Abstracts - IWRM 2014

International Symposium on Integrated Water Resources Management February 19-21, 2014
Centre for Water Resources Development and Management, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
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HYDROLOGY Higher Lead Time Forecasting of Brahmaputra River Flow using Wavelet Neural Network Hybrid Model - Khandekar Sachin Dadu and Paresh Chandra Deka Trend Analysis of Rain Spell in Bharathapuzha River basin - Powshi V and Sreekesh S Spatio-Temporal Variation of Stable Isotopes in Precipitation and Ground Level Vapour in Kerala Shahul Hameed A, Resmi T R, Deshpande R D, Praveen Babu M and Sudheesh M Electrical resistivity Sounding and Hydrochemical Investigation for Delineating Saline Water Intrusion in shallow Aquifers of Ernakulam Alappuzha Coast - Priju C P, Karthick P, Kumar A, Abdul Hameed E, Madhavan K and Narasimha Prasad N B Assessing the Impact of Future Land Use Land Cover Changes on Hydrological Processes in the Kanva River Watershed in Southern Karnataka, India Monika Saini, Joshi P K and Sekhar M Implications of Lineaments on Groundwater Potential in Karamana River Basin, Kerala - Priyadarsini G S and Mohammed Aslam M A Sustainability of Urban Water Bodies A Tale of Two Cities - Hippu Salk Kristle Nathan, Jafar K and Lakshmikanth Hari Comparison of Base Flow Separation Methods in a Highland Catchment in Karnataka - Jayasree Vaidyanathan Analysis of Regional Temporal Pattern of South-West Monsoon Rainfall over Mumbai as a Flood-Inducer - Sherly. M A, Subhankar Karmakar, Terence Chan and Christian Rau Assessment of Current Storm Water Infrastructure System in Lieu of Flooded Points of Interest within Union Territory, Chandigarh - Kalra A M and Uma Malik Estimation of Nitrate Leaching in Groundwater - A Case Study - Vinod P N and Chandramouli P N River Flow Modelling using Radial Basis Function Artificial Neural
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Network Jitendra Sinha, Sahu R K, Avinash Agarwal and Sinha B L Estimating capacity Loss of Somasila Reservoir, India using Per-Pixel and Sub-Pixel Classification Technique - Jeyakanthan V S Regional Rainfall Analysis to Develop the Intensity Duration Frequency Relationship for Selected Gauge Station - Ramana R V, Krishna B, Rao Y R S and Jeyakanthan V S Discrete Wavelet Decomposition for Precipitation Forecasting - Krishna B and Venkata Ramana R Suitability of Groundwater for Domestic Water Use A Case Study on Alathur Block, Perambalur District, Tamil Nadu Jafar Ahamed A, Loganathan K, Vijaya Kumar P and Ananthakrishnan S Comparison of Open Foam Simulated Dam Break and Impact Flow Results with the Experimental Data - Parvathi S and Pruthviraj U A Comparative Study of the Adaptive Choice of Thresholds Selection in POT Analysis of Extreme Floods Nibedita Guru and Ramakar Jha Hydrologic Modeling and Forecasting using HEC-HMS and HEC-Geo HMS with DWR Precipitation Grids - Josephine Vanaja S Hydrological Perceptive in IWRM Plan for Yerrakalva River Basin, Coastal Andhra Pradesh, India - Satyaji Rao Y R and Vijaya Kumar S V Estimation of Instream Flow Requirements of Son Basin in Ganga River using a Surface Water Ground Water Coupled Model - Naveen J, Pooja P and Narasimhan B Modelling of an Artificial Recharge System in a Semi-Arid Region using Mudflow Pankaj Dhote and Mathew K Jose Trend Analysis of Rainfall in River Basins of Western Ghats of Karnataka - Amogh M, Raikar, R V and Venkatesh B An Artificial Neural Network Approach to Rainfall-Runoff Modelling in an Un-Gauged Catchment - Swain J B and Jha R Morphometric Analysis of Noyyal Sub-Watershed Brema J, Daina Souza and Lima Integrated River Basin Master Plan for Chaliyar - Anitha A B, Shahul Hameed and Narasimha Prasad N B Hydogeomorphological Study of Kadalundi River Basin in Kerala - Bindu K, Jaypal and Anitha A B
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A Comparative Analysis of Water Balance in Selected Stations of Western Saudi Arabia: Using T-M and Penman-Monteith EvapoTranspiration Model - Mohammad Suhail and Rakhshanda F Fazli Analysis of Flow and Base Flow Trends in the Malaprabha Catchment, India A case study - Venkatesh B, Purandara, B.K, Jose M.K and Chandramohan T Conceptual Model of Groundwater Flow Dynamics and Recharge in Laterite Aquifer Systems of Humid Tropical Regions: A Case Study from the State of Kerala, India - Kunhambu V, Vinayachandran N, Balakrishnan K, Rani V R and Mini Chandran SWAT Model as a Tool for Chalakkudy River Management - Sherjah P Yusuf Ali and Sajikumar N Integrated Sensing of Meteorological and Spectral Indices for Evaluation of Drought Impact and Water Resources Management in Semi-Arid and Arid Climates - Seyed Amir Shamsnia and Fardin Boustani Trend Analysis in Rainfall under Different Climatic Conditions of India and Brazil - Jhajharia D, Cantalice J R B, Singh V P, Kumar R and Choudhary R R Water Balance Computation using Swat for a Data Scarce Region in a Monsoon-Driven Environment - Celine George and James E J Modelling Pan Evaporation by Fuzzy Regression - Arun Raj V E and Jairaj P G Long Term Spatial and Temporal Rainfall Trend in Wayanad District of Kerala - Dinesan V P and Manasa P S Identification of Groundwater Potential Zones by Remote Sensing, GIS and Electrical Resistivity Survey Techniques in a Mine Area - A Case Study of Tensa Valley, Sunderghar District, Odisha, India - Surajit Murasingh, Ramakar Jha and Md Equeenuddin Hydrological Modeling of Achenkovil River Basin under Climate Change Scenarios Smitha P S, Narasimhan B and Sudeer K P Sensitivity of Hydrologic Model Parameters and Uncertainty in Stream Flow Simulation - A Comparative Assessment of SWAT Model in SubTropical and Temperate Regions Sangeetha K, Nithila Devi N, Karpagam K and Narasimhan B Hydro-Morphological Study of Selected River Basins in South Kerala - Neenu K, Anoop R, Sukanya J Nair and Drissia T K
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Morphometric Analysis of Kallada and Pallikkal River basins of Kerala using GIS - Priya Philip, Nimiya Baby, Ashwathi V K and Drissia T K Impact on Groundwater Table due to Construction of a Vented Weir across a Seasonal Stream in Northern Kerala - A Case Study - Abdul Hameed E, Arun P R and Narasimha Prasad N B Annual and Seasonal Trends of Rainfall in the Humid Tropics of Kerala - Drissia T K, Shabeer A, Geetha C and Dinil Sony C Evaluation of Groundwater Development Prospects in a Midland Region of Central Kerala Geethu Krishna V, Preethi V, Arun P R and Narasimha Prasad N B Groundwater Development Prospects in Highland Region of Thrissur District, Kerala Aneesh V, Gandhi J, Arun P R and Narasimha Prasad N B Hydrochemical Evaluation of Ground Water from the Kavaratti Island, Lakshadweep with Special Emphasis on Fluoride Content - Sui A S, Mrudulrag S K, Resmi T R and Shahul Hameed A Transverse Water Surface Profile of a Meandering Channel - Arpan Pradhan; Saine S Dash and Kishanjit K Khatua Simulation-Optimization Framework for the Optimal Operations of Parambikulam - Aliyar Reservoir System - Joshy K A, Sridharan B, Srinivasan K and Susheela Mathews Floodplain Evaluation Using Hec-Ras - Sawaf M, and Mohandas C Rainfall Runoff Modelling using Ann and Anfis - Sanoop Kottuvayal Thazha Kuni and Mohandas C Runoff Computation using Analytical Geomorphologic Instantaneous Unit Hydrograph - Arun C M and Jairaj P Land Use/Land Cover Changes and Water Resources in the Krishna River Basin - Anjaiah B, Roy P S and Narayana AC Assessment of Groundwater Draft and Recharge using Census Datasets - Nagarathna H R and Yusuf Javeed Development and Testing of a Small Watershed Simulation Model - Ranjit Kumar M and Meenambal T, Kumar V Yettina Hole Diversion in Karnataka Some Thoughts on Excess Flow in Rivers - Mysooru R Yadupathi Putty Strategies for Conservation of Urban Tanks - A Case Study in Mysore - Vidya V K, Mysooru R Yadupathi Putty and Manjunath, K C Impact of Silt Detention Structures in Catchment on the Water
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Availability in Sukhna Lake, Chandigarh - Suhas Khobragade, Kumar C P, Senthil Kumar A R, Prabhat Semwal and Singh R D An integrated approach of rainwater harvesting and management in small watershed of Rajasthan - Devesh Sharma WATER QUALITY An Integrated Study of the Present Scenario of Vanchikulam Wetland of Kerala with Special Reference to its Ecological Importance - Sharika P S Groundwater Quality in Shallow Coastal Aquifers of Central Kerala: Natural and Anthropogenic Factors - Priju C.P, Neerajamol T P, Madhavan K and Narasimha Prasad N B Is Roof Water Harvesting an Answer to Urban Water Crisis? A case study of Bangalore - Hippu Salk Kristle Nathan, Jayashree V and Binoy VV Quality and Treatment of Roof-Harvested Rainwater Mansoor Ahammed M, Abhillash T Nair and Meera V Multivariate Statistical Analysis of River Water Quality Based on PCA and CCA Sahoo M M and Patra K C Continuous-Mode Photocatalysis Reactor Operation for Livestock Wastewater Treatment - Vishnuganth M A, Selvaraju N and Mathava Kumar Evaluation of Groundwater Chemistry of Shallow Aquifers of Malabar Region, Kerala with respect to Physiography - Suraj S, Resmi T R and Shahul Hameed A Drinking Water Quality Assurance through Water Card - Madhavan Komath, Litty Joseph and Harikumar P S Natural Clay Material: A Versatile Adsorbent for the Removal of Fluoride from Groundwater - Mazhar Nazeeb Khan S M, Sirajudeen J and Ravikumar A A Study of Arsenic Contamination in Groundwater of Budhia Nala Region, Faridabad - Beena Sethi Vamanapuram River, Southern Kerala: Limnological Studies of a Lotic Ecosystem Santhosh S K, Sureshbabu N P and Vasudevan Nair T Delineation of Seawater Intrusion by Geochemical and Isotopic Signatures in Coastal Aquifers, North of Chennai, India
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Indu S Nair, Rajaveni S P, Schneider M and Elango Lakshmanan Water Supply, Sanitation and Associated Health Problems in Ajanta Nagar and Gavali Nagar Slum in Pimpri Chinchwad Urban Area near Pune in Maharashtra, India Rajesh T Birajdar and Arun D Andhale Investigation and Qualitative Classification of Hero River Water by Canadian Water Quality Index (CWQI) - Ebrahim Fataei, Hamed Hassanpur Kurandeh, Solmaz Shir Ali Pur and Leila Tabrizi Modelling of Spatial Uncertainty in Water Quality Networks Jairaj P G and Athira Sidharthan Adsorptive Removal of Organic Pollutants using Charcoal Prepared from Melastoma Malabathricum L - Abdul Shukoor T M., Abi P K and Philip K C Application of Remote Sensing and GIS in Water Quality Assessment Review Paper - Alina Nero and Amba shetty Mapping of Groundwater Quality in the Adjoining Area of Marakkanam in the East Coast of Pondicherry Union Territory, India - Kumaravel S, Gurugnanam B, Bagyaraj M, Venkatesan, S, Suresh M and Chidambaram S A Study on the Variation of Dissolved Organic Carbon in Layered Groundwaters of Pondicherry Region - Thilagavathi R, Chidambaram S, Thivya C, Pethaperuamal S and Tirumalesh K Seasonal Variations of Uranium Concentration in Hard Rock Aquifers of Madurai District, Tamil Nadu - Thivya C, Chidambaram S, Thilagavathi R, Nepolian M and Tirumalesh K Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) with Eichhornia Crassipes (Mart.) Solms: An Effective Way to Treat Grey water - Aryalakshmi K J, Arun Babu V, Ignatius Antony and Ramasamy E V Heavy Metal Distribution in the Muthupet Estuary in the Coromandal Coast Priya K L, Jegathambal P, James E J and Gnanaprakash Cholera Outbreak in the Tribal Colonies of Wayanadu Kerala - India A Case Study - Thomas Bina, Jayakrishan T, Sreedevi C, Jeslin Jacob and Sameera Application of Response Surface Methodology for Wastewater Remediation - Bhuvaneshwari S and Sivasubramanian V
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Microbiological Quality of Groundwater and Surface Water in a Part of Arani River Basin, Tamil Nadu, India - Parimala Renganayaki. S , Julia Prock, Liang Yu , Thomas Wintgens and Elango Lakshmanan Evaluation of Groundwater Quality along the Thamirabarani Deltaic Region, Tuticorin District, Tamil Nadu - Pragath M, Girish Gopinath and Shahul Hameed A Fertilizer Applications in Farm Lands and Nitrate Contamination of Groundwater - A case study in Mysore District - Manjunath K C and Meenakshi H R An Integrated Approach for Assessing Aquifer Water Quality A Case Study in Eastern India - Madhumita Das, Das B, Swain P and Nayak A K Hydrochemical Characterisation of a Tropical Sub Basin of Bharathapuzha, Kerala, India - Unnikrishnan Warrier C and Manjula P Modeling of Solute Transport Process in an Agriculture Field A case study - Purandara B K, Chandramohan T, Jose M K and Venkatesh B Electrically Enhanced Phyto-remediation of Heavy Metals Megha T and Harikumar P S Water Quality Improvement using Different Filter Material - Chitaranjan Dalai and Ramakar Jha Investigations of Shallow Groundwater in Shallow Coastal Aquifer in Beach Zone for Assessing Scope for Multiple Uses and for Designing Appropriate Abstraction Structure - Shajan Jacob Water Quality Deterioration of Abandoned Old Ganga Canal due to Anthropogenic Activities at Haridwar (Uttarakhand) India - Vinod Kumar and Chopra A K Development of Hybrid Anaerobic Digestion and Membrane Separation Technique for Treatment of Highly Contaminated Waste Water (MSW Landfill Leachate) - Vaibhav R Sapkal, Munish Kumar Chandel, Vaidya A N, and Pradeep Kumar Biogas Production Potential of Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Leachate A Lab Scale Study - Vaibhav R Sapkal, Munish K Chandel, Pradeep Kumar and Vaidya A N WATER AND ENVIRONMENT
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Fast, Selective and Eco-Friendly Inorganic Ion-Exchange Material for
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Hazardous Waste Remediation - Siji S, Aparna Mohan and Janardanan C Effective Removal of Hazardous Metal Ions from Waste Water using Novel Titanium(III) Tin Selenite Cation Exchanger - Dhanitha M A, Nimisha K V and Janardanan C Environmental Impact of Revival of T.S Canal - Case Study of Kovalam Akkulam Stretch - Kalaiarasan P, Sreedevi B G and Sabitha N M Effect of Supported-Catalysts in the Treatment of Poultry Wastewater in a Photoreactor - Asha C Raju and Mathava Kumar Performance Evaluation of Microwave-Assisted Systems for Carbofuran Degradation - Neelancherry Remya, Jih-Gaw Lin and Mathava kumar Nutrient Dynamics in the Destination Sites of Migratory Water Birds: A Preliminary Analysis at the Selected Locations of Tropical Seashores and Lakes - Cyril Augustine, James Baben George, Neethu Cyril and Mary MC Analysis of Self Aeration over Block Ramps in Uniform Flow Conditions using Ann - Roshni T and Stefano Pagliara Geochemical Controls of Heavy Metal Distribution in Varied Aquatic Environments - Resmi T R and Jacob Chacko Comparative Assessment of Results of Synoptic Environmental Impact Assessment of an Irrigation System with Participatory Action Plan - Aishwarya Rani G Estimation of Sediment Yield and Selection of Suitable Sites for Soil Conservation Measures using RS and GIS Techniques - Abhijit M Zende Environmental Flow Management Strategies through Flow Augmentation - Concepts on Alternatives - Chachadi A G and Rhythm Warik Urbanisation and Water Management in the Bengaluru City, Karnataka Issues, Challenges and Possible Solutions - Jayasree Vaidyanathan Chemical Evolution and Origin of Salinity in the Groundwater of Ourna River Basin, Central India - Raja P, Malpe D B, Deepali Marghade and Bhaskar B P Modern State and Changes of Russian Lakes under Climate Changes and Anthropogenic Impacts - Nikolay Filatov Multiple Regression Model for Groundwater Development and
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Management Practices: A Micro Level Analysis from Northern Kerala, India Mohammed Aslam M A and Thulaseedharan P GIS Based Analysis for Augmenting Groundwater through Recharges in Lateritic Region at Watershed Level - Sanitha N K, Mohammed-Aslam M A and John Mathai Protozoa Enriched Anaerobic Reactors for Organic Wastewater Treatment - Priya M and Manilal V B Determination of Water Availability Index using Remote Sensing and GIS: A Case Study of Hyderabad City Rajitha K, Prakash Mohan M M and Murari RR Varma Maintaining Environmental Flow in the Teesta: How Much Does It Cost? - Md. Reaz Akter Mullick and Sudip K Pal Prospects of Utilizing Water Cabbage (Limnocharis Flava (L.) Buchenau) for Bioremediation - Nishan M A and Sansamma George Sediment Dynamics in New Mangalore Port: An Overview Parvathy K G, Deepthi I Gopinath and Dwarakish G S Strategies for Domestic Water Demand Management from Surface Water Reservoirs: A Case Study of Kerala State - Narayanan Namboodiri T V and Santosh. G Thampi Impact of Sand Mining to the Islands in Purathoor Estuary in Bharathapuzha Basin - Reshma Antony, Dinil Sony C and Abdulla P K Evaluation of the Surface and Groundwater Sources of Neyyar and Karamana Basins, Southern Kerala with Special Reference to Water Quality and Salinity Intrusion Problems in the Coastal Urban Environment - Krishnakumar A and Reji Srinivas Investigation of Sediment Transport Characteristics of the Rivers Originating from Western Ghats, Kerala, India, using Sediment Rating Curves - Chandramohan T, Purandara B K, Jose M K and Venkatesh B Impact Assessment of Heavy Metal Pollution in Agricultural Lands of the Industrial Belt of Dankuni Basin in West Bengal, India - Patra S K, Somsankar Dasa and Majumdar D Study on Applicability of Modelling Sediment Flow in a Run-Of-River Hydroelectric Project - Naveen J, Satish G and Vinod C Management of Coastal Ecosystems in Urban Areas through CRZ - Vimal K C, Neelima T, Thomas K V, Rameshan M and Mohanan C N
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Comparison of Waste Water Quality Parameters in Algae, Water Hyacinth and Duckweed Based Treatment Systems - Bartik Pandel, Anupam Singhal and Anuradha Devi Modelling the Performance of Household Rainwater Harvesting Systems - Athulya P and Jairaj P G Eco Hydrological Study of Tank Systems from IWRM Perspective - Hemamalini J, Mudgal B V and Sophia J D Population Growth, Change in Land Use and its Impact on Environment - A Case Study of Kozhikode District - Shindu P S and Govindaru V Grey water Treatment using Sub-Surface Flow Constructed Wetlands Planted with Axonopus Compressus (Sw.) P. Beauv. - Arun Babu V, Sruthy S, Ignatius Antony and Ramasamy E V Impact of River Sand Mining on Riverine and Aquifer Systems - Mathew K Jose, Venkatesh B, Chandramohan T and Purandara B K Unscientific Treatment of Municipal Solid Waste and Threats to Water Resources in Kerala, India - George Chackacherry Modelling Environmental Flows Augmentation for Ecosystem Conservation and Sustainable Water Sharing - Sudheer Padikkal, Sumam K S, Sajikumar N and Sankhua R N Chemistry of a Polar Lake The Larsemann Hills in Antarctica Girish Gopinath, Resmi T R, Praveen Babu M, Shahul Hameed A, Sunil P S and Rahul Rawat Ionic Composition of a High Altitude Lake The Schirmacher Oasis, East Antarctica Girish Gopinath, Resmi T R, Praveen Babu M, Shahul Hameed A, Sunil P S and Rahul Rawat Physico-Chemical Characteristics of Kodai Lake Sediments - Ashitha M K, Rajeesh U, Pragath M, Girish Gopinath, Surendran U and Unnikrishnan Warrier C Grain Size Distribution of Fluvial Sediments in an Impounded River Catchment - Sreeja R and Arun PR Elucidation of Physico-Chemical Parameters and Nutrient Load of Sediments in Pookot Lake, Wayanad Rajeesh U, Pragath M, Girish Gopinath, Surendran U and Unnikrishnan Warrier C Water Quality and Ecological Aspects of Freshwater Ponds from a Critically Exploited Region of South Kerala - Dinesh V, Ratheesh Kumar M D and Rajesh Reghunath
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Evaluation of the Functioning of Flood Relief Camps in Kottayam District - Mary Jency, Padma P and Ramasamy E V Validation Study of Paper-Based Biosensor for Detecting Pesticides in Real World Samples - Kanchana Mysore Somashekar, Carlos Filipe and Robert Pelton Assessment of Water Footprint - A Case Study for Kerala Government Secretariat, Thiruvananthapuram, India - Bindhya Mol K, Dinesan V P and Harikumar P S Soil and Groundwater Quality Assessment of Selected Islands of Kavvayi Wetland System, India Shiji M, Soumya P, Bindhya Mol K and Harikumar P S A Study on the Water Management and Hygienic Measures Practiced in Food Establishments in Kozhikode District - Jayakrishnan. T, Thomas Bina and Aswathy Raj S V Assessment of Heavy Metal Contamination of Soil near a Solid Waste Dumping Site using Statistical Analysis and Contamination Factor Jaseela C, Priyanka M and Harikumar PS Studies on the Integrated Resource Recovery and Conservation of the East Kolkata Wetlands Ecosystem - Omanjana Goswami, Sumit Mishra, Gautam Sen and Usha Jha Dynamics of Suspended Sediments in a Shallow Estuary, Muthupet, Tamil Nadu - Priya K L, Jegathambal P, James E J, Justin Mathew and Sam Philip Settling Velocity of Suspended Sediments in Estuaries Priya K L, Jegathambal P and James E J Efficacy of Arthrobacter sp and Bacillus sp Isolated from Wetland Rhizosphere on Lycopersicon esculentum and Solanum melongena - Jalaja T K, Kavya Vijayaraj, Remyasree P R and Digilarani M Environmental, Economic and Social Impacts of Manual Dredging of Minor Port - A Case Study - Abdulla P K, Dinil Sony C, Chandran Kolappadan and Anilkumar M T Grain Size of Beach Sediments of Central Kerala - Abdulla P K, Privya Jayaraj, Priya Lakhsmi and Aiswarya An Eco-architectural Plan for Water Resource Management of a Threatened Water Body in Central Aravallis of Rajasthan, India Sharma K C, Charan P D and Garima Sharma
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Meteorological Drought Characterization and its Variation in Selected
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Districts of Karnataka State - Sunil B Itnal and Venkatesh B Effect of Irrigation Scheduling and Nutrition (Fe & Zn) on Growth, Yield and Water Productivity of Aerobic Rice - Kadasiddappa Malamasuri, Tirupataiah K, Yella Reddy K and Sandhyarani K Effect of Drip Irrigation and N, K Fertigation Levels on Yield, Water Use Efficiency and Economics of Bush Beans (Lablab purpurium var. typical.) - Saileela K, Raji Reddy D, Devender Reddy M and Uma Devi M Irrigation Water Management through Water Saving Techniques in Malaprabha Command Area Ashoka P, Dasar G V, Rajkumara S and Neelakanth J K Soil and Water Conservation and Carbon Sequestration in Mango under Restoration Measures of Degraded Alfisols of Goa - Singh N P, Mahajan, G R, Manjunath B L and Verma R R Integrated Water Resource Development and Management for Sustainable Production of Citrus in Central India - Panigrahi P, Srivastava A K and Huchche A D Drought Management - Alagappan S and Venkitaswamy R Agronomic Biofortification for Agricultural Crops towards Food Security - Alagappan S and Venkitaswamy R Groundwater Irrigation in South Asia: Institutions, Markets and Sustainable Use - Achiransu Acharyya Rooting Pattern and Water Use Efficiency in Drip Fertigated Banana Musa (AAB) Nendran - Deepa Thomas and John P S System Intensification for Better Water Productivity in Banana - Bridgit T K, Prameela K P, Deepa Thomas and Binitha N K Removal of Nickel from Wastewater Process Optimization and Analysis using Response Surface Methodology (RSM) - Mahesh Ganesa Pillai,, Prithvi Simha and Ashita Gugalia Assessment of On-Farm Optimized Irrigation Techniques for Drought Management, in Nasik District, India Kadbhane S J and Manekar V L Assessing the Current and Future Potential Irrigable Land with Waste Water in Peri Urban Region of a Metropolitan City - Drisya J and Visalakshy K P Effect of Chitin Synthesis Inhibitor (CSI) Flufenoxuron on Corcyra Cephalonica (Station) (Lepidoptera:Pyralidae) Larvae with Special Reference to Climatic Change
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- Praseeja Cheruparambath and Manogem E M Vegetation Stress Analysis using NDVI at Drought Prone Raichur District, Karnataka - Sruthi S and Mohammed-Aslam M A Drip Fertigation Effect on Yield, Quality, Water Use And Economics of Ashwagandha in Rice Based Cropping System - Behera M S, Mahapatra PK, Singandhupe RB, Kundu D K, Satpathy S and Amarpreet Singh Evaluation of Drought Tolerant Fodder Cowpea Varieties under Varying Levels of Irrigation and Shade - Anita M R and Lakshmi S Influence of Planting Methods, Subsurface Drip Fertigation and Bioinoculants on Total Dry Matter Production in Vetiver - Shimi G J and Anilkumar A S Design Optimisation of Telescopic Sub-Mains in Drip Irrigation Systems Prakash Mohan M M, Rajitha K, Murari and Varma R R Effect of Water Resources Development and Other Agricultural Interventions on Livelihood of Rain fed Farmers in Odisha, India - Mohanty S, Ghosh S, Mohanty R K, Mandal K G, Routray S K and Ashwani Kumar Conductivity, Porosity and Carbon Content Measurements of Soils from Parts of Kerala - Dhanya K Yield and Water Productivity of Rice under Different Cultivation Practices and Irrigation Regimes - Shantappa Duttarganvi, Tirupataiah K, Yella Reddy K,, Sandhyrani K, Mahendra Kumar R and Kadasiddappa Malamasuri Indigenous Techniques for Moisture Conservation in Coconut Gardens - Sheeba Rebecca Isaac, Anithakumari P and Shalini Pillai P Crop Water Requirement using FAO-CROPWAT Model and Assessment of Water Resources for Sustainable Water Resource Management in Kozhikode District of Humid Tropical Kerala, India - Surendran U, Sushanth C M, George Mammen and Joseph E J Data Driven Approach to Forecast Pan Evaporation - Chaudhari N D ,Londhe S N, and Khare K C Conceptual Frame Work for Reviving Water Storage Structure in Rural and Peri-Urban Areas Anuradha B, Rajeswari B and Ambujam N K Efficient Techniques of Water Management in a Ginger- Amaranth Intercropping System - Sudha B, Gilsha Bai E B and Bridgit T K Water Management Technologies for Enhancing Crop Productivity and Water Use Efficiency in Deep Tube Well Command of West Bengal,
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India - Patra S K, Saha S, Goswami S B, Dutta D and Bhattacharya K Lake Siltation and its Effects on Agriculture Irrigation of Mayani Village, Tal.- Khatav, District- Satara, Maharashtra, India - Arun D. Andhale Aerobic Rice: An Option to Improve the Water Productivity of Rice - Jinsy, V.S, Shalini Pillai P and Jacob John Karnataka Water Resources Management: Challenges and Programmes - Prabhavathi P O and Naveen N Attitude of farmers towards drip irrigation - Bina Jose, Mohammed Koya A P, Deepa V J, Vidhya C and Sindhu I A Performance of Malampuzha Irrigation Project - An Empirical Evaluation - Madhava Chandran K, Sushanth C M, Ranju Rajendran and Athulya A K Groundwater Recharge Zone Mapping using GIS-Based Multi-criteria Analysis: A Case Study in Kadavanar, Cauvery river, Tamil Nadu, India - Suresh M , Gurugnanam B and Kumaravel Identification of Suitable Sites for Check Dams: A Geomorphic Approach - Case Study of Ausgram Block, Burdwan District, West Bengal, India - Prakasam C Socio-Economic Consequences of Conversion of Wet Land Paddy Fields - Mercykutty M J and Ranjan S Karippai Bioremediation of Organo chlorine Pesticide Residues using Bacterial Species Isolated From Soil - Jesitha K, Manjusha CM and Harikumar P S Performance Evaluation of storage efficiency and Optimal Water Allocation of an Ancient Tank System under Semi-arid Hydrologic Settings in South India - Satishkumar U, Balakrishnan P, Ramaswamy K and Polisgowdar B S Effect of Micro Sprinkler and Surface Irrigation on Yield and Economics for Groundnut under Raichur Agro Climatic - Polisgowdar B S and Mohammed Waseem Assessment of Irrigation Water Supply and Demand by GIS Based Diagnostic Analysis in Periyar - Vaigai Command Area - Kumar V Performance Evaluation of Micro Sprinkler Irrigation for Groundnut under Raichur Region - Mohammed Waseem and Polisgowdar B S Agronomic Management Practices for Raised Bed Rice (Oryza Sativa L) under Drip Fertigation System
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- Govindan R Myrtle Grace, T, Gurusamy A and Kumar V Chasing Weather through Mini Mobile Sprinkler Sustainable Income Generating Technology for the Coastal Sandy Areas - Mahendran P P, Gurusamy A, Krishnasamy S and Kumar V Multispecialty Water Soluble Fertilizers Enhance the yield and Quality of Sugarcane under Subsurface Drip Fertigation System - Gurusamy A, Mahendran P P, Krishnasamy S and Kumar V Performance Evaluation for Water Management in a Minor Irrigation System - Ambili G K, Madhava Chandran K, Zabeera K. T and Anju K.K Inexact Sector-Wise Planning of Land and Water Resources in a Large Canal Command in the Sub-Humid Region of Eastern India - Uday Mandal, Anirban Dhar, Sudhindra Nath Panda and Hiroshi Yasuda WATER, SOCIETY AND GOVERNANCE Local Governance in Management of Community Owned Water Storage Structures: Understanding Attributes and their Interplay for Resource Sustainability. - Pande V C, Bagdi G L and Sena D R IWRM and Water Policy Development in India - Susanna G Mitra Boundaries of Cooperation: The Multi-Scalar Challenges to Integrated River Basin Management in Inclusive Basins - Madhusoodhanan CG and Eldho T I Ground Water Quality - Core Issue of Puneites - Gauri R Deshpande Biosand Filtration: A Sustainable Option for Household Treatment of Drinking Water - Abhillash T Nair and Mansoor Ahammed M Water Demand and Supply from Natural Sources in Semi Arid Region, Western Maharashtra, India - Abhijit M Zende, Nagarajan R and Kamalkishor Atal Water and Sanitation Literacy through Women Self-Help Groups (SHGs) in Marginalized Areas Enabling the Water Users to Water Entrepreneurs - Hippu Salk Kristle Nathan and Jayasree V Challenges in IWRM and ICM Planning for Coastal Cities: Coastal Maharashtra Experience - Arun B Inamdar and Raj Murthy Impact of Community Based Water Harvesting Structures in Bundelkhand Region of Central India
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- Om Prakash Farmers Perception on Canal Automation A Case Study - Jailakshmi Menon , Mudgal B V and Sophia J D Household Water Consumption Pattern in Kerala - A Sustainability Assessment Padma P, Ramasamy E.V, Muralivallabhan T V and Thomas A P A Critical Review of Proposed Policy Guidelines for Sustainable Water Sharing in India - Sudheer Padikkal, Sumam K S and Sajikumar N Study of Water Management for Manufacturing Industrial Units in Bhosari Industrial Area in Pimpari Chinchwad MIDC, Maharashtra, India Dattatray P Mane and Arun D Andhale Assessment of Water Supply and Sanitation using Artificial Ponds in Nasik District, India Kadbhane S J, Gaikwad P G and Bhalerao K S Gender and Integrated Water Resource Management - Ravi P and R Gopalaraju Do Legal Instruments Help Resolving Water Disputes in India? A Performance Evaluation of Interstate Water Disputes Tribunals - Sudheer Padikkal and Rema KP Common Property Water Resource Management in Eastern Region Some Case Studies - Nanda P, Ghosh S, Anand P S B and Srivastava R C Simulation of Aliyar Reservoir Operation using Artificial Neural Network - Umadevi P P, James E J and Anitha A B The Role of Law and Policies in Groundwater Resource Management A Critical Study with Reference to Karnataka State - Kumara N J and Maruthi T R Water Policy and Water Laws in India with Special Emphasis on its Enforcement in Ground Water Sector: Challenges and Solutions - Kunhambu V, Azimkhan B Pathan, Agrawal A K, Sahoo B K, Ranjan K Ray and Venkateswaran D What Kind of Water Do People Prefer? Drinking Water Choices in Areas with Multiple Sources - Binoy V V, Jayasree V and Shantha Mohan Pilot Basin Studies in India using IWRM Concept: Building Partnership with Stakeholder - Goyal V C and Omkar Singh Groundwater Pollution Risk Assessment of the Zanzibar Island in Tanzania - Brijesh K Yadav, Haji Shaaban, Dinesh C and Singhal
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ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY IN IWRM Selection of predictors for downscaling meteorological data in the Chaliyar river basin - Chithra N R and Santosh G Thampi Integrating GIS and Hydrological Model for Flood Forecasting - Tejram Nayak and Narulkar S M Geomorphological Factors of Coastal Groundwater Salinity in Central Kerala: Integrated Hydrochemical - Geospatial Approach - Priju C P, Ramisha N, Neerajamol T P, Madhavan K and Narasimha Prasad N B Compromise Programming for Selection of Suitable Irrigation Sub System - Morankar D V and Srinivasa Raju K Identification of Suitable Sites for Water Harvesting in the Water Scare Rural Watershed by the Integrated use of Remote Sensing and GIS Ibrahim Bathis K and Ahmed S A Spatial Variability of Runoff in Cauvery Basin using Geo-Spatial Techniques - Rama Subramoniam S, Debahsish Bhakta, Amanpreet Singh, Sagar Salunkhe S, Jeyaseelan A T and Sharma J R Monitoring and Simulating the Oil Spill Drift off the Coast of Mumbai Salim M, Nayak R K, Sasamal S K and Rao S Application of Remote Sensing and GIS for Artificial Recharge Zone in Sivaganga District, Tamil Nadu, India - Alagappan S and Venkitaswamy R Infilling of Missing Daily Rainfall Records using Genetic Programming Megha Lawand, Pradnya Dixit and Shreenivas Londhe Estimation of Groundwater Recharge in Parts of Narmada Basin using Isotopic Technique - Verma S K, Rai S P and Kumar C P Silver Nano particles supports for Water Treatment Applications - Sujatha. P. Monitoring of Water Stress using Modis Derived Normalized Difference Vegetation Index Anusha C K and Girish Gopinath Evaluation of Spatial Behaviour of Two Minor Tropical River Basins, Southwest Coast of India - Ajith G Nair, Girish Gopinath and Vijitha V V Flocculation of Nano particles using Chitosan - Jomini Thomas K, Ann Mary Eappen, Abdul Shukoor T M and Philip K C
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Assessment of Groundwater Potential of Karamana River Basin - Kurian Sajan, S Sakir, Girish Gopinath, Reji Srinivas and Rajesh Reghunath Morphometric Parameters and their Hydrologic Response - A Case Study for Kariangode River Basin in Northern Kerala - Sherjeena A, Dinesan V P and Rakhi C RS & GIS Based Spatial Mapping of Flash Floods in Karamana and Vamanapuram River Basin, Thiruvananthapuram District, Kerala Vinod P G, A R R Menon, Ajin R S A and Chinnu R V Delineation of Waterlogged Areas in the Coastal District of Odisha using Remote Sensing and GIS - Ashok K Nayak, S Raut, G Kar and Ashwani Kumar Geospatial Analysis of Soil Organic Carbon Status of Banana Growing Tracts in Thoothukudi District, India - V Kumar and V Subramanian and Arun V A Methodology to Determine the Flood Flow in Urban Areas and Adequacy of Critical Storm Drains using GIS - Yusuf Javeed Morphometric Characterization of Sukhna Lake Catchment using GIS - Prabhat Semwal, Suhas Khobragade, C P Kumar, R D Singh and Sudhir Kumar Genetic Algorithm Based Simulation - Optimization Approach to Seawater Intrusion - Pramada S K , Minnu K P and Roshni T
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HIGHER LEAD TIME FORECASTING OF BRAHMAPUTRA RIVER FLOW USING WAVELET NEURAL NETWORK HYBRID MODEL
Khandekar Sachin Dadu and Paresh Chandra Deka
Department of Applied Mechanics and Hydraulics, National Institute of Technology, Karnataka, Surathkal, Mangalore- 575025, India. khandekarsd@gmail.com, pareshdeka@yahoo.com River flow forecasting is important in planning water supplies, hydropower, irrigation systems, flood and water resources management. In this research, a hybrid model has been developed for Brahmaputra River flow forecasting based on wavelet and artificial neural network (ANN) methods. In this current study, discrete wavelet transform was linked to ANN naming Wavelet Artificial Neural Network (WANN) for flow forecasting. Ten year weekly and monthly flow data from January 1990 to December 1999 of Pancharatna station on Brahmaputra River, which carries heavy flood in monsoon season in the North-East region of India, were used in the study. Weekly data were used to forecast river flow for lead times of 1 week, 2 week and 3 week, while monthly data were used to forecast river flow for lead times of 1 month, 2 month and 3 month. The observed flow data were decomposed (up to 7 level) to multiresolution time series via discrete wavelet transform using Daubechies wavelets of order 1 (db1), 2 (db2) and 3 (db3). Then multiresolution time series data were fed as input to ANN to get the forecasted discharge values. The root mean square error (RMSE), determination coefficient (R2) and mean absolute error (MAE) were adopted to evaluate models performance. It was found that for almost all lead times WANN model has given better and consistent results compared to conventional ANN model. It was mainly because of multiresolution time series used as inputs. Also it was found that, in comparison with WANN model with db1 and db2 mother wavelets, db3 mother wavelet has given better results for all lead times.
TREND ANALYSIS OF RAIN SPELL IN BHARATHAPUZHA RIVER BASIN

