(y)<0 y sempre cai
0<y(0)<1 f(y)>0 y sempre aumenta
y(0)>1 f(y)<0 y sempre cai
2)
O ponto de equilbrio y=1 atrai trajetrias enquanto o ponto y=0 repele trajetrias.
Exemplo 2
dy
= 0.2 y (5 y )( y 2)
dt
function dy = derivy2(t,y)
dy=0.2*y.*(5-y).*(y-2);
%ponto de equilibrio
y=linspace(-1,7,100);t=[];
figure(1)
plot(y,derivy2(t,y))
%ponto inicial x0
x0=linspace(-1,7,6);
cor=['b';'m';'g';'y';'r';'k'];
tspan=[0 5];
figure(2), hold on
for i=1:length(x0)
[t,y]=ode45('derivy2',tspan',x0(i));
plot(t,y,cor(i)),plot(t(1),y(1),[cor(i) 'o']);
pause
end
axis([0 1 -2 7])
Conveno utilizada:
f(y)>0
f(y)<0
Exemplo 3
dy1
= y1 (1 y1 ) y1 y 2
dt
dy 2
= 2 y 2 (1 y 2 / 2) 3 y1 y 2
dt
Pontos de equilbrio
dy1
= 0 y1 (1 y1 ) y1 y 2 = 0 1 y1 y 2 = 0 ou y1 = 0 (isclina 1)
dt
dy 2
= 0 2 y 2 (1 y 2 / 2) 3 y1 y 2 = 0 2 3 y1 y 2 = 0 ou y 2 = 0 (isclina 2)
dt
Construindo o PLANO DE FASE (y1 x y2) com o MATLAB:
%ponto de equilibrio
tspan=[0 5];
hold on
y10=[0.1 0.3 0.4 0.6 1 1.5];
y20=[0 0.8 1.0 1.5 2 2.5];
cor=['b';'m';'g';'y';'r';'k'];
for i=1:length(y10)
for j=1:length(y20)
[t,y]=ode45('derivy3',tspan',[y10(i) y20(j)]);
plot(y(:,1),y(:,2),cor(i)),plot(y(1,1),y(1,2),[cor(i) 'o']);
pause
end
end
axis([0 1.5 0 2.5])
%isoclinas
y1=linspace(0,1.2,12)';
isoc1=[y1 1-y1];
isoc2=[y1 2-3*y1];
isoc3=[zeros(size(y1)) y1];
isoc4=[y1 zeros(size(y1))];
plot(isoc1(:,1),isoc1(:,2),'c')
plot(isoc2(:,1),isoc2(:,2),'c')
plot(isoc3(:,1),isoc3(:,2),'c')
plot(isoc4(:,1),isoc4(:,2),'c')
function dy = derivy3(t,y)
dy(1)=y(1)*(1-y(1))-y(1)*y(2);
dy(2)=2*y(2)*(1-y(2)/2)-3*y(1)*y(2);
dy=dy(:);
PLANO DE FASES
Dado o sistema autnomo
dx
= Ax
dt
Ax = x
assumindo que A tem uma base de n autovetores x1...xn com autovalores 1... n
y = c1e 1t + ... + c n e nt
1... n devem ter parte real positiva para que o sistema seja estvel.
Exemplo 4
2 1
dx
= Ax , A =
dt
2 1
>> [V,D]=eig([2 1;2 -1])
V =
0.8719
0.4896
-0.2703
0.9628
2.5616
0
0
-1.5616
D =
onde
D= 1
0
0
2
1
-1
>> b=[0;0]
b =
0
0
>> x=A\b
x =
0
0
%ponto de equilibrio
tspan=[0 10];
hold on
y10=[-2 -1 0 1 2];
y20=[-2 -1 0 1 2];
cor=['b';'m';'g';'y';'r';'k'];
for i=1:length(y10)
for j=1:length(y20)
[t,y]=ode45('derivy4',tspan',[y10(i) y20(j)]);
plot(y(:,1),y(:,2),cor(i)),plot(y(1,1),y(1,2),[cor(i) 'o']);
pause
end
end
axis([-2 2 -2 2])
function dy = derivy4(t,x)
A=[2 1;2 -1];
dy=A*x;
Exemplo 4b
3 1
A=
1 3
0.7071
0.7071
D =
-4
0
0
-2
function dy = derivy4b(t,x)
A=[-3 1;1 -3];
dy=A*x;
%ponto de equilibrio
tspan=[0 10];
hold on
y10=[-2 -1 0 1 2];
y20=[-2 -1 0 1 2];
cor=['b';'m';'g';'y';'r';'k'];
for i=1:length(y10)
for j=1:length(y20)
[t,y]=ode45('derivy4b',tspan',[y10(i) y20(j)]);
plot(y(:,1),y(:,2),cor(i)),plot(y(1,1),y(1,2),[cor(i) 'o']);
pause
end
end
axis([-2 2 -2 2])
Exemplo 4c:
1 0
A=
0 1
>> [V,D]=eig(eye(2,2))
V =
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
D =
Exemplo 4d:
1 0
A=
1 1
>>
[V,D]=eig([1 0; 1 -1])
V =
0
1.0000
0.8944
0.4472
D =
-1
0
0
1
Exemplo 4e:
0 1
A=
4 0
>> [V,D]=eig([0 1; -4 0])
V =
0 - 0.4472i
0.8944
0 + 0.4472i
0.8944
D =
0 + 2.0000i
0
0
0 - 2.0000i