Powshi V and Sreekesh S
Centre for the Study of Regional Development, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi powshiv@gmail.com This paper analyses the trend of rain spell frequency in terms of duration by using standard statistical methods. The analysis has been carried out for four locations, namely Ponnani, Chittur, Mannarkkad and Alathur, in the Bharathapuzha River basin. The daily rainfall data for the period 1951-2008 were analysed for all the stations except for the period 1981 to 1989 due to non-availability of data. The analysis has been done by bifurcating the entire study period into earlier period (1951-1980) and recent period (1991-2008). In the Bharathapuzha river basin, the duration of rain spell varies from two days to thirty-three days. In this study, the rain spells were classified into low, medium, high, very high and extreme rain spells. Some of the important results have been found through the analysis of this study. These are; the spells were examined only for the summer monsoon season because all the
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above categories of rain spells occur only in this season. The trend in the different categories of rain spell frequency suggests that there is a significant (95 per cent levels) decreasing trend in the low rain spell frequency during the recent period at Ponnani and Mannarkkad locations. On the other hand Chittur experienced a significant (95 per cent levels) decreasing trend of low rain spell frequency during the earlier and recent periods. At Mannarkkad, in recent period, a significant (95 per cent levels) decreasing trend in low and very high rain spells were observed, while a significant (95 per cent levels) increasing trend in high and extreme rain spells during the recent period.
SPATIO-TEMPORAL VARIATION OF STABLE ISOTOPES IN PRECIPITATION AND GROUND LEVEL VAPOUR IN KERALA
Shahul Hameed A1, Resmi T R1, Deshpande R D2, Praveen Babu M1, Sudheesh M1
1
Isotope Hydrology Division, Centre for Water Resources Development and Management, Kunnamangalam - P O, Kozhikode-673 571, India. sha@cwrdm.org; rtr@cwrdm.org; sudheesh@cwrdm.org; 2 Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmedabad, India desh@prl.res.in
Rainwater from the southern (Thiruvananthapuram), middle (Manimalakkunnu) and northern Kerala (Kozhikode) and ground level vapour were collected to understand the spatial and seasonal variation of stable isotopes. Monthly composite samples of precipitation and fortnightly samples of ground level vapour were used for the study. The stable isotope composition was determined by the isotope ratio mass spectrometer after equilibration of the collected samples with standard laboratory gases. V-SMOW was used as the reference standard. In the southern region, D of precipitation varied between -71.97 and 7.64 and 18O between -11.78 and 0.1, whereas in the middle region, the variation was between -77.35 and 9.81 for D and between -11.79 and -0.49 for 18O, respectively. In the northern region, D ranged between -80.74 to 12.26 and 18O from 12.14 to 0.06. Spatial variation in stable isotopic composition was not high but the seasonal averaged values showed enrichment in the premonsoon or the onset of monsoon season, followed by slightly depleted values in the monsoon months. The post monsoon or the withdrawal phase of the monsoon is characterized by highly depleted values. The regression plot of D and 18O showed that the middle and northern region were characterized by insignificant effect of secondary evaporation in the rain drops whereas in the southern region evaporative enrichment of heavier isotopes was significant. The cumulative effects of less rainfall and rains during the warm summer months may have caused the enrichment in that region. It was found that the amount of rainfall and 18O are inversely correlated exemplifying the amount effect. The ground level vapour isotopes were found to follow similar temporal distribution as that of precipitation. The scatter plot of D with 18O of the fortnightly averaged ground level vapour showed enriched isotopic composition in the summer months with gradual depletion till November. Meteorological parameters like absolute humidity and temperature was found not to influence the isotopic composition of the vapour. Comparing the rainfall intensity and variation in isotopic ratios of the vapour revealed that depletion of heavier isotopes in the ground level vapour with
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respect to rainfall intensity is not clear in this part of the country, where the monsoon strikes foremost.
ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY SOUNDING AND HYDROCHEMICAL INVESTIGATION FOR DELINEATING SALINE WATER INTRUSION IN SHALLOW AQUIFERS OF ERNAKULAM-ALAPPUZHA COAST
Priju C P1, Karthick P2, Kumar A2, Abdul Hameed E1, Madhavan K1 and Narasimha Prasad N B1
1
Centre for Water Resources Development and Management, Kunnamangalam, Kozhikode 673 571, Kerala, India, cppriju@gmail.com 2 Department of Geography, School of Geosciences, Bharathidasan University Tiruchirappalli 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
Groundwater salinization is extensive and represents a special category of groundwater pollution especially in the coastal zone. Most of the freshwater salinization along the coastal areas is due to the encroachment of seawater through surface and subsurface pathways. Electrical resistivity of water bearing rocks largely depends on the amount of water they contain, the chemical composition and temperature, and the distribution of water. Groundwater columns in the shallow coastal aquifers can be characterized into fresh water, brackish water and pure saline water using electrical resistivity methods employing appropriate electrode configuration. The study area is part of central Kerala coast and extends from Ernakulam in the north to Alappuzha in the south. Geomorphologically, the area forms part of the coastal plain which consists of various geomorphic units viz., palaeostrandlines, floodplains, dendritic drainage, beach ridges and swales, barrier islands, spits and bars, lagoon, tidal/mud flats and mangrove swamps. The objective of the study is to understand the salinity levels in groundwater and extend of saline intrusion in different sub-surface layers along Ernakulam-Alappuzha stretch. Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) carried out at 11 locations representing different geomorphological and hydrogeological setup in the study area. In-situ water quality parameters viz., Temperature, pH, EC, TDS, Salinity and water levels from 115 shallow wells were measured for post-monsoon period (2012). Detailed hydro-chemical analysis (cations and anions) of selected samples (33 nos.) were also carried out to understand the nature of salinity in the aquifer. VES profiles revealed the presence of inter-bedded sand-clay layers in different areas. The depth to the saline-fresh water interface varied from 2 to 35 m in the study area. Groundwater contours is found following the surface topographic relief (DEM). Salinity contours show higher values in Vypin, Varapuzha-Kadamakkudi, south Chellanam, Arur and Thannermukkam areas. Groundwater is also of brackish to saline nature in Nedumudi, Vaikom-Kumarakom and Vechur areas. The hydro-chemical parameters (cations and anions), TDS, Total Alkalinity and Total Hardness is found to commensurate with salinity variations in the study area. Semi-quantitative interpretation of the VES data using IPWin software shows majority of the sounding curves obtained are Q-type (VES-2,3,4,8,10,11) indicating higher salinity towards depth followed by KQ-type (VES-5,6,7,9) with fresh water horizons in the top layer and K-type (VES-1) typical fresh lateritic aquifer. The areas
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representing VES-5, 6, 7 and 9 are dominantly fine to medium grained sand (ridge areas) indicating the textural and geomorphological control over distribution of fresh and saline groundwater in the subsurface layers. As the landform units in the area are the resultant of marine regression, formation characteristics also have a major control over the salinity distribution and monsoon backwashing process.
ASSESSING THE IMPACT OF FUTURE LAND USE LAND COVER CHANGES ON HYDROLOGICAL PROCESSES IN THE KANVA RIVER WATERSHED IN SOUTHERN KARNATAKA, INDIA
Monika Saini1, Joshi P K1 and Sekhar M2
1
Department of Natural Resources, TERI University, Vasant Kunj, New Delhi 110070; sainimonika1@gmail.com; pkjoshi@teri.res.in 2 Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012; muddu@civil.iisc.ernet.in
Sustainable water resource management demands timely and precise information about the land use land cover (LULC) change and its impacts on hydrological processes. The need is more obvious and serious in semi arid tropic (SAT) regions where water resource is a scarce entity. The current study focuses on Kanva watershed, which is a rural catchment and a representative watershed of SAT region in the Southern Karnataka, India. Due to a number of anthropogenic factors, the Kanva River watershed (area 352 km2) has been under considerable pressure for landuse development over the last two decade. The present study was undertaken to assess the impact of potential LULC change on the hydrological processes in Kanva watershed by combining a Land Change Modeler (LCM), Rain water harvesting (RWH) systems and the distributed physically-based Soil and Water assessment Tool (SWAT) hydrological model. The LCM was calibrated using LULC maps of two time periods1992 and 2001, and validated against the LULC map of 2008. Simulation of LULC map was then performed for year 2016. LULC based parameters were extracted from the LULC maps and transferred to SWAT model. Changes in hydrological parameters including total water yield, ground water recharge, percolation and evapotranspiration (ET) were estimated for simulated data from 1995 to 2010 using SWAT. The model was calibrated for 19952000 and validation was done for 20012005 using LULC of 1992 and 2001 respectively. The model was recalibrated for the period 20062010 using LULC of 2008 and RWH data. Predictive analysis was carried out on hydrological parameters simulated for the period 20112025 to assess potential impact of LULC change using predicted LULC of 2016 and RWH data. The Nash and Sutcliffe coefficients of Efficiency (NSE) between monthly averaged observed and simulated flow data for calibration, validation and re calibration periods are 0.83, 0.81 and 0.77 respectively. These indicate an acceptable level of performance of the model. LULC changes analyzed for the period 19922016 reveal a 21.1% increase in kharif crop land area, 52.5% in double/triple crop land and 188.6% in plantation/orchids along with a reduction of 64.7% in fallow land, 63.9% in scrubland, 27.9% in scrub forest and 39.6% in barren rock/stony waste areas. A comparison between 1995 2010 and 20112025 simulations indicates a decrease of 63.3% in average water yield and an increase of 4.25% in ground water recharge, 2.54% in ET and 6.45% in
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percolation.These results reveal a potential significant negative impact on the sustainability of surface water supplies in the future in the watershed in addition to an increased risk of catchment closure at subwatershed level within the Kanva watershed.
IMPLICATIONS OF LINEAMENTS ON GROUNDWATER POTENTIAL IN KARAMANA RIVER BASIN, KERALA

Priyadarsini G S and Mohammed-Aslam M A
Department of Geology,Central University of Karnataka,Gulbarga gs.priya2@gmail.com; maslam.in@gmail.com Lineaments like joints, fractures and faults are hydrogeologically very important and may provide the pathways for ground water movement. An attempt is made to study the significance of lineaments in groundwater flow and potential in the Karamana River Basin in Thiruvananthapuram region, integrating Remote Sensing data and techniques in addition to the conventional methods in a GIS platform. Management of regional groundwater resources depends upon thorough understanding of water quality, hydrogeology, rainfall conditions, water level, various lithological units, land use pattern, and geomorphology of the terrain. Lineaments were extracted from Landsat TM imagery. The results were discussed with respect to factors that determine the groundwater potential of the area. The relationship between lineament and geomorphology is well established in the area of study. Areas having high lineament density represent areas with relatively high groundwater potentials. Field observations agreed with the results from the analysis of the imagery. The overall results demonstrated that the combined analysis of satellite imagery and field derived data provide the best approach for groundwater assessment within the hardrock terrain of the river basin.
SUSTAINABILITY OF URBAN WATER BODIES A TALE OF TWO CITIES

Hippu Salk Kristle Nathan1, Jafar K1, and Lakshmikanthhari2
1
National Institute of Advanced Studies (NIAS), Indian Institute of Science (IISc) Campus, Bangalore- 560012, India hsknathan@nias.iisc.ernet.in 2 K.J. Somaiya Institute of Management Studies & Research, SMISR, Mumbai, India
The growth of the economy, rising urbanization, and changing life styles have influenced a large demand for all civic amenities including water in urban areas.The big cities grow at the cost of their periphery; the surrounding villages feed the city population and remain as a safe place for dumping urban wastes. The process of rapid urbanisation essentially results in massive land transformation and diversified land use.These contribute to wider reaching, regional systemic changes in the urban biodiversity. Urban activities are often connected with its waterbodies. Waterbodiesattract informal settlements and acts as a sink for waste. The degradation of various waterbodiesboth within and peripheryof the cities leads to water crisis.This crisis has become more severe and
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complex under the climate uncertainties. There is a question-mark on the sustainability of water systems in cities and cities, particularly in the developing world,are going to face the challenge of water scarcities. India is not an exception to this.Though water is renewable and seems abundant, the water that can be used for domestic purpose is very limited. For instance, the water of Powailake and HussainSagarsituated in the heart of city of Mumbai and Hyderabad respectivelyis too polluted to be used for domestic purpose. Increasing pollution in cities, weather extremities, and shrinking water supplies contribute to scarcity of water. This study aims at assessing the sustainability of urban water bodies for two cities of India, namely, Mumbai and Bangalore. The focus of the study is at the supply side. Based on both secondary and primary level information, the paper does the water source profiling for the two cities from the river/water body to the treatment plant. From the populationdata and water supply information, per capita availability of water is assessed. The water quality data (parameters like Turbidity, pH, Alkalinity, Chlorides, T Hardness, total Coliform, and E. Coli) are studied for different reservoirs supplying water to the two cities. The sources of pollution to the water bodies are also identified. Moreover, the housing (provision of tap water in different types of buildings) and water end use characteristicsof the two cities are examined to reflect on the future of water demand for both the cities. Supply of clean, adequate, affordable water is considered as one of the most critical infrastructural services of civic bodies. Water is directly related to public health and indicates quality of life and economic and social conditions of the society.In this context this study bears importance as it gives a comprehensive evaluation of sustainability of water source of two prominent cities of India. Also, the study proposes measures for water conservation, which can foster urban biodiversity.The institutional and governance snags in the water supply are identified and corrections are suggested.The study concludes with policy recommendations to achieve a sustainable urban water supply for urban set up.
COMPARISON OF BASEFLOW SEPARATION METHODS IN A HIGHLAND CATCHMENT IN KARNATAKA

Jayasree Vaidyanathan
National Institute of Advanced Studies, Indian Institute of Science Campus, Mathikere, Bangalore- 560012 jayasree_nias@yahoo.in Baseflow is an important component of hydrograph obtained from ground water storage or other sources. It is affected by diverse geological, climatological, and morphological factors resulting in considerable variations in space as well as time. Knowledge of baseflow is very important while dealing with wide range of water management issues such as reliability of water supply, allocation, design of storage structure etc.Baseflow is not possible to measure and therefore needs to be estimated. Basically there are two main approaches to estimate baseflow and are divided into tracer and non-tracer methods. Because of simplicity and ease to estimate, non-tracer methods are most popular in finding out the baseflow conditions. The separation of baseflow from streamflow hydrographs are broadly categorized as
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graphical method, filtering algorithms and frequency analysis, each one of these having its own merits and demerits. The present paper is aimed to identify the best suitable method of baseflow separation for the Dasanakatte river catchment of Varahi River Basin in Dakshina Kannada, Karnataka. The streamflow available for the catchment for the period 1976 to 2011 was used to estimate base flow. Four methods, the UKIH by the Institute of Hydrology, HYSEP,single parameter digital filtering model BFLOW proposedby Arnold and Allen (1999), and double digital recursive parameter (RDF) model by Eckhardt (2005) are chosen as parallel schemes to compare the best fit model for this catchment. The baseflow index (BFI = baseflow/ streamflow) was estimated for two separate time periods 1978-79 to 1982-83 and 2005-06 to 2009-10 using these four methods. These two time periods were chosen to understand the baseflow trend and also to find out whether baseflow has been impacted by any external factors. Year to year variation, variation among methods, and the trends in base flow between the earlier and later part of the study period wasanalysed to find out factors which are inducing the changes in the baseflow trend. The average annual baseflow index computed for Dasanakatte catchment are 0.43, 0.70, 0.67 and 0.64 respectively for UKIH, HYSEP, BFLOW and RDF methods. These indices for the initial period are 0.43, 0.68, 0.63 and 0.61 andfor the later period are 0.41, 0.65, 0.69 and 0.72.Year to year variations are not much pronounced, whereas, there exist significant variations across methods. BFI calculated for the lean season (December to May) showed a variation between 0.80 to 0.96 across different methods and also between the seventies and late 2000s.The baseflow for these two time periods show that both UKIH and HYSEP underestimate the flow and there is no good agreement. Though SDF and RDF gave consistent values in all years and seasons compared to other methods, RDF showed a good agreement with streamflow time series and generated a smooth time series of baseflow. The study therefore concludes by suggesting RDF as a better method for Dasanakatte catchment in Karnataka.
ANALYSIS OF REGIONAL TEMPORAL PATTERN OF SOUTH-WEST MONSOON RAINFALL OVER MUMBAI AS A FLOOD-INDUCER
Sherly M A1, Subhankar Karmakar2, Terence Chan3 and Christian Rau4
IITB-Monash Research Academy, IIT Bombay campus, Powai, Mumbai 400 076, India sherlyma@iitb.ac.in. 2 Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai 400076, India, skarmakar@iitb.ac.in. 3 Monash Sustainability Institute and Water Studies Centre, Monash University, Australia terence.chan@monash.edu. 4 Department of Mathematics, Shantou University, China rau@stu.edu.cn. The temporal variation of rainfall intensity may be expressed as fraction of total rainfall depth versus elapsed time for a given duration. This rainfall temporal pattern significantly affects flood peaks and volumes, and its effect may be further aggravated depending on the catchment characteristics and resulting time of concentration for a given catchment. The higher the rainfall intensity, the higher will be the flood peak and volume for a given
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catchment. In urban areas, the urban heat island effect causes temperature to be a few degrees higher than that of the surrounding rural areas. It is estimated that for every 1 F rise in temperature, the water holding capacity of the atmosphere increases by about 4%. Moreover, the atmospheric circulation influences storm tracks resulting in dry areas becoming drier while wet areas wetter, further increasing the likelihood of floods. Thus, the changes in climate from natural and anthropogenic causes have altered the rainfall pattern leading to more frequent higher intensity rainfall events than in the past. In this study, a densely populated urban city, Mumbai has been chosen which has a population density of about 20,000 persons per square kilometres. Mumbai, located on the south-west monsoon belt of India, receives more than 90% of average annual rainfall of 2400mm during the south-west monsoon (JJAS) and majority of rainfall occurring within a few events. The city suffers from severe floods almost annually, and the most devastating urban flood event of India occurred in Mumbai on 26 July, 2005 with the historic highest rainfall of 944 mm in 24 hours, claiming around 500 lives and US$ 2 billion in damages. The peak rainfall intensity during this event was recorded to be 190 mm/h. Hence, this study investigates the changes in the regional temporal pattern of south-west monsoon rainfall and its influence on ever increasing flood events in Mumbai. Our analysis is based on hourly rainfall data during 1970-2009 (comprising 4 decades) collected from two main rain gauge stations, namely Colaba and Santa Cruz, installed by India Meteorological Department (IMD), Pune. The study indicates the changes in regional temporal pattern due to the major urbanization took place during 1975-80 and its impact on deficient drainage system of Mumbai. The capacity of the drainage system is up to 25mm/h under design conditions (i.e., at low tide with 50% runoff), however the actual capacity is much lower as the system is more than 100 years old with almost 100% runoff. Hence, the results of this study indicate the need for modified urban design drainage as well as its efficient and effective implementation for Mumbai to combat floods.
ASSESSMENT OF CURRENT STORMWATER INFRASTRUCTURE SYSTEM IN LIEU OF FLOODED POINTS OF INTEREST WITHIN UNION TERRITORY, CHANDIGARH
Kalra A M1 and Uma Malik 2
1
PEC University of Technology, Chandigarh 2 CCET, Sector 26, Chandigarh maliksmabo@yahoo.com
The focus of this study is on watershed of Chandigarh (city) which is a Union Territory located at the foothills of the Siwaliks and about 250 kms north of New Delhi, capital of India. The maximum land use pattern of Chandigarh is urban and urbanization has resulted in increased impermeable surfaces in the form of pavements, roads and percentage of built up areas. Consequently, it results in increase of peak discharge, volume, and frequency of local flooding due to insufficiency of stormwater control practices. The drainage infrastructure of the city discharges runoff through various manmade drainage facilities into the N-Choe and Sukhna Choe. The drainage facilities include several storm drain networks and catch basins. At certain locations, these existing drainage facilities
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are inadequate to convey flows to the discharging points therefore those locations have been designated as problem areas or points of interest. These problem areas may have originated due to a variety of factors which include: existing drainage patterns, insufficient sizing of drainage facilities, past development and proposed developments. The identification of problem areas has been done on the basis of the site reconnaissance performed as a part of this research study. The emphasis of this study is to create a hydrological model of the catchment area of the city to understand the pre and post development impacts and recommendation of mitigation measures; to identify the deficiencies in the existing drainage infrastructure and recommendation of possible mitigation measures. The proposed mitigation measures have been suggested to relieve, to the maximum extent possible, the causes of the problematic areas during significant rain events.
ESTIMATION OF NITRATE LEACHING IN GROUNDWATER-A CASE STUDY

Vinod P N and Chandramouli P N
Department of Civil Engineering, NIE, Mysore, India vinodpn88@gmail.com Water pollution is one of the biggest environmental problems and nitrate is among the most common and widespread pollutants in groundwater. There is an increasing demand for fresh water in the last two decades due to a progressive increase in population. Further in this area people face serious water shortages because groundwater has been used faster than it is naturally replenished, at the same time increasing amounts of wastes and chemicals cause contamination of the water resources, especially groundwater. Agricultural activities and livestock are often the main sources of high nitrate concentrations in groundwater. However the movement of groundwater through the aquifer has the effect of removing a lot of impurities from the water by filtering it through the rock so that groundwater is generally much cleaner than surface water. The agricultural activities that enforce the excessive use of fertilizers include nitrate. Since nitrate is soluble and negatively charged and thus has a high mobility and potential loss from the unsaturated zone by leaching. In this research work, an attempt has been made to estimate Nitrate leaching in six different places to the ground water of Srirangapatna taluk, based on the already existing model. It is concluded from a comparative study that, the nitrate leaching concentration is more in cesspools than in the ground water in irrigation lands.The comparative analysis shows that, nitrate content in groundwater in irrigation lands is within permissible limit except in Belagola village, therefore water in other villages can be used for both drinking and irrigation purpose. On average, as per the calculations, the estimated nitrate leach concentration in the sampling area supplied from irrigational land lie between 51.23 to74.93 kg/ha/year. The estimated nitrate leach concentration in the sampling area supplied from cesspools lie between 87.81 to 381.96 kg/year.
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RIVER FLOW MODELLING USING RADIAL BASIS FUNCTION ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK
Jitendra Sinha1, Sahu R K2, Avinash Agarwal3 and Sinha B L1
2
Soil & Water Engineering, FAE, IGKV, Raipur Faculty of Agricultural Engineering, IGKV, Raipur 3 National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee irapsugarcane@rediffmail.com
The primary step in planning and management of water resources is quantification of runoff produced in the catchment area due to precipitation. Conventional methods for understanding the transformation of rainfall into runoff need to study the behaviour of hydrological cycles and processes. Many hydrographic and physiographic factors associated with change in both space and time may affect the transformation. Availability of extended records of rainfall and other climatic data initiated rainfall-runoff modelling. However, Rainfall is stochastic in nature and its transformation is a complex hydrological phenomenon due to nonlinearity, heterogeneity and variability of catchments characteristics. Therefore, one of the main research challenges faced by hydrologist is the development of computational models capable of accurately simulating the river flow. Conceptual or physically-based models are of importance in the understanding of hydrological processes but physically based distributed models are too complex, data intensive, cumbersome to use and their regular time to time monitoring is very expensive. There are many practical situations where the main concern is with making accurate predictions at specific locations. Under such circumstances Artificial Neural Network (ANN) approach is employed for rainfall-runoff modelling with reasonable accuracy. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) is probably the most successful machine learning technique with flexible mathematical structure, capable of identifying complex non-linear relationships between input and output data without attempting to reach understanding as to the nature of the phenomena. In the present study, radial basis function ANN (RBFANN) runoff models have been developed to simulate flow of river Kharun in Chhattisgarh, India. Daily gauge discharge data of 20 years from 1990 to 2009 were obtained from the O/o Chief Engineer, Central Water Commission, Bhubaneshwar, Orissa. Rainfall data of the rain gauge stations in and around the study area were collected from Department of Agro-meteorology, IGKV, Raipur and State Data Centre, Department of Water Resources, Govt. of Chhattisgarh. Thiessen polygons were constructed to get weighted average rainfall for the study area. The associated weights of stations viz. Patan, Gurur, Dhamtari, Kurud and Raipur were found to be 0.33, 0.18, 0.11, 0.15 and 0.23 respectively. Pre analysis of rainfall data shows that the monsoon rainfall occurs from June to October, and this period was considered as the active rainfall period (June 1st to October 31st) of the year. The active period data was then classified on the subbasis of time units viz. daily, weekly and monthly to explore the applicability of ANN. In this study RBFANN was designed with newrb code using MATLAB 7.01. A programme was written, edited, debugged and run in MATLAB. A trial was done on the combination of goal and spread. In total three neural networks architecture has been developed for daily, weekly and monthly flow. All the models have been calibrated with 75% of samples and verified with 25% of samples. Performance of the models were adjudged by the goodness of fit between observed and simulated flows by estimating statistical and hydrological performance
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evaluation criteria, viz. mean absolute deviation (MAD), root mean square error (RMSE), coefficient of correlation (CC), Nash - Sutcliffe coefficient efficiency (CE) and one hydrological evaluation criteria viz. volumetric error (EV). Multiple linear regression (MLR) models have also been developed under similar conditions of input to compare the performance of ANN models. It was found that the values of CC, CE and EV varied in the range of 87.48 90.6%, 70.25 81.99% and -3.62 to -20.93% respectively for different RBF models in verification period which is much better than the MLR models. Hence, it was concluded that while assessing the water availability in active period (Kharif cropping), use of ANN models is certainly a much better choice than the MLR models.
ESTIMATING CAPACITY LOSS OF SOMASILA RESERVOIR, INDIA USING PER-PIXEL AND SUB-PIXEL CLASSIFICATION TECHNIQUE
Jeyakanthan V S
Deltaic Regional Centre, National Institute of Hydrology, Kakinada, A.P, India jeyakanthan05@gmail.com Periodic surveys of reservoirs are essential to evaluate the decrease in storage capacity due to inflow and trapping of sediment. Conventional hydro-graphic surveys are time consuming, labour intensive and expensive. Satellite remote sensing techniques provide time and cost effective approach for the periodical capacity surveys. The traditional approaches of image classification such as maximum likelihood and the band thresholding method, involve the per-pixel approach to delineate the water spread area of a reservoir. One of the limitations of these approaches is that the pixels representing the reservoir border, containing a mixture of water, soil and vegetation, are classified entirely as water, thereby resulting in, inaccurate estimate of the water spread area. To compute the water spread area accurately, the subpixel approach has been used in this study. The water spread areas extracted using perpixel and sub-pixel approaches from IRS-1C and IRS-1D satellite image data were in turn used to quantify the capacity of the Somasila Reservoir, Andhra Pradesh, India. The estimated capacity of the reservoir using the per-pixel and sub-pixel approaches was 1134.16 Mm3 and 1128.47 Mm3, respectively. The robustness of sub-pixel approach in classifying the water spread has been evaluated by comparing it with the high resolution data.The validation shows that the sub-pixel approach produced much less error (1.08%) than the per-pixel based approach (3.14%).
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REGIONAL RAINFALL ANALYSIS TO DEVELOP THE INTENSITY DURATION FREQUENCY RELATIONSHIP FOR SELECTED GAUGE STATION
Ramana R V, Krishna B, Rao Y R S and.Jeyakanthan V S
Deltaic Regional Center, National Institute of Hydrology, Siddartha Nagar, Kakinada-3, Andra Pradesh, India venkataramana_1973@yahoo.co.in The rainfall Intensity Duration Frequency (IDF) relationship is one of the most commonly used tools in water resources engineering for planning, designing or operation of water resources projects. The establishment of such relationship was done in 1932. Since then, many sets of relationships have been developed in different parts of the globe. In the present paper rainfall data of 14 rain gauge stations of Punpun basin located in Bihar was taken for regional rainfall frequency analysis based on L-moments approach facilitated to find the robust distribution for these daily rain gauge stations having data availability of 9-17 years. The robust distribution was used to find the IDF relationship for short duration rainfall for Punpun basin. L-moments are defined as liner combinations of Probability Weighted Moments (PWMs). They are robust to outliers and virtually unbiased for small samples, making them suitable for rainfall frequency analysis, including identification of distribution and parameter estimation. Once frequency is known, the maximum rainfall intensity is determined using the best robust distribution function (e.g. Generalized Extreme Value (GEV), Generalized Logistic (GLO), Generalized Normal (GNO), Pearson type-II (PE3)) by using the L-moments approach of the basin. The rainfall intensities for each duration and a set of selected return periods (e.g. 2, 3, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 years etc.) are calculated. The empirical formulas are used to construct the rainfall IDF curves. The least-square method is applied to determine the parameters of the empirical IDF equation that is present intensityduration-frequency relationships. From the IDF curves parameters of empirical equations for the gauged locations were determined and a generalized IDF curve incorporating return period and the duration of rainfall for particular station was developed.
DISCRETE WAVELET DECOMPOSITION FOR PRECIPITATION FORECASTING

Krishna B and Venkata Ramana R
Deltaic Regional Center, National Institute of Hydrology, Siddartha Nagar, Kakinada-3, Andhra Pradesh, India krishna_nih@rediffmail.com Accurate information about rainfall is essential for the use and management of water resources. Nevertheless, rainfall is one of the most complex and difficult elements of the hydrology cycle to understand and to model due to the tremendous range of variation over a wide range of scales both in space and time. The complexity that generates rainfall makes quantitative forecasting of rainfall an extremely difficult task. The time series models are used to describe the stochastic structure of the time sequence of a hydrological variable
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measured over time. Time-series based black box models are more practical than conceptual models because it is not essential to understand the internal structure of the physical processes that are taking place in the system being modeled. Time series analysis requires mapping complex relationships between input(s) and output(s), since the forecasted values are mapped as a function of observed patterns in the past. ANN and fuzzy methods had been used extensively as useful tools for prediction of hydrological variables. But these have many drawbacks to deal with non-stationary data. Therefore, some hybrid modeling approaches have been developed to increase generalization capability of ANN. In recent years, wavelet techniques have been widely applied to various water resources research because of their time frequency representation. In this paper an attempt has been made to find an alternative method for rainfall prediction by combining the discrete wavelet technique with Artificial Neural Network (ANN). The wavelet and ANN models have been applied to daily rainfall data of Khanapur raingauge station, river Malaprabha. The observed time series is decomposed into sub-series using discrete wavelet transform and then appropriate sub-series is used as inputs to the neural network. The input nodes are the antecedent values of the daily rainfall series. The Wavelet Neural Network model is formed in which the weights are learned with Feed forward neural network with Back Propagation algorithm. The number of hidden neurons was determined by trial and error procedure. The calibration and validation performance of the models is evaluated with appropriate statistical indices. The wavelet neural network models have better performance (RMSE=3.82 and CE=94.90) than the standard ANN (RMSE=9.56 and CE=67.98) during validation period. The results of daily rainfall series modeling indicate that the performances of wavelet neural network models are more effective than the standard ANN models. It may be due to the inputs used in wavelet based models are decomposed sub time series.
SUITABILITY OF GROUNDWATER FOR DOMESTIC WATER USE A CASE STUDY ON ALATHUR BLOCK, PERAMBALUR DISTRICT, TAMILNADU
Jafar Ahamed A1, Loganathan K1, Vijaya Kumar P1 and Ananthakrishnan S2
Post Graduate and Research Department of Chemistry, Jamal Mohamed College Tiruchirappalli 620 020, Tamilnadu, India 2 Department of Chemistry, Rover Engineering College affiliated to Anna University, Perambalur-621 212, Tamilnadu, India. Perambalur is the most backward district in the state of Tamilnadu, India. Alathur is one of the unions of Perambalur district, has historical important and is blessed with fertile lands. Geographic coordinates of the district lie between the latitudes 11 14'00.59" N and longitudes 7852'59.85" E. Various land forms occurring in the area such as structural hills, erosional plains, residual hills rolling uplands and pediments of different facies belonging to the denudational and structural land forms and fluvial processes mainly control the geomorphic evolution of the area. Black soil is the predominant one accounting for 80%, followed by 10% each of red loam and alluvial soil. The major aquifer systems in the district are constituted by basal crystalline rocks consisting mainly of charnockites, granites and
1
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gneisses of Archaean age and sedimentary formations ranges in age from cretaceous to recent. Currently this region is challenged by securing sufficient water resources for sustainable development. Owing to progressive urbanization, centralization of services and economic activities, day-to-day the population increases and dependency of groundwater resources also increases. The objective of the present work is to evaluate the groundwater to determine the water quality variability and the suitability for domestic purposes. Physicochemical analysis data of various water samples collected at different locations forms the quality database for the study. Data was analyzed using SPSS statistical package and water modeling software AquaChem. The results show that there was a slight variation in Total Dissolved Solids and Total Hardness level when compared with Bureau of Indian standards, except that the groundwaters in this region are potable for domestic purposes.
COMPARISON OF OPENFOAM SIMULATED DAM BREAK AND IMPACT FLOW RESULTS WITH THE EXPERIMENTAL DATA
Parvathi S and Pruthviraj U
Department of Applied Mechanics and Hydraulics, NITK, India malusomanadh@gmail.co; mpruthviu@gmail.com This paper presents the verification and validation of an open source computational fluid dynamics (CFD) package OpenFOAM in the simulation of dam break problems. The impact flow on a vertical wall is modelled and the results are compared with those of the experiment. With a need to switch to the reliable still free codes as compared to costly commercial packages with sufficient confidence initiated this validation work. The multiphase solver interFoam in the package is modified to satisfy the experimental requirements. Initially the dam break problem with wet and dry bed is simulated and later on obstacles are introduced to observe how the interactions of the two fluid phases are altered. The solver uses Navier-Stokes equation and makes use of two static functions, the finite volume method (FVM) and finite volume calculus (FVC) to discretize the differential operators of the field. The pressure corrector scheme used here is PIMPLE (PISO+SIMPLE). Different time steps and mesh sizes are used to confirm the impact of these parameters in simulation results. A well refined mesh gives a converged result with respect to the experiments. The solver uses incompressible, immiscible fluid conditions. Results show favourable agreement with the experimental outputs. Verifying and validating this hydrodynamic benchmark has provided insight into the wide applicability and capability of this free to public code in such simulations and allows future works to further investigate more features of the software.
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A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF THE ADAPTIVE CHOICE OF THRESHOLDS SELECTION IN POT ANALYSIS OF EXTREME FLOODS
Nibedita Guru and Ramakar Jha
Civil Engineering, NIT Rourkela, India nibeditaguru149@gmail.com; rjha34@gmail.com The Design of water structures requires an in-depth understanding of extreme events. In the hydrologic analysis of extreme events such as precipitation or floods, the data can generally be divided into two types: partial duration series or Peak over threshold and annual maximum series. It has been shown that the POT procedure is better than the AMS one in the case of short records. In the present study, Annual Maximum (AM) flood series and Peak over Threshold (POT) flood series were used to carry out flood frequency analysis for Mahanadi river system lying in Odisha, India. Partial duration series analysis is a robust method to analyse hydrologic extremes, but the adaptive choice of an optimal threshold is challenging. This paper discusses methods of choosing the optimal threshold in POT analysis. The exponential distribution and the generalized Pareto distribution are used for samples of daily flow data, which have no clear predetermined physical threshold. In order to select the optimal number of upper extremes (optimal threshold), the fluctuations of six indices due to the change of the number of upper extremes included in the analysis have compared. This comparison has revealed that parameters of distribution always perform admirably to identify the optimal number of upper extremes and that some of the indices can be used to discard a range with an objectionable threshold.
HYDROLOGIC MODELING AND FORECASTING USING HEC-HMS AND HEC-GEOHMS WITH DWR PRECIPITATION GRIDS
Josephine Vanaja S
Vels University, Pallavaram, Chennai, India josephine.vanaja@yahoo.com India has been traditionally vulnerable to various hazards such as floods, droughts and cyclones. About 8 % of the total India landmass is prone to cyclones. There are many Sband Doppler weather radars in India, and their products are utilized for weather predictions and detection of cyclones approaching Indian coast. They are not yet been utilized for hydrological modeling and flood-related studies. Radar based hydrological studies in various countries have proven that computation of runoff using radar rainfall data could outperform than the rain gauge network measurements. A comparison study between Doppler weather radar derived rainfall data, and the available rain gauge data was carried out at the daily and hourly time scale for a gauged and an ungauged watersheds in Chennai basin of Tamil Nadu, India using HEC-HMS and HEC-GeoHMS software.
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The basin map of HEC-HMS model was used to visualize a basin model component. Using HEC-GeoHMS inputs, basin model was created in the HEC-HMS. Subbasins in the basin model are the elements that receive precipitation and other meteorological inputs. Excess rainfall was estimated using Soil Conservation Service-Curve Number (SCS-CN) method. The SCS-CN method has several advantages over other methods. It is a simple conceptual method for estimation of the direct runoff amount from a storm rainfall event, and is well supported by empirical data. The method relies on only one parameter; the curve number which is a function of the major runoff-producing watershed characteristics. SCS Unit Hydrograph (SCS UH) transformed method converts excess precipitation into runoff at the subbasin outlet. The routing method deals with the movement of the water in the reach. The Muskingum routing method is popular and relatively simple to use for stream flow, hence it was selected. Muskingum routing parameter K for the river reaches was calculated using the details in the HMSLink attribute table of HEC-GeoHMS and parameter x is assumed as 0.25. The model calibration and validation were performed by comparing the simulated outflow with an observed daily outflow at the gauged watershed. The rainfall-runoff computations were then executed for three post monsoon cyclonic storm events. The results exhibit that the simulated runoff volumes using radar and rain gauge hourly inputs vary significantly for ungauged watershed when compared with the results for gauged watershed. The comparison of results using daily and hourly radar rainfall inputs reveal that the discrepancy in the peak flow is high for both gauged and ungauged watersheds. Hence the radar rainfall data is a promising input for hydrologic prediction for ungauged watersheds, and is vital for peak runoff estimation and flash flood prediction at both gauged and ungauged watersheds.
HYDROLOGICAL PERCEPTIVE IN IWRM PLAN FOR YERRAKALVA RIVER BASIN, COASTAL ANDHRA PRADESH, INDIA
Satyaji Rao Y R and Vijaya Kumar S V
Deltaic Regional Centre, National Institute of Hydrology, Kakinada, Andhra Pradesh, India The Yerrakalva river originates in Eastern Ghats in border of Khammam and West godavari districts of Andhra Pradesh at an elevation of +366 m above mean sea level. The river crosses the Eluru canal of western Godavari delta system at Nandamuru aqueduct. Down stream of this aqueduct the river is called as Yenamadurru drain or Y drain. After traversing further a length of 60 km, it falls into Upputeru that joins the Bay of Bengal. The catchment area of the river lies in the hydro-climatic sub zone 4(B) as per the classification of Central Water Commission. The total catchment area of Yerrakalva river basin at Nandamuru aqueduct is 2330 sq. km and up to Upputeru is around 2590 sq km. The average annual rainfall in the basin is around 1058 mm. This basin is typical in the hydrological perspective and has been selected for preparation of IWRM plans under 12th five-year plan programme by National Institute of Hydrology under Ministry of Water Resources, Govt., of India. In this paper, the common hydrological problems to be dealt with while undertaking such IWRM studies are discussed.
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To understand typical hydrological issues in the basin, the hydrological monitoring network has been compiled from various central and state agencies. The historical data especially pertains to rainfall, river flow, groundwater levels/quality and changes in land use/land cover have been analyzed spatially and temporally. Based on historical hydrological data with present monitoring network the major hydrological issues identified in the Yerrakalva basin for IWRM plan are: The impact of water resources development on Flood in middle and lower reaches; Hydro-geo-chemical interaction between surface water bodies like river, canal and drain with groundwater; The impact of flow regime on river mouth process. The detailed hydrological studies on above issues may help in addressing the water related issues in the basin based on IWRM concept. Daily climatic variables in the basin have been analyzed during the period of 1979 to 2010 from Global database (rainfall, temperature and relative humidity) for climate change impact under varying climatic conditions. The outcome of these studies would be shared with various stakeholders of other connected disciplines to arrive at integrated solutions in a meaningful and visible form for the intended beneficiaries.
ESTIMATION OF INSTREAM FLOW REQUIREMENTS OF SON BASIN IN GANGA RIVER USING A SURFACE WATER GROUND WATER COUPLED MODEL
Naveen J, Pooja P and Narasimhan B
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India naveenjoseph96@gmail.com Environmental flows are the flows of water in rivers and streams that are necessary to maintain healthy aquatic ecosystem and life in and out of a river. The environmental flow regime is based on the concept that the flow should be able to mimic the flow in healthy condition prevailed during when no human interventions were prevailing. The present study focusses on suggesting management practices in a river so that these flows regime can be ensured throughout the period. Son River in Ganga basin was selected as the study area. The hydrology of Son river basin was modeled using Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). Since SWAT uses a one dimensional empirical equation called Hooghoudts equation for simulating base flow contribution, SWAT model coupled with a pseudo 3D finite element ground water model developed by Narasimhan and Sri Ranjan (2000) was selected for the modeling. The model is run under virgin condition and calibrated with observed values with the parametric modifications. With the known reservoir parameters and agricultural practices prevailing in the basin, calibration of the model was done. Further, for suggesting an environmental flow regime to be maintained in the river, the tool developed by International Water Center named Flow Health (Gippel et al, 2012) was used. For ensuring a minimum flow regime, reservoir diversions, agricultural practices, ground water pumping and inter basin transfer were slightly modified so that the environmental flow regime can be ensured.
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MODELLING OF AN ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE SYSTEM IN A SEMIARID REGION USING MODFLOW

Pankaj Dhote1 and Mathew K Jose2
1
Department of Applied Mechanics & Hydraulics, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal 575025, India pankaj.dhote99@gmail.com 2 Hard Rock Regional Centre, National Institute of Hydrology, Belgaum-590019, India mathewkjose@gmail.com
Groundwater is an important source of water for drinking and irrigation in many parts of the world. It is dwindling in many areas especially in water stressed regions due to over exploitation resulting from unscrupulous land use practices. Measures of artificial recharging of aquifers using appropriate means are being adopted, and appropriate management strategies are practiced to arrest further depletion of water levels. However, real efficacy of such artificial recharging systems is to be evaluated scientifically for aquifer systems of varying hydrogeological set-ups. Groundwater modelling can an employed in investigating the efficiency of artificial recharge systems. A case study of artificial recharging using the Chandargi Tank situated in semi-arid region of North Karnataka, India is presented. The area receives scanty rainfall and water scarcity is a real concern. The area also experiences failure of wells at many places. The tank is expected to improve water levels in the related aquifer system. The objective of the present study is to quantitatively investigate the role of this artificial recharge tank in replenishing the aquifer system. The well-known groundwater flow model (MODFLOW) has been used to simulate this surface water-groundwater system and to study the groundwater movement within the aquifer. The results and discussion of the modelling of the surface and ground water interaction vis-a-vis groundwater levels in this semi arid region are presented in the paper.
TREND ANALYSIS OF RAINFALL IN RIVER BASINS OF WESTERN GHATS OF KARNATAKA

Amogh M1, Raikar R V1 and Venkatesh B2
1
KLEs College of Engineering & Technology, Udyambag, Belgaum590 008, India mudbhatkalamogh@gmail.com 2 National Institute of Hydrology, Hanuman Nagar, Belgaum 590 019, India
In recent decades, understanding and predicting climatic variability and change have become the key issues for the research community. Rainfall is the meteorological phenomenon that has the greatest impact on human activities and the most important environmental factor limiting the development of the semi-arid regions. Understanding rainfall variability is essential to optimally manage the scarce water resources that are under continuous stress due to the increasing water demands, increase in population and the economic development. The study of precipitation trends is critically important for a country like India whose food security and economy are dependent on the timely availability of water. In view of the same, an analysis of recent-past changes in rainfall is therefore performed on the Malaprabha and Netravathi basin situated in Western Ghats region of
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India. The water resource of the two rivers is vital for the economic activities of the region, as it is one of the major sources of water. As reported elsewhere, there are observed changes in the rainfall pattern over the Western Ghats. The data from 18 raingauge stations in the Netravathi river basin and 6 stations in the Malaprabha river basin were used in the analysis. In order to understand the pattern and behavior of rainfall, a study has been conducted using nonparametric test such as the TheilSen estimator (also known as Sen's slope estimator or the Kendall robust line-fit method). Also, regime shift analysis has been carried out to assess the change in mean rainfall over the basin and its influence on the trend. The analysis indicates that, the mean rainfall over the basin does not vary, however it is dominated by the decreasing trend. It is also noticed that there are prolonged dry years followed by small intermittent wet years.
AN ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK APPROACH TO RAINFALLRUNOFF MODELLING IN AN UN-GAUGED CATCHMENT

Swain J B and Jha R
Department of Civil Engineering, NIT, Rourkela, India jnkballav.2009@gmail.com; rjha43@gmail.com The present study aims to utilize an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) to modelling the RainfallRunoff (R-R) relationship in an un-gauged catchment known as Samij Nala. The catchment is a perennial stream having geographical area of 141.32 km2. The modelling of R-R remains a challenging task due to wide range of modelling techniques, either data driven or knowledge driven. Among the data driven models, artificial neural network (ANN) has the capability to reproduce highly non-linear relationship between rainfall and runoff. The daily streams of rainfall and runoff data from 2009 to 2012 are analyzed from the Samij Nala in order to calibrate the given model. The R-R modelling is carried out by Back Propagation Network (BPN) and Radial Basis Function (RBF) by ANN tool in MATLAB. The paper also illustrates the application of feed forward propagation for the rainfall-runoff forecasting with various neural network algorithms and performance of multilayer perceptions. The available daily data are validated, trained and tested for further modelling process. The regression output, time series response and Mean Squared Error (MSE) are estimated during the modelling in ANN. Depending upon the regression output and tine series response output, the future rainfall and runoff are forecasted. The predicted model output of R-R is compared with the conventional regression analysis by using Least Square method and best fit trend line method. The results extracted from the comparative study indicated that the Artificial Neural Network method is more appropriate and efficient to predict the stream runoff than classical regression model.
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MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF NOYYAL SUB-WATERSHED

Brema J1 and Daina Souza Lima2
1
Department of Civil Engineering, Nehru Institute of Technology, Coimbatore - 105, India bjayanarayanan@yahoo.co.in 2 Karunya University, Coimbatore 114, India
A watershed is the surface area drained by a part or the totality of one or several water courses and can be taken as a basic erosional landscape element where land and water resources interact in a perceptible manner. To understand the runoff process in a watershed, hydrologists are faced with many problems, especially in respect of ungauged catchment where hydrogical data are rarely available. The quantitative analysis of morphometric parameters is found to be immense utility in river basin evaluation, watershed priortization of soil and water conservation and natural resources management at watershed level. Morphometric analysis of a watershed provides the quantitative description of the drainage system/watershed; it is an important aspect of characterization of watersheds. The area chosen for the study is a sub-watershed of Noyyal River. The Noyyal River, a tributary to Cauvery River, rises from the Vellingiri hills in the westerghats in Tamilnadu. The morphometric analyses were carried out through measurement of linear, areal and relief aspects of the watershed. The study revealed that remotely sensed data and GIS based approach in evaluation of drainage morphometric parameters and their influence on landforms, soils and eroded land characteristics at river watershed level is more appropriate than the conventional methods. GIS based approach facilitates analysis of different morphometric parameters and to explore the relationship between the drainage morphometry and properties of landforms, soils and eroded lands. Different landforms were identified in the watershed based on DEM data with 30 m spatial resolution, and GIS software. GIS techniques characterized by very high accuracy of mapping and measurement prove to be a competent tool in morphometric analysis.
INTEGRATED RIVER BASIN MASTER PLAN FOR CHALIYAR

Anitha A B, Shahul Hameed A and Narasimha Prasad N B
Centre for Water Resources Development and Management, Kozhikode, Kerala, India aba@cwrdm.org; sha@cwrdm.org; npnb@cwrdm.org An integrated river basin master plan for Chaliyar in Kerala State, India, has been prepared for the conservation, management and development of water, land and related resources, in order to maximize the economic and social benefits derived from it. The study has been focused on the tasks of analysing the present utilization and future water demand considering both surface and groundwater in relation to quantity and quality. The results derived out of this study is expected to help the planners and decision makers in the field of water resources in planning/implementing the existing as well as new projects in this river basin. All the data related to present and future interventions were collected from different user departments namely Kerala Water Authority, Water Resources Department, Kerala State Electricity Board, Kerala State Pollution Control Board, Department of Industries, etc,
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and analysed. The study mainly concentrated on the spatial and temporal availability and demand of water, giving due consideration to integrated development aspects. The spatial and temporal availability of water was computed with the help of historical data. In order to understand the percentage time of availability of flows, monthly flow duration curves have been constructed for all the sub-basins. It is observed that most of the sub-basins are dry during February to April. The groundwater recharge, as estimated by Central Ground Water Board (CGWB), for different blocks of the river basin, was appropriated to the river basin. The spatial and temporal requirements of water for domestic and livestock, irrigation, industrial purposes, hydel power generation, flushing, salinity removal, inland navigation, recreation and cultural needs have been collected from the user departments. Modern tools like geographical information system, global positioning system and remote sensing techniques were employed wherever applicable. In order to have a correct assessment of the present landuse, IRS P6 LISS III data has been used; followed by ground truth verification to support the reliability of the landuse estimate. Though the hydel power generation is a non-consumptive use of water, the projects recommended by KSEB have been considered in estimating the spatial and temporal distribution of water in the basin. Water requirements for flushing out the pollutants and salinity from the lower reaches of Kavanakkallu regulator cum bridge have also been estimated. The river is navigable round the year in the lower reaches and the need for maintaining necessary draft has been highlighted. The environmental considerations from the point of view of tourism and balancing the ecology also have been discussed. Water quality status of surface water and groundwater sources in the Chaliyar river basin has been assessed based on the secondary data collected from Kerala State Pollution Control Board (KSPCB) and primary data generated under this study. Even though the Kerala Water Authority, Kerala Water Resources Department and Kerala State Electricity Board have many proposals to meet the demand, few more projects are needed for the sustainable development of the river basin. Hence new additional water resources developmental schemes have been proposed to ease the situation.
HYDOGEOMORPHOLOGICAL STUDY OF KADALUNDI RIVER BASIN IN KERALA

Bindu K B1, Jaypal G1 and Anitha A B2
Department of Geography, Kannur University bindugis@gmail.com; dr.jaypalg@gmail.com 2 Centre for Water Resources Development and Management, Kozhikode aba@cwrdm.org Detailed hydro geomorphologic study has been carried out for Kadalundi River Basin in Kerala to understand the drainage pattern, spatial and temporal water availability using secondary data collected from different Departments. The boundary, drainage and contour (20 m interval) have been digitized from SOI toposheets of scale 1: 50,000 using ArcGIS 10 software and stream ordering has been done following the laws established by Strahler (1964). Geomorphological parameters have been estimated as a part of this study and it is found that Kadalundi river basin is a fifth order stream. The drainage pattern is complex with
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considerable variation in spatial arrangements, which are controlled by topography, slope, rock type and structural deformations. The basin is characterized by dendritic type of drainage pattern with variable density. The densest dendritic pattern is developed on the hard Charnockite and gneissic rocks. In some areas, the drainage pattern is sub dendritic reflecting structural control. The existing land use pattern is derived from Indian Remote Sensing Satellite (IRS LISS II1, P6) using ERDAS software. Using hydrological toolset of Spatial Analyst, an extension of ArcGIS software, slope map, aspect map and Digital Elevation Model (DEM) have been derived. In addition, the basic thematic map on geology and soil also been derived. The Kadalundi River, with a total length of 130 km and a drainage area of 1122 km2 (2.9 % of the total geographical area of Kerala) drains into the Lakshadweep Sea. The river originates from Palakkad District and flows mainly through Malappuram District. The major tributaries are Olipuzha, originating from the Cherakkomban Mala at an elevation of 1160 m above MSL and Veliyar, originating from Erattakkomban Mala at an elevation of 1190 m above MSL. In order to find out the spatial and temporal surface water availability, the rainfall and streamflow data from Water Resource Department, Govt of Kerala have been made use of. In addition, the river gauging data of Karathode station maintained by Central Water Commission also has been used. The isohyetal map of Kadalundi River Basin has been derived for annual, South-West monsoon and North-East monsoon separately using ArcGIS software. For annual period, the rainfall varies from 18004100 mm, 1400- 2600 mm for South West monsoon period and 600-1100 mm for the North-East monsoon period. About 94% of the annual discharge flows during the monsoon period and only 6% during the lean flow period. Although the normal annual rainfall is very high, a major portion of it is confined to 3-4 months in a year, leaving the rest of the year practically dry. Because of this unique geological and hydrogemorphological characteristics of Kadalundi River Basin, the Malappuram District of Kerala experiences severe water scarcity during non monsoon period. This hydro-geomorphological study for Kadaluindi River Basin in GIS platform will be useful for planners and decision makers in establishing integrated river basin plan for Kadalundi River. The thematic layers derived using GIS can be adopted to evolve sustainable plan for optimum development of the land and water resources of this River Basin.
A Comparative Analysis of Water Balance in Selected Stations of Western Saudi Arabia: Using T-M and Penman-Monteith Evapo-Transpiration Model
Mohammad Suhail and Rakhshanda F. Fazli
Deparment of West Asian Studies, Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, India ms13153@gmail.com; rffazli@gmail.com Water Budget is one of the most effective approaches that hydrologists use to describe the relations between climate and water availability in a region. The Water Balance Equations (e.g., Thornthwaite 1948, Thornthwaite & Mather 1955, and Penman Monteith 1948) bestow a means for budgeting or estimation for the amount of water stored in each component of the hydrological cycle. These approaches are usually specific to a region and a time period which enable quantification of water entering as recharge compared to that leaving via 48
discharge. Each fraction of the budget relates to a specific process/constituent of the hydrological cycle, whether there is a net surplus (+) or deficit (-) of moisture in the region in a quantitative terms. Further, Evapo-transpiration plays an important role to reveal the climate change and temporal-spatial patterns of variables influencing hydrological cycle and processes, which control the evolution of the surface ecosystem. Present research paper is an attempt to understand water balance of selected hydrometeorological station in western Saudi Arabia. Water balance equation provides clear understanding about evapo-transpiration rates, moisture deficit, and moisture surplus conditions within selected nine stations. A comparative analysis has been carried out to understand how much the scarcity persists in the region under constant climate condition. Data set includes average annual temperature (1985-2010). Precipitation (1985-2010), wind speed (1985-2010), humidity (1985-2010), sun rays constant, soil water holding capacity (FAO digital soil moisture map, 1986) etc. Results shows that whole region have drastic water shortage, and classify it into one of worlds most arid region. This study will help out to coup d'tat where water is an important limiting resource not only for its scarcity but also for its intermittency and unpredictable presence particular in arid and semi-arid environments.
ANALYSIS OF FLOW AND BASEFLOW TRENDS IN THE MALAPRABHA CATCHMENT, INDIA A CASE STUDY
Venkatesh B, Purandara B K, Jose M K and Chandramohan T
Regional Centre, National Institute of Hydrology, Belgaum 590 019, Karnataka, India bvenki30@yahoo.com; purandarabk@yahoo.com; mathewkjose@gmail.com; cmohant@yahoo.com Demands on water resources are ever increasing owing to population growth and increased development of urban, peri-urban and rural communities. There has been rising concern over conf licts of water for irrigation among farmers and between other stakeholders claiming water for environmental and tourist demands. Baseflow is the major portion of stream flow during the dry season, and it is critical for water supply, irrigation and ecological maintenance during this period. Baseflow trend variations not only reflect the surficial hydrological system regime change but also changes in groundwater storage and discharge within the basin. Such surface water/groundwater interactions are important in the protection of valuable aquatic ecosystems and therefore in water and land-use management. Understanding groundwater and surface water links through baseflow analysis also contributes to a knowledge base for considering the potential role that groundwater can play in mitigating the seasonal imbalances in water availability in the region, if developed wisely. Hence, we will focus on baseflow as the critical parameter to analysis the hydrological system in Malaprabha catchment in Karnataka India. Malaprabha basin in Belgaum district, Karnataka, India is one of the deficit subbasins in the Krishna River Basin. Malaprabha river originates from Sahyadri hill range (at an altitude of 792 m) at 16 km to the west of Jamboti village in Khanapur taluka. The Malaprabha reservoir was commissioned in 1974 and has a gross storage capacity of 1070 MCM and a live storage capacity of 830 MCM. In the recent times, due to increasing unsustainable land use practices the area is experiencing water scarcity, and it is also
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reported that, the number of days of no flow in the stream is increasing. This change in the flow pattern induced an uncertainty in the water availability and thereby making the intersectoral water allocation a challenging issue. Water availability in the lower catchment is closely related to the land use practices and water extraction in the upstream which is controlled by the baseflow in the stream. Therefore, it is essential to study the behavior of the baseflow in the river. Keeping in view of the above fact, this study is initiated with an objective to (1) Quantify and analyse basin-scale temporal trends in total stream flow and baseflow; (2) Contribute to understanding the hydrological system, and recent observed changes, particularly related to dry season impacts and groundwater. The baseflow was obtained by using the procedure developed by Institute of Hydrology Wallingford on daily basis for a period of 30 (1975-2004) years. The baseflow obtained though this method were re-grouped to monthly, seasonal and annual time scale. The results trend analysis of observed rainfall, streamflow at monthly, seasonal and annual values shows that, there is no significant change in any of them. However, baseflow has registered a decreasing trend. In order to assess the reasons, the baseflow is related to the climatic variables of the catchment and it is observed that, there is no significant impact of these parameters on baseflow. The observed changes in the baseflow could be due to change in the land cover in the catchment.
CONCEPTUAL MODEL OF GROUNDWATER FLOW DYNAMICS AND RECHARGE IN LATERITE AQUIFER SYSTEMS OF HUMID TROPICAL REGIONS: A CASE STUDY FROM THE STATE OF KERALA, INDIA
Kunhambu V1, Vinayachandran N2, Balakrishnan K2 Rani V R2 and Mini Chandran2
1 2
Central Ground Water Board, RGNGWTRI, Raipur, Chhattisgarh Central Ground Water Board, Kerala region, Trivandrum, Kerala vinaycgwb@rediffmail.com
Laterites vary significantly according to their location, climate and parent rock. They are formed from the leaching of parent sedimentary, metamorphic or igneous rocks. The prolonged process of chemical weathering in tropical regions produces a wide variety of laterites varying in the thickness, grade, chemistry and ore mineralogy of the resulting soils. In humid tropical regions they form extensive phreatic aquifers with high vertical variability in water storage and transmissive properties. The vertical variability from hard top laterite to the kaolinized bottom (Saprolite) zone can generally be classified in to three hydrogeological zones in a well developed laterite formation in the tropical regions as seen in the State of Kerala. The study focuses on the hydraulic behaviour of laterites in the State and the role of saprolites/lithomargic clays in sustaining the domestic dug wells. The findings of the study on the recharge mechanism in laterites suggests a hydraulic conceptual model of low vertical and horizontal hydraulic conductivity at the bottom layers (saprolite/lithomargic clays) to a high vertical and horizontal hydraulic conductivity at the top enabling high rate of base flow at the top and low rate of vertical recharge and transmissivity at the bottom layers. The poor transmissivity of the bottom layers helps to hold the water for a longer period so as to sustain
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the dug wells even in hill slopes during lean periods. Moreover, the lithomargic clay/saprolite formations play a significant role in the sustainability of the laterite based eco system in the State.
SWAT MODEL AS A TOOL FOR CHALAKKUDY RIVER MANAGEMENT

Sherjah P Yusuf Ali1 and Sajikumar N2
1
Dept of Civil Engineering, Government Engineering College, Thrissur, Kerala, India sherjah@hotmail.com 2 Government Engineering College, Thrissur, Kerala, India saji@gectcr.ac.in
Rapid increase in competing uses of water in domestic, agricultural, commercial and industrial sectors, and development in technology to access surface and ground water resources leading to unprecedented exploitation of water have resulted in severe stress on water resources of the world. These have given rise to the pressing need for a river management scheme which helps in monitoring the quantity and quality of flow in river, and also acts as an aid to propose measures for its integrated revival. Continuous water quality monitoring is very expensive, time consuming, and spatially impractical at the watershed level. Mathematical modelling of the river may help to analyze the numerous conflicts faced by the river and to find a viable solution to the conflicting problems. Chalakkudy River, the fifth largest among the west flowing rivers of Kerala, is famous for its rich biodiversity, the beautiful Athirappilly and Charpa waterfalls, and Vazhachal rapids. Rivers, being a generous provider of source of life to different ecosystems, are the most vulnerable on earth. Chalakkudy river has been a major area of conflict for a long time, owing to severe water stress during the non-monsoon months in the downstream area and many stakeholders for the water, and the controversies of industrial discharges polluting the river. The hydrological and ecological well-being of the river are the two most critical components for the sustained availability of fresh water and for meeting the basic needs of the dependent population. In view of the above objective, a physically based mathematical model, viz., Soil and Water Analysis Tool (SWAT) was customized for the Chalakkudy river basin. The SWAT is a comprehensive model and is capable of representing almost all major watershed processes right from rainfall-runoff to crop growth processes.The model was customised to represent the quality processes which in turn enable the estimation of stream flow, dissolved oxygen and carbonaceous biochemical oxygen demand The model was then utilized for assessing the influence of point source effluent discharges of industries on water quality of the river and also for analyzing the effect of an alternative reservoir operations on the flow at the downstream locations. The SWAT model proved to be an effective tool to assess and maintain the quality of river along the stretch of river without having to establish the expensive monitoring stations all along the river stretches and also to optimize the reservoir operations so to receive atleast a minimum flow in the river. Thus, the capability of SWAT model to be used as tool for proposing measures for integrated revival of the river was demonstrated. This also substantiates the need for modelling other sensitive rivers in Kerala which enables their continuous monitoring and thereby effective river management.
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INTEGRATED SENSING OF METEOROLOGICAL AND SPECTRAL INDICES FOR EVALUATION OF DROUGHT IMPACT AND WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT IN SEMI-ARID AND ARID CLIMATES
Seyed Amir Shamsnia1 and Fardin Boustani2
1
Department of Water Engineering, Shiraz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Shiraz, Iran ashamsnia_82@yahoo.com 2 Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Fars, Iran fardinboustani@gmail.com
Drought is one of the most common natural events that have a great negative impact on agriculture and water resources. It occurs in areas with high and low rainfall and all climate conditions. The different drought indices are presented for drought monitoring. Along the various indices for meteorological drought monitoring, SPI were widely accepted and used (Hayes and Svoboda, 1999; Tsakiris and Vangelis, 2004; Shamsnia and Pirmoradian, 2009). Recently, a new index for drought assessment and monitoring is presented called Reconnaissance Drought Index (RDI). RDI is calculated based on precipitation and potential evapotranspiration. Also, there are various indices of satellite-based vegetation condition. Satellite indices can be used for assessment of different hydrological and climate phenomena. The main aim of this study is to determine the relationship between two meteorological indices, namely RDI and SPI and identify the differences. So, relationship between NDVI, VCI and SAVI and multi scale RDI are evaluated for drought monitoring and water resources management in semi-arid and arid climates. Drought is a common natural disaster in many countries as well as Iran. To evaluate drought, five regions in Fars Province in the south of Iran were selected. Fars Province with semi-arid and arid climates is one of the most important agricultural parts of the country. This province is located in the southern part of Iran, at 50 30' to 55 38' E longitude and 27 3' to 31 42' N latitude, with an arable land area of 1.32 million Km2. The annual mean of precipitation for the province ranges from 50 to 1000mm. In the first stage, for the determination of correlation between SPI and RDI and identifying their differences in different time scales, the correlation coefficient (r) was used. Thus, for investigation of relationship between NDVI, VCI and SAVI with different time scales of RDI, correlation analysis and integrated sensing of drought were computed in five regions for period of 6 years from 2005 to 2010. The Results showed that dry and wet periods on short time scales, in addition to precipitation depend on the evapotraspiration and the other weather parameters. It is recommended, in short time scales (1, 3 and 6 months) to be used the RDI index for drought assessment. The integrated sensing showed, in range lands, 6-month time scale of RDI, in forest areas, long term time scales (9 and 12 months) and in rainfed lands, short term time scales (less than 3 month) can be used for drought monitoring. The results of this research can be useful to assess the effects of drought and water resources management in semi-arid and arid climates.
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TREND ANALYSIS IN RAINFALL UNDER DIFFERENT CLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF INDIA AND BRAZIL
Jhajharia D1 *, Cantalice J R B2, Singh V P3, Kumar R4 and Choudhary R R5
Department of Agricultural Engineering, North Eastern Regional Institute of Science and Technology, Nirjuli, Itanagar-791109, Arunachal Pradesh, India jhajharia@hotmail.com 2 Soil Water Conservation Engineering Lab, Department of Agronomy, Universidade Federal Rural of Pernambuco, Recife-72172900, Brazil 3 Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering and Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Texas A & M University, 2117 TAMU Scoates Hall, College Station, TX 77843-2117, USA 4 Division of Agricultural Engineering, Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology, Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir, India 5 Department of Electronic Instrumentation and Control Engineering, Engineering College Bikaner, Karni Industrial Area, Bikaner334004, Rajasthan, India Global warming is projected to have significant impacts on water resources and agriculture under the climate change scenario. Agricultural demands for irrigation and other uses of freshwater depend heavily on rainfall. In the present paper, trends in rainfall at four different sites located under different climatic conditions of India and Brazil were examined on monthly and annual time scales by using the parametric test and non-parametric MannKendall method. The four sites selected in the present study include two sites each from India (Barmer in Thar Desert and Srinagar in Indian Himalaya) and Brazil (Itaiba from semiarid region and Triunfo, a high elevation site from northeast Brazil). The total rainfall during five months from January to May at Triunfo (Srinagar) is about 730 mm (418 mm), which accounts for about 64% (55%) of annual rainfall of high altitude site of Brazil (Indian Himalayan site). Similarly, Barmer (Itaiba) site from arid (semi-arid) environment of India (Brazil) receives total rainfall of about 110 mm (392 mm) during five months from June to October (January to May), which is about 42% (54%) of total annual rainfall. On annual time scale, all the four sites from India and Brazil witnessed no significant trend in total rainfall at 5% level of significance. On monthly time scales, both Barmer and Srinagar witnessed rainfall decreases in three months each out of four months of the crucial monsoon season, although each three months time series were not convincing as each showed predominantly no significance. Similarly, Triunfo and Itaiba witnessed rainfall decreases in eight and seven months respectively, out of which only two months rainfall series were statistically significant at Triunfo. The rainfall decreases under different climatic conditions may have serious implications for water resources management of fragile ecosystems of the semi-arid region of Brazil and the Himalayan region of India.
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WATER BALANCE COMPUTATION USING SWAT FOR A DATA SCARCE REGION IN A MONSOON-DRIVEN ENVIRONMENT
Celine George1 and James E J2
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CWRDM Sub Centre, Manimalakunnu, Oliyappuram P. O., Koothattukulam-686679, Kerala, India, celine@cwrdm.org 2 Karunya University, Coimbatore-641114, Tamilnadu, India jamesej@yahoo.co.in
Seasonality of rainfall is often met by an increasing water demand due to rapid development and changes in land use/land cover management. In such a condition hydrologic models becomes essential to arrive at current and future water resources management. The aim of this study is to use the Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) to compute the water balance for a monsoon-driven catchment with the generally available input data and to evaluate the model performance under these conditions. The present study was conducted for a catchment of Meenachil in the Kottayam district of Kerala State, India. The input data required was derived from satellite data and collected from State departments. The land use map of the area was prepared from IRS P6 data and the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data from SRTM 90m grid data. The model validation was done for the observed streamflow data collected from Kidangoor station maintained by the Central Water Commission (CWC). With these data, SWAT produced reasonable results when compared to the mean annual and monthly streamflows measured at Kidangoor. The Nash-Sutcliffe efficiency (NSE) and the correlation coefficient (R2) obtained are 0.66 and 0.67 for mean annual flows and 0.75 and 0.81 for mean monthly flows for the period of study (2000-2009), with a percent bias (PBIAS) of 1.8%. Water balance components calculated for the period from 2000 to 2009 for Kidangoor watershed of Meenachil river basin are ET=713mm, Q=2529mm and P=3360mm. Ie., 75 percent of the total rainfall is converted to streamflow of which 34 percent is surface runoff. About 21 percentage of total rainfall is lost as evapotranspiration. It can be concluded that for a data scarce region in a monsoon-driven environment SWAT model studies provides reasonable results, if all the key processes are parameterised correctly.
MODELLING PAN EVAPORATION BY FUZZY REGRESSION

Arun Raj V E and Jairaj P G
Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Trivandrum, Kerala, India rahere2630@gmail.com Evaporation is the process by which water changes from a liquid to a gas or vapour and has a prominent role in the hydrologic cycle. Various water bodies such as oceans, lakes and rivers provide nearly 90 percent of the moisture in the atmosphere by evaporation whereas remaining 10 percent being contributed by plant transpiration. It is the primary mechanism supporting the surface to atmosphere portion of the water cycle. Most of the water that evaporates from the water bodies falls back as precipitation. So the process of evaporation drives the water cycle. The various factors affecting evaporation are temperature, wind, humidity, exposed surface area etc. The effects of these factors are well studied in pan evaporation measurement. These measurements will enable the farmers to understand how
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much water their crops will need and also to find out the evaporation from reservoirs. So modelling of evaporation is of great importance Regression analysis can be used to estimate the relationships among variables which is widely used for prediction and forecasting. The performance of regression analysis methods depends on the form of data generating process. In conventional regression analysis, the relationship is assumed to be crisp or precise, as it gives a precise value of response for a set of values of explanatory variables. However, the underlying relationship is not a crisp function of a given form; it may contain some impreciseness. Therefore, it is necessary to incorporate such impreciseness in modelling process so that the results of the analysis can be improved. The conventional regression analysis is not able to account for the imprecise or vague relation between dependent and independent variables. But, the regression technique developed from fuzzy methodology will be able to handle such situations. The present study deals with the modelling of pan evaporation using fuzzy regression procedure with meteorological parameters taken as inputs. The procedure is applied to the meteorological data from Manasgaon climatic station near Anand Sagar Reservoir, Shegaon, Maharashtra, India. In the study, pan evaporation is the dependent variable and meterological factors like temperature, wind, relative humidity and sunshine hours are considered as independent variables. Different fuzzy regression models with each parameter taken independently and those with combination of parameters were studied. The performance of the models were analysed and the best performing model was selected. The model results were compared with conventional regression approaches. The fuzzy regression models performed better than conventional regression approaches, justifying the suitability fuzzy regression procedure for modelling pan evaporation.
LONG TERM SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL RAINFALL TREND IN WAYANAD DISTRICT OF KERALA
Dinesan V P1 and Manasa P S2
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Geomatics Division, CWRDM, Kunnamangalam-PO, Kerala, India, dvp@cwrdm.org Water Resources and Hydroinformatics, Govt. Engineering College, Thrissur, Kerala, India
During the last few decades, climate change has assumed importance owing to an identified increase in troposphere temperatures. Associated with the climate change, the spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall is also subject to variations. Rainfall variability and changes are predicted to have a major impact on the water and agricultural sectors in the Asia-Pacific region. Any change and/or fluctuations in the hydrological cycle directly affect the availability and quality of fresh water, which is a major environmental issue of the twenty-first century. The hydrological cycle is driven by the variety of complex processes and interactions and closely linked to the atmospheric circulation and to temperature. Understanding the regional level of rainfall trend from past data is of immense importance for agriculture based economies such as the one of India. Such data are crucial for the effective modeling of the local rainfall patterns, which can help in dealing with the vagaries and troubles from the inconsistencies in occurrence of the regional rainfall. The rainfall trends will provide very valuable information on the spatial and temporal rainfall variations in terms of magnitude.
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Salient findings of the study conducted to investigate the long term spatial and temporal rainfall trend in the Wayanad district of Kerala is presented in this paper. The historical rainfall data collected from three rain gauge stations located at Vythiri (1901-2008), Mananthavadi (1950-2008) and Ambalavayal (1980-2010) were used for the study. Trends were assessed over the period of using parametric ordinary least square fits and nonparametric MannKendall technique. Six precipitation variables (i.e. Annual, South-west, North-east, winter, summer rainfalls and rainy days) were subjected to the trend analysis. The study reveals that the occurrence of rainfall in Wayanad shows large spatial and temporal variations. The mean annual rainfall at Ambalavayal, Mananthavadi and Vythiri is estimated as 1968.1mm 2513.94mm and 4176.92mm respectively. The rainfall contribution during the south-west monsoon is very predominant (Ambalavayal, 65.19%, Mananthavadi, 80.92%, and Vythiri,81.01%) compared to the north-east monsoon (Ambalavayal,15.93%, Mananthavadi, 9.13%, and Vythiri, 9.79%).The spatio-temporal rainfall trend analysis shows a decreasing trends in the annual, SW and winter rainfall and an increasing trends in the NE and summer rainfalls in all the three stations. The annual rainfall trend corresponds to a decrease of 390mm at Ambalavayal, 201.25mm at Manathavadi and 1046mm at Vythiri in the total period analyzed. The trend analysis of rainy days shows a decreasing trend for stations at Ambalavayal and Manathavadi, and an increasing trend for station at Vythiri. The results of the Man Kendall test conducted using the same data sets also match with the findings observed in the linear trend analysis for similar variables. Overall, the results of this study are good indicators of local climate changes and that will assist in seasonal forecasting and risk management.
IDENTIFICATION OF GROUNDWATER POTENTIAL ZONES BY REMOTE SENSING, GIS AND ELECTRICAL RESISTIVITY SURVEY TECHNIQUES IN A MINE AREA- A CASE STUDY OF TENSA VALLEY, SUNDERGHAR DISTRICT, ODISHA, INDIA
Surajit Murasingh1, Ramakar Jha1 and Equeenuddin M D2
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India, smurasingh@gmail.com; rjha43@gmail.com 2 Department of Mining Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, India equeen@nitrkl.ac.in Despite sufficient rainfall, large part of Eastern India suffers from water scarcity. Ground water occurs in weathered or semi-weathered/fractured layers in hard-rock areas whose thickness varies, in general, from 5m to 20m. Ground-water studies have been carried out in several areas in and around Tensa Valley. Presently, the main source of water supply in the lease area is basically Samij Nala. The impact of mining causes deterioration of environment and decline of groundwater level in the adjoining mining areas, which inuences groundwater source for domestic, agriculture and industrial purposes. A fast, cost-effective and economical way of locating and exploration is to study and analyze remote sensing data. In the present paper, various groundwater potential zones for the assessment of groundwater availability in Tensa valley, Sunderghar District, Odisha, India have been delineated using remote sensing and GIS techniques. Various maps (i.e., base,
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hydrogeomorphological, geological, structural, drainage, slope, land use/land cover and groundwater prospect zones) were prepared using the remote sensing data along with the existing maps. The groundwater availability of the valley is qualitatively classified into different classes (i.e., very good, good, moderate, poor and nil) based on its hydro geomorphological condition Survey of India toposheets and IRS-1C satellite imageries are used to prepare various thematic layers viz. lithology, slope, land-use, lineament, drainage, soil, and rainfall were transformed to raster data using feature to raster converter tool in ArcGIS. The raster maps of these factors are allocated a fixed score and weight computed from multi influencing factor (MIF) technique. Each weighted thematic layer is statistically computed to get the groundwater potential zones.The occurrence and movement of groundwater is restricted to the unconsolidated material, weathered and fractured rocks. Moreover, for the selection of tube well sites, Electrical resistivity surveys have been carried out at the sites, which were found suitable based on hydrogeomorphological and hydrogeological studies. The integrated studies have revealed that an aquifer of nearly 5 m is present at depth of about 83 m. This has Brought out that a high groundwater potential zones was found in the study area. This result depicts the groundwater potential zones in the study area and found to be helpful in better planning and management of groundwater resources.
HYDROLOGICAL MODELING OF ACHENKOVIL RIVER BASIN UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE SCENARIOS

Smitha P S, Narasimhan B and Sudheer K P
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India avarthana@yahoo.co.in; nbalaji@iitm.ac.in; sudheer@iitm.ac.in Climatic change has great implications to the hydrology of the system as well as for the planning and management of water resources. The water resources in semi-arid and arid regions have been identified as particularly sensitive to climate variation. The aim of the present study is to examine the impact of climate change on the future water resources of Achenkovil river. Achenkovil River is one of the major rivers of Kerala with a total length of 128 km and an annual average water yield of about 14,779 cumecs. The area is characterized by semiarid tropical climate with a mean temperature of 23 C. The basin receives most of its rain during the south-west monsoon season. The catchment area is intensely farmed with cash crops such as rubber, oil palm, and cashew and also, mixed agricultural and horticultural plantation. About 80% of the agricultural land is under mixed crops with settlements and about 10% under double cropped paddy lands which requires irrigation. Moreover, the river provides drinking water to the people located in Adoor , Mavelikkara, Konni and Chengannor areas. The IPCC 4 th Assessment Report states that South East Asia is expected to be seriously affected by the adverse impacts of climate change since most economies are relying on agriculture and natural resources.The scientific assessments of climate change, project changing patterns of runoff and river flows in the region in the next decades, as well as increase in water management costs. Runoff from rainfed rivers may change in the future; also larger populations and increasing demands in the agricultural, industrial, and hydropower sectors will put additional stress on
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water resources (IPCC 2007). In the present study, to investigate the impact of climate change on future water resources, Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) -- a hydrological model is run with the climate simulations from two general circulation models (GFDL and CCSM4). SWAT is a river basin-scale model which can quantify the impact of land management practices on water quantity, sediment and water quality in large complex watersheds with different soil types, land use and management conditions over a long period of time (Arnold et al., 1998, Neitsch et al., 2005). To estimate the impact of climate change on river discharges, different scenarios of the future climate conditions (e.g. precipitation and temperature) are used as input to SWAT model to calculate the corresponding effect on the discharges of Achenkovil river.
SENSITIVITY OF HYDROLOGIC MODEL PARAMETERS AND UNCERTAINTY IN STREAM FLOW SIMULATION - A COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF SWAT MODEL IN SUB-TROPICAL AND TEMPERATE REGIONS
Sangeetha K , Nithila Devi N, Karpagam K and Narasimhan B
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India sangeethak39@gmail.com; nithiladevi.n@gmail.com; kapsagri@gmail.com; nbalaji@iitm.ac.in Model Calibration is a most challenging task due to uncertainties associated with model input, parameters and model structure. Among the various uncertainties, over parameterization is becoming a major issue in hydrologic modeling. In a hydrological model such as Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT), large numbers of parameters are used to represent the spatial heterogeneity which in turn increases the parametric uncertainty of the model. Sensitivity analysis is done to identify the parameters which have significant effect on model simulation. From the past studies, parameters such as Curve Number (CN), ESCO, Available Water Content (AWC), Alpha base flow factor (Alpha BF), Hydraulic conductivity (K) were found to be the most sensitive parameters. The parameters which are sensitive in one study region need not be sensitive in another study region. Similarly, the level of sensitivity of different parameters also need not be the same in different regions. The objective of this paper is to compare and identify the level of sensitivity of different parameters in a sub-tropical climate versus temperate climate. The study area includes 2 basins, one is Gadana river Basin located in Tirunelveli District, Tamilnadu, India (sub-tropical climate) and the other is Cedar Creek Basin, located in Henderson County, North Central Texas, United States (USA) (temperate climate). In this study, the model will be calibrated using three different optimization algorithms to find which of the optimization algorithm reaches the global optima faster and identify the most efficient optimization algorithm. The different optimization algorithms are Generalized Likelihood Uncertainty Estimator (GLUE), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Sequential Uncertainty Domain Parameter Fitting (SUFI) algorithm. This study uses hydrological model SWAT and SWAT-CUP as learning tools for deriving sensitivity analysis from different optimization algorithms. The performance of the different optimization algorithm are evaluated using five objective functions such as P-factor, R-factor,
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Coefficient of Determinant (R2), Nash Sutcliffe Efficiency (NSE) and Coefficient of determinant divided by coefficient of regression (bR2) calculated on daily time steps.
HYDRO-MORPHOLOGICAL STUDY OF SELECTED RIVERBASINS IN SOUTH KERALA

Neenu K1, Anoop R1, Sukanya J Nair1 and Drissia T K2
2
National Institute of Technology, Surathkal, Karnataka Centre for Water Resources Development and Management, Kozhikode, Kerala drissia@cwrdm.org
Morphological analysis is inevitable in the study of hydrological characteristics of river basin. Here an attempt has been made to study the morphometric features of four small river basins in south Kerala. The river basins selected for the study were Ithikkara, Vamanapuram, Mamom and Ayroor. Geographic Information System (GIS) Softwares such as MapInfo professional and Arc GIS were used for digitizing the boundary and drainage of the river basin. The vector data digitized from Survey Of India (SOI) topographic maps of 1:50000 scale were used for deriving the information like area, perimeter, basin length, main channel length, maximum stream order, total length, mean length and number of each stream order. Vamanapuram is comparatively larger river basin among the four river basins with an area of 667 km2, the smallest being the Ayroor river basin with 84 km2. The stream order of Vamanapuram river basin has been found to be seven, the highest, whereas in Ayroor it was four, the lowest. Linear aspects of morphometric parameters such as length ratio, bifurcation ratio and areal aspects like form factor, shape factor, circulatory ratio, elongation ratio, drainage density, stream frequency were calculated. Relief ratio was also estimated as a part of this study. Bifurcation ratio ranges from 4.15 to 3.26. Drainage density was found to be low in all the river basins ranging from 1.67 in Ithikkara to 2.13 in Vamanapuram, which indicates the permeable subsoil strata. Stream frequency has been found to be less in Mamom riverbasin (0.86) representing a high infiltration capacity. Elongation ratio ranges from 0.76 to 0.55 indicating a low relief and elongated shape. The low form factor in Ithikkara, Vamanapuram and Ayroor river basin indicate that these basins have a flatter peak flow of higher duration. On the other hand Mamom possess a high form factor of 0.85 exhibiting a high peak of flow of lower duration. Apart from this the monthly flow duration curves were also plotted to determine the dependable flow of summer months. For this the stream flow data from Water Resources Department, GoK and Central Water Commission, GoI have been used. The flow duration curves will be helpful for scheduling the irrigation requirements of the crops. The morphometric analyses of these river basins will be useful to planners and decision makers for deriving water management practices in this region.
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MORPHOMETRIC ANALYSIS OF KALLADA AND PALLIKKAL RIVERBASINS OF KERALA USING GIS

Priya Philip1, Nimiya Baby1, Ashwathi V K1 and Drissia T K2
2
National Institute of Technology, Surathkal, Karnataka, India Centre for Water Resources Development and Management, Kozhikode, Kerala, India drissia@cwrdm.org
Morphometric analysis of a river basin is useful for understanding the behavior of a river basin. Detailed morphological investigations have been carried out for two river basins in south Kerala namely Kallada and Pallikkal. Geographic Information System (GIS) Software was used for generating vector maps of Boundary and drainage. SOI topographic maps of scale 1:50000 were used for extracting the vector maps using GIS softwares like MapInfo and ArcGIS. Kallada is one of the major rivers in Kerala with an area of 1654 Km2 and the Pallikkal, an adjacent small river basin of 251.1 km2. Linear, areal and relief aspects of two river basins of Kerala were studied and compared the result. The linear aspects of morphometry such as Stream order, stream length, stream length ratio and bifurcation ratio and areal aspects like drainage density, stream frequency, shape factor, form factor, elongation ratio, circulatory ratio, length of overland flow were calculated for both the river basins. The Kallada river basin was found to be seventh order basin whereas, Pallikkal fifth order. Bifurcation ratio is 4.14 and 3.28 for Kallada and Pallikkal respectively. The drainage density is very low in the case of Pallikkal river basin, 0.83 wheras in Kallada, it is 2.46. The low drainage density indicates more permeable subsoil. Since stream frequency directly depends on the drainage network, it is very low in Pallikkal and high in Kallada. The elongation ratio showed a higher value for Kallada river basin than that of Pallikkal. Circulatory ratio also indicates the river basins have elongated shape with low discharge. Form factor was found to be low for Kallada indicating a flatter peak of flow with longer duration. Length of overland flow is 0.20 for Kallada basin indicating steeper slopes which makes the flow path shorter. On the other hand Pallikkal have a Length of overland flow of 0.62 representing a gentle slope of the terrain. The longitudinal profiles of the river basins were also derived using the altitude and distance from river mouth. The longitudinal profile clearly represents the morphometric parameters derived. The study will be helpful for the decision makers involved in watershed management.
IMPACT ON GROUNDWATER TABLE DUE TO CONSTRUCTION OF A VENTED WEIR ACROSS A SEASONAL STREAM IN NORTHERN KERALA - A CASE STUDY
Abdul Hameed E, Arun P R and Narasimha Prasad N B Groundwater Division, Centre for Water Resources Development & Management, Kunnamangalam P O, Kozhikode- 673571, Kerala, India ahe@cwrdm.org A vented weir has been erected across Punurpuzha at Puthurkadavu near Kunnamangalam of Kozhikode District, Kerala State, India. The weir has a length of 32 m, breadth of 1.67 m and height of 1.5 m above the stream bed. The objective of this weir was to conserve lean
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flow during summer months for the purpose of augmenting groundwater in the region.This reported study was carried out to evaluate the impact of this weir on the groundwater condition in the surrounding areas.The seasonal water level was monitored through a net work of nine observation wells to understand the pre and post weir construction effect on groundater level. The weir has shown notable impact in terms of rise in groundwater table in the surrounding areas depending up on the topography and subsurface strata. A rise in water level of about 0.05 m to 1.27 m during the lean period / summer flow has lead to augment 0.66 lakh m3 of groundwater in the unconfined aquifer system in the vicinity of the weir. There are 13 different interventions built across the stream from the origin to the estuary of the stream.These structures were enumerated in order to evaluate the performance on water resources improvements. Hydrogeological and geomorphological features of the river system have been studied in detail to assess the impact. Study has revealed that the replishment of groundwater has taken place in the vicinity in a beneficial manner to cater the needs and livelihood of the local community. The positive impact in terms of water resources development due to this structural measure is highlighted and the results are discussed in this paper.
ANNUAL AND SEASONAL TRENDS OF RAINFALL IN THE HUMID TROPICS OF KERALA

Drissia T K, Shabeer A, Geetha C and Dinil Sony C
Centre for Water Resources Development and Management, Kozhikode, Kerala, India drissia@cwrdm.org; dcs@cwrdm.org There have been indications of climate change worldwide. Trends in rainfall and other climatic parameters are being analysed by different researchers to establish the fact in many countries. In this study annual and seasonal rainfall were analysed for detecting the trends of Kerala. Kerala, the southernmost State of India is blessed with six months heavy rainfall with an average annual rainfall of 3000 mm. The rainy season in Kerala is divided in to two southwest (June-August) and northeast (September-November). Another unique feature of Kerala is the three physiographic regions, highland (altitude >76m), midland (>76m altitude >7.6m) and lowland (altitude <7.6m). In this study, for identifying the direction and magnitude of the trend in rainfall, commonly used statistical test, the Mann Kendall was used. The Addinsofts software XLSTAT was utilized for the analysis. Monthly data of 175 stations distributed all over Kerala were collected and annual, southwest and northeast monsoon rainfall were calculated. Among the 175 stations, 134 stations were maintained by Water Resources Department, Government of Kerala and 41 stations by Indian Meteorological Department. On an average 30 years of data for each station was used for th e analysis.The spatial variation of rainfall was calculated using interpolation tool of GIS software ArcGIS. From the interpolated map, it was observed that the annual rainfall ranges from 1054 mm to 5527 mm. The Mann Kendall test was run at 5% significance level for understatnding the temporal trend in annual and seasonal rainfall. In the trend analysis, out of the 175 stations only 22% showed trend in annual rainfall in which 42% of the stations showed increasing trend in annual rainfall whereas remaining showed an decreasing trend. The stations in which trend was observed were mainly located in central and northern
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Kerala. In the case of southwest monsoon also 22 % of stations were observed to exhibit trend. Here increasing trend was observed in 38% of the stations and remaining decreasing trend. In this case also the stations showing trend were located mostly in northern and central Kerala. The northeast monsoon was found to show only increasing trend. 17% of stations were observed to exhibit increasing trend in rainfall. Most of the stations that showed increasing trend in northeast monsoon rainfall fall in central Kerala. The spatial distribution of trend was derived in ArcGIS. The study shows only a small percent of places exhibits a trend in annual and seasonal rainfall. This was mainly found in central and north Kerala. The GIS platform gives more clear visualisation of the results. The spatial distribution of rainfall trend reveals an indiction of climate change in Kerala. Also this study will be useful for predicting water availability in future.
EVALUATION OF GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS IN A MIDLAND REGION OF CENTRAL KERALA

Geethu Krishna V1, Preethi V2, Arun P.R1 and Narasimha Prasad N.B1 1 Groundwater Division, CWRDM, Kozhikode, Kerala, India 673571 geethukrishnap@gmail.com 2 School of Geosciences, Bharathidasan University, Trichy, Tamil Nadu, India - 620024 The present study focuses on the ground water scenario of Pudukkad Grama Panchayat situated in the midland region of the Thrissur District, Kerala, India. Even though, the basic hydrogeologic unit is the drainage basin, for implementation of any development or natural resources management project, the unit of focus has to be an administrative unit, due to the current three tier panchayat system. All hydrogeological information like the principal hydro geological units and their distribution, recharge and discharge areas, sources of water in different regimes, water level fluctuations in the area, water potential, water quality etc, has been collected and analysed to evaluate the groundwater development prospects in the study area. Geomorphologically the study area is represented by Denudational hills (70%) and Valley fills (30%). In this area groundwater occurs predominantly under phreatic condition. Groundwater is extracted mainly from the lateritic formation through dug wells. The density of dugwells in Pudukkad Panchayat has been calculated as 228 wells/sq.km. Only 6.88% wells are exclusively used for irrigation purposes. 64.45% of the wells are used exclusively for domestic purposes and 28.75% for both irrigation as well as domestic purposes. The depth to water below ground level during peak summer ranges between 1.10 and 8.6 metres depending on the topography. 15.28 sq.km of the area in the Panchayat is having less than 20% slope and suitable for ground water recharge. The overall ground water quality is good for drinking purposes but water quality problems due to the man made causes such as wells very close to leach pit/septic tank, washing of clothes near the wells, disposal of waste from rubber sheet production, etc, do exist in the study area. The net annual ground water availability is estimated as 2.36 MCM and the total annual groundwater draft is estimated as 0.59 MCM. The draft is only 25% of the annual available groundwater in the Pudukkad Grama Panchayat. There are no industries in the study area and the agricultural operation is mainly rain fed. Based on the present level of groundwater
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utilisation, the watershed has been categorised as Safe for future groundwater development.
GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS IN HIGHLAND REGION OF THRISSUR DISTRICT, KERALA

Aneesh V1, Gandhi J2, Arun P.R1 and Narasimha Prasad N.B1
Groundwater Division, CWRDM, Kozhikode, Kerala 673571, India vanishbheema@gmail.com 2 School of Geosciences, Bharathidasan University, Trichy, Tamil Nadu 620024, India Puthur Grama Panchayat of the Thrissur District, Kerala, is investigated to understand the groundwater condition of the area. All hydrogeological information like the principal hydro geological units and their distribution, recharge and discharge areas, sources of water in different regimes, water level fluctuations in the study area over a period of time, water potential, water quality etc, has been collected and analysed to evaluate the groundwater development prospects. Physiographycally the study area is situated in the highland region. Geologically, Charnockite and Gneiss of Precambrian age, laterites of Pleistocene age and alluvial formation along the stream course of recent to sub-recent age charaterise the area. In this area groundwater occurs under phreatic, semi-confined or confined condition depending on the thickness and permeability of the overlying lithomargic clay formation. Groundwater is extracted mainly from the lateritic formation through dug wells. The density of dugwells in the Puthur Panchayath has been determined as 296 wells/sq.km. 84.25% and 5.51%of the dug wells are used exclusively for domestic and irrigation purposes respectively. About 10.24% of the wells are used for both irrigation as well as domestic purposes. The depth to water below ground level during peak summer ranges between 1.86 and 11.5 metres depending on the topography. Bore wells of 20 to 30 meters depth are usually drilled to tap groundwater from the fractured hard rocks and the borewell density is about 20 per sq.km in this area. 68% of the area in the Panchayath is having less than 20% slope and suitable for ground water recharge. The overall ground water quality is good for domestic purposes. The net annual ground water availability is estimated as 8.29 MCM and the total annual groundwater draft is estimated as 2.65 MCM. The draft is only 32% of the annual available groundwater in the Puthur Grama Panchayath. The agricultural operations are mainly rain fed and there are no industries. For future groundwater development, the watershed has been categorized as Safe based on the present level of groundwater utilization.
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HYDROCHEMICAL EVALUATION OF GROUND WATER FROM THE KAVARATTI ISLAND, LAKSHADWEEP WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON FLUORIDE CONTENT
Sui A S, Mrudulrag S K, Resmi T R and Shahul Hameed A
Isotope Hydrology Division, Centre for Water Resources Development and Management, Kunnamangalam P O, Kozhikode, Kerala-673 571, India sha@cwrdm.org Hydrographical and nutrient quality parameters were measured in the pre-monsoon and monsoon season in Kavaratti, Lakshadweep during the year 2012. Water samples from 14 wells and 3 lagoons were collected and analyzed for major cations and anions. Fluoride contamination was observed in almost all stations from negligible amount to 2ppm. For majority of the ground water samples, calcium and magnesium were found to be the major cation and bicarbonate, chloride were the major anions. A few samples placed adjacent to the coast showed chloride concentration >2500ppm. The groundwater in the Island showed a peculiar behavior with high ionic concentration in monsoon season than the premonsoon season. This can be related to the limited recharge through rain during the study period as evidenced by the marginal variation in the depth to water level in the two seasons. This is also an indication of high level of mineral-water interaction in the aquifer during the recharge in the prevalent aragonite and magnesium-calcite minerals. Sedimentary rocks have fluorine concentration ranging from 200ppm (limestone) to 1000ppm (shales). Fluoride contents of water may increase during evaporation, if solution remains equilibrium with calcite. Dissolution of evaporative salts deposited in arid zone may be an important source of fluoride.
TRANSVERSE WATER SURFACE PROFILE OF A MEANDERING CHANNEL

Arpan Pradhan, Saine S Dash and Kishanjit K Khatua
Civil Engineering Department, N.I.T. Rourkela, Rourkela 769008, India er.arpanpradhan@gmail.com; sainedash@gmail.com; kkkhatua@yahoo.com Meandering channel flows are ambiguous for natural flow systems such as rivers. This pattern of flow is generally followed by rivers to minimization the energy losses.Due to existence of secondary flow, flow characteristics in channel bends are much more complicated than those in straight channels. In channel bends, the secondary flows occur due to imbalance between centrifugal force and pressure gradient. In other words, close to the inner wall and also at the channel bed, pressure gradient exceeds centrifugal force and conveys water in a transverse direction towards the inner wall. At the free surface centrifugal force drives the flow to the outer wall. The interaction between the main flow and the secondary flow forms the so-called helical flow at the bend. Hence, water surface, on entering a bend finds a non-linear transversal slope due to centrifugal force. This slope is greater in the inner half than its outer half. Understanding this characteristic of flow in a channel bend is very important in designing hydraulic structures at such locations.
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In this paper, transverse profiles of water surface are investigated at different sections along a meander path i.e from one bend apex to another where the water surface profile changes its course at the cross-over. Investigation of the surface profile at the cross-over is of particular importance as the inner bank of the bend changes to outer bank and vice-versa which has a significant effect on the profile of the water surface at that location. Knowledge of the characteristics of surface profile at the crossover is important in flood modelling and forcasting which helps in the design of hydraulic structures.
SIMULATION-OPTIMIZATION FRAMEWORK FOR THE OPTIMAL OPERATIONS OF PARAMBIKULAM ALIYAR RESERVOIR SYSTEM
Joshy K A1, Sridharan B2, Srinivasan K2 and Susheela Mathews1
1
Irrigation Department, Kerala, India, joshyka123@gmail.com 2 Indian Institue of Technology, Madras, Tamil Nadu, India
Parambikulam Aliyar Project (PAP) is an inter-state inter-basin multi-purpose multi reservoir project in Southern India. Truly a unique one in its concept and scope, the system consists of nine reservoirs interconnected through long distances of tunnels and canals. The PAP system serves to meet the multiple demands of irrigation, hydropower generation and drinking water requirements of the downstream reservoirs. Operational policies in practice are being adopted for PAP system to satisfy multiple purposes, within the frame work of interstate agreement conditions between the states of Kerala and Tamilnadu. Sharing of the available water between conflicting objectives of an individual reservoir and also among simultaneous and future demands of various reservoirs is always a complex and challenging problem in arriving at optimum operational reservoir policies. In this paper, a SimulationOptimization framework has been developed for analyzing the existing PAP system with all its complexities and inter-state agreement conditions and deriving optimal operation policies with a view to improve the current operational regulations of the system. Optimal trade-offs among competing and conflicting demands of various reservoirs in the system are identified with the help of the robust, global search and elitism based multi-objective evolutionary search technique, non-dominated search based genetic algorithm (NSGA-II).
FLOODPLAIN EVALUATION USING HEC-RAS

Sawaf M F and Mohandas C
Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Trivandrum, Kerala, India cmdcetcivil@gmail.com; sawafsaaf@gmail.com The evaluation of impact of floodplain encroachments on water surface profiles can be substantial interest to planners, land developers and engineers. Floodplain and floodway management are the basis for floodplain management programs. Floodplain modelling is a comparatively recent engineering discipline, with the current Procedures evolved out of engineering and scientific experiments that were conducted in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. Only since the end of World War II,
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however, has significant engineering effort been devoted to the subject of floodplain modelling. Yet, without floodplain modelling, the design of much of the world's infrastructure would be haphazard at best and dangerous at worst. Engineers use floodplain modelling for basic urban planning to consider the effect of potential flood levels on the community, even if no flood protection is planned. Modelling can estimate the water surface elevations during selected flood events, thereby preventing unwise land use in flood prone areas. The design of bridge and culvert openings for roadway crossings of streams is predicated on proper floodplain hydraulic analysis as well as flood reduction measures, such as dams, levees, and channel modifications. The principles of floodplain modelling can also be applied on a small scale; for example, to design drainage ditches and storm sewers. In this project floodplain is evaluated using a software HEC-RAS, which is developed by U.S. Army Corps of engineers.
RAINFALL RUNOFF MODELLING USING ANN AND ANFIS

Sanoop Kottuvayal Thazha Kuni and Mohandas C
Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Trivandrum, Kerala, India sanu.edacheri@gmail.com; cmdcetcivil@gmail.com Runoff estimation is one of the main challenges encountered in water and watershed management. Spatial and temporal changes of factors which influence runoff due to heterogeneity of the basins explain the complicacy of relations. The determination of runoff is critical to many activities, such as designing flood protection works, protection of agricultural lands and water storage and release. Artificial Neural Networks (ANN), one of the most widely used models for runoff estimation is capable of identifying the complex non-linear relationship between input and output data. In recent years, artificial neural networks (ANNs) have become one of the most promising tools in order to model complex hydrological processes such as the rainfall-runoff process. In many studies, ANNs have demonstrated superior results compared to alternative methods. ANNs are able to map underlying relationship between input and output data without prior understanding of the process under investigation. However, they have been known as black-box models due to their problem in providing insight into the relationship learned. Adaptive neuro fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) is a kind of neural network that is based on TakagiSugeno fuzzy inference system. An Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference system (ANFIS) has been used to model the relationship between rainfall and runoff. In this study, ANN and ANFIS models will be used for monthly rainfall runoff modelling of Vamanapuram river basin. Vamanapuram lies between latitude 8 35 N to 8 50 N and longitude 76 40E to 77 E. It is bounded by Thiruvananthapuram in the North, Arabian Sea in the west and Tamil Nadu in the east. The models will be compared based on performance evaluation.
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RUNOFF COMPUTATION USING ANALYTICAL GEOMORPHOLOGIC INSTANTANEOUS UNIT HYDROGRAPH

Arun C M and Jairaj P G
Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Trivandrum, Kerala, India arun.cm.03@gmail.com; jairaj_pg@yahoo.com The estimation of runoff from a basin is highly complex process and many procedures exist on the basis of synthesizing the unit hydrograph of the basin. In the case of ungauged catchments no observed records of runoff may be available and one has to artificially synthesize the unit hydrograph of the basin on the basis of catchment parameters and is very much necessary in various hydrologic studies. Generally most of the catchments are ungauged and for such catchments GIUH method can be used for the computation of hydrologic response. Geomorphologic instantaneous unit hydrograph (GIUH) is a method which uses the geomorphologic properties of the catchments to compute the runoff from a basin. In this procedure the rainfall-runo modelling of a river basin is divided into two processes: the production function and the transfer function. The production function determines the proportion of gross rainfall actually involved in the runo. The transfer function spreads the net rainfall over time and space in the river basin. Such transfer function can be modelled through an approach of the geomorphologic instantaneous unit hydrograph type (GIUH). In the present study an analytical geomorphologic instantaneous unit hydrograph (AGIUH) model is used to compute the runoff of the catchment. The AGIUH model uses the fractal property of the stream network to generate the catchment response. Mandelbrot (1983) developed fractal geometry to describe patterns found in nature. Fractal properties have various hydrologic implications and the catchment response can be more precisely modelled by incorporating the similarity property of fractals in GIUH models. This model is based on general hypotheses on symmetry which provide it with multi-scale versatile characteristics. This AGIUH model is applied on Kundukadu watershed in Palakkad district and the simulated runoff was compared with the observed values. The parameters of the model are of a geomorphologic nature, these are the Straulers order n of the river basin and the average lengths from the drains to the different network orders (hydraulic length). These parameters were assessed from the stream network map derived from the digital elevation model of the river basin, using Arc GIS. The runoff values are estimated as the convolution of the production function and transfer function, where the production function is the rainfall excess obtained after deducting the infiltration and the transfer function is the probability density function of the time of transfer. The probability density function of time of transfer is obtained from the probability density function of hydraulic length. The hydrograph produced by AGIUH model is compared with the hydrograph computed using the Nash GIUH model.
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LAND USE/ LAND COVER CHANGES AND WATER RESOURCES IN THE KRISHNA RIVER BASIN
Anjaiah B, Roy P S and Narayana A C
Centre for Earth and Space Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad-500046, India anji.ctlr@gmail.com; psroy13@gmail.com; acnes@uohyd.ernet.in Water resources are important to both society and ecosystems. We depend on a reliable, clean supply of drinking water to sustain our health and water for agriculture, energy production, navigation, recreation, and manufacturing. Many of these requirements put pressure on water resources with increasing population, and these stresses are likely to be exacerbated by climate change. As climate change warms the atmosphere and alters the hydrological cycle, we will continue to witness changes in the amount, timing, form, and intensity of precipitation and the flow of water in watersheds, as well as the quality of aquatic and marine environments. Climate change impacts hydrological processes and controls stream flows. Hydrological processes reect combined effects of climate, vegetation, and soil at the basin scale. Changes of climate combined with human activities (e.g. land reclamation and soil and water conservation engineering) have led to massive changes in hydrological processes in many river basins globally. Against this background, this study is taken up to understand the landuse/landcover changes (LULC) with respect to climate change and its impact on water resources of Krishna River basin. Land use/Land cover changes and their impacts on hydrological processes are of widespread concern and a great challenge to researchers and policy makers. It is interesting to know land use/land cover types and their change detection in time domain for sustainable land management. Remotely sensed data provide information to prepare land use/land cover maps. In this study, Remote Sensing and GIS techniques are employed. The satellite data products of Landsat-MSS, IRS-LISS-I and IRS-LISS-III sensors of 1985, 1995 and 2005 respectively, representing decadal time scales, are used. The LULC map of the basin was generated for the years 1985, 1995 and 2005 using satellite data at 1:250,000 scale following the transition matrix classification scheme. The decadal changes in LULC are pronounced in the built-up area, water bodies, crop lands and fallow lands. The built-up area is increased and water bodies are also reasonably increased from 1985 to 2005. The crop land is decreased marginally from 1985 to 1995 and increased marginally from 1995 to 2005. The fallow land shows decreasing trend every year. Plantation, deciduous forest, scrub land grass land are almost remain constant in the study area for the period from 1985 to 2005. Climate drivers are discussed in relation to LULC changes and water resources of the Krishna River Basin.
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ASSESSMENT OF GROUNDWATER DRAFT AND RECHARGE USING CENSUS DATASETS

Nagarathna H R1 and Yusuf Javeed2
1
Vidya Vikas Institution of Engineering and Technology, Bannur road, Mysore, India nagarathna.veeresh@gmail.com 2 National Institute of Technology, Manandavadi road, Mysore, Karnataka, India
Groundwater is very precious and replenishable natural resource.But in hard rock terrains availability of groundwater is very limited. The objective of the present study is, to quantify the ground water draft and recharge of a district at village levels and to prove its availability and usage. For this purpose the large datasets from Minor Irrigation Department, Department of Mines and Geology and Economics and Statistics Department are compiled and used. This work takes these sets of fragmented data from various sources, matches them for one to one correspondence and assembles them to obtain a common, more meaningful database. Further the ground water draft for all the villages in the district are computed using this database. The ground water draft is found for both Kharif and Rabi seasons. The results of ground water draft are spatially represented in the form of maps using GIS software.The water table fluctuation method was used for computing the groundwater recharge for a selected number of villages. Comparing the ground water draft due to pumping and recharge, a methodology to find the status of ground water system is developed. Using this methodology, the villages are categorized in to safe, critical, semi critical and over exploited zones.The applicability/usage of the datasets is demonstrated by taking a case study in a fractured hard rock aquifers, subjected to intensive groundwater pumping for both domestic and irrigation purpose.
DEVELOPMENT AND TESTING OF A SMALL WATERSHED SIMULATION MODEL

Ranjit Kumar M1, Meenambal T1 and Kumar V2
1
Department of Environmental Engineering, GCT, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India ranjitkumar.aed@gmail.com 2 AC&RI, Killikulam, 628252, Tamil Nadu, India
The Watershed Simulation Models, developed elsewhere in the world, are generally applicable for large watersheds and give only daily outputs. Such hydrologic models are found to be not adequate for small watersheds (5000 ha), for which we expect at least hourly outputs. The input requirements of such daily models are so rigorous that those models are rarely applied in India. The small watershed, by its nature, responds quickly to every hydrologic impulse. Hence the simulation model for a small watershed shall have to be more sensitive than that for a large watershed. These necessitated the development of a new model exclusively for small watersheds to suit Indian conditions. This culminated in the development of WAPROS, Watershed Process Simulation Model. The WAPROS, written in FORTRAN, is a deterministic, continuous, lumped and hourly simulation model, which is capable of simulating all important hydrologic processes and hydrologic changes at hourly intervals for 50 days. This model also takes into consideration the new hydrologic concepts
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of Variable Source Areas, Macro-pore Flow and Near-surface Flow. New relationships have been developed to characterise spatial variability of rainfall and hydraulic conductivity of soil, runoff development and base flow, and these are also incorporated in the model. The model requires 40 fixed inputs, 11 parameters, one daily temperature file and one hourly rainfall file for the watershed. The WAPROS model has been applied to a small hilly watershed, Ebbanad, in the Nilgiris, where an automatic hydrologic station is functioning. Using the hourly observed channel flows, the model was calibrated and the values of parameters for the watershed are optimised. The observed and the simulated flows were compared using a separate VALID program. The evaluation criteria showed that the simulation was efficient (0.818) and near perfect (0.908). The sensitivity analyses of the parameters were also done and documented. The baseflow from the watershed is also validated for its contribution to groundwater.
YETTINAHOLE DIVERSION IN KARNATAKA SOME THOUGHTS ON EXCESS FLOW IN RIVERS

Mysooru R. Yadupathi Putty
The National Institute of Engineering, Mysore -570008, Karnataka, India Interlinking of rivers has been among the most discussed technological issues in the country during the last 10-12 years. Even though most of the components of the National Water Grid planned by the National Water Development Authority (NWDA) remain unrealistic for various different reasons and seem to be forgotten already, those links in the Peninsular component, which are intended to divert west flowing waters to the east, particularly in Karnataka, continue to be discussed and investigated. Amongst these, the Netravathi diversion scheme has been the most prominent, since the idea has been making rounds in the state since the early 90s. One among the many plans put forth to divert Netravathi waters is the YettinaHole sceme of the Karnataka Neeravari Nigama (KNNL), which proposes to divert excess flow in the Gundia sub-basin to the east by pumping water from a number of tributaries of the river. While a very similar scheme by the NWDA estimates the water available as 7 TMC, the KNNL scheme, tenders for preparing the DPR for which have already been called, proposes to divert a whopping 25 TMC. Since inter-basin transfer involves issues beyond simple technological possibilities, estimation of the excess flow is a matter of serious concern and only hydrologically feasible figures need to be resorted to. The present work was initiated to take a re-look in to the figures concerning the excess flow in the YettinaHole scheme, which has seen fierce opposition from the d/s stakeholders. The investigations intend to furnish a hydrologically sound method for estimating streamflow and to furnish estimates of water available at various different points along the river, from where diversions could be taken up. The work has been accomplished by using RF-RO relationships from a similar watershed and rainfall data from stations in the catchment. The paper discusses the amount of water available, the effect of diversion on the d/s users and the feasibility of the diversions. The inferences from the study point to a need for a critical review of proposals by a team of experts in the various concerned fields, before they are thrown open to public discussion and political intervention.
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STRATEGIES FOR CONSERVATION OF URBAN TANKS A CASE STUDY IN MYSORE

Vidya, V K, Mysooru R Yadupathi Putty and Manjunath K C
The National Institute of Engineering, Mysore -570008, Karnataka, India Tanks of South India are a well developed system of inland water bodies. They are extremely complex systems of accumulating fresh water in depressions artificially created for harvesting runoff. A very large number of such tanks are found even in the urban areas of the region, particularly in partially hilly traps of Karnataka. Tanks in urban areas are valuable resources that provide ecological, aesthetic and recreational services. However, in the recent years tanks have been facing threats of destruction due to various reasons, including silting up, encroachment and sewage disposal. Yet, environmental awareness in the recent past has promoted activities towards conservation of tanks and studies on the strategies for conservation find importance. The present study has been taken up to understand the extent up to which tanks can be utilized to develop a system where waste water from the urban areas can be reused along with runoff harnessed by the tanks, taking Mysore as a case study. The objectives of this paper include (i) identification of changes in status of lakes using remote sensing data and understanding the factors leading to the changes if any, (ii) investigate whether the tanks can serve the dual purpose of runoff harvesting and sewage disposal together and (iii) develop strategies needed to conserve the existing tanks.
IMPACT OF SILT DETENTION STRUCTURES IN CATCHMENT ON THE WATER AVAILABILITY IN SUKHNA LAKE, CHANDIGARH
Suhas Khobragade, Kumar C P, Senthil Kumar A R, Prabhat Semwal and R D Singh
National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee 247 667, Uttarakhand, India suhas@nih.ernet.in Sukhna Lake is a very significant lake of Chandigarh. Due to the beautiful surroundings and facilities for water sport activities and boating, it has become an important tourist attraction and centre of recreation. Besides tourism, aquaculture is another important economic activity associated with the lake. As such, ensuring adequate water availability in the lake for the purpose of recreation and aquaculture, is an important management aspect of the lake. However, the water availability in the lake has been decreasing in recent years. The lake was constructed in the year 1958 in the foothills of Shivaliks. The lake catchment is subjected to severe erosion. During the first two decades of its construction, about 50% of the lake capacity was lost due to severe sedimentation. As a consequence, a number of soil conservation measures were taken up for the lake catchment. These included construction of a number of check dams. About 150 such silt detention dams have been constructed in the lake catchment, as catchment management measures, over the past 2-3 decades. However, due to the acute water availability problems being faced by the lake in recent times, there is a common apprehension that it may be due to the presence of these structures, as they act as water retention structures as well. Therefore, the present investigations have been carried with an objective to analyse the impact of the silt detention structures on the water availability regime of the Sukhna Lake.
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Sukhna Lake is located in the Union Territory of Chandigarh in the foothills of Shiwalik Hills. The lake is kidney shaped and covers about 1.6 % of the total area of U. T., Chandigarh. It is a man-made lake constructed by constructing a 12.8 m high rock fill earthen dam across the ephemeral Sukhna choe, which flows down from the Shivalik hills, mostly during monsoon. At the time of its construction, the storage capacity of the lake was 10.74 MCM. As per the latest bathymetric data of 2010, the present storage capacity of the lake is 5.24 MCM. The lake also serves as a sanctuary for a large number of birds. The lake has been notified by the Ministry of Environment, Govt. of India for Conservation. The catchment area of the lake is 42.37 Sq. Km. It is located in the foothills of the Shivalik hill ranges, which forms part of the fragile Himalayan ecosystem, called Kandi (Bhabhar) region. The major land uses in the catchment area are forest and agriculture. The catchment area has rugged terrain with steep slopes. The soils are predominantly alluvial sandy embedded with layers of clay and are highly susceptible to soil erosion. As such, the water flowing into the lake is highly turbid. However, a number of soil conservation measures have been taken up in the catchment to control soil erosion. In the present study water availability analysis of the lake has been carried out using the water balance approach. No systematic historical hydro-meteorological data were available for the Sukhna Lake and its catchment. Therefore, attempts have been made in this study to generate relevant data 1st July, 2011. For generating the data, various instruments like Automatic Weather Station, Automatic Water Level Recorder, Rain-gauges etc have been installed in the catchment and at lake. Water balance for the period of July, 2011-April, 2012 has been carried out. Similarly, water balance has also been carried out for the year 2010 using the available limited water level data of the lake. The preliminary analysis of the historical data of rainfall at Chandigarh does not indicate any falling trend in rainfall. The investigations carried out for lake-ground interaction using isotope data of the waters of precipitation, ground water and lake water, as well as using the limited water level data of ground water, does not indicate any significant ground water inflow to the lake. Investigations on estimation of evaporation rates from the lake bring out that during the period of August, 2011 to April, 2012, the lowest average daily evaporation rate of 2.73 mm/d was observed for the month of January, 2012 while the highest was observed in April, 2012 (5.75 mm/d). Evaporation is observed to play a significant role in deciding the total volume of water lost through the lake. The share of evaporation in change of lake storage is more than 85%. Water availability analysis for the lake indicates that the year 2011 was a deficit rainfall year. The runoff generated, as % of volume of water received by the catchment, was negligible for the month of July, 2011, while it was only about 5% and 7 % during the months of August and September, 2011 respectively. The slightly more rate of runoff during September, as compared to the months of July and August, was due to the fact that by August end, many of the check dams got filled, thereby allowing more flows to the lake. Preliminary analysis of the impact of silt detention structures on runoff indicates that, if there had not been any structures in the catchment, instead of receiving only 80 Ham meters of runoff (due to the presence of check dams), the lake would have received about 190 Ham of water during 2011. After compensating for additional losses due to evaporation, there would have been a net gain of about 105 Ham of water by the lake. Thus, by the end of June 2012 the water level would have been about 2 and half feet more than its actual observed level during June 2012. The water availability analysis further brings out that, if in
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any year, a normal rainfall is received by the lake (with rainfall characteristics as that of year 2010), then about 380 Ham water can be received by the lake for a rainfall of 865.3 mm during monsoon season at an average runoff rate of about 10% (which could be even much higher and upto 20% depending upon the rainfall intensity, duration and magnitude). This is about 72 % of the storage capacity of the lake. The study concludes that the present water availability crisis of the lake is mainly due to deficit rainfall, although there is some impact of the check dams also. The problem will be observed in any year whenever there is a deficit rainfall. The severity of the problem will vary depending upon the initial water level in the lake at the start of monsoon and the rainfall received during monsoon. Although the lake can manage some water if the capacities of the silt detention structures are significantly reduced, but, it cannot solve the problem completely. Therefore, arranging alternate source of water for situations of deficit rainfall years, appears to be the most logical and best management solution for the Sukhna Lake, so that availability of water is ensured for the lake at all times.
AN INTEGRATED APPROACH OF RAINWATER HARVESTING AND MANAGEMENT IN SMALL WATERSHED OF RAJASTHAN

Devesh Sharma
Department of Environmental Science, Central University of Rajasthan, Rajasthan, India deveshsharma@curaj.ac.in Rajasthan state has the highest probability of drought occurrence in the country and it falls within areas having greatest climatic sensitivity, maximum vulnerability with lowest adaptive capacity. Severe droughts in the State result in poor condition of agricultural production and reduction in water resources. Using Standardized Precipitation index (SPI), it is possible to understand droughts, specifically their initiation, frequency and severity based on the precipitation data. Daily rainfall data (19712005) of 31 stations over the state were used to calculate SPI index, that quantifies the deficit of precipitation for multiple time scale (3, 6, 12 and 24 months) and then all the districts were classified according to given SPI value classes. Results revealed that droughts in the state vary from mild to extreme with different time scales. Higher frequencies of mild droughts were obtained in the state in short term analysis shows the impacts on soil moisture conditions that requires some small term measures for agricultural purpose and higher frequencies of severe droughts in long terms analysis shows hydrological impacts of droughts on water resources, suggesting water resource management in the affected areas. The Pundlu watershed with catchment of 5.09 km2 is a part of upper Jojri basin of Rajasthan, northwest of India. Soil Conservation Service (SCS) model has been applied for the estimation of runoff. Application of models involves various types of spatial information of watershed viz. slope, soil and land use/cover. The weighted curve number was found to be 89. Probability analysis of runoff was carried out using Weibull's method to get water availability at different probability levels. It was found that at 80% probability, estimated total available runoff was 0.23 MCM. Based on these informations like stored runoff, crosssection of drain and depth of soil, a water harvesting structure is proposed for the better rainwater management to enhance crop productivity in the area.
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Water Quality
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AN INTEGRATED STUDY OF THE PRESENT SCENARIO OF VANCHIKULAM WETLAND OF KERALA WITH SPECIAL REFERERENCE TO ITS ECOLOGICAL IMPORTANCE
Sharika P S
Kerala State Land Use Board, Thrissur, Kerala, India sharikashahulhameed@gmail.com Considering the increasing urbanisation and industrialisation and resulting urban liquid wastes, an attempt has been made to ascertain the quality of the Vanchikulam Urban pond wetland. Impact of the monsoon on the gradients of a physico -chemical parameters in canal connecting a fresh water pond to ocean is evaluated by selecting and fixing ten sample stations from the pond to Arabian Sea. Physico-chemical characteristics of the sediments of the pond and the impact of polluted pond on the nearby ground water are also investigated. Along with documenting information pertaining to the biodiversity associated with wetland ecosystem. Vanchikulam is an Urban Wetland famous for being the harbour of Thrissur until twentieth century located in the very heart of Thrissur Corporation. During that period water routes are mainly used for transporting goods through traditional vanchi, machuva etc and ends the journey at the pond vanchikulam. Hence it gets the name Vanchikulam. The path started from vanchikulam situated in Poothole of Thrissur through Enamavu way connected to Canoly canal which enters in to the Arabian sea. Being a public property and the limited awareness of the importance of protection, conservation and management of natural water resources favours the decline of Vanchikulam. An integrated wetland research framework suggests that a mixed methodology based on a combination of integrated modelling, stakeholder analysis, economic evaluation and multi criteria evaluation can provide complementary insights in to sustainable and welfare-optimizing wetland management and policy. Integrated water resource management (IWRM) is a process which promotes the coordinated development and management of water, land and related resource in order to maximize the resultant economic and social welfare in an equitable manner, without compromising the sustainability of vital ecosystems. Seasonal samplings of water, sediment, planktons were done seasonally. The biodiversity of the wetland, water and sediment quality parameters were studied with standard methods. Present study of vanchikulam and related selected stations from the pond to Arabian sea shows that most of the hydrographic parameters show high values during pre monsoon compared to monsoons. Most of the well waters and selected sample stations shows parameter beyond the WHO and BIS drinking water standards and become unfit for human consumption. Sediment and biological analysis reveals that pond is disrupted and organically polluted with faecal contamination. Water resource is being deteriorating in a progressive manner. Biodiversity and ecological services of the wetlands are severely exploited. Failure to restore these ecosystems will result in ecological damage. A Management strategy will be developed to protect the wetlands from the wetlands from the adverse condition. The management action plan will open up making possibilities in the development of tourism in wetland as well as
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sustainable development of the wetland considering the future generations with a new dimension.
GROUNDWATER QUALITY IN SHALLOW COASTAL AQUIFERS OF CENTRAL KERALA: NATURAL AND ANTHROPOGENIC FACTORS
Priju C P, .Neerajamol T P, Madhavan K and Narasimha Prasad N B
Centre for Water Resources Development and Management, Kozhikode 673 571, Kerala cppriju@gmail.com Groundwater is the only source of fresh water to meet domestic, agricultural and industrial needs in many coastal regions. But it is under constant threat due to saline water incursion and anthropogenic pollution which have become a worldwide concern. An investigation on seasonal salinity patterns and groundwater quality in the shallow aquifers along ErnakulamAlappuzha coast, central Kerala has been carried out. The study area covers major cities Ernakulam, Alappuzha and townships Cherthala, Vaikom and other semi-urban areas. The area receives heavy load of domestic and industrial effluents from its watersheds. Saline water intrusion is a major problem in the lowland and coastal plain region in the study area that is mainly due to excessive groundwater extraction. 115 dug well water samples from the study area were collected and water levels were measured in different seasons (premonsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon) for two year period (2011-2012). The water samples collected in the first year (2011) were analysed for the physico-chemical parameters viz., pH, temperature, EC, alkalinity, salinity, turbidity, TDS, chloride (Cl-), total hardness, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, SO42 and Fe2+. The in-situ water quality parameters and water levels were collected for next year (2012). The hydro-chemical parameters were correlated and statistically evaluated using correlation coefficients, bivariate plots and statistical analysis. Hydro-geochemical facies and water type of the samples were identified with the help of geochemical plots such as Hill-Piper diagram, US Salinity Diagram and Wilcox diagram. Chemical analysis of water samples indicated that the most dominant cations were + Na and Ca2+ and anions viz. Cl- and HCO3-, followed by SO42-, Mg2+ and K+. Spatial maps of various hydro-chemical parameters indicate higher EC, Cl-, total hardness, salinity and TDS levels around Ernakulam and Vypin areas. The total alkalinity is found increasing towards the coastal region and also in the areas towards south. The Cl- content is higher nearer to the lake and increases towards northern part of the study area. The water table elevation is found following the topographic relief of the study area. The cation content (Na+, K+, Ca2+ and Mg2+) and total hardness is found increasing towards the coast and towards northward part of the study area. SO42- content shows higher values nearer to the lake. The hydro-geochemical plots, bivariate plots and correlation coefficients indicate the salinity is the major chemical contaminant in groundwater. Considerable seasonal fluctuation (pre-monsoon and post-monsoon 2011) in hydro-chemical parameters viz., EC, TDS, Salinity, Total Hardness, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl-, SO42- is noted. The study indicates that excessive salinity is the major ground water contaminant overall in the study area. Higher salinity is observed in the northern part of the study area compared to southern part during premonsoon. The lowland areas south of Alappuzha is also show salinity and hardness, may be
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due to formation characteristics. Anthropogenic contaminants in the groundwater are mostly concentrated around Cochin area in the northern part indicated by higher hardness and ionic concentration.
IS ROOF WATER HARVESTING AN ANSWER TO URBAN WATER CRISIS? A CASE STUDY OF BANGALORE
Hippu Salk Kristle Nathan, Jayashree V and Binoy V V
National Institute of Advanced Studies (NIAS), Indian Institute of Science (IISc) Campus, Bangalore 560012, Karnataka, India hsknathan@nias.iisc.ernet.in Supply of clean, adequate, affordable water is one of the most critical infrastructural services, which is indicative of quality of life and economic and social conditions of a society. Due to rapid urbanization, concentration of population, and depleting water sources, cities face a growing demand for water and sanitation services. The situation is going to be worse in coming years as United Nations latest World Urbanization Prospects Report estimates urban population to rise from 3.6 billion in 2011 to 6.3 billion in 2050. Climate change exacerbate the situation because of increased the variability of precipitation and the number of flood and drought episodes. Cities, particularly in developing countries, are most victimized in this scenario as most of the growth in the world urban population is concentrated in the urban areas of these countries and these economies are most vulnerable to climate change impacts as they have fewer social, technological and financial resources to adapt. India is not an exception to this global trend. With more than 17% of world population, India has only 4% of its water share. The recent Word Water Development Report (WWDR) ranks India 133rd among 180 countries in terms of per capita water availability and 120th among 122 countries in terms of water quality. The water crisis in India is further going to aggravate as the average annual per capita freshwater availability, which was 5,177 m3 during 1951, has reduced to 1,820 m3 in 2001 and is estimated to further go down to 1,140 m3 in 2050. The urban water supply and sanitation sector in the country is suffering from inadequate levels of service and an increasing demand-supply gap. In this paper we have focused our attention to the city of Bangalore, the city which has been facing acute water problems, particularly recently. The population growth, infrastructure development, and citys expansion has also contributed to tremendous strain on physical infrastructure including water. There have been reports of increasing water scarcity in different areas of Bangalore. Water availability is likely to dip to 70 litres a day per person by next year, which is almost half of the World Bank's recommended figure of 135 litres per day per person for urban areas. In the above context, rainwater harvesting (RWH) has been advocated to have potential to offset some of the crises. Karnataka Assembly has passed Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage (Amendment) Bill, 2009, which makes rainwater harvesting compulsory in the Bangalore city limits, which has 40% area covered by roofs. As per the bill all buildings, including government and commercial buildings with an area of not less than
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1200 square feet, must have the harvesting structure. In a recent report in Citizen Matters, out of 18 lakh properties in Bangalore, only 44,000 houses have RWH systems. This paper studies the effectiveness of RWH systems installed in Bangalore city. An indicator based approach is followed. The overall effectiveness of the program will be derived from the data obtained on implementation of RWH program both at macro level (city level) and micro level, i.e., project level. The indicators of effectiveness are based on actual state of the implementation of the RWH program as against the desired objective. Effectiveness analysis is undertaken in three dimensions availability, affordability, and acceptability. Under availability dimension, availability of rainwater, rooftop, ground, and piping space is examined. Under affordability dimension, the cost of RWH schemes investigated vis--vis income level of households. Under acceptability dimension, the quality of harvested water and the perceptions of people on RWH are studied. Through the review of some of the RWH schemes in Bangalore and elsewhere, the study provides the determinants of success and failure. On the basis of these determinants the future of RWH schemes in Bangalore will be assessed. The study concludes with policy recommendations related to applicability of RWH schemes for meeting urban water crisis in India.
QUALITY AND TREATMENT OF ROOF-HARVESTED RAINWATER

Mansoor Ahammed M1, Abhillash T Nair 1 and Meera V2
Civil Engineering Department, S V National Institute of Technology, Surat 395007, India mansoorahammed@gmail.com 2 Civil Engineering Department, Government Engineering College, Thrissur 680009, India Many rural communities in developing countries use roof-harvested rainwater as their primary water source for drinking. Studies reported in the literature reveals the prevalence of microbiological and chemical contaminants in roof-collected rainwater. Epidemiological studies on rainwater systems are relatively uncommon because outbreaks tend to involve a few individuals. Recently, however, a few studies have been reported in the literature, linking outbreak of some waterborne diseases to consumption of roof-harvested rainwater stored in tanks. The World Health Organisation strongly discourages the direct consumption of roofharvested rainwater without treatment due to evidence of microbial and chemical contamination. In the present study, water quality from different components of the rainwater harvesting systems, namely uninterrupted rainwater, rainwater harvested from roofs of different materials and rainwater tanks were monitored for different microbiological and physico-chemical parameters, and were compared with the values reported in the literature and also with respect to drinking water quality standards. Results of the analyses reveal that the quality of roof-harvested rainwater often does not meet the microbiological drinking water guideline values. The study shows that microbiological quality of roof-harvested rainwater should not be taken for granted. Appropriate treatment for removal of microbiological contamination is necessary to reduce the potential risk of various diseases to consumers. Some of the measures for improving the quality of harvested rainwater are discussed. Further, different options available for household treatment of stored rainwater such as filter systems slow sand filtration, heat treatment, and chlorination are described. Among these options biosand filters and solar water disinfection seem to be vialble since they have been investigated thoroughly for their efficiency against various microorganisms, and used widely
1
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for different types of waters. Household rainwater could meet the WHO guidelines as long as the materials used to construct roofwater harvesting system are carefully chosen, and proper maintenance and operation is done. It should, however, be noted that roof-collected rainwater still represents the best option in many situations in terms of microbiological quality.
MULTIVARIATE STATISTICAL ANALYSIS OF RIVER WATER QUALITY BASED ON PCA AND CCA
Sahoo M M and Patra K C
Department of Civil Engineering, NIT, Rourkela, India prof_kcpatra@yahoo.com; mrunmayee.ouat@gmail.com River Brahmani is reported to be polluted from the effluents discharged from the nearby industries, towns and villages located near the banks. Presence of heavy metal content and radioactive material makes it more unsuitable for human use. Besides, the fertilizers used for agricultural purpose affect the pH and nitrate content of water. In this research paper, classifications of principal and non-principal monitoring stations are carried out using Principal Component Analysis (PCA) for the Brahmani River in Odisha, India. Water quality parameters such as pH, DO, BOD, Conductivity, NH4-N, Nitrate-N, TA as CaCO3, TH as CaCO3, TC, FC and COD are measured in the samples collected on monthly basis from five stations along the River Brahmani from 2003 to 2012. Canonical Correlation Analysis (CCA) is also carried out to determine the relation between physical and chemical parameters of the River water. The correlations were 0.580, 0.889 and 0.993 respectively concluding Conductivity, TC and FC were three dominant physical parameters in all canonical parameters while some chemical parameters like DO, BOD and Nitrate-N were highly scored. The ability of PCA and CCA was verified by simple regression and correlation methods.
CONTINUOUS-MODE PHOTOCATALYSIS REACTOR OPERATION FOR LIVESTOCK WASTEWATER TREATMENT

Vishnuganth M A, Selvaraju N and Mathava Kumar
National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kerala - 673601, India mathav@nitc.ac.in In the recent years, contamination of water environment by various types of industrial discharges has been given serious attention all over the world. The discharge of effluent from livestock industries into groundwater by seepage and the run-off into streams and rivers is one of the causes of increasing concentration of nitrates and phosphates in drinking water. There are variety of techniques (including physical, chemical, biological and their combination) available for the treatment of livestock wastewater. Advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are applied for the rapid and accelerated degradation of such pollutants present in water and wastewater, which relies on the production of extremely reactive and unselective oxidants including hydroxyl radicals (OH-). They are able to oxidize and
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mineralize almost any organic compound, even bio-recalcitrant ones. The major objective of this investigation is to analyze the ability of photocatalysis process in the treatment of livestock wastewater. The raw wastewater used in this investigation was collected from a livestock farm and the initial characteristics are found out as follows: pH ~ 6.5, temperature ~ 26 oC ; total solids (TS) ~ 1300 mg/L, total suspended solids (TSS) ~ 140 mg/L; total volatile solids (TVS) ~ 560 mg/L, and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) ~ 1000 mg/L. The experimental investigation was carried out in a lab-scale reactor and operated under continuos mode with an influent livestock wastewater flow rate of 60 mL/min. The reactor has three zones such as an inlet chamber to feed the influent, a working chamber and an outlet chamber. The working chamber was equipped with 4 number of 14 W UV lamps to supply photoenergy and for the photocatalysis operation, 10 g of GAC-TiO2 catalysts was supplied in the working chamber. The contents in the working chamber was well mixed using an electronic overhead stirrer at 200-300 rpm. The outlet chamber was used to settle the escaped catalysts from the working chamber and also to withdraw the effluent. The effleunt was collecetd at regular intervals and analysed for the above said parameters. In the absence of catalyst, about 35% of the TVS reduction was observed. On the otherhand, the TVS removal efficiency increased to 65% in the presence of GAC-TiO2 catalyst. When the reactor was operated under same photolysis condition (i.e. with 4 number of UV lamp) and in the presence of 10 g of adsorbent (i.e. GAC alone), the TVS removal efficiency was found to be 55%. These observations reveal that the increase in TVS reduction in the GAC-photolysis and GAC-TiO2-photocatalysis systems compared to photolysis (in the absence of catalyst and adsorbent) is due to two reaction mechanisms: (a) adsorption of TVS on the GAC surface and (b) subsequent accelerated degradation of TVS on the GAC/GAC-TiO2 surface. As a whole, the adsorbent medium and the adsorbent supported catalyst could be effectively used for high-rate treatment of livestock wastewater in a continuos-mode photocatalysis system.
EVALUATION OF GROUNDWATER CHEMISTRY OF SHALLOW AQUIFERS OF MALABAR REGION, KERALA WITH RESPECT TO PHYSIOGRAPHY
Suraj S, Resmi T R and Shahul Hameed A
Isotope Hydrology Division, Centre for Water Resources Development and Management, Kozhikode, Kerala, India surajsundhar123@gmail.com. Hydrochemical study of groundwater in a laterite region, Kerala, India, was carried out. The geochemical processes controlling the chemistry of groundwater sources of the region were evaluated. The study area covers Malappuram and Kozhikode districts of Malabar region in Northern Kerala and falls in the Chaliyar river basin, the third largest river basin in Kerala. Homestead open dug wells are the main source of water in this region. A total of 22 groundwater samples from open dug wells in the region representing post monsoon season were collected during the year 2012. Hydro chemical evaluations revealed that sodium, calcium and magnesium were the major cations; bicarbonate and chloride were the major anions. Correlation matrix, ionic ratios, variation plots and chloro-alkaline indices 1 and 2
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were used for the evaluation of geochemistry of the groundwater in the coastal and inland regions separately. The ionic ratios like Ca/HCO3, Ca/SO4, Ca/Mg and low concentration of sulphate suggests the absence of precipitation/dissolution reactions in the groundwater chemistry in both the regions. In the coastal area, the equivalent ratios of dissolved Na and Cl in groundwater indicate the influence of sea water and silicate weathering. Na/Cl ratio remained almost constant with increase in salinity (EC) pointing to the significant evaporation process in groundwater. Chloro-alkaline indices 1 and 2 for the groundwater suggested the occurrence of ion exchange process. On the other hand in the inland region the above estimated factors indicated that major geochemical process responsible for the groundwater chemistry is reverse ion exchange.
DRINKING WATER QUALITY ASSURANCE THROUGH WATER CARD

Madhavan Komath, Litty Joseph and Harikumar P S
Water Quality Division, Centre for Water Resources Development and Management, Kozhikode, Kerala, India drkomath@yahoo.com Keralas geographical contours can be described as an elongated strip of land, cushioned between the Western Ghats and the Arabian Sea. The data on distribution of households depending on open wells as a source of drinking water shows that wells are the most popular water sources widely used in Kerala for domestic purposes. Most of the families depend on private water sources, which are usually open wells. As per the census data, 72% of the households in Kerala depend on open wells for drinking purposes. Contamination of open well in Kerala is a socio-economic problem that receives much attention. Providing safe and clean water to the public is a herculean task. Because of increase in population, industrialization, agriculture pollution etc have distorted the quality as well as the quantity of water. According to World Health Organization for every eight seconds a child dies out of waterborne or water related disease. So we have to give paramount importance to the quality of water. The relevance of Water Card comes from this need. The Water Card on similar lines of a Health Card could be introduced for each family to identify the water quality status of the drinking water source from which they are drawing the water. The card is also useful tool to understand the quality of water used in restaurants, hotels and other public places. The data serves for a quick analysis in identifying the hot- spots of the contamination. A study was carried out to assess the groundwater quality of Kunnamangalam Grama Panchayat, Calicut, Kerala. Out of 110 groundwater samples analysed, 93% of samples were acidic in nature and 4% samples had iron content beyond the desirable limit as per BIS in all seasons. 91% were bacteriologically contaminated in all the seasons Studies on groundwater chemistry using Piper diagram revealed that calcium and bicarbonates are the major dominating cation and anion in all the water type. Two major hydro chemical water types Ca-Na-Mg-Cl-HCO3 and Ca-Na-Cl- HCO3 constituting 90% of groundwater sources in the study area have been identified. A systematic calculation was made to determine the correlation coefficient r amongst the various water quality parameters and the significant values of the observed correlation coefficient between the
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parameters was worked out. Total hardness, chloride, calcium and magnesium exhibited a positive correlation with total dissolved solids. Similarly total hardness showed significant correlation with calcium, magnesium and potassium. A negative correlation was found between pH and chloride. The present study revealed that groundwater sources were not polluted with respect to physico- chemical assessment. All the values were within permissible limit when compared with Bureau of Indian Standards except pH, iron and total coliform bacteria.
NATURAL CLAY MATERIAL: A VERSATILE ADSORBENT FOR THE REMOVAL OF FLUORIDE FROM GROUNDWATER
Mazhar Nazeeb Khan S M, Sirajudeen J and RavikumarA
Department of Chemistry, Jamal Mohamed College, Trichy-620020, Tamilnadu, India drmazharjmc@gmail.com; Siraju_deen2003@yahoo.com; ravichemscience@gmail.com Excessive presence of fluoride (F-) in potable water continues to be a serious public health problem in many parts of the world. Hence, the need for a cost effective, simple and userfriendly method for water defluoridation is being felt in such areas. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential of clay material for the removal of excess fluoride from groundwater. SEM and XRD were used to characterize the physical attributes (Particle size, Pore size and distribution, Surface roughness) of the natural clay material. It was observed that clay material works effectively over wide range and showed a maximum fluoride removal capacity of 0.24 mg/l, at an initial fluoride concentration of 3.1 mg/l. The kinetic study shows that the percentage of fluoride removed increased with the agitation time. The rate of adsorption was reasonably rapid and maximum fluoride uptake was attained within 30 min. The natural clay material shows better fluoride removal properties for groundwater, which could be due to the positive effect of other co-ions present in the groundwater.
A STUDY OF ARSENIC CONTAMINATION IN GROUND WATER OF BUDHIA NALA REGION, FARIDABAD

Beena Sethi
K. L. Mehta D. N. College for women, Faridabad, Haryana, India, beena_sethi@rediffmail.com Arsenic is one of the most toxic pollutants and cannot be realized by any sense of human as it is colourless, tasteless and odourless. Origin of arsenic rich groundwater is mainly geogenic and natural. It is present in alluvial sediments, rocks, soils, air, biological tissues and in aquifers from thousands of years. The Budhia Nala is the main drain of Faridabad carries sewage and drain water to river the Yamuna. Possibility of Arsenic and heavy metals in drain water and nearby soil is very high. It has many adverse effects on flora and fauna. Adverse effects of Arsenic metal contamination in drinking water depend on the dose and duration of exposure. In the present work different samples of underground water are collected from Budhia Nala region, Faridabad and tested for Arsenic metal contamination on Atomic
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Absorption Spectroscope. Small amount of Arsenic metal contamination is found in few samples. All samples showed Arsenic metal concentration within the safety limits below 2.0 ppm. But extensive withdrawals of this water for irrigation can contaminate surface soil and plants. It can also affect food chain. Regular and long time use of this water for drinking may generate health problems in living beings. Author advised not to use this water for drinking without purification at least sedimentation in earthen pots minimum for four hours before use. Additionally author suggests proper testing of soil and vegetation growing in this region.
VAMANAPURAM RIVER, SOUTHERN KERALA: LIMNOLOGICAL STUDIES OF A LOTIC ECOSYSTEM

Department of Zoology, Govt. College for women, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India santhoshugc@gmail.com 2 Department of Zoology, Mahatma Gandhi College,Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India npsureshbabu.57@gmail.com 3 Department of Aquatic biology and Fisheries, University of Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India vasudevannair2013@gmail.com The analysis of water is becoming increasingly important as it is necessary to assess the ill effects of water pollution and the existence of many endemic species of freshwater organisms. The influence of expanding urbanization and changing land use practices in the river basin has considerably affected the fauna of this lotic ecosystem. The present investigation has been carried out to make a systematic analysis of physico-chemical parameters of Vamanapuram River, with a view to identify the extent of pollution and to monitor the present status of the river. An investigation into this river provides insights and valuable information which would be definitely useful in the upkeep of this water body as an uncontaminated source of drinking water. An attempt has been made to assess Physico-chemical characteristics of Vamanapuram river by analyzing surface water samples from seven stations at monthly intervals for a period of one year from February 2012 to January 2013. The study showed definite spatial and temporal variations. The physico-chemical characteristics like turbidity, conductivity, temperature, pH, chloride, hardness Biochemical Oxygen Demand exhibited a distribution pattern of premonsoon>monsoon>postmonsoon at almost all stations. The dissolved oxygen registered an inverse trend of premonsoon<monsoon<postmonsoon at all stations except at estuarine zone. In this investigation most parameters remained within permissible limit in the freshwater stretches of Vamanapuram river expect in the station 4, which showed considerable level of pollution and estuarine zone also registered higher values. Although Vamanapuram River receives very little industrial effluents, slight deterioration in the water quality observed at certain stations may be due to urbanization, anthropogenic activities and indiscriminate disposal of wastes. The river with its self purification capacity is found to be successful in assimilating the existing load.
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Santhosh S K1, Sureshbabu N P 2and Vasudevan Nair T3
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DELINEATION OF SEAWATER INTRUSION BY GEOCHEMICAL AND ISOTOPIC SIGNATURES IN COASTAL AQUIFERS, NORTH OF CHENNAI, INDIA
Indu S Nair1, Rajaveni S P1, Schneider M2 and Elango Lakshmanan1
Department of Geology, Anna University, Chennai-600025, India indu88nair@gmail.com; elango34@hotmail.com 2 Institute of Geological Sciences, Freie Universitaet, Berlin-12249, Germany m.schneider@fu-berlin.de Salinization of groundwater resources is one the most widespread processes that degrades water quality and endangers exploitation of water in future. In many areas, particularly in arid and semi-arid zones, groundwater salinization limits the supply of potable fresh water. The region north of the Chennai city, India is affected by groundwater salinisation due to seawater intrusion. The objective of this study is to identify the extent of seawater intruded area by geochemical and isotopic signatures. Groundwater intruded with seawater is characterized by a distinguishable chemistry and a well known isotopic signature. Fifty groundwater samples were collected once in two months (from June 2011 to Dec 2012) from both bore wells and dug wells. The samples were analysed for Na and Cl concentration by ion chromatograph. The concentration of HCO3 was determined by acid base titration. Groundwater samples with electrical conductivity (EC) greater than 5000S/cm were collected and analysed for D and 18O isotopes. In addition, surface water samples from the Bay of Bengal, river mouth and Buckingham canal which are salinized by seawater were also collected and analysed. The enrichment of D and 18O has been taken into account to study their importance in the monitoring seawater intrusion. The 18O -values of the samples ranges from -5.54 to 1.1 and the deuterium ranges from -34.21 to 11.5. The results were compared with the Global Meteoric Water Line and Local Meteoric Water Line. Further, geochemical ratios such as Na/Cl and Cl/HCO3 were also used to delineate the extent of seawater intrusion. The Na/Cl and Cl/HCO3 ratios indicate that the seawater intrusion is the major source for groundwater salinisation in the area. Apart from that, intensive use of fertilizers due to agricultural activities also imparts salinity to the shallow groundwater. Isotopic signatures are lighter at shallow wells and heavier at deep bore wells which also indicate the intrusion of saline water. Based on these indicators, distance up to 11 km from the coast has been demarcated as the area affected by seawater intrusion.
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WATER SUPPLY, SANITATION AND ASSOCIATED HEALTH PROBLEMS IN AJANTA NAGAR AND GAVALI NAGAR SLUM IN PIMPRI CHINCHWAD URBAN AREA NEAR PUNE IN MAHARASTRA, INDIA
Rajesh T Birajdar1 and Arun D Andhale2
Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth,Gultekadi, Pune, (MH), India rtb4857@gmail.com 2 R.S.S., Mahatma Phule Mahavidylaya, Pimpri, Pune, (MH), India dr.arunandhale@gmail.com
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There are many problems associated with urban growth of Indian cities. Slums have come to form an integral part of the phenomena of urbanization in India. About 640 cities and towns in India, 26 states and union territories have reported the slum population, out of that the Andhra Pradesh has largest number of cities it is 77, Uttar Pradesh 69 cities, Tamilnadu 63 Cities and Maharashtra there are 61 cities with slum population. The Pimpri Chinchwad Municipal Corporation is one of prosperously growing urban area having near about 71 slum Pockets which Contribute 12.85% population out of total population of the city. A field survey was conducted on two slums in Pimpri chinchwad urban area. This research paper examines effects of polluted water on the human health in slum areas. There are many problems in slum of Pimpri chinchwad urban area such as, compactness, air pollution, land pollution, lack of latrine facilities, lack of medical facilities, lack of educational facilities and so on. The water pipelines which passing and crossing bellow the drainage channels in the slum areas causes the water pollution. This may results to pollute the drinking water in pipelines many times the public water tabs are very near to garbage collection locations and drainage system (gutter, cannel) this nearness causes the contamination of water. Many diseases are water born diseases which causes due to polluted or contaminated water.
INVESTIGATION AND QUALITATIVE CLASSIFICATION OF HERO RIVER WATER BY CANADIAN WATER QUALITY INDEX (CWQI)
Ebrahim Fataei1, Hamed Hassanpur Kurandeh2, Solmaz Shir Ali Pur3 and Leila Tabrizi3
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Department of Environmental Engineering, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran 2 Young Researchers Club, Tonekabon Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tonekabon, Iran 3 Young Researchers Club, Ardabil Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardabil, Iran Ebfataei@gmail.com
Hero River is consists of three main branches of Hero, Aria and Sangur, and is the largest drainage network in Khalkhal city located in the southwest of Ardabil province. In this study, the variation of this index on the river is investigated by means of Canadian quality index. the results showed that the river water quality in all study stations is in the excellent condition in terms of recreational purposes, animal and agricultural uses, and in terms of aquatic life is in relatively good condition in each four stations and requires a lot of treatment. In terms of aquatic life in the Khujin upstream station, and Khalkhal downstream station, decreasing trend continued until the end of the period, and in terms of drinking purposes, the best condition was calculated in the Khujine upstream stations, and downstream of Khalkhal, and in the next two stations reached to its worst condition. In general aspects, the trend is also like drinking purposes.
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MODELLING OF SPATIAL UNCERTAINTY IN WATER QUALITY NETWORKS

Jairaj P G1 and Athira Sidharthan2
College of Engineering, Trivandrum, Kerala-695016 jairaj_pg@yahoo.com 2 Travancore Engineering College, Oyoor, Kollam, Kerala athira.sidharthan@gmail.com The primary purpose of a water quality monitoring system in a river or a water body is to provide a system that would generate sufficient and timely information to enable managers to make informed management decisions regarding the exposure health risk of the population who are utilizing this resource. Current literature on environmental pollution indicates that increased human activities in watersheds are adversely impacting the surface water quality in worlds watersheds and rivers. For this reason, the design of monitoring networks in rivers and watersheds has gained importance. The initial step in the redesign process is to assess the existing network with respect to its basic features (i.e., sampling sites etc). Available studies show that water quality monitoring is recognized basically as a statistical procedure so that both the assessment and the design problems are addressed via statistical methods. However, these geo-statistical methods are considered to be better suited for the design of ground water monitoring networks than for the dendritic nature of stream water quality networks, where assumptions of stationarity and spatial continuity may not always be satisfied. The paper discusses the application of entropy concept of information theory to evaluate water quality networks in a river system. Entropy is a measure of the degree of uncertainty of random hydrological processes. It is also a quantitative measure of the information content of a series of data because reduction of uncertainty, by making observations, equals the same amount of gain in information claimed that the entropy method allows for quantitatively measuring network efficiency in terms of the information produced by the network. The present study focuses on obtaining optimal sampling stations for different water quality variable from a set of sampling stations using the entropy approach in a river system thereby reducing the spatial uncertainty. The approach here is to assess the reduction in joint entropy (uncertainty) of two or more variables (i.e, two or more sampling sites where a particular water quality variable is observed) due to the presence of stochastic dependence between them. Such a reduction is equivalent to the redundant information or transinformation in the series of the same water quality variable observed at different sites. That is the procedure aims to minimize the transinformation by an appropriate choice in the number and locations of monitoring stations. The procedure was applied to water quality data observed along the Seer stream in Lower Himalayas, India, reported in the study by Gautam and Sharma (2011). A comparison of the results was also made with a statistical approach. From the study, it is seen that the optimal number of stations and priority ordering can be better established using the entropy approach, whereas there is no means to validate the selected combination using the statistical approach.
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ADSORPTIVE REMOVAL OF ORGANIC POLLUTANTS USING CHARCOAL PREPARED FROM MELASTOMA MALABATHRICUM L
Abdul Shukoor T M, Abi P K, and Philip K C
Department of Chemistry, S. B. College, Changanachery 686101, Kerala, India shukooroorali@yahoo.in, abypchacky@gmail.com, drkcphilip@gmail.com Charcoal samples were prepared from Melastoma malabathricum, a flowering shrub commonly known as the Singapore Rhododendron, found growing locally in wastelands. The adsorption studies were carried out for the removal of aniline blue and ortho nitro phenol. The effect of pH of solution, adsorbent dosage and contact time on adsorption rates were studied in batch experiment. Results showed that chemically modified adsorbents with chitosan have better removal capabilities than the untreated ones. The equilibrium data for the adsorption of solutes were analyzed in the light of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. In this study, first order kinetics model, pseudo second order kinetics model and an intra particle diffusion kinetics model were used to elucidate the adsorption mechanism.
APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING AND GIS IN WATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT- REVIEW PAPER
Alina Nero and Amba Shetty Department of Applied Mechanics and Hydraulics, NITK, Surathkal, Karnataka, India alinanero88@gmail.com; amba_shetty@yahoo.co.in Water quality assessment and management has attained significant importance over the years owing to the growing concern and awareness on environment and health related impacts.This review paper highlights on how the different remote sensing and GIS techniques has been applied for the water quality assessment.Satellite images used for tracing the organic contamination in surface water through WQI models,GIS based spatial regression models,export coefficient model, GPZM groundwater pollution zone model.Pollution mapping techniques through GIS helps in identifying the extent of pollution and the overlying with different thematic layers highlights the source of pollution.High resolution satellite data such as hyperion were used for mapping water quality degradation components using biooptical model.The wavelength and band selection of the remote sensed data is of importance for the identification of particular contaminants in water bodys.Relating to health aspects GIS is being used for evaluating and controling yhe water quality in the distribution system.It is not only assessment but also managing the non point sources to improve water resources .Integration of Remote sensed data and visualization capability of GIS along with different models help in better decision making in the field of water resource .
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MAPPING OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY IN THE ADJOINING AREA OF MARAKKANAM IN THE EAST COAST OF PONDICHERRY UNION TERRITORY, INDIA
Kumaravel S1, Gurugnanam B2, Bagyaraj M1, Venkatesan S1, Suresh M3 and Chidambaram S1
Department of Earth Sciences, Annamalai University, Chidambaram 608002, Tamil Nadu Kumaravel644@yahoo.com 2 Centre for Applied Geology, Gandhigram Rural Institute (Deemed University), Dindigul 3 Department of Geology, Periyar University, Salem - 636 011 Groundwater has strategically remained valuable as the major and preferred source of drinking water because of quality and availability. The objective of this study is to determine temporal and spatial changes in groundwater quality and sources of contamination. Geographically, the study area located between 110 45 to 120 03 N latitude and 770 45 and 770 50 E longitude and covers an area of 140 km2. An attempt has been made in the study to elucidate the quality of the groundwater in terms of physical and chemical parameters in the post and pre monsoon season. Geologically, the study area consists of alluvium, cuddalore sandstone and charnockite. 37 groundwater samples were collected from bore wells and analyzed for pH, TDS, Ca+, Mg+, Na+, K+, Cl-, HCO3- , SO4- and F-. The pH level in the ground water samples ranged from 7.50 to 9.02 and 6.75 to 8.12 except few samples in the post and pre monsoon season. Except 7 samples all are the acceptable limits of 6.5 to 8.5 and suitable for drinking purposes. TDS was varied from 170 to 1148 mg/l and 126 to 951 mg/l in the post and pre monsoon and low value were observed both seasons except sample no. 16. The calcium concentration varied during post and pre monsoon from 16 to 143 mg/l and 25 to 200 mg/l and 80% of groundwater samples come within the permissible limit of 75 mg/l. The higher concentration of Mg+ was observed during the post and pre monsoon seasons were 97.47 mg/l and 44 mg/l vide the sample location of 16 and 1 respectively. However, 74% of the samples fall the acceptable limit of 30 mg/l during pre monsoon season. The analytical results varied from 7 to 119 mg/l and 5.6 to 147 mg/l for Na+, 1 to 21 mg/l and 0.1 to 68.9 mg/l for K+ have shown within the acceptable limit of 200 mg/l for both the seasons respectively. Similarly, sulphate has 2 to 21.9 mg/l and below the detectable limit to 7.1 mg/l has shown within the acceptable limit of less than 75 mg/l for both the seasons. Chloride concentration varied from 81 to 407 mg/l and 44 to 487 mg/l during post and pre monsoon season. It has increased in the sample location 16 and indicates that sea water intrusion could be a possible source of contamination. The fluoride concentration ranges from 0.82 to 1.64 mg/l and 0.61 to 2.09 mg/l in the study area during both the seasons. The maximum values are noticed in the sample location 1 and 25 during post and pre monsoon season. The analyzed values were evaluated and compared with World Health Organization and Bureau of Indian water quality Standards (2003) for drinking water. It is observed that, Ca+, Mg+, Na+, K+, Cl-, SO4- and F- are within the acceptable limit for drinking purposes except few sample locations. To identify the suitable zones of drinking water, overlay analyses were carried out using ArcGIS and classified as good, medium and poor zones for
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both the seasons. The zone of good quality of the groundwater for post and pre monsoon season in the study area is 118.93 km2 and 88.39 km2 respectively.
A STUDY ON THE VARIATION OF DISSOLVED ORGANIC CARBON IN LAYERED GROUNDWATERS OF PONDICHERRY REGION
Thilagavathi R1, Chidambaram S1, Thivya C1, Pethaperuamal S2 and Tirumalesh K3
Department of Earth Sciences, Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu, India thilagavathir1987@gmail.com 2 State Groundwater Unit and Soil Conservation, Department of Agriculture, Pondicherry 3 Isotope Applications Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India DOC is an important component in biogeochemical cycling of elements characterized by high susceptibility to leaching. It is recommended as an indicator of ground water pollution. The study area Pondicherry region is the sequential sedimentary terrain covered by different lithological formation. A total of 372 groundwater samples were collected from bore wells for measuring the Dissolved organic carbon representing in various formation like Alluvium (Recent) (n= 31), Upper Cuddalore formation (n=13), Lower Cuddalore formation (n=13), Other tertiary formation (n= 7), Cretaceous formation (n=24) and Mixed aquifers (n=5) in four different seasons as Pre Monsoon (PRM), North East Monsoon (NEM) South West Monsoon (SWM) and Post Monsoon (POM) DOC data were studied as non purgeable organic carbon performed on the Total Organic Carbon Analyser TOC-VCPN (made by Shimadzu Corporation). The study was also carried out to determine the other major ions in water to identify the source of organic carbon and it was identified that the PRM season had higher DOC concentration in alluvium and Upper Cuddalore. During NEM Other Tertiary and Mixed formation showed higher values then the other seasons. But in the POM season Lower Cuddalore and Cretaceous showed the higher concentration. DOC is identified to be derived from the various natural and anthropogenic sources and also by the migration from the other formation and resulting in localized reducing zones.
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SEASONAL VARIATIONS OF URANIUM CONCENTRATION IN HARD ROCK AQUIFERS OF MADURAI DISTRICT, TAMILNADU
Thivya C1, Chidambaram S1, Thilagavathi R1, Nepolian M2 and Tirumalesh K3
Department of Earth Sciences, Annamalai University, Tamil Nadu, India thivyac1988@gmail.com 2 State Groundwater Unit and Soil Conservation, Department of Agriculture, Pondicherry, India 3 Isotope Applications Division, Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Mumbai 400 085, India The major naturally occurring common radioactive isotopes in ground water are Tritium, Carbon, Radium, Uranium and Radon isotopes. Uranium migration in water-rock system is largely controlled by uranium solution-mineral equilibrium and sorption reactions.The hard rock aquifers of this region help in longer residence time for the ground waters and thereby
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induce the migration of this radioactive element from the host rock/aquifer to the groundwater as uranium is easliy soluable in water. It is estimated that around 37.7 million Indians are affected by waterborne diseases annually.Uranium is easily mobile in the liquid medium which paves way to transfer this ion in the food chain; hence, this study will make it essential for proper utilization of available water.Renal effects of uranium in drinking water shows that uranium exposure is weakly associated with altered proximal tubulus function without a clear threshold, which suggests that even low uranium concentrations in drinking water can cause nephrotoxic effects.The water has become a scarce commodity in the region with ephemeral rivers and vagaries in monsoon. Uranium bearing rocks like Graphite schists and biotite schist of the Madurai district of Tamilnadu are reported by Pandey and Krishnamoorthy, 1995. Hence a baseline study of the spatial distribution and seasonal variations of Uranium is carried out in this district. The lithology of the study area comprises significantly of fissile Hornblende Biotite Gneiss followed by Charnockite, Granitic intrusions, Quartzite, Flood Plain Alluvium. A total of 108 samples were collected from handpumps and borewells for Premonsoon and post monsoon with respect to lithology. The pH, temperature, TDS and conductivity of the water samples were measured in the field using a portable water-analysis kit. The Uranium was analyzed by the Laser fluorimeter.The Maximum value of the Uranium observed in the study area is 113 ppb whereas the minimum value is 0.2 ppb in PRM and in POM the maximum value is 156 ppb and minimum value is 0.56 ppb. The WHO (2004) Permissible limit for the Uranium in groundwater is 15 ppb. 7% of samples exceeds the permissible limit in both the seasons. The higher concentration is observed in North eastern part of the study area in granitic terrains. The major probable sources of U in groundwater are due to weathering and thus it leaches into groundwater. Delineation of high uraniumbearing water zones was carried out for sustainable management of water resources in the study area.
NUTRIENT FILM TECHNIQUE (NFT) WITH EICHHORNIA CRASSIPES (MART.) SOLMS: AN EFFECTIVE WAY TO TREAT GREYWATER
Aryalakshmi K J, Arun Babu V, Ignatius Antony and Ramasamy E V
School of Enviromental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala 686560 aryalkshm@gmail.com; arunvses@gmail.com; ignatiusantonyk@gmail.com; evramasamy@rediffmail.com Due to the environmental and economical considereations there is an increasing interest in the reuse of wastewater in many parts of the world. The possibility of reuse of greywater fraction, which is estimated to account for about 75% volume of the combined residential sewage has received special attention in recent years. Greywater is defined as wastewater produced in bathtubs, showers, hand basins, laundry machines and kitchen sinks, in households. The attraction in reuse of greywater came from the fact that this fraction of wastewater is less harmful than municipal wastewater due to the absence of faeces and urine. It is reported in the literature that the treated greywater can be used for toilet flushing, irrigating lawns, washing vehicles, fire protection, boiler feedwater and concreate production. Further its recycling provides an alternative resource to meet the increasing demand for
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water and ease the pressure on conventional water supplies and wastewater treatment facilities. It also improves water usage efficiency and could play a significant role in future water management strategies. The conventional wastewater treatment methods are faced with a number of intrinsic drawbacks such as cost intensive, as most of the methods are centralised facilities, collection and transportation of the wastewater needs elaborate planning and construction of sewerages and maintenance of the facility etc. Hence the present study was conducted with an objective of studying the feasibilty of a nutrient film technique (NFT) with Eichhornia crassipes as bioagent cultured hydroponically in treating Greywater. In the present study, Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) consisting shallow raceways with a depth of six inches were used. The wastewater was allowed to flow slowly through the rhizhosphere of the E.crassipes which were grown hydroponically. The plant root system and the associated microorganisms act together to remove / degrade the pollutants present in the greywater. Initially a batch experiment with different concentration of greywater in terms of COD was conducted in order to find out the optimum concentration in which the plants can survive and remove the contaminants. The plant E. crassipes survived well and showed good removal of TDS, Nutrients, and COD upto 50% concentration of greywater. Hence the NFT experiment was conducted in 50% greywater. Each experiment consisted of two runs of 5 days each. After each run the treated greywater was removed from the raceways and fresh, unteated greywater was introduced. The efficiency of treatment was assessed by periodic collection and analysis of samples for various physico-chemical parameters. The plants were also harvested and total chlorophyll and biomass were estimated at the end of each experiment. The results of the study indicate that the NFTs planted with E. crassipes showed the following level of removals : 85% for TDS, 70% for NO3-N and PO43-P, 67% for COD and 80% for total nitrogen. The plants also survived well throughout the experimental period with increase in biomass and total chlorophyll content. The study demonstrated that the NFT system with E. crassipes is a solar driven, simple and cost effective method for the treatment of greywater. However further studies are required to understand the removal of personal care products (PCPs), other synthetic compounds and bacteria from greywater.
HEAVY METAL DISTRIBUTION IN THE MUTHUPET ESTUARY IN THE COROMANDAL COAST

Priya K L, Jegathambal P, James E J and Gnanaprakash
Karunya University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nad, India klpriyaram@gmail.com The concentration of heavy metals (Fe, Cu, Cd, Zn and Mn) in estuarine waters and bed sediments were observed in Muthupet estuary during post-monsoon and pre-monsoon. The Mn behaved conservatively while all the other trace metals showed mid-estuary maximum during pre-monsoon. The geographical location of peak concentration of Cu, Cd and Zn were similar during post-monsoon and occurred at the downstream reaches. The spatial and temporal variation of Mn was different from all the other trace metals, with maximum at the upstream reaches and minimum at the downstream reaches. The occurrence of peak
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concentration of Mn at the upstream reaches during pre-monsoon is conspicuous. The variation of Cu, Cd and Zn with salinity and SPM were similar with their concentration increasing with salinity and SPM. The variation of Fe with salinity and SPM was different during post-monsoon and pre-monsoon with increasing concentration with salinity and SPM during pre-monsoon and decreasing during post-monsoon. This explains the removal of Fe from the water column at higher salinity levels and their deposition within the estuary. This phenomenon was validated by the higher concentration of Fe in bed sediments at the location of sudden drop in dissolved Fe in the mid-estuary. Thus, the phenomenon controlling the heavy metal concentration in the estuary is distinct on a seasonal scale and also on the type of trace metals; river discharge controlled the concentration of Fe during post-monsoon and resuspension of bed sediments during pre-monsoon; Cu, Cd and Zn are supplemented by resuspension of bed sediments.
CHOLERA OUTBREAK IN THE TRIBAL COLONIES OF WAYANADUKERALA-INDIA - A CASE STUDY

Thomas Bina1, Jayakrishan T1, Sreedevi C1, Jeslin.Jacob1 and Sameera2
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Department of Community Medicine Govt. Medical college, Kozhikode, Kerala, India drbina04@gmail.com; drjayakrishnant@yahoo.com; csrree@gmail.com; jeslinnew@yahoo.co.in 2 Department of Microbiology, Govt.Medical college,Kozhikode, Kerala, India sameerapknr@gmail.com
Cholera, an age old disease is still a public health problem in many parts of the world. It can be introduced into any area but becomes a problem only where sanitation is defective and there is lack of clean drinking water.Thus it is an indicator of social inequity of the commuity. It is an acute diarrhoeal disease caused by a bacteria Vibrio Cholera.Unless properly managed,it leads to death within hours.The case fatality may be as high as 30-40%. Nowadays,due to socioeconomic development cases and deaths due to Cholera have declined tremendously.In Kerala,a state with commendable health indicators,only very few cases have been reported during recent years.However it is alarmig that in the last three years,Cholera outbreaks and deaths were reported from Wayanadu,among tribal communities. The Cholera outbreak from Wayanadu district which occured in April 2013 was investigated.This paper highlights the findings of the investigation team. The affected population was located in the Muttil panchayath under Kalpetta Block in Wayanadu district.Mainly three tribal colonies were affected,namely Aduvady, Thekkumpady and Ampathammile which were situated on the opposite sides of Chalamangalam stream. The index case was a 64 year old male from Thekumpady ,who died within two days.His house was situated in the upstream.area. Microbiological testing of the collected stool samples confirmed the epidemic as caused by Vibrio Cholerae Eltor Ogawa type2. Within two weeks of the out break 30 cases and 2 deaths occurred, with a case fatality rate of 6.7%. Environmental issues,noted by the team were;
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The main drinking water sources of the community were the common dug well and piped water supply provided by the local self government under Jalanidhi scheme. Tap water was inadequate with an intermittant water supply. ,and the well was contaminated.Thus potable drinking water was inaccessible. No adequate storage facilities or disinfection methods were practiced.People were collecting & storing water in lidless pots. The sanitation facilities were very poor in the colonies and they used to practice open air defecation on the banks of the stream. The common toilets constructed were not usable due to water unavailability and privacy problems. The colony inhabitants were using the stream for bathing,washing clothes,utensils and also for ablution The stream was contaminated and slow moving near the colonies with lots of vegetations in and around.There was also a checkdam down the stream which was contributing to this stagnancy. The epidemic was spreading to the colonies downstream and the examination of the stream water showed it was grossly contaminated. Nonavailability of safe drinking water and inadequate sanitation facilities are the main reasons for the current out break of Cholera. Availability of safe drinking water is vital to the prevention of diseases like Cholera in the community.
APPLICATION OF RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY FOR WASTEWATER REMEDIATION

Bhuvaneshwari S and Sivasubramanian V
Department of Chemical Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Calicut, Kerala, India sbuvana@nitc.ac.in; siva@nitc.ac.in Many industrial activities are responsible for the discharge of a huge quantum of waste into the environment, most of which contains toxic and hazardous substances which are detrimental to human health. The increase in the usage of heavy metals in industrial activities adversely affects the quality of water. Chromium is a heavy metal, whose compounds are considered to be highly toxic to humans. The dumping of industrial waste materials containing Cr (VI)is usually accompanied by groundwater contamination. Due to its toxicity and suspected carcinogenicity, Cr (VI) is heavily regulated to human health and the environment. A wide range of physical and chemical processes are available for the removal of heavy metals including Cr (VI) from wastewater. However, when metals are dissolved in huge volumes in relatively low concentrations, these methods become generally ineffective or expensive. Thus, new technologies are required to decrease metal ion concentrations to environmentally acceptable levels at affordable costs. The uses of natural adsorbents in wastewater treatment have received increasing attention and currently offer a very attractive method for pollution remediation. Besides it is plentiful, inexpensive and available in many places of India. It is also been found to be superior to other technique for wastewater treatment in terms of initial costs, simplicity of design, ease of operation and insensitivity to toxic substances.
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The present study investigates the performance of chitosan as an adsorbent in the removal of chromium ion (Cr (VI)) from wastewater in batch and continuous modes. The effects of pH, chitosan concentration, Cr (VI) concentration, contact time and shaking speed were studied on the removal of Cr (VI) from synthetic and industrial wastewater. The column experiments were conducted to study the effect of experimental parameters such as bed height and flow rate. An ideal experimental design has been carried out based on central composite design (CCD) with response surface methodology (RSM) using the design expert software 8.0.6.1 to evaluate the effect of the different parameters on Cr (VI) adsorption capacity in batch mode and continuous mode.
MICROBIOLOGICAL QUALITY OF GROUNDWATER AND SURFACE WATER IN A PART OF ARANI RIVER BASIN, TAMIL NADU, INDIA
Parimala Renganayaki S1, Julia Prock2, Liang Yu2, Thomas Wintgens2 and Elango Lakshmanan1
1 2
Department of Geology, Anna University, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India; elango@annauni.edu School of Life Sciences, University of Applied Sciences and Arts North western Switzerland, Switzerland thomas.wintgens@fhnw.ch
Groundwater and surface water resources are used for various purposes. In urban India, water is treated with various water treatment technologies before it is supplied for domestic purpose. The type and method of treatment given may vary from the simple filtering to advanced membrane technology and it depends on the natural water quality. In rural part of India, at several locations there is no piped supply of treated water for domestic use. Due to the lack of proper drainage system, groundwater may be contaminated by domestic wastewater. The objective of this study is to assess the presence of disease causing microorganism in groundwater and surface water in a part of Arani river basin, Tamil Nadu, Chennai. Samples of groundwater from wells and surface water from the river were collected in the pre- and post- monsoons period. These samples were analysed for the presence of pathogens using non selective and selective media. Non selective analysis was carried out by nutrient agar as a basal media to identify total number of colonies present in the sample using spread plate method. Selective media was used to identify the gram negative and gram positive microorganisms. Gram negative microorganisms are Escherichia coli species, Enterobacter species, Yeast and Moulds, Lactobacellus species, Salmonalla species, Vibrio species, Psedomonas species. Gram positive microorganisms are Streptococcus species, Staphylococcus species. It was identified that the river water samples and groundwater samples collected from dug cum bore wells had microorganisms whereas, the water collected from the deep bore holes are free from microorganisms in most of the collected samples. The recharge of water with microorganisms from the river has resulted in the increased amount of microorganisms in wells closer to the river along the general groundwater flow direction. As there were no spore producing organisms, the river water and groundwater could be used for domestic purpose after boiling the water at house hold level, whereas water supplied on a large scale basis on a regional level should be treated by adding appropriate amount of chlorine to overcome the aforesaid impurities. 94
EVALUATION OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY ALONG THE THAMIRABARANI DELTAIC REGION, TUTICORIN DISTRICT, TAMILNADU
Pragath M1, Girish Gopinath1 and Shahul Hameed A2
Geomatics Division, CWRDM, Kunnamangalm, Kozhikode, Kerala, India pragathjobs@gmail.com; gg@cwrdm.org 2 Isotope Hydrology Division, CWRDM, Kunnamangalm, Kozhikode, Kerala, India sha@cwrdm.org The study envisages on groundwater chemistry along the Thamirabarani deltaic region of Tuticorin District,Tamil Nadu. In order to know the geochemical variations, the groundwater samples were collected for pre and post monsoon seasons of 2012 which comprises of 14 tube wells and 27 dugwells. The preliminary observation shows that the pH and EC value of the samples are above the desirable limit, as per BIS. The major cations and anions concentration measured is above the permissible limit. The pH ranges in between 7.2 to 8.34 in both the season indicating the severeity of quality of water in the study area. The order of abundance in the cations in the dug wells is Na> Ca> Mg> K, while in anions chloride ion shows its predominance (Cl> HCO3> SO4) during the pre-monsoon of 2012. During postmonsoon cationic abundance remains the same while HCO3 (HCO3> SO4> Cl) acts as the predominant anion for dug wells and Cl> SO4> HCO3 is the order of abundance seen in the tube well. Sodium Adsorption ratio (SAR) was calculated for both the seasons which indicates that most of the samples comes within the limit except a few.
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FERTILIZER APPLICATIONS IN FARM LANDS AND NITRATE CONTAMINATION OF GROUNDWATER - A CASE STUDY IN MYSORE DISTRICT
K.C.Manjunath1 and Meenakshi H R2
Department Of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Engineering, Mysore-570 008, Karnataka, India kcmnie@gmail.com 2 Department of Civil Engineering, BGSIT, B G Nagar, Mandya District, Karnataka, India meena.myid@gmail.com Groundwater is the major water resource for many areas of the country and the only source of water in some areas. Groundwater is the second largest contributor to the irrigation sector. Most of the groundwater is already exploited beyond estimated safe yield. In addition, a variety of human activities such as agricultural and industrial have contributed to the deterioration of groundwater quality. Contamination of ground water sources from nitrate is a common occurrence in most parts of the world. Elevated nitrate concentrations in drinking water can cause Methemoglobinaemia in infants and stomach cancer in adults. The main source of nitrate to ground water is agriculture based land use activities such as the use of fertilizer in farmlands.
1
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In the present studies, a part of agricultural land in Nanjangud Taluk, Karnataka State was selected for evaluation of nitrate contamination of groundwater sources. The study area is limited to 290 km2. The data regarding rainfall, crops grown and ground water usages for irrigation for the past ten years were collected from various Government agencies. The fertilizer application data were collected from the local fertilizer dealers and farmers. Laboratory studies included the analysis of rainfall water, irrigation water and ground water samples from different locations in the study area. The results were analyzed using a Nitrate Leaching model. The Nitrate leaching model was used to estimate nitrate leaching from agricultural land and subsequent nitrate levels in the groundwater. The studies indicated nitrate levels in groundwater in the study area were in the range of 3 to 25 mg/l. The results indicate fall in nitrate levels when compared with data available from the year 2001 onwards. The fall in the nitrate level can be attributed to awareness campaigns by local Non Government Organisations which have convinced farmers to reduce application of inorganic fertilizers. For the year 2011-12 the nitrate leaching from the agricultural land was estimated to be in the range of 78 to 248 kg/ha. The reduced nitrate leaching contributed to decrease in nitrate concentration in the groundwater. The studies concluded that, the organic manure and inorganic fertilizers together with the irrigation water were found to be the major sources of nitrate in the study area. Farmers can use information on available nutrient concentrations in the soil, irrigation water and organic manures to estimate the optimum inorganic fertiliser requirement and reduce nitrate leaching. A rational approach by the farmers in applying fertilizer can reduce nitrate contamination of groundwater from agricultural lands.
AN INTEGRATED APPROACH FOR ASSESSING AQUIFER WATER QUALITY A CASE STUDY IN EASTERN INDIA
Madhumita Das, Das B P, Swain and Nayak A K
Directorate of Water Management, Chandrasekharpur, Bhubaneswar- 751 023, Odisha, India mdas6@yahoo.com Groundwater is the major means of water supply to meet its increasing demand worldwide. Evaluate and characterize groundwater quality is thus essential for maintaining quality and ensure its safe use for a specific purpose. To assess and analyzing groundwater quality for identifying critical parameters, a study was carried out in Bhubaneswasr, the capital city of Odisha, where it has found to characterize by Na Cl HCO3, Na Ca Cl HCO3, Na Cl and mixed hydrochemical facies types through Piper diagram technique. Following hierarchical cluster analysis, opendug well (3 to 37.5m) water (Cluster I) was differentiated from borewell (30 to 75m) samples (Cluster II). In comparison with water quality standards, around 92% of samples are found impaired by pH, 50% by turbidity, 21% by Fe, 17.8% by Mn, 14% by NO3 and 3.57% by Ca in Cluster I as against 70% by turbidity, 59% by pH, 41% by Fe, 33% by Mn, 11% by HCO3 and 3.7% by Cl in Cluster II. The step wise discriminant and variance analyses then identified EC>Ca >K > NO3 as most discriminating variables in open dug well and Cl>Mn> turbidity>Fe in borewell sample. Regression analysis of
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indicating parameters further revealed that measuring Ca, K could be estimated for open dug well, and Cl from EC and turbidity from Fe in borewell sample. Using hydrochemical and multivariate analyses, the integrated approach thus helped to assess groundwater quality, substantially reduce the data matrix to important parameters and identify crucial parameters for monitoring water quality at a particular context.
HYDROCHEMICAL CHARACTERISATION OF A TROPICAL SUB BASIN OF BHARATHAPUZHA, KERALA, INDIA

Unnikrishnan Warrier C and Manjula P
Centre of Water Resources Development and Management, Kozhikode, Kerala, India warrier@cwrdm.org Groundwater is the primary source of water for human consumption, agriculture and industrial use in Kerala located in the south western part of the Indian Peninsular shield. Kerala experiences a humid tropical climate with an average annual rainfall of 3000mm per year. However like many other humid tropical regions, the state also experiences high temporal and spatial variability of rainfall and a significant dry season of up to six months duration. As a consequence, groundwater resources play a vital role in the socio-economic development of Kerala. Bharathapuzha river basin is considered as the rice bowl of the state and the major source of water resource of four adminisrative districts of Kerala. Groundwater resources play a vital role in meeting the domestic and agricultural water requirements of the basin. For groundwater to be managed sustainably, it is essential to determine the processes that control its chemistry. Interaction of groundwater with aquifer minerals through which it flows greatly controls the groundwater chemistry. In the present study, hydrochemical investigation of groundwater of a tropical sub basin (Thutha sub basin) of Bharathapuzha, was carried out to identify the processes controlling the groundwater chemistry of the region. The suitability of groundwater for domestic and irrigation purposes is also assessed. Thutha sub basin covers an area of 1018 km2 and is located within the Palakkad and Malappuram districts of Kerala. The region experiences a humid tropical climate and wide variation in rainfall ranging from 2800 mm to more than 5000mm/year towards the Silent Valley Reserve Forest. Pre-Cambrian rocks like charnockite, quartzo feldspathic gneiss, pink granite and hornblende biotite gneiss forms the basement and laterite is observed as capping over major part of the study area. Sixty groundwater samples representing open and bore wells were collected during the pre monsoon and post monsoon seasons and subjected to hydro chemical analyses. The pH of the open well samples was acidic to slightly alkaline with a seasonal average of 5.7. The low pH may be attributed to the laterites and lateritic soil in the study area. The average pH value of the bore well samples was slightly higher (6.7 in pre monsoon & 6.9 in post monsoon) than the open well samples. The solute ion concentration of shallow groundwater of the region showed considerable spatial variation ranging from 16.3mg/L to 253mg/L. Since there are no probable industrial contaminants in the vicinity of the study area, the wide variation in the value may be due to changes in water level, differential weathering and leaching of minerals into the groundwater. The bore well samples showed only slight spatial and temporal variations in solute ion
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concentration and belonged to CaMgHCO3 type. Four major hydrochemical facies namely Ca-Mg-HCO3, Ca-Mg- Na- HCO3, Na-Ca-Cl and mixed or non dominant water type were identified in the shallow groundwater samples. The groundwater chemistry of the region is greatly influenced by the chemistry of the host rock rather than precipitation, anthropogenic activities and evaporation. The analytical results of the physical and chemical parameters of the groundwater were compared with the standard guideline values recommended by the World Health Organization for drinking and public health purposes. The results show that samples are suitable for drinking purposes. In order to understand the suitability of groundwater for irrigation purposes various determinants like sodium adsorption ratio, percent sodium, residual sodium carbonate, kellys ratio and magnesium ratio were calculated. On the basis of the total dissolved ions and the calculated parameters the groundwater in the study area is assessed good for irrigation. In general the water quality in Thutha sub basin is suitable for domestic and irrigation purposes.
MODELING OF SOLUTE TRANSPORT PROCESS IN AN AGRICULTURE FIELD A CASE STUDY

Purandara B K , Chandramohan T, Jose M K and Venkatesh B
National Institute of Hydrology, Hanuman Nagar, Belgaum -1, Karnataka, India purandarabk@yahoo.com; cmohant@yahoo.com; mathewkjose@gmail.com; bvenki30@yahoo.com The rate at which contaminants move to aquifers depend on the physical and chemical properties of the soil and contaminants and on prevailing rainfall and irrigation rates. The depth to groundwater varies greatly from region to region. In areas with deep groundwater, the unsaturated zone above the water table may serve as a temporary buffer between the soil surface and groundwater. The effectiveness of this buffer in protecting groundwater from contamination, even in areas with deep vadose zones is often questionable. A multitude of interactive physical, chemical, and biological processes generally affects the fate and transport of reactive agricultural and industrial contaminants as well as many naturally occurring elements in the subsurface. The downward movement of a chemical in an agriculture field generally is measured by applying known quantity of chemical at the surface and then measuring at one or more times later. The increase in the amount of chemical may be found at different depths in all or parts of the unsaturated zone. In most of the time, chemical forms added in fertilizers are the same as those naturally present in soils and absorbed by plants. However in other cases, the added chemical gets transformed to another form resulting in chemical contamination. Because of the variability in soil physical and chemical properties, it is necessary to monitor extensively in order to get a reliable result which is quite time consuming and expensive. Therefore, in the present study an attempt is made to understand the movement of inorganic and organic chemicals through the unsaturated zone and its impact on groundwater quality. To achieve this, two numerical models viz. Soil Water Infiltration Movement Model (SWIM) for the modeling of inorganic pollutant and Vleach for organic pollutant transport, were used. The study is carried out in selected parts of Alappuzha district which is known as the rice of bowl of Kerala. The data such as rainfall, evaporation,
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chemical concentration of surface and groundwater were collected as a part of the Hydrology Project. The SWIM and Vleach models show a reasonably good match with the observed data. The results indicate that the physical and chemical properties of the soil plays significant role in transferring the chemical from unsaturated zone to aquifers. It is also found that the prolonged period of ponding of water and the higher rate of recharge are the major cause of contamination in coastal area of Alappuzha district, Kerala.
ELECTRICALLY ENHANCED PHYTOREMEDIATION OF HEAVY METALS

Megha T and Harikumar P S
Water Quality Division, CWRDM, Kozhikode, Kerala, India meg8tee@gmail.com; hps@cwrdm.org Toxicity of heavy metals to any living organisms has been widely acknowledged. Owing to their specific nature and multidimensional interactions, heavy metals pose a serious hazard to the environment even at low concentrations, and their toxic impact may persist over a long period. Therefore, it is necessary to treat metal contaminated wastewater prior to its discharge to the environment. The phytoremediation of metals is a cost-effective green technology based on the use of metal-accumulating plants to remove toxic metals from water and soil. A combination of phyto and electro remediation was attempted in this study for the remediation of Cd, Pb and Cu from water. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether the phytoremediation system coupled with electric field have a higher heavy metal removal capacity than do phytoremediation system. The potential of Eichhornia crassipes for phytoremediation was utilized in this study because of its large biomass and dense root system and its phytoremediation potential under electrically enhanced condition was studied in vitro for the period of 25 days to investigate the removal of heavy metals from water. Three tanks were setup with different operating conditions for this experiment: Control A (only pytoremediation system), Control B (only electroremediation) and Treatment (combination of phyto and electro remediation). The electrically enhanced phytoremediation system and electroremediation system were operated 2 h/day at voltages of 4V for 25 days continuously. Water samples were collected every 5 days. When the experiment was completed, plants samples of two units (control A and Treatment) were sampled. The Eichhornia crassipes samples were divided into leaves, stems and roots. The residual Pb, Cd and Cu concentrations in water and plant samples were quantified by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy AAS (Thermo Series). From the chlorophyll analysis, it can be postulated that 4V voltage is probably suitable to stimulate the Eichhornia crassipes to synthesize more chlorophyll. The longer the unit was electrified, the more obvious the stimulating effect was. The removal of heavy metals in electrically enhanced phytoremediation system (treatment) is found to be more efficient than other two, Control A and Control B. Eichhornia crassipes has tremendous potential to absorb heavy metals under electrically stimulated condition from water as it resulted in 100% reduction of cadmium (within 15 days), lead (within 15 days) and copper (within 10 days). 99
High heavy metal concentration in plant parts, especially in treatment indicates the high heavy metal accumulation capacity of Eichhornia crassipes under electrified conditions. Eichhornia crassipes was stimulated by electric field to grow better so it assimilated more metal. The Bioconcentration factor (BCF) of the roots is higher than that of the leaves for Cu and Pb which indicates that the roots accumulated more than leaves. In the case of control plant, maximum accumulation of Cd was reported in root but in treatment plant maximum Cd accumulation was reported in leaf. This result indicates that Eichhornia Crassipes can translocate maximum Cd to plant organs under electrified condition. Statistical analysis showed positive significant correlations between the heavy metals concentrations in water and their accumulation and bioconcentration in plant organs of Eichhornia Crassipes. The results indicate that electrically enhanced phytoremediation system had a better performance for heavy metal (Cd, Pb and Cu) removal from water than the ordinary phytoremediation system.
WATER QUALITY IMPROVEMENT USING DIFFERENT FILTER MATERIAL

Chitaranjan Dalai and Ramakar Jha
cdchittaranjan1@gmail.com; rjha43@gmail.com Water is essential to the survival of humans and the planet. Yet over one-sixth of the worlds population (7.114 billion people) currently lacks access to safe water, about one in nine people in the world Each year, water-related diseases claim the lives of 3.575 million people, Clean water as being a prime concern in many communities of developing countries. Contaminated water plays a significant role in taking numerous lives in these localities, for which a number of efforts are being made for accessing the safe purified drinking water. Fortunately, efficient and cheap water purification systems are being utilized and being tried to be accessed worldwide for easy access to clean water. Most of the time when we speak of water quality, we only refer to surface water quality. Many people depend on well water from underground aquifers. Therefore, ground water quality is a concern, as well. Fortunately, soil acts as a filter. Soil can filter heavy metals, as well as organic and inorganic pollutants. In order to address these filtration system can be used types of soil locally available in the alluvial region , tested in order to determine what chemical reactions may have taken place to alter the filtrate concentrations. The acceptable levels of the tested contaminates in drinking water. Then determine if filter materials are enough or do extra measures need to be taken. These filter materials can be made from locally available materials and are relatively inexpensive. These materials act by physically removing particles from the solution. Its ability to remove disease-causing bacteria and parasites from contaminated water. For these reasons, filtration material appears to be a viable method of point-of-use water treatment. The goal of this research is to assess the performance of filter materials that are locally available in alluvial region. These filter materials will be evaluated based on the following parameters: flow rate, turbidity removal, bacterial removal, and cost. The suitable filter material that performs the best at removing bacteria will also be tested for viral removal.
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Results from this study will lead to recommendations regarding the best-performing filter materials. The characteristics of filtered water will be compared to the U.S. EPA Standards for Drinking Water and the World Health Organizations Drinking Water Guidelines in order to determine filter capability. In general, the standards must be such as to enhance the quality of natural waters for their use and value for public water supplies, propagation of fish and wildlife, recreational purposes, agricultural, industrial, and other legitimate uses. This research falls under the bigger aim of reducing the spread of waterborne disease. By encouraging and identifying best filter materials that are capable of removing disease-causing organisms from drinking water, the quality of life of the worlds most vulnerable citizens will improve. Illness and death caused by consumption of contaminated water will decline and people will have the opportunity to live happier, healthier, more productive lives.
INVESTIGATIONS OF SHALLOW GROUND WATER IN SHALLOW COASTAL AQUIFER IN BEACH ZONE FOR ASSESSING SCOPE FOR MULTIPLE USES AND FOR DESIGNING APPROPRIATE ABSTRACTION STRUCTURE
Shajan Jacob
Kerala Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Agency, Regional Project Management Unit, Lucia Towers, Perinthalmanna 679 322, Kerala, India wcs.krwsa.shajan@gmail.com Studies were carried out to assess feasibility for developing a pond in shallow sandy aquifer in beach zone for purposes like irrigation, swimming and domestic uses for client. Fresh water availability, threat from salinity intrusion, sustainable safe pumping rate, maximum recovery time, quantity of water to be dewatered to make it a fresh, etc. were assessed. Ground water abstraction structure was designed in such a way to minimize salinity intrusion risks, and measures recommended to augment fresh water availability and to minimize upconing of saline water. Hydrogeological investigations, pumping test, sampling for assessing quality parameters were carried out. Data analysed and recommendations given. The study was done to assess the scope for shallow ground water abstraction structure, for various uses of client. The study area forms part of beach plain, and close to seawater line. The area is in Matool Central in Kannur District of Kerala, and is at the westward part of a 10 km long, 1.25 km wide sand bar, that is bordered on the east by a coastal lagoon. The area being part of a long sand bar bounded on three sides by sea, has hydrogeological set up of islands. The area has fine grained sand, with silt. The client wants to develop a 2m deep pool, having a minimum water column of 2m, and to use water for irrigating garden, swimming, and domestic uses. The objective was to assess the fresh water potential with respect to quantity and quality, salinity risks, rate of sustainable pumping, quantity of water to be bailed out to make pond afresh, and its frequency, as well as to recommend measures to curb salinity threats. Occurrence of saline water intrusion along coasts is extensive, and at any rate of continuous pumping, some saline water must reach a well (1). The depth to salt water at any
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location is a function of rainfall recharge, size of island, and hydraulic conductivity. The proximity to transition zone along salt-fresh water interface to the water table can induce salinity into well by upconing. Hence ground water structures are to be designed in such a way, so that pumping causes a minimal disturbance to fresh-salt water equilibrium. Satellite images were used to gather primary information. Field hydrogeological investigations, constant rate pumping test in a large diameter open well, and sampling of water at end of pumping were done in May 2013. Nearby wells were monitored for water levels during pumping and recovery phases. Water samples were analysed at laboratory to determine water quality parameters for various uses. Data were analysed and conclusions drawn. The location in beach plain is raised 1.5 m above MSL, and the westward boundary of the plot is only 50m from low tide line, and during high tides sea water comes as close as 15m. The area comprises of fine grained sands with black-coloured silt. The depth to water table is 1.25m during summer, and 0.4m during rainy season. A number of shallow open wells exist in the plain, and salinity not reported in wells, as these wells are 50m away from waterline and pumped at very low rates. Tested sample has chloride 44 mg/l, characteristic of waters of similar area. There is risk of salinity in wells if pumped at higher rates, and continually, especially if well sunk below MSL. The pumping well has a depth of1.9m, and diameter of 1.9m, and lined with laterite bricks. The pumping test data shows that 70% of water was contributed from aquifer in pumping phase, which indicates good well performance. The maximum time for recuperation was calculated to be 12 hours, indicating that well can be pumped daily at uniform rates, in two schedules, during low tides, to minimize salinity upconing on long term abstraction. The inflow into well was calculated (2) to be 500 lph, and sustainable safe yield calculated to be 7000 lpd. The approximate solution for upconing directly beneath well was estimated (3). The critical rise of fresh-salt water interface estimated (4), and maximum permissible pumping rate without salt entering the well was estimated to be 800 lph for the well. Since there is risk of salinity intrusion, pond was designed in such a way that bottom and sides were to be sealed off, except the lining at east side to a depth of 2.3m bgl. The pumping test data were extrapolated for the designed pond, and the yield from pond was calculated to be 47,000 lpd. Since a volume of 0.167 million litres has to be bailed out of pond, and considering inflow during pumping, a pump of capacity of 85000 lph to be used for dewatering pool in 2 hours, to overhaul the ponded water and make it afresh. The time required for the proposed pond to fully recover to its initial static water level was calculated to be 48 hours, and hence dewatering was proposed only once in 15 days. Parameters like SAR, E.C., TDS and sodium are within limits for irrigation. pH of water is low, and can be corrected by dosing lime. Drinking water quality parameters are within standard limits, but for using pond water for drinking, treatment using UV irradiation recommended. To minimize salinity risks further, four numbers of horizontal collector arms, extending from east side lining of pool, to a distance of 20m, and at depth of 1.4m BGL was proposed, so that drawdown is minimized on pumping thus reducing salinity risk, and yield more water. To further minimize salinity threat, especially from high tide effects and possible sea level rise in monsoons, a 2.5 m deep sub surface barrier lined with LDPE film was proposed, at the west-ward periphery of plot.
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Risk of salinity from sea through upconing on long term pumping exists, heightened by tidal influence. A pond was designed such a manner that it can be used for all intended purposes, and to curb salinity intrusion. Radial collector arms and subsurface barrier recommended, to augment fresh water supply and to minimize risk of saline intrusion. Sustainable pumping rates and pumping durations for different uses were estimated. The shallow ground water can then be used for swimming, irrigation, and for drinking after treatment.
WATER QUALITY DETERIORATION OF ABANDONED OLD GANGA CANAL DUE TO ANTHROPOGENIC ACTIVITIES AT HARIDWAR (UTTARAKHAND) INDIA
Vinod Kumar and A.K. Chopra
Agro-ecology and Pollution Research Laboratory, Department of Zoology and Environmental Science, Gurukula Kangri University, Haridwar-249404 (Uttarakhand) India drvksorwal@gmail.com The water quality of abandoned Old Ganga Canal at Haridwar was investigated during the year 2011. The samples were collected before the diversion (control) at Pathri Super passage (S), and after diversion at Pathri Super passage (S1), Solani Aqueduct (S2), Dhanuari (S3), Piran Kaliyar (S4), Mehawar Kalan (S5) and Roorkee (S6) sampling stations. Among various sampling stations, the quality of Old Ganga Canal water was severely deteriorated at Piran Kaliyar. The hydrological characteristics viz. temperature, turbidity, TS, EC, BOD, COD, Cl-, Ca, Na, K, Mg, total phosphorus, nitrate nitrogen, SO42-, Cd, Cu, Cr, Fe, Ni, Mn, Pb, Zn, SPC and FC of water were significantly (P<0.05) different at all the sampling stations in comparison to control. Among various sampling stations, Piran Kaliyar (S4) showed maximum values of physico-chemical and microbiological parameters viz. temperature (19.68 oC), turbidity (11.88 NTU), TS (278 mg L -1), EC (4.55 mg L -1), BOD (270.42 mg L -1), COD (289.74 mg L -1), Cl- (184.67 mg L -1), Ca (199.64 mg L -1), Na (63.85 mg L -1), K (54.87 mg L -1), Mg (165.84 mg L -1), total phosphorus (42.87 mg L -1), nitrate nitrogen (48.85 mg L -1), SO42- (234.55 mg L -1), Cd (1.12 mg L -1), Cu (1.74 mg L -1), Cr (0.58 mg L -1), Fe (5.69 mg L -1), Ni (1.58 mg L -1), Mn (0.36 mg L -1), Pb (0.64 mg L -1), Zn (1.87 mg L -1), SPC (8.5109 SPC ml -1) and FC (9.6108 FC 100 ml -1) in canal water. The water quality index (WQI) rating of canal water was of bad at sampling stations S, S1, S2 and very bad at S3, S4 S5 and S6 sampling stations. Thus, the canal water was not found suitable for ecological health of Old Ganga Canal.
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DEVELOPMENT OF HYBRID ANAEROBIC DIGESTION AND MEMBRANE SEPARATION TECHNIQUE FOR TREATMENT OF HIGHLY CONTAMINATED WASTE WATER (MSW LANDFILL LEACHATE)
Vaibhav R Sapkal1, Munish Kumar Chandel1, A.N.Vaidya2 and Pradeep Kumar1
1
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India 2 National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, India vrsapkal@gmail.com
The municipal solid waste landfill leachate is a highly toxic wastewater due to its refractory contaminates which pollutes ground water as well as surrounding environment. The treatment method of landfill leachate was optimizing to improve the efficiency using integrated anaerobic digestion and membrane process. As the landfill leachate is difficult to treat due to is refractory contaminants and volume along with its changing characteristic with time the treatment becomes difficult, studies on anaerobic digestion of the leachate were carried out along with methane gas generation in order to enhance treatment efficiency membrane technology was coupled with anaerobic digestion. Fresh leachate were generated and characterized which is then feed to anaerobic reactor. Effluent from the anaerobic reactor was tested and was found to remove COD up to 90% and reduction in total solids, sodium, sulphate, phosphate, nitrate and heavy metals. (like Zn, Pb, Cd, Ni, Co, Mn, Fe, Cr, Cu etc.)However the efficiency after anaerobic digestion was not meeting the Environmental Standards. Hence it was subjected to ultrafiltration. (UF) The permeate of UF was feed to reverse osmosis (RO) membrane and permeate of RO was characterized for various operating and performing parameters. The combination of UF and RO technology removes COD by 98% and also removes heavy metals. It is found that quality of permeate of RO meets the standard limits set by Government of India.
BIOGAS PRODUCTION POTENTIAL OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE LANDFILL LEACHATE A LAB SCALE STUDY
Vaibhav R Sapkal1, Munish K Chandel1, Pradeep Kumar1 and Vaidya A N2
2
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, India National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nehru Street, Nagpur, India vrsapkal@gmail.com
In India most of solid waste, a mixture of municipal and commercial wastes, is open dumped. These open dump sites are the source of the toxic landfill leachate which mainly contains dissolve organic matters, inorganic compounds, heavy metals etc. This leachate from landfill site percolates through soil strata and contaminates surface and ground water. Although, in India according to MSW- 2000 rules by Ministry of Environment and Forest, India collection and treatment of leachate is mandatory. However, so far, most of the sites neither collect the leachate nor treat it. Landfill leachate contains biodegradable material which can be treated by anaerobic treatment and the biogas produced can be used as a source of energy. This
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paper examines the suitability of anaerobic digestion of municipal solid waste (MSW) landfill leachate from Indian MSW. The leachate was generated from the MSW in the laboratory. 40 kg of MSW, as per composition of MSW in India, was added into 100 L container and tap water was added into the container. After 15 days leachate was collected from this container for lab scale study. To evaluate biogas gas production capacity of MSW landfill leachate, batch scale bottle reactors were used. Two duplicate samples of leachate were taken in two batch scale bottle reactors and incubated at 30 C. Initial COD and BOD5 of the leachate are 11500 mg/L and 5400 mg/L respectively. Figure 1 shows the cumulative biogas and CH4 produced from leachate for 30 days. The biogas and CH4 produced from the leachate is 1043 ml and 1028 ml respectively. Final COD and BOD5 of the leachate are 11500 mg/L and 5400 mg/L respectively. Anaerobic digestion would not be enough as a treatment to achieve the desired standards for the final disposal of the MSW leachate. However, anaerobic digestion can be used to degrade the organic components of the MSW leachate and some useful renewable energy could be recovered.
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Water and Environment
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FAST, SELECTIVE AND ECO-FRIENDLY INORGANIC IONEXCHANGE MATERIAL FOR HAZARDOUS WASTE REMEDIATION
Siji S, Aparna Mohan and Janardanan C
Post Graduate and Research Department of Chemistry, Sree Narayana College, Kannur-670007, Kerala, India sijisumesh.sumandir@gamil.com; aparnakaryat@gmail.com; jeeje_dianthus@yahoo.com Inorganic cation exchangers find extensive use for the removal of toxic heavy metals from a variety of industrial processes. They are widely used for waste minimization and management due to their high selectivity, and removal of metallic ions in solutions. In this study a new inorganic cation exchanger Bismuth (III) tellurotungstate (BiTeW) has been synthesized by co-precipitation method. Instrumental techniques like XRD, FT-IR, TGA, SEM and EDS were used to elaborate the structural aspects. XRD studies exhibited that prepared sample was having amorphous structure. Infrared spectroscopy was used to examine the functional groups and the active sites behind the acidic character and SEM and EDS techniques described the elemental composition of the synthesized sample. Its ionexchange capacity, thermal and chemical stabilities, pH titration curve, and distribution coefficients towards different metal ions were studied systematically. Its ion exchange capacity was found to be 1.08 meqg-1. Chemical resistivity of the material in various mediaacids, bases and organic solvents has been assessed. pH titration study showed that the material was bifunctional in nature. The effect of heat on ion exchange capacity was also studied for the exchanger. Distribution studies showed that the selectivity of the exchanger towards various metal ions was in the order Cd2+ > Pb2+ > Cu2+ > Ca2+ > Zn2+ > Co2+ > Mn2+ > Ni2+ > Hg2+ > Mg2+. Its high affinity for Cd2+, Pb2+ and Cu2+ is proved to be a selective ion exchange material for removal of inorganic heavy metal contaminants from water. The differential selectivity of metal ions on Bismuth (III) tellurotungstate has been utilized for some important binary separations such as Cd2+-Hg2+, Cd2+-Ni2+, Cd2+-Mg2+, Pb2+-Mg2+and Pb2+-Hg2+. The analytical applications of the new exchanger were again explored by studying adsorption of organic dyes on Bismuth (III) tellurotungstate. The adsorption capacity of the new exchanger has been established by studying adsorption of various dyes (methylene blue, methyl orange and malachite green) in water using UV-Visible diffuse reflectance spectrophotometer. The remarkable change in intensity of absorption of aqueous solution of these dyes, before and after the treatment with the exchanger showed clearly that these dyes are significantly adsorbable by Bismuth (III) tellurotungstate. They retain the adsorption capacity twice without any decrease in efficiency and can be regenerated by using dilute acids such as HCl, HNO3 and H2SO4. The UV-DRS studies reveal that Bismuth (III) tellurotungstate is an efficient solid adsorbent for the removal of hazardous organic dyes in aqueous solution.
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EFFECTIVE REMOVAL OF HAZARDOUS METAL IONS FROM WASTE WATER USING NOVEL TITANIUM (III) TIN SELENITE CATION EXCHANGER
Dhanitha M A, Nimisha K V and Janardanan C
Post Graduate and Research Department of Chemistry, Sree Narayana College, Kannur 670 007, Kerala, India dhanithabiju@gmail.com; nimishavijil89@gmail.com; jeeje_dianthus@yahoo.com The Contamination of water by toxic heavy metals is a world-wide environmental problem. Discharges containing mercury and lead, in particular, are strictly controlled due to the highly toxic nature of these elements and its tendency to accumulate in the tissues of living organisms. Nowadays the recovery of heavy metals from industrial process solutions has attracted a great attention owing to the gradual rise in the environmental protection and the consequent severity of legislation regarding the disposal of toxic substances. Ion exchange method to remove heavy metal ions from waste water by adsorption is a well-established process. In the present work an advanced bimetallic inorganic cation exchange material, Titanium (III) tin selenite (TiSnSe) has been synthesized by co-precipitation method. The ability of synthesized low-cost inorganic ion exchange material to uptake mercury (II) and lead (II) from aqueous solutions has been investigated by batch method, assessing its potential in water remediation. The chemical composition of the material was determined from EDS and other physico-chemical properties were characterized using various analytical techniques like FTIR, TGA, XRD, and SEM. The X-ray diffraction study showed amorphous nature of the material. The exchanger shows high ion exchange capacity of 1.04 meqg1 as well as good chemical and thermal stability. Chemical resistivity of the material in various media-acids, bases and organic solvents has been assessed. The pH titration studies revealed monofunctional behavior of the exchanger. The distribution studies on the material were performed in different solvent systems which showed that the selectivity of the exchanger towards various metal ions was in the order Pb (II) > Hg (II) Co (II) > Mg (II) > Al (III) > Ca (II) > Cd (II) > Ni (II) > Zn (II) > Mn (II) and the material was found to be highly selective for mercury (II) and lead (II) ions. On the basis of distribution coefficient values, some important binary separations of metal ions viz. Pb (II) Cd (II), Pb (II) Mn (II), Pb (II) Ni (II), Hg (II) Ni (II), Hg (II) Zn (II) have been performed on titanium (III) tin selenite columns, thus exploring its analytical potential. In order to demonstrate the practical utility of the material, quantitative separations of mercury (II) from wood industry effluents and of lead (II) from textile industry wastes have been achieved. The adsorption process was found to be pH dependent. Best removal capacity for the studied metals was achieved in the pH range 4-7. The ion-exchange equilibrium isotherms for Hg (II) and Pb (II) were correlated by the Langmuir equation. The recovery of Pb (II) and Hg (II) from the exchanger using HCl solutions was also studied. 75% of the mercury and 64% Lead are recovered by 0.1M HCl. The separations are quite sharp and recovery is quantitative and reproducible.
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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT OF REVIVAL OF T.S CANAL - CASE STUDY OF KOVALAM - AKKULAM STRETCH
Kalaiarasan P, Sreedevi B G and Sabitha N M
NATPAC, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India librakalai@gmail.com; bgsreedevi@yahoo.com; sabithanm@gmail.com The paper highlights the factors that influence the environment while reviving the inland water canal in Kovalam - Akkulam stretch of T.S canal (17Kms) in Thiruvananthapuram region. The hydrographic survey using Differential Global Positioning System (DGPS), Total Station and Echo sounder is conducted. Socio-economic survey is also conducted to identify the existing population, water demand, generation of solid and liquid waste and other social status of the settlers. It has been found that the dredging and cutting quantities of 808373.6 cu.m and 150149 cu.m are required to develop the canal to NW 3 standards. The canal bank of 25.98 km length on both sides are to be protected and 3,90,665 sq.m of land is to be acquired for widening to facilitate inland navigation. Out of 20 existing cross structures, 10 road bridges, 6 foot bridges, 2 rail bridges and the lock are found to be having less horizontal and vertical clerances and need to be reconstructed. The total population at present on both the banks comes to 2422. The projected population for the year of 2025 is 2473 and the water demand for the people will be 618250 lpcd in 2025 and the calculated wastewater and solid waste generation will be 1692.45 lakhs litre and 676.98 tonnes, respectively. Analysis of the water and sediment samples, revealed that there is an urgent need to regain the flow in the canal. The proposed improvements include deepening and widening of the canal, bank protection, modification/reconstruction of cross structures, resettlement and rehabilitation, protection of the canal from waste and sewage disposal by the canal side dwellings and improving the basic facilities of the canal. The paper also highlights mesures for the disposal of sewarage and solid waste. Revival of the canal therefore will result in better social and environmental condition of the area.
EFFECT OF SUPPORTED-CATALYSTS IN THE TREATMENT OF POULTRY WASTEWATER IN A PHOTOREACTOR

Asha C. Raju, Mathava Kumar
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology, Calicut, Kerala - 673601, India ashacraju88@gmail.com; mathav@nitc.ac.in In the present study, the treateability of poultry wastewater in a photoreactor in the presence of various supported-catalysts were investigated. The raw wastewater generated in the Government poultry farm near NITC, Calicut was used for the experiments. The initial characteristics of the wastewater are as follows: pH ~ 6.5, temperature ~ 26 oC ; total solids (TS) ~ 1200 mg/L, total volatile solids (TVS) ~ 400 mg/L, and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) ~ 1000 mg/L. Photolytic (without TiO2 catalyst) and photocatalytic (with TiO2 catalyst) poultry wastewater treatment experiments were conducted using a lab-scale cylindrical glass reactor with a working volume of 1.9 L and the photoenergy was supplied via three 14 W submergible UV lamps ( ~ 254 nm and the intensity of each lamp ~ 40 mW/cm2). The
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photocatalytic experiments were conducted using different types of photocatalysts namely Suspended-TiO2, Slurry-TiO2, Granular activated carbon supported TiO2 (GAC-TiO2) and Powdered Activated Carbon supported TiO2 (PAC-TiO2) with a dosage of 4 g/L, 4.7 g/L, 6 g/L and 6 g/L, respectively. The catalyst supports were prepared in the laboratory and their elemental compositon were examined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) coupled with energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS). The SEM and EDS analyzes ensured the TiO2 support on GAC/PAC and the purity of the supported catalyst. All experiments were conducted at room temperature for 4 h and the samples were collected at regular intervals to analyze the efficiency of various systems in poultry wastewater treatment. Almost, 60% BOD, 43.8% TVS and 31.6% TS removals were observed in the photolytic experiments. The presence of TiO2 remarkably increased the removal efficiencies of BOD, TS and TVS from the beginning itself in all photocatalytic experiments. After 4 h of reaction, complete BOD, TS and TVS removal efficiencies, i.e. 100%, were observed in the Slurry-TiO2, GAC-TiO2 and PAC-TiO2 experiments. In order to identify the effect of pretreatment (i.e. sedimentaton/settling), the solids in the raw poultry wastewater was allowed to settle for 4 h and the photocatalytic experiment was conducted using the GAC-TiO2. In the pretreated condition, complete removal of organic solids from the wastewater was observed within 120 min of photocatalytic reaction. As a whole, the present experimental investigation reveal that the photocatalytic treatement using GAC-TiO2 and PAC-TiO2 offers effective organics removal from the poultry wastewater. However, the photocatalyic opeartion with GAC-TiO2 has great scope for catalyst recovery and therefore, it is suggested as the potential system for real-time wastewater treatment.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF MICROWAVE-ASSISTED SYSTEMS FOR CARBOFURAN DEGRADATION

Neelancherry Remya1, Jih-Gaw Lin2, Mathava Kumar1
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Technology Calicut, Kerala, India 673601 remyamadhav@gmail.com; mathav@nitc.ac.in 2 Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Chiao Tung University,1001, University road, Hsinchu city, Taiwan 30010 jglin@mail.nctu.edu.tw Carbofuran (2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethylbenzofuran-7-yl methylcarbamate) is one of the frequently used carbamates pesticides and its existence has been detected in surface and subsurface water systems. It is chemically stable and exhibits a special refractory character to biodegradation methods. Therefore, chemical oxidation-reduction technologies are best suitable for carbofuran removal from aqueous systems. In the present study, aqueous carbofuran degradation was performed in a modified-MW reactor equipped with Pyrex vessel reactor and infrared pyrometer (for measuring the reaction temperature). The reactor power supply was interconnected with the infrared pyrometer to operate either under on-off mode or pulsed mode, i.e the MW power supply cut-off at a set reaction temperature. Moreover, provisions were incorportaed in the reactor to maintain a constant reaction temperature and to control the time of MW experiments. The MW-assisted carbofuran degradation experiments were conducted in the presence of a strong microwave absorbent
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and carbofuran adsorbent, i.e., granular activated carbon (GAC) under both pulsed and continuous supply of MW, i.e. MWP-GAC and MWC-GAC, respectively. As a precursor, carbofuran removal/degradation in GAC alone, GAC in the presence of conventional heating (CH-GAC) and MW alone (without GAC) systems were evaluated and compared with the MW-assisted system(s). Carbofuran removal by adsorption in the presence of 0.2 g/L of GAC was 24% at the end of 2 h. Howeverer, the maximum carbofuran adsorption capacity of GAC was obtained as 166 mg/g from the adsoprtion studies. In the CH-GAC experiment, 86% carbofuran removal was observed in 1 h for an initial carbofuran concentration of 100 mg/L and pH 6. In the similar conditions, 87% carbofuran degradation was achieved within 30 min in the MWP-GAC system operated at 80oC. The corresponding degradation rate constants were 0.002/min, 0.031/min and 0.059/min in GAC alone, CH-GAC and MWP-GAC systems, respectively. However, the highest carbofuran degradation (98.5%) and COD removal (91%) efficiencies were observed within 2 min in the MWC-GAC system. Subsequently, carbofuran desorption from the GAC used in the GAC-alone, MWP-GAC and MWC-GAC systems were carried out using distilled water. The desorption studies showed 94% carbofuran desorption from the GAC used in the GAC alone system. On the other hand, no carbofuran was desorbed from the MWP-GAC and MWC-GAC systems, which indicate that complete carbofuran removal was achieved in the aqeuous system as well as in the GAC surface. This observation was also cross-verified using the SEM-EDX analysis. As a whole, these results reveal that MW-assisted systems are capable of rapid degradation of carbofuran from the aqueous and solid phases which eliminates the disposal/treatment issues of spent GAC in the adsorption systems.
NUTRIENT DYNAMICS IN THE DESTINATION SITES OF MIGRATORY WATER BIRDS: A PRELIMINARY ANALYSIS AT THE SELECTED LOCATIONS OF TROPICAL SEASHORES AND LAKES
Cyril Augustine1, James Baben George1, Neethu Cyril2 and Mary M C3
Department of Chemistry, St Berchmans College, Changanacherry, Kottayam, 686101 cyrilaug@yahoo.com; jamesbaben@gmail.com 2 Department of Chemistry, Assumption College, Changanacherry, Kerala, India- 686101 neethucyril@gmail.com 3 Department of Chemistry, Nirmalagiri College, Kuthuparambu, Kerala, India mcmary@rediffmail.com The biodiversity of all aquatic systems are indirectly controlled by their nutrient dynamics. The abundance of phytoplanktons and zooplanktons depends on the availability of nutrients such as nitrates, phosphates and silicates since these are the building blocks for their further growth. The phytoplanktons act as prey for the next higher trophic level including various fishes and other small organisms. One of the factors that enchant the migratory birds at some particular locations is the availability of the species of organisms that they prey on. In this paper a preliminary analysis is done to explore the nutrient dynamics of selected tropical aquatic systems in order to correlate the arrival of migratory birds at those locations. Water samples are collected from coastal region of Aleppey, Purakkad and Koonthankulam Bird Sancturay. The latter two sites are the important destination of many migratory water birds
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including Pallus Gull, Heuglins Gull, Bar-headed goose, Comb Duck and Spot Billed Pelican. The samples are analyzed chemically to trace the nutrient compositions and the related chemical parameters such as temperature, pH, conductivity, primary productivity, chloride, salinity, turbidity, nitrate, phosphate, dissolved oxygen and biochemical oxygen demand. Remarkable differences are observed mainly in the composition of phosphate, organic matter content and salinity. Finally, an attempt has been done to correlate the biodiversity of these locations with the chemical parameters and the prevailing nutrient compositions.
ANALYSIS OF SELF AERATION OVER BLOCK RAMPS IN UNIFORM FLOW CONDITIONS USING ANN
Roshni T1 and Stefano Pagliara2
Civil Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology, Calicut-670307, India. roshni.balan@gmail.com 2 Department of Civil Engineering, University of Pisa, Via Gabba 22, 56122 Pisa, Italy s.pagliara@ing.unipi.it Block ramps (BR)/ Rock chutes are river training structures and acts as a natural habitat for aquatic life. They offer an alternative form of drop structures when the protection of the morphology and ecology of water course is required. At steep slopes, due to greater interaction between the free surface and the bed material in flows over BR leads to a higher air entrainment. By improving the re-aeration in rivers with low dissolved oxygen content enhances the water quality. Indeed, air entrapped in the flow increases the free surface elevation, and correct assessment of the air content is of greater importance in the design of correct hydraulic structures.The assessment of two phase flow features in the presence of a three dimensional bed configuration in macro-roughness to intermediate roughness conditions can hardly be accomplished with aeration models. Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) are very useful tools for modeling such complex processes. In this study, Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) is proposed to estimate the average air concentration with reliable data base. The architecture selected for this study is feed forward neural network (FNN) using Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm with Bayesian regularization. Neural network simulations were carried out with the help of MATLAB 7 software.The average air concentration was modeled as function of relative equivalent flow depth (de/D84), slope (So) and boulder concentration (). Experimental data were collected from PITLAB of University of Pisa, Italy. Data set ranges in between 0.13< So <0.46, 0.5<de/D84< 1.5 and 0< <15. The effectiveness of the developed ANN models for different sites was evaluated using salient performance indicators such as Root Mean Square Error (RMSE), Coefficient of Determination (R2), Standard Error of Estimate (SEE) and BIAS. The results indicated that the developed FNN models can effectively predict the average air concentration in the uniform flow condition within the selected data range and the results are compared with other models.
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GEOCHEMICAL CONTROLS OF HEAVY METAL DISTRIBUTION IN VARIED AQUATIC ENVIRONMENTS

Resmi T R1 and Jacob Chacko2
Isotope Hydrology Division, Centre for Water Resources Development and Management, P O Kunnamangalam, Kozhikiode, Kerala 673 571 rtr@cwrdm.org 2 Department of Chemical Oceanography, School of Marine Sciences, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Lake Side Campus, Cochin, Kerala 682 016 The three realms of aquatic environment, river, estuary and mangrove are investigated to understand the distribution, behaviour and fate of toxic and non toxic heavy metals. The Chitrapuzha River, which carries hoards of pollutants from various industrial units, the Cochin estuary and two mangrove habitats, one in the middle of the Cochin City and the other supporting a shrimp nursery was chosen for the study. Concentration of Fe, Mn, Cu, Co, Ni, Zn, Cr, Cd and Pb in the sedimentary phase was estimated. The metals were extracted by triple acid digestion method and the concentration was determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. Suitable reference materials were used and the method was standardized prior to the analysis. Statistical techniques such as canonical regression, principal component analysis and cluster analysis were employed to find out the major controls and mechanisms governing the ultimate fate of metals in these aquatic systems. In all the systems analysed, hydrographical parameters such as salinity, dissolved oxygen, pH and temperature are found to regulate the metal distribution as evidenced by their extremely significant regression coefficients. Cluster analysis revealed that the estuarine and one of the mangrove sites were closely related in the processing of trace metals. The other mangrove habitat formed another group, while the riverine site behaved in an entirely different way. The dissimilarity in the two mangrove environments in the trace metal abatement can be related to the unique environmental setting. In the mangrove site located near the metropolis of Cochin, heavy discharges of urban and industrial effluents largely influence the chemical makeup of the system. This site is an open system with regular exchange of water and sediments with the surrounding estuary. The other mangrove site was a closed system and located in a rural area. The principal component score plot distinctly showed three groups of elements in the mangroves. Cd and Mn formed one group, while Fe and Zn formed another; other metals such as Ni, Cu, Co and Pb were grouped to form yet another cluster. It is very clear that Cd was present mainly associated with Mn oxides rather than Fe oxides whereas for Zn, the reverse seems to be true. Cr and organic carbon were separated from the rest. At the riverine site, Mn was found to positively loaded with Zn and Pb. Hence, it can be inferred that Cu, Co and Ni were adsorbed either onto Fe oxides or organic matter; while Mn seems to be the primary carrying phase for Zn and to a lesser extent, Pb. Another combination of metals was seen in the estuary. Score plots of factors showed a combination of Fe, Cu, Co and Ni and another group of Zn, Cr and organic matter. Association of Zn and Cr in these estuarine sediments points to their common source, presumably the leakage from boats. The study shows that binding phases are distinctly different for each heavy metal in each environmental setting which is governed by the physico chemical characteristic of the systems.
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COMPARATIVE ASSESSMENT OF RESULTS OF SYNOPTIC ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF AN IRRIGATION SYSTEM WITH PARTICIPATORY ACTION PLAN
Aishwarya Rani G
Water and Land Management Training and Research Institute, Hyderabad, aishwaryarani@gmail.com Irrigation projects generally have a long construction time and large gestation period. Such irrigation projects have many benefits which would be tangible and non-tangible. A successful irrigation project, in addition to providing equitable distribution of water, has to have benefits more than the cost involved in creation of the irrigation infrastructure. Such projects also generate income to both farmers and landless labourers. Major aim of irrigation projects is the well-being of people who are directly or indirectly affected by the project. In the year 2003, a socio-economic analysis and an environmental impact assessment are carried out for a major distributory taking off from the Kakatiya canal which is a part of the distribution network of Sriram Sagar Project (SRSP), India. The details and data required for the impact assessment studies were collected from various governmental agencies. The canal system chosen for the present study is DBM-31 (Distributory Beyond Manair- 31). A questionnaire was also prepared to collect information on various aspects DBM- 31 and administered to the farmers in the tail reach of the canal. As per the study the benefits outweigh the costs incurred for the project. Tail end farmers were not, in general, satisfied with the performance of the canal system. The EIA carried out using one of the several available methods showed that there were positive environmental impacts from the project. There is scope for further improvement to the environment. Patches of water-logged areas in the ayacut of the region were observed and there is also noticeable increase in the groundwater table after the canal was commissioned. The intensity of irrigation is also increased mainly in the upper reaches of the canal. To compare the performance of the project, the Standard Gross Value of Production (SGVP) is also calculated. Subsequently, the benefits were assessed in the years 2008-09, 2009-10 and 201011 using Participatory Action Plan (PAP) duly involving the Water User Associations (WUA). In PAP, the actual benefits were assessed by the farmers at the end of each season. The comparison of the benefits from PAP analysis with the EIA has been carried out. As per the analysis, irrigation project gives benefits not only to the society, but also improves the environment.
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ESTIMATION OF SEDIMENT YIELD AND SELECTION OF SUITABLE SITES FOR SOIL CONSERVATION MEASURES USING RS AND GIS TECHNIQUES
Abhijit M Zende
Center of Studies in Resources Engineering, IITBombay, Powai, Mumbai, India- 400076 zenabhi31@gmail.com With the titled aim, The Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) Map of the study area (Yerala River Basin of Western Maharashtra, India) was prepared by supervised classification using satellite imagery of IRS-P6 LISS III. Its overall accuracy was 75.50%. Using Digital Elevation Model (DEM) it was found that the slope in 40% of the area ranged from 3% to 7%. 49% of the area is covered with the fallowland. Rocks in the area, covered with Dendritic Drainage Pattern, are homogeneous and uniformly resistant to water flow. The density count 6.89 per km in the area was obtained by generating Drainage Density Map (DDM) on MicroWatershed Basis. Garde Model was used to obtain 483.47 million m3 Annual Run-Off, and 2.09 million m3 Annual Sediment Yield. It is suggested to identify appropriate sites for construction of soil conservation measures using Boolean Logic Analysis Method on Combined Slope and DDM.
ENVIRONMENTAL FLOW MANAGEMENT STRATEGIES THROUGH FLOW AUGMENTATION- CONCEPTS ON ALTERNATIVES

Chachadi A G and Rhythm Warik
Department of Earth Science, Goa University, Taleigao Plateau, Goa-403206, India chachadi1@gmail.com There is a need to ensure environmental quality and ecological requirements by allocating adequate environmental-flows in regulated rivers. Thus, the concept of minimum flow came into existence in 1970s. In 2007 the Brisbane Declaration on Environmental Flows (EF) was endorsed by more than 750 practitioners from more than 50 countries. The declaration announced an official pledge to work together to protect and restore the world's rivers and lakes. By 2010, many countries throughout the world had formulated environmental flow policies and laws to ensure priority allocations of water to river ecosystem after the basic human needs have been satisfied, however, their implementation remains a challenge. The issues of EF assessment and management are high on the world agenda at present. At the same time, it remains a new research field. The status of EF research in India at present may be categorised as being in its infancy. India faces a number of water related challenges, including increasing water scarcity and competition for water between different sectors and states. Some of the river basins in the southern and western states are experiencing physical or economic water scarcity. The first National Workshop on Environmental Flows, held in New Delhi in March 2005, brought together over 60 participants from national agencies and research institutions and highlighted a great interest in the concept of environmental flows in India. No matter how advanced and accurate the Environmental Flow Assessment (EFA) is, its output remains on paper if no actual releases are made or if the prescribed limit of water resource exploitation
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is violated. Due to several constraints there are very few examples in the world when environmental water requirement are actually satisfied by actual EF releases. This is one of the major stumbling blocks on the way to environmentally sustainable water resources development in India. Therefore, due consideration has to be given to look into alternative strategies for augmenting the e-flows besides considering relevant policy support and their enforcement. In the present paper we have provided some concepts on alternatives which can enhance the availability of required flows in the downstream of the regulated rivers so that the required environmental flows are fully met when such releases from the upstream structures are not adequate.
URBANISATION AND WATER MANAGEMENT IN THE BENGALURU CITY, KARNATAKA ISSUES, CHALLENGES AND POSSIBLE SOLUTIONS
Jayasree Vaidyanathan
National Institute of Advanced Studies, Indian Institute of Science Campus, Mathikere, Bangalore -560012, India jayasree_nias@yahoo.in Water is the most important factor of life. Nevertheless, World population is facing water stress which is unprecedented. According to the reports, over one billion people lack access to clean water and 2.4 billion live without sanitation. Therefore growing demand for water is one of the major factors threatening the sustainability of human health and ecological integrity in the coming years. The World is rapidly urbanising and Indian cities are no exception. India, the second most populated country of the World is witnessing rapid urbanisation. As per the World Urbanization Prospects 2011 estimates Indias urban population share would grow from about 31% to nearly 52% by 2050. With such rise in urban population,cities are faced with challenges of developing integrated urban management systems appropriate to their needs and capacity.Water in Indian cities, is one of the sectorswhichsuffer from inadequate levels of service, an increasing demand-supply gap, poor sanitary conditions and deteriorating financial and technical performance. The city of Bangalore is one such case in India facing severe water challenges. Bengaluru is the sixth highest populated country in India with an approximate population of 9.58 million (Census, 2011) which is expected to grow to 11 million by 2020 and 22 million by 2050. The population growth, infrastructure development, and citys expansion have contributed to tremendous stress on water infrastructure including wastewater. Some of the issues regarding Bangalore water supply are inadequate supply from public utilities, unequal distribution, low tariff, thriving water market etc. This study, at the outset, looks into the demand-supply gap which Bangalore Water Supply and Sewerage Board (BWSSB) is not able to meet even with multiple modes of sources including surface water from Cauvery and Arkavathi rivers and ground water sources and private water vendors. The paper does a water source profiling of the city and shows how the peripheral areas of the city are the worst affected with severe water scarcity
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especially during summer months.Then the paper evaluates theeffectiveness of the solutions implementedso far by the government and state agencies. The paper then examines the feasibility ofdifferent proposedoptions to increase the water supplyin the city of Bengaluru. With finite resources and without alternatives urban self-supply is necessary which could be achieved only through replenish, reuse and recycle at the micro-level. Some of the feasible options are rain water harvesting, waste water treatment and reuse, rejuvenation of lakes etc., each of these having its own merits and demerits. On one hand, paper gives the potential for each of these options and on the other, describes the problems faced inadopting and implementing each of these.The study concludes with some suggestions in safeguarding the resources and its judicious management so as to have a sustainable urban water system in place.
CHEMICAL EVOLUTION AND ORIGIN OF SALINITY IN THE GROUNDWATER OF PURNA RIVER BASIN, CENTRAL INDIA
Raja P1, Malpe D B2, Deepali Marghade3 and Bhaskar B P1
National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur prajanbss@gmail.com, bhaskaraphaneendra@gmail.com 2 PG Department of Geology, R.T.M. Nagpur University, Nagpur dbmalpe@yahoo.com 3 Priyadarshini Indira Gandhi College of Engineering, Nagpur deepalichem@gmail.com Present address: Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India-342 003 Groundwater in aquifers of Purna river basin (20o10' to 21o41' N & 76o0' to 77o55' E) was analyzed for various physico-chemical parameters to understand the hydro-geochemistry and origin of salinity. Furthermore, the quality of the shallow and deep aquifer (using tube well and hand pumps) was also investigated for their ideal ecological use including drinking, and agricultural purposes. All groundwater samples are highly saline and permissible for drinking and irrigation purposes. Inter ionic plots indicates that high concentration of Na+ and Cl- ions in groundwater which was due to the silicate weathering under alkaline conditions, anthropogenic activities and ion exchange reactions. Gibbs diagram shows that groundwater chemistry was mainly affected by rainfall in study area. Rock-water interactions, anthropogenic sources were found to be responsible for the elevated concentrations of Mg2+ and SO42- ions. Multivariate techniques were also applied to understand the groundwater chemistry of the aquifer. A finding of factor analysis showed that salinity was mainly caused by magnesium salts as compared to calcium salts in the aquifer. The problem of salinization was mainly compounded by the contamination of the shallow aquifers by the recharging water. High factor loading of total alkalinity and bicarbonates indicate that total alkalinity was mainly due to carbonates and bicarbonates of sodium.
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MODERN STATE AND CHANGES OF RUSSIAN LAKES UNDER CLIMATE CHANGES AND ANTHROPOGENIC IMPACTS
Nikolay Filatov
Northern Water Problems Institute, Karelian Research Center of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 185030, A. Nevskogo Avenue 50, Petrozavodsk, Russia nfialtov@rambler.ru The Russian Federation, with an area well over 17 million km2, is situated in the arctic, subarctic, temperate and partially in the subtropical climatic belts of the northern part of Eurasia. Russia has over 2.8 million lakes of various origins. Lakes of Russia belong to the drainage basins of 12 seas and 3 oceans. An overwhelming majority of lakes in Russia are freshwater lakes, but there are several brackish, saline and bitter-saline lakes in the south of its European territory and also in southern Siberia. Freshwater lakes contain a total of 26 500 km3 of water. In Russia there are about 18 main lake regions according to a classification proposed by the Encyclopaedia of Lakes and Reservoirs. The largest lakes regions are in the Northwestern, Caspian, West-Siberian, North-Siberian, Transbaikalian, Amur and Kamchatka areas. Although Russia is one of the worlds richest countries in terms of water resources, some problems with potable water supply, water pollution and eutrophication do exist. The importance of the lakes especially large lakes is obvious for the drinking purposes, recreation, water transport, energy and bio-resources. The impacts of pulp-and-paper industry, metallurgy, mining, and wastes discharge of cities and towns located on the shores of lakes and in the catchment areas, require scientifically substantiated recommendations for rational use and protection of the resources. The organizational system of the water management sector in Russia has changed markedly since the late 20th century. The economic mechanisms and methods of regulating nature conservation activities including fresh water resources are defined in the Russian Federation Laws. This presentation is devoted to the analysis of Russian Lakes under of impacts of climate change and anthropogenic influences, water supply problems and economy of the regions of the Large Lakes especially of Lakes Ladoga and Onega, and their sustainable development. It describes modern approaches of Integrated Water Resources Management for large lakes of the Russian Federation.
MULTIPLE REGRESSION MODEL FOR GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT PRACTICES: A MICRO LEVEL ANALYSIS FROM NORTHERN KERALA, INDIA
Mohammed-Aslam M A1 and Thulaseedharan P2
Department of Geology, Central University of Karnataka, Gulbarga-585106, Karnataka, India maslam.in@gmail.com 2 Horizone Survey Company, A-732, TTC Industrial Area, MIDC Khairne, Navi Mumbai, India thulaseedharanp@gmail.com Geostatistical techniques are the logical way of establishing and estimating the relationships variables or parameters which are within the broad discipline of earth sciences. Declining
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water level due to over exploitation has become an important issue in the state of Kerala as well as across many places of India. The application of multivariate statistical approach for the interpretation of a small and complex data matrix obtained during a monitoring of water level conditions in the coastal lowland around Cheruvathur area of Kasaragod district, northern Kerala, India is presented in this study. The 10 water resources projects which are at close-by networks, located in the area of study, has been used for the analysis, namely (1) Kerala Water Authority (KWA),VV Nagar, (2)Vengad Project (Panchayath Scheme), (3) Vengad Project (SwajalDhara), (4) Mundkkandam Project (SwajalDhara), (5) Kannamkulam Project(SwajalDhara), (6) Pudiyakandam Project (SwajalDhara), (9), Mayyicha, East (SwajalDhara) and (10)Amminhikkode, (SwajalDhara). The dataset was treated using multiple regression analysis on influencing factors that control the groundwater fluctuations. In order to explore the probable relationship of water level decline (dependent variable) with causal factors of water-stress (water used and number of connections), regression analysis was undertaken. Water level decline or water stress appraisal, based on field observation or monitoring is the outcome of interacting hydrogeologic forces or sets of forces- that which shaped the region or general geologic setting and that which caused small areas to highlight within the regional pattern. From the regression analysis of data from Cheruvathur area, two significant variables have been found for explaining the decline of water levels as they showed significant relationship between water and number of connections. By linking the hydrogeologic data and theory using formal equations, the improved understanding of the processes underlying the fluctuations in water table has been achieved. The regression model relaxes the independent and identically distributed assumption commonly used for normal data. This study presented the necessity and usefulness of and multivariate statistical assessment of complex databases in order to get better information about the water level fluctuation, the consumption and management of the resources in environmentally sensitive areas.
GIS BASED ANALYSIS FOR AUGMENTING GROUNDWATER THROUGH RECHARGES IN LATERITIC REGION AT WATERSHED LEVEL
Sanitha N K 1, Mohammed-Aslam M A 2 and John Mathai3
Department of Civil Engineering, SSNIT, Kanhangad-671315, Kerala, India, sanigeo2010@gmail.com 2 Department of Geology, Central University of Karnataka, Gulbarga-585106, Karnataka, India, maslam.in@gmail.com 3 Geosciences Division, Centre for Earth Sciences, Thiruvanthapuram-695031, Kerala, India GIS based analysis has been conducted for targeting water resources management at micro level to develop a methodology for its management in lateritic terrain. Detailed study has been conducted at Tholikuzhi catchment. Tholikuzhi catchment falls within Chadayamanagalam block panchayath area that lies in the northern part of Kollam District, Kerala. Geological studies and terrain evaluation were attempted in this area to evaluate the watersheds and to select suitable structures for harvesting rainfall. The catchment is comprised of three micro watersheds such as Muthayil, Mangod and Kummil for rain water
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harvesting. Terrain evaluation of the watershed was carried out using modern tools of remote sensing, aerial photo interpretation, and geographic information system. Themes like slope, land forms, drainage, soil and land use sites suitable for various water conservation structure, etc. are deduced. It is generally felt that thrust be given for conserving rainwater for replenishing the open wells that are used as sources for drinking water especially in those areas where the wells dry in summer months. Direct recharge of domestic wells is the main option. Indirect recharging is suggested in places where there is reluctance among the populace to feed filtered rain water directly in to the well. Check dams are ideal in the 2nd and 3rd order streams whereas sub surface dikes are in 1st order streams. Check dams and subsurface dykes are suggested in valley. Check dams limited to narrow section of the stream with rocky bed where the gradient of the streams shows clear variations. On the basis of this study it is concluded that, water scarcity can be reduced through the implementation of proper rainwater harvesting methods. Some methods such as domestic well recharging, recharge pits, gully plugging, check dams, percolation ponds and subsurface dyke are suggested in this area. It arrests the flow of water, prevents soil erosion, retains moisture in soil and makes the watershed green. Through this planned activity, the water table of the area maintains its position and during summer months the area doesnt experiences scarcity of water.
PROTOZOA ENRICHED ANAEROBIC REACTORS FOR ORGANIC WASTEWATER TREATMENT

Priya M and Manilal V B
Process Engineering and Environmental Technology, National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, CSIR, Thiruvananthapuram 695019, India priyamajeed@gmail.com; manilalbalakrishnan@hotmail.com We have developed protozoa enriched anaerobic reactors for treating complex wastewaters. All modern high rate biomethanation processes are based on the concept of retaining high viable biomass by bacterial sludge immobilization. Our studies showed an additional trophic layer of anaerobic protozoa along with bacteria and fungi in the anaerobic reactor ecosystem. The community structure of anaerobic protozoa primarily consists of amoeboids, flagellates and ciliates. The ability of protozoa to degrade various compounds which is generally present in wastewaters was analyzed in anaerobic reactors. The study revealed, direct involvement of protozoa in organic matter degradation in the anaerobic system. The enzymatic degradation of various compounds by protozoa forms an additional pathway (Organic matter anaerobic protozoa) of carbon in anaerobic food web along with bacterial degradation. Enhanced anaerobic degradation and methane production was observed in all reactors with the presence of protozoa, especially ciliates. Significance of protozoa in anaerobic wastewater treatment is the ability to overcome rate limitation caused by hydrolysis of various organic compounds.
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DETERMINATION OF WATER AVAILABILITY INDEX USING REMOTE SENSING AND GIS: A CASE STUDY OF HYDERABAD CITY
Rajitha K1, Prakash Mohan M M 2 and Murari R R Varma1
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Department of Civil Engineering, BITS-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus, india rajitha@hyderabad.bits-pilani.ac.in; murari@hyderabad.bits-pilani.ac.in 2 IWM consultancy, Hyderabad-78, India, p123mohan@gmail.com
Proper planning and management of water resources of a city is one of the key factors towards sustainable development. However, judicious utilization and conservation of water resources are always hampered by different anthropogenic factors related to accelerated growth of the city. The critical water resources related factors like depleting groundwater table, deteriorating water quality, increase in surface runoff etc can be easily correlated with different growth driven factors of a city like industrialization, alteration of land, urban sprawl etc. The present status of water resources, of different cities of India demands a proper analysis of different spatial and temporal factors affecting the deterioration and shrinking of water resources contributed by the development of a city. The current status of water resources and exponential increase in water demand of cities form the basis of objectives of the present study. The main focus of this study is to develop water availability index of Hyderabad city utilizing the capabilities of satellite remote sensing data and Geographical Information System (GIS). Water availability index is composed of two assessment components- water quantity and water quality, their interdependence and associated weighting factors. Water quantity component of index includes the details of estimation of water storage (lakes, ground water, soil moisture etc) and hydrological process (rainfall, evapotranspiration etc). Chlorophyll-a and turbidity are considered as representative parameters of water quality for determination of index. The synergy of satellite derived data and in-situ observation has been utilized in the present study to determine the water availability index of Hyderabad city. GIS based spatial analysis has been carried out to determine the water availability index based on different criteria. The Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) has been used to determine the weights of different components of water availability index. The water availability index calculated incorporating different spatial parameters affecting water resources will help the decision makers and technical community to identify the strategies of sustainable development of the city ensuring the water availability standards.
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MAINTAINING ENVIRONMENTAL FLOW IN THE TEESTA: HOW MUCH DOES IT COST?

Reaz Akter Mullick M D and Sudip K Pal
Department of Civil Engineering, Chittagong University of Engineering and Technology, Chittagong 4349, Bangladesh reazmullick@gmail.com Providing water to all users including nature towards achieving economic, social and environmental criteria at a river basin scale poses considerable challenge to basin management authorities. Despite advances in understanding and recognition of instream water requirements for aquatic ecosystem, flow allocation for the river itself is often contentious with offstream demands of irrigation, domestic and industrial uses. Poor communities in developing countries are particularly at stake as their lives largely and directly depend on river flows through fishing, navigation and farming activities. Yet, recent researches argue that scientifically defined and economically justified instream flow can be seen as a compromise between river basin development and maintenance of river ecosystem. Trade-offs are obvious in attaining conflicting targets. Along this vein the research aims to determine the cost of maintaining environmental flow in the Teesta River in Bangladesh based on benefit garnered from off-stream water use from the Teesta. The Teesta River from Bangladesh is chosen as a case study where irrigation is the prime water user. Irrigation water requirements are first estimated and then residual imputation method is employed to estimate the benefit from irrigation water. Environmental water requirements are also estimated using two different hydrological methods, namely Tennant method and Flow duration curve method. Using a spreadsheet simulation model, environmental water requirements are considered as constraints and reduction in irrigation supply is determined. Analyses show that current water management practice is favoring offstream uses and generating maximum benefit without ensuring environmental flow; however, maintaining environmental flow results considerable reduction in off-stream benefit for the Teesta. In existing setup, irrigation benefit is about 98.66 million USD whereas considering environmental flow at downstream results an irrigation benefit of 77.33 million USD. Analyses depict the necessary trade-offs between profit maximization and environmental protection in water allocation process for the Teesta. Arguing for the minimum flow is in fact indicative of the resistance to allow water for in-stream uses. River ecosystems struggle with low flow and ultimately decline, which subsequently affects both the poors livelihood (especially fishermen for the Teesta case) and the environment. Although in-stream water benefit was not estimated for the study segment of the Teesta, in-stream flow could provide livelihood to about 1,000 people for the segment of Teesta without requiring massive capital investment nor O&M cost from any water management authorities or from the public sector. Results from such study will significantly influence in forging connection between the triple bottom line parameters; namely, economy, society and ecosystem. Realizing and acknowledging such multifaceted beneficial aspects of instream water, the study provides important insight towards a pro-poor and environmentally sound approach to river water management.
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PROSPECTS OF UTILIZING WATER CABBAGE (Limnocharis flava (L.) Buchenau) FOR BIOREMEDIATION
Nishan M A and Sansamma George
College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala 695522, India nshan.ma@gmail.com; sansammageorge@gmail.com Wetlands are particularly susceptible to weed invasion and tropical wetlands are recognized as ecosystems which are in "critical danger" of impacts from weed invasion. Weeds not only adversely affect the plant productivity but also seriously affect the biodiversity. Apart from this negative side, many weeds are known to have beneficial properties in one way or the other and have immense potential as food and fodder, medicinal, aromatic, phytoremediation, industrial, soil and water conservation resources, etc. Scanty information is available on the use of weeds for such beneficial purposes. Therefore, this subject of research needs to be explored and expanded. Water cabbage (Limnocharis flava (L.) Buchenau) (Malayalam name: Malamkoovalam/Nagapola), an aquatic invasive alien weed was introduced as an ornamental plant in India. Now it has invaded vast tracts of low lying wetland system in Kerala and has become a serious threat to paddy cultivation. The weed clogs irrigation tanks and drainage channels, resulting in poor drainage. The weed is also characterized by rapid nutrient uptake, allowing vigoroush vegetative growth. The luxuriant vegetative growth coupled with the fast spreading root systems extract large quantities of nutrient elements from the soil, and may act as a nutrient pump. The present study was undertaken to account the prospects of utilizing water cabbage for bioremediation. The results revealed that water cabbage growing in rice fields produced a total biomass of 6.6 t/ha and removed N, P, K @ 105.6, 8.58 and 178.2 kg ha-1 respectively. The weed also accumulated micronutrients, ie. iron, manganeese, zinc @ 13.04 kg ha-1, 9.41 kg ha-1, 0.429 kg ha-1 respectively. The micronutrient uptake of the plant especially copper was found to be astonishingly high (101.05 kg ha-1). Higher concentration of micronutrients in water cabbage indicates its ablity to accumulate metals. The weed also accumulated lead, mercury, cadmium, nickel, chromium and cobalt @108.9 mg ha-1, 485.1 mg ha-1, 726.0 mg ha-1, 198.0 mg ha-1, 1.06 g ha-1,105.6 mg ha-1respectively. Thus being a hyper accumulator of micronutrients and heavy metals water cabbage has prospects for utilization as a bioabsorbent to clean up metal contaminated sites.
SEDIMENT DYNAMICS IN NEW MANGALORE PORT: AN OVERVIEW

Parvathy K G, Deepthi I Gopinath and Dwarakish G S
National Institute of Technology Karnataka,Surathkal, India pkg130590@gmail.com; deepthiig07tkm@gmail.com; dwaraki.gs@gmail.com Longshore sediment transport or littoral drift is the most important among nearshore processes that control the beach morphology and determines in a large part whether shore erode accrete or remain stable. Excessive erosion or accretion may endanger the structural integrity or functional usefulness of a beach or other coastal structures. Therefore
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understanding longshore sediment process is obligatory in any coastal engineering design. Construction of coastal structures will interfere in the littoral drift. The approach channels and breakwaters at ports and harbours act as traps for littoral drift and the maintenance dredging of port is generally related to littoral drift. Siltation problems in harbour basins or approach channels are often attributed to alongshore sediment transport. But the impact is prominent only on the coastline having high rate of littoral transport. The present study is an overview of the littoral drift studies carried out in the vicinity of New Mangalore Port and it also aims to improve the knowledge of longshore sediment transport along west coast of India. The study aims at a better understanding of the sediment dynamics in New Mangalore Port to throw light on siltation problems faced by the port.
STRATEGIES FOR DOMESTIC WATER DEMAND MANAGEMENT FROM SURFACE WATER RESERVOIRS: A CASE STUDY OF KERALA STATE
Narayanan Namboodiri T V1 and Santosh G. Thampi2
KWA, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India narayanntv@gmail.com 2 Department of Civil Engineering, NIT Calicut, Kozhikode, Kerala, India A delightful democracy set up cannot survive unless water resources are maintained as a "common heritage. However, this does not empower anyone to the right to act without a broad vision on how to avoid wastage and how not to pollute this vital resource which supports the entire bio system. This leads to the concept of integrated water resources management (IWRM) which will include management of water supply and sanitation, agriculture, environment and ecosystems, hydropower, industry, water highways, recreation etc complete. Examples cited for cases of unsuccessful IWRM are not due to shortage of technical solutions, but due to the absence of innovative institutional organizations, inadequate legislative support and tardy implementation of existing legislation apart from poor stakeholder participation. This paper examines the problem of domestic water demand management in the State of Kerala, India. Demand for public water supply schemes is increasing in Kerala at an alarming rate due to many reasons. There are typically two responses to this - either supply part, meeting the demand with new resources or demand part, managing consumptive demand itself to postpone or avoid the need to develop new resources. There is considerable pressure from the general public, regulatory agencies, and the Government to minimise the impacts of new supply projects. The major influencing factors are population growth and migration, together with changes in lifestyle, demographic structure and the likely impacts of climate. Enhancement of the capacity of already existing surface reservoirs and creation of new reservoirs is almost impossible. The impact of dams on downstream flows and its impact on the aquatic environment has been a subject of considerable debate. The paper highlights strategies for reduction of wastage of water from the intake point to the user end. Issues related to the reuse of water, in house water treatment, safe disposal of domestic effluent on land, use of water from shallow aquifers for toilet flushing, vehicle washing and gardening etc are also discussed in the paper.
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IMPACT OF SAND MINING TO THE ISLANDS IN PURATHOOR ESTUARY IN BHARATHAPUZHA BASIN

Reshma Antony1, Dinil Sony C2 and Abdulla P K2
Department. of Civil Engineering, Sahrdaya College of Engineering and Technology, Kodakara, Trichur, Kerala, India, rechumeriat@gmail.com 2 Surface Water Division, Centre for Water Resources Development and Management, Kozhikode, Kerala, India dsc@cwrdm.org; apk@cwrdm.org The study was instituted to assess the impact of sand dredging on the islands in Bharathapuzha river basin, especially in the Purathoor estuary region. The large extent of sand and flats in the Purathoor region particularly the islands in Bharathapuzha and shallow waters attract the birds to this region. Purathoor estuary which has rich bird biodiversity comes under the Ponnani port limits where manual dredging is being practiced. Islands are the areas where migratory birds use as their breeding ground. The Google Earth Imagery of two years 2010 and 2012 reveals that there is significant change in the size of islands in the port area. For the computation of average volume of sand mined from the periphery of islands the average elevation of the islands are taken using Total station Sokkia SET 550RX. The study shows that the average reduction of the area of the islands within a period of two years is about 24% and volume of sand mined from the island above mean sea level is around 2 lakhs m3. Manual dredging of sand from these areas in such a huge quantity may endanger the life of the migratory birds and threats to their population. This activity also leads to vanishing of islands in this area within a few years. Thus there is a need for stringent restrictions on sand mining from the islands. Dredging of sand from the periphery as well as interior portions of the islands has to be strictly prohibited. .
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EVALUATION OF THE SURFACE AND GROUNDWATER SOURCES OF NEYYAR AND KARAMANA BASINS, SOUTHERN KERALA WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO WATER QUALITY AND SALINITY INTRUSION PROBLEMS IN THE COASTAL URBAN ENVIRONMENT
Krishnakumar A1 and Reji Srinivas2
Environmental Sciences Division, Centre for Earth Science Studies, Thiruvananthapuram-695031, Kerala, India drakrishnakumar@cess. res.in 2 Marine Sciences Division, Centre for Earth Science Studies, Akkulam, Thiruvananthapuram695031, Kerala, India rejisrinivas@yahoo.com The availability of safe drinking water is important for the healthy development of human environment. A comprehensive study on the quality of surface and groundwater in Neyyar and Karamana river basins (1199 Sq.Km) of Thiruvananthapuram district of Kerala State has been carried out with the main objective to evaluate the quality of groundwater inthe coastal areas since it is very important for future planning and development of this area. Four water 125
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samples from Neyyar and Karamana rivers and fifty four ground water sampleshave been taken andanalysed for pH, EC, TDS, Turbidity, HCO3, SO4, Cl, Hardness, C and Mg. The causes and consequences of the deteriorating water quality and the incidences of communicable diseases havebeen addressed. The impact of saline water intrusion on groundwater quality of this area has also been dealt in this paper.Sspatial distribution diagrams were prepared based on the data of quality parameters. The values of conductivity, chlorides and salinity shows that the coastal areas of Neyyar and Karamana basins are severely affected by salinity intrusion and pollution problems. Out of the 54 ground water samples studied, 18 samples do not fall within the potable limit prescribed by WHO and Indian standards.More than 90% of the entire study area is with water hardness lower than 100 mg/l. About 70% of the study area is with calcium concentrations lower than 25 mg/l . The content of sulphate and, magnesium in Poovar and Poonthura coastal stretches is found to be higher compared to other regions. The cluster analysis as well as correlation analysis performed with the groundwater parameters of the coastal lands reiterates the views of saline water intrusion problems. The need for the efficient conservation and management of the freshwater sources of the basins is also highlighted for sustainable development.
INVESTIGATION OF SEDIMENT TRANSPORT CHARACTERISTICS OF THE RIVERS ORIGINATING FROM WESTERN GHATS, KERALA, INDIA, USING SEDIMENT RATING CURVES
Chandramohan T, Purandara B K, Jose M K and Venkatesh B
National Institute of Hydrology, Hanuman Nagar, Belgaum -1, Karnataka, India cmohant@yahoo.com; purandarabk@yahoo.com; mathewkjose@gmail.com;
bvenki30@yahoo.com
Sediment rating curves, in the form of a power function (CS = a Qb), represent the relationship between suspended sediment concentration/sediment load (CS) and water discharge (Q) in a stream. The rating curve developed for a stream can be used to discuss about its sediment transport characteristics. The rating parameter a is the suspended sediment load at unit or base flow conditions and the parameter b (rating curve exponent) denotes the rate of increase in suspended sediment load. It is established from various research findings that the rating parameter b indicates the erosive power of the river reach and the parameter a is an index of erosion severity. A significant correlation exists between these parameters and an exponential expression with a negative slope were observed between a and b. This present study was intended to characterize the regional sediment transport characteristics of Kerala State, India, by using the rating parameters, with the available discharge-sediment concentration data for 16 west flowing rivers. The data were used to investigate the significance of seasonal and regional rating parameters in assessing the erosive characteristics of the rivers flowing through different topographical and climatic regions. Rating curve analyses show that the northern and southern rivers produce flat rating curves, which are indicative of river reaches with intensively weathered material and can be
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transported easily. The coefficient a values for north zone and south zone rivers are higher than that of central rivers, which is a measure of erosion severity. Coefficient b is slightly larger for the central rivers. Therefore, the central rivers produce steeper rating curves, which indicate that these rivers transport little sediment at low discharges. It is found that the rating parameters a and b are indicative of the relative sediment carrying capacities and erodibility of the rivers to a larger extent. Seasonal and regional variations in the sediment transport capacities of the streams are explained by the relationship between a and b. Based on the rating parameters, the State can be demarcated broadly into three zones. It was also shown that the a and b coefficients of sediment rating curves are inversely correlated. Composite rating curves were developed for each of the three zones, which are represented by the following power functions. R2 = 0.96 For North Zone S = 0.35 Q 1.31 For Central Zone S = 0.08 Q 1.39 R2 = 0.89 For South Zone S = 0.25 Q 1.28 R2 = 0.90 This regionalization of sediment load can be attributed to the specific physiographic set up of each zone, the major influencing factor being distribution of monsoonal rainfall from north to south. Since each of these zones are having unique sediment yield characteristics, further studies can be conducted for these individual zones rather than taking up each river basins sepa
IMPACT ASSESSMENT OF HEAVY METAL POLLUTION IN AGRICULTURAL LANDS OF THE INDUSTRIAL BELT OF DANKUNI BASIN IN WEST BENGAL, INDIA
Patra S K1, Somsankar Das2 and Majumdar D3 Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Mohanpur -741252, Nadia, West Bengal, India sanmaykumar@rediffmail.com; ssdas@rediffmail.com; debstat@gmail.com The incessant growth of human and livestock population, rapid industrialization and urbanization in and around the Dankuni basin of West Bengal, India has jeopardized the ecological balance and impaired the sustenance growth and development of agriculture. These anthropogenic activities result in the indiscriminate disposal of domestic wastes, municipal sewage water and industrial effluents containing variable amounts of toxic heavy metals onto adjoining open agricultural lands and surface water bodies leading to the contamination of local natural resources and unsustainability of crop yield and decline in quality. A pilot study was carried out to assess the heavy metal pollution scenario in the soil, water and plant bodies of the industrial belt of Dankuni basin during the summer and monsoon season during the years 2005-2008. The soil, water and plant samples were collected from the same contaminated sites and analyzed for metal contents following the standard procedures. The results of the study showed that the concentrations of toxic heavy metals like DTPA-extractable Cd, Cr, Ni, Co and Pb in soils varied widely and were above the permissible limits. The corresponding figures for these pollutants in different water bodies were although well below the toxic limits and constituted only a small fraction compared to soil counterparts. However, their long-term application in the farmlands
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appeared to build up the toxic concentrations in soils and ultimately become hazardous to crops grown thereon. The plant uptakes of metals were several folds higher than the soils and water bodies. However, metal accumulations were exceptionally higher in vegetables than in cereals, oilseeds and fodder crops. This implies the crop preference for selective absorption of metals from the soils is function of crop species and varieties. These contaminated crops were not qualitatively fit for consumption. This indicates the danger of entry of toxic metals into the food web via soil route along with its possible biomagnifications through crop intake. On repeated ingestion of these metal-rich crops would likely to be hazardous to animal and human health in course of time. Addition of farmyard manure appeared to be more effective in depressing metal toxicity in soil, possibly due to the formation of stable, poor mobile organic matter-metal complexes in soil and thereby prevented translocation of metal from soil to plant system. Some suggestions are also being made to rectify these contaminated soils on temporary basis for crop cultivation.
STUDY ON APPLICABILITY OF MODELLING SEDIMENT FLOW IN A RUN-OF-RIVER HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT

Naveen J1, Satish G2 and Vinod C2
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Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, India naveenjoseph96@gmail.com 2 SNC Lavalin Engineering India
The sedimentation in reservoirs is a serious problem faced as it may affect the reservoir operation to a farther extent. The sedimentation profile in reservoir is modeled using different sediment transport equations which will give the sediment profile based on empirical relations. The present study focusses on evaluating the sedimentation profiles prior to the dam location and to analyze the suitability of sediment transport equations for various gradation curves. Attunli Hydro Electric Project, a run of the river project in Tangon River of Arunachal Pradesh was selected for the study. For one dimensional modeling of the river including steady as well as unsteady flow computations and sediment transport computations, HEC RAS was used. By the present study, it was able to suggest the gate openings to be provided for the reservoir operation considering flushing of sediments. The model was run in virgin condition and calibrated with the known volume of sediment volume accumulated over the time. The model was validated by adding the inline structure so that the sedimentation profiles will be changing and results were compared and the best fitting sediment transport equation was selected. The model was run for four different gradation curves and six different transport equations were selected for the analysis.
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MANAGEMENT OF COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS IN URBAN AREAS THROUGH CRZ

Vimal K C, Neelima T, Thomas K V, Rameshan M and Mohanan C N
Centre For Earth Science Studies, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India thomas.cess@gmail.com Coastal wetlands such as tidal flats, mangroves and beaches form rich ecological resources which sustain the environmental health of the coastal zone. Under various development schemes, there are large scale modifications and damages to coastal morphology and ecosystems by way of reclamation of tidal flats, destruction of mangroves, leveling of sand dunes, mining of beach sand and discharge of pollutants. Urban areas are the most affected in this process. The Coastal Regulation Zone (CRZ) which provides buffer zones in the coastal area is being used as the best tool to control environmental damages to sensitive coastal stretches from unplanned human interference. Very sensitive ecosystems are categorised as CRZ I and activities in this category are strictly regulated. Mangroves and active mudflats, which form the platform for mangroves to grow are environmentally sensitive ecosystems which are categorised as CRZ IA. Backwaters and the bed are categorised as CRZ IV. Management of coastal ecosystems through CRZ requires identification and mapping the spatial extent of the ecosystems. Considering the large spatial extent of the coastal zone, the tasks involved in mapping, monitoring and achieving the required spatial accuracy are enormous. High resolution remote sensing data and GIS become highly useful at this point. When coupled with manual methods supported by precision dual-frequency GPS/DGPS, the required accuracy on the ground could also be achieved. Sensitive coastal ecosystems of the urban areas of Kochi Corporation and Maradu Municipality are mapped in cadastral scale using data sources such as topographic sheets and satellite images in addition to field mapping. Both the urban areas have large extent of backwaters, canals and filtration ponds. The present study shows much larger spread of mangroves than reported. Kochi Corporation has mangrove coverage of 0.59 km2 while Maradu has a coverage of 0.49 km2. The tidal flat/ mudflat coverage of Kochi is 0.49 km2 and that of Maradu is 0.41 km2. Kochi Corporation has some beaches, the area of which is 0.01 km2. Mangroves found in the area include species of Rhizophora, Bruguiera, Avicennia, Sonneratia, Kandelia, Derris and Acanthus. The associates like Thespesia and Acrostichum (fern) are alos seen. Development pressure has increased the demand for land, especially for housing and commercial establishments. Considerable area of mangroves have been destroyed and reclaimed. Tidal flat/ mudflat also have been reclaimed. The free flow of estuarine water has been obstructed in many places by earthen bunds and newly constructed roads. Over the years beach has disapperaed and seawalls and groins have come up in its place. The attempt to convert a mangrove ecosystem in Edakochi into a cricket ground and the efforts to recalim the Valanthacad mangrove ecosystem for real estate development have been prevented by invoking the provisions of CRZ notification. The long term survival of the existing patches of mangrove in the present form is difficult since most of the mangrove areas are fragmented due to reclamations. Unused filtration ponds which are now covered with mangrove are privately owned and maintaining these could create social issues. Appropriate mechanisms have to be evolved for sustaining these mangroves. There are
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many tidal flats ideal for mangrove which are required to be identified as areas for mangrove regeneration. The reclamations already made have to be identified and action to be initiated under CRZ. Any further reclamation could be regulated through the provision of CRZ. The CRZ maps prepared in cadastral scale with survey plot information could help the officials to restrict activities in the coastal zone and the public to be vigilant on violations.
COMPARISON OF WASTEWATER QUALITY PARAMETERS IN ALGAE, WATER HYACINTH AND DUCKWEED BASED TREATMENT SYSTEMS
Bartik Pandel, Anupam Singhal and Anuradha Devi
Civil Engineering Department, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, India bartikpandel@gmail.com; anupamsinghal1@gmail.com; er.annu08@gmail.com While the developed countries are going in for advanced waste treatment methods and recycling of wastes, the developing countries are striving to provide at least a safe and cheap waste disposal system. In India, where there is plenty of sunshine, abundance of land and agriculture-based economy, the safe diposal of waste can be effected economically by using photosynthesis in wastewater treatment. Natural wastewater treatment plants are gaining popularity because they are economical to construct and operate as well as easy to maintain. Algae ponds, water hyacinth and duckweed plants are commonly used for wastewater treatment since they are capable of treating a wide variety of wastes and provide material that can be used either as energy source or as animal feed. The efficiency of these plants depends largely on environmental conditions including factors like temperature, sunlight, pH and nutrient composition of waste. This study presents an assessment of the performance of algae ponds, water hyacinth and duckweed based wastewater treatment systems. The experiment was conducted in a simple glass aquaria setup containing synthetic wastewater prepared in lab and one of the aquatic plants. Effluent samples were collected and various wastewater parameters i.e. COD, BOD, DO, TN, pH and Ni+2 were analyzed for varying detention periods. The results are very encouraging and the values obtained after treatment were found to be well within acceptable limits. This research illustrates that duckweed treatment system is a more promising alternative than algal pond and water hyacinth systems.
MODELLING THE PERFORMANCE OF HOUSEHOLD RAINWATER HARVESTING SYSTEMS

Athulya P and Jairaj P G
Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering Trivandrum, Kerala, India athulyap3@gmail.com; jairaj_pg@yahoo.com Water shortage has become a serious problem whole over the world and is assumed to be related to the increase in population, rapid urbanization and climatic changes. To cope with such situation many studies are underway; examples include various methods of providing storage of water by construction of dams, reprocessing and reusing of waste water by
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installing waste water reuse system and the use of rainwater by installing rainwater harvesting(RWH) facilities. Of these studies, the method of providing water from rainwater collection facilities is drawing attention in rural as well as urban areas where water cycle is distorted due to increase in population and impervious area. The collection of rainwater from the roofs, its storage and subsequent use is a simple method of reducing demand on public water supplies and waste water treatment facilities. But the efficiency of these rainwater harvesting systems is largely affected by the distribution pattern of rainfall as well as water demands. This paper investigates the performance of Rooftop household rainwater collection systems located at various geographic regions in Kerala state, India.The performance analysis of the rainwater collection systems was carried out using simulation approach. The operation of Rooftop household rainwater collection systems was simulated using Standard Operating Policy (SOP), with daily time interval on yearly basis. The deficit occurred during each time period and the number of periods for which the system failed to satisfy the demand was worked out considering the restrictions imposed by capacity of the collection tank, demand to be met and the magnitude of available rainfall. Performance of the rooftop rainwater collection systems in the study area was evaluated on the basis of three indicators namely; Reliability, Resilience and Vulnerability. Reliability measures how well the system is performing, in the present study Reliability was measured on the basis period, i.e. number of time periods for which the system is able to satisfy the demand. Resilience measures the duration of failure once a failure has been occurred, whereas vulnerability index measures the severity of failure. Operation of the system was simulated for average rainfall situation and rainfall values taken at different probability levels to incorporate the effect of variability in rainfall on the performance of rainwater collection systems in meeting the demands varying from 30 lpcd to 135 lpcd. The spatial variability in rainfall across the state was incorporated in the study by considering seven representative rainwater harvesting stations in the Southern, Central and Northern regions of the state. The stations considered include Trivandrum and Kollam representing Southern Kerala; Kottayam, Cochin and Chittur representing Central Kerala; and Calicut and Kannur representing Northern Kerala. The capacity for which the system is to be designed at each station for maximum efficiency was obtained from the tradeoffs generated between capacity and reliability for different demand patterns and rainfall levels. From the simulation study carried out for analyzing the effect of various parameters on the performance of RWH Collection systems, across the Kerala state, it is found that rainwater collection systems located at Northern regions of the Kerala state (Calicut and Kannur) are more reliable compared to Southern (Trivandrum and Kollam) and Central regions ( Kottayam, Chittur and Cochin ). From the present study, it is also revealed that while designing the rainwater collection systems one should give sufficient care to the spatial and temporal distribution pattern of rainfall.
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ECO HYDROLOGICAL STUDY OF TANK SYSTEMS FROM IWRM PERSPECTIVE.

Hemamalini J 1, Mudgal B V1 and Sophia J D2
1
Centre for Water Resources, Anna University, Chennai 600025, India jrkhemamalini@yahoo.co.in; bvmudgal@annauniv.edu 2 M S Swaminathan Research Foundation, Chennai 600113, India sophia@mssrf.res.in
Tanks have been the main source of irrigation in many parts of India for centuries. Tanks serve as livelihood for millions of people in India for its multiple uses such as irrigation, domestic, livestock use and groundwater recharge. A Tank Cascade is a chain of tanks connected by water flows from one to another, located in the downstream. The study focuses on interactions between ecosystems and water in a tank cascade system. The research objectives are to study the regional eco-hydrological changes of tank cascade over a period in the study area and to establish a regional sustainable development pattern and protect the tank eco-system from integrated water resources management perspective. The study area chosen is the Tank cascade that constitutes four non-system tanks Athimanjeri, Konasamudram, Podatturpet, Pandravedu located in the Pallipat Taluk of Thiruvalore district of Tamilnadu state. The research estimates surface runoff, return flow, percolation, evaporation, transmission losses, tank storage, crop growth, irrigation, groundwater flow, nutrient and pesticide loading using SWAT model for a sub-basin comprising the four tanks of the cascade. Water quality tests are done for both the pre-monsoon and post monsoon seasons with the water from the tanks and nearby wells to know the present water quality of the respective tanks and wells.The various uses that tanks have from an IWRM perspective are a) Direct uses - irrigation, drinking water, water for domestic use and sanitation, water for feeding the cattle and bathing them, fishing, recreation, worship, silt and seasonal tank bed cultivation, b) Indirect uses basically ecosystem services that regenerate the environment, ground water recharge and replenish ecosystem resources like the flora and fauna. In this research The various uses that tanks have from an IWRM perspective are studied by social interaction with the village people by using stratified sampling method. Data obtained are tabulated and analysed using SPSS 21 (Stastical Package for Social Studies). In order to study the dominance of some flora species and evaluate the biodiversity of the tanks, the Simpsons Biodiversity Index is used. The fauna of the tank ecosystem is formed mainly by the algae, the aquatic plants, the crabs, fishes, snails, insects and molluscs. The silt of the tank bed is also used for the fishes and other amphibians as a place to deposit the eggs. The tank ecosystems are also very important for field birds and the migratory birds, which use the tanks as a place to rest and eat during their migrations. Birds, like ducks, herons, partridges, pigeons, etc. are one of the most important group of animals inhabiting the tank ecosystems, because they are haunted for meat, feathers and eggs. Analysis of the changes in the tank ecosystem over a period with respect to all the fauna and birds is undertaken.
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POPULATION GROWTH, CHANGE IN LAND USE AND ITS IMPACT ON ENVIRONMENT-A CASE STUDY OF KOZHIKODE DISTRICT
Shindu P S and Govindaru V
Centre for Development of Imaging Technology, Thiruvallam, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India shindhukallurutty@gmail.com Population and environment are closely related in a complex and dynamic manner and this relationship is mediated by number of socioeconomic, cultural, political, and the ecosystem and developmental aspects that vary considerably from one context to other (Richards, 1986). Rapid growth of human population is often identified as one of the main factors behind the environmental degradation. This paper makes an attempt to study the trend in population growth, socioeconomic development, and changes in land use over time and across the study area ie. Kozhikode district, Kerala State. The data set compiled from various secondary sources is used to study levels, trends and differentials for Kozhikode. It includes information on population growth, urbanization, and land use pattern, socio-economic and agricultural variables. Demographic and socioeconomic data are taken from Census publications for different time periods under study. The land use classification data are compiled from various reports of the Department of Agriculture and District Agricultural office. Toposheets and other maps published by different agencies are used for the study. Arc GIS 9.3 version and MAPINFO 12 software are used for the preparation of relevant maps. Suitable statistical methods are used to analyze the data. Kozhikode District located in northern part of Kerala. It lies between North latitudes 11 08'and11 50' and East longitudes 75 30' and 76 08'.Total area of Kozhikode is 23,444 sq. km. Total population of the District is 28, 79,131, among that 13, 99,358 are male and 14, 79,773 are female. Temporal analysis of population and land use data for 2011 demonstrates that population growth in Kozhikode is now slowing down but its impact on land use trend is quite distressing. Population growth forced the people to use more land for constructing houses and for other non agricultural requirement which have negative impact on ecology.
GREYWATER TREATMENT USING SUB-SURFACE FLOW CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS PLANTED WITH AXONOPUS COMPRESSUS (SW.) P. BEAUV.
Arun Babu V, Sruthy S, Ignatius Antony and Ramasamy E V
School of Enviromental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala-686560 arunvses@gmail.com; sruthys09@gmail.com; ignatiusantonyk@gmail.com; evramasamy@rediffmail.com Scarcity and shortage of freshwater has emerged as one of the most pressing problems of the 21st century. The situation is worsening day by day as a result of population growth, increased urbanization, high level of water consumption, change in life style and climate change. In recent years, interest in collecting greywater separately from rest of the
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wastewater emerging from a household followed by treatment and its reuse has increased. Greywater which comprises about 50-75% of domestic water consumption is considered as a promising source of water for recycling after proper treatment because it is less contaminated than the blackwater and the municipal wastewater mainly due to the absence of faeces and urine. Further its recycling provides an alternative resource to meet increasing water demand and ease the pressure on conventional water supplies and wastewater treatment facilities. However the application of low cost technologies has not been extensively investigated for greywater treatment and recycling. Constructed wetland technology is now attracting interests due to its applicability at small/single household levels as well as in community levels. In the present study, greywater was treated using three constructed wetlands (CWs) operated in subsurface flow mode. Out of three, two CWs were planted with Axonopus compressus (Sw.) P. Beauv., and remaining one was operated as a control without any plants. The experiment was conducted for a period of 75 days. The initial 25 days the plants were allowed to acclimatize to the system filled with tapwater subsequently the experiment was started. The experiment consisted 5 runs of 10 days each. At the end of each run (end of 10th day) the wastewater present in the CWs was drained completely and the CWs were refilled with fresh, untreated greywater. The greywater in the CWs was recycled with the help of a peristaltic pump for the entire period of a run. The samples were collected on every 2nd, 5th, 7th and 10th day of each run from the fore and hind ends of the CWs and analysed for various physico-chemical parameters. The results of the experiment demonstrates that the CWs planted with A. compressus performed well in the treatment of greywater with an average removal of 93% turbidity, 98% NO3--N, 66% PO43--P, 95.4% of COD, and 95% of anionic surfactants. It was also observed that most of the nutrients got removed from the greywater within 5 days of each run. During the experiment the plant A. compressus survived well with increase in biomass and acted as efficient bioagent in removal of contaminants from the greywater. The experiment revealed that constructed wetlands can be used as a simple, cost effective and decentralised way of greywater treatment, however further studies are required to understand the fate of personal care products (PCPs) and microorganisms within the system. Studies with different plant species and different constructed wetland configurations will further help to improve the treatment efficiency.
IMPACT OF RIVER SAND MINING ON RIVERINE AND AQUIFER SYSTEMS

Mathew K Jose, Venkatesh B, Chandramohan T and Purandara B K
National Institute of Hydrology, Regional Centre, Hanuman Nagar, Belgaum, Karnataka-590019, India mathewkjose@gmail.com; bvenki30@gmail.com; cmohant@yahoo.com purandarabk@yahoo.com Many rivers in South India are under stress condition due to increased human interventions. Indiscriminate extraction of sand from river bed, due to high demand for construction grade sand, is one of the most disastrous one. Mining of sand from in-stream and floodplains may lead to irreversible damages to the riverine environment and aquifer systems sustained by the river. Further, sand mining and activities associated with it can induce other
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environmental damages in terms of channel hydraulics and ecosystem. It is noted that scientific investigations towards understanding the environmental impact of river sand mining and related management strategies are still at an emerging phase only. As a result, guidelines formulated are mostly empirical in nature in the case of sand extraction policies in the country. A case study from Andhra Pradesh, related to the issue of river sand mining, is presented in the paper. It is reported that excessive removal of sand beds in many rivers/ flood plains in AP has been causing environmental problems like deterioration of river systems and depletion of surrounding aquifers. Presented here are the details of a study carried out on the impact of in-stream sand mining on the river system and on the aquifer system for a chosen stretch of the River Manjira in Nizamabad District of Andhra Pradesh. Manjira river basin, with a catchment area of about 11,000 sq km, falls within the Godavari River System. The investigations have been conducted for wo potential sand mining sites along a stretch of the river located downstream of the Nizam Sagar reservoir. To facilitate the impact assessments, simulations of stream flows, groundwater flows and transport of sediment and bed load under various scenarios have been generated, and results discussed thereon.
UNSCIENTIFIC TREATMENT OF MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE AND THREATS TO WATER RESOURCES IN KERALA, INDIA
George Chackacherry
CWRDM Sub Centre, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India george.chackacherry@gmail.com Kerala is a densely populated State in India (859 persons / sq.km). It is rich in precious tropical forest land; and it predominantly has a very hilly terrain. The combination of these aspects results in relatively limited available land for solid waste processing and disposal facilities than other States. The high level of rainfall (3000 mm per annum) and humidity, high water table in coastal areas, where most of the urban local bodies are situated, and long period of monsoon season spread over six months in an year, makes the waste management difficult. High density of dug wells (about 400 dug wells/sq.km) for drawing drinking water and household latrines with on-site excreta disposal system have lead to biological contamination of more than 80% of the wells. According to 2011 Census, 95.2%of the households have latrine facilities. The sectoral status study conducted during 2006 on Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Management in Kerala had indicated that the total solid waste generation in the State is about 8300 tonnes per day. Studies have also indicated that 70-80% of the total waste generated is biodegradable in nature. As per the report of the Kerala State Economics and Statistics Department (2009), 7584 cows/buffalo/goats, and 1.7 lakh Chicken are consumed every day in the State. On an average 25% of the waste is generated from them. It is estimated that there are about 6 7 lakh tonnes of MSW accumulated at Thiruvananthapuram, Kollam, Ernakulam, Kottayam, Thrissur, Kozhikode, Kannur, Thalassery, etc. The existing facilities for waste treatment are incapable of treating even 1/4th of the MSW generated. A part of these waste generated is unscientifically landfilled. In many cases even the biodegradable wastes are dumped in paddy fields and wetlands in the State. In addition to the leachate from the accumulated waste, through this unscientific
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landfilling, water sources, including the groundwater regime is contaminated. This happens when the threat of septage exists in the State. Already majority of the septic tanks and toilets are full, and even if they are desludged, the septage reaches the water bodies directly or indirectly, in the absence of any system for septage treatment. Vigorous actions are required to adopt source level treatment of waste extensively as about 50% of the MSW generated in the State are from households, to upgrade and modernise the existing MSW treatment systems using traditional technologies (composting and biomethanation) in various urban and rural local bodies, and to establish modern waste treatment systems using thermal technologies, etc. to combat the present crisis and protect the water resources. Magnitude of the contamination of water resources due to the menace of MSW, gaps in the existing waste treatment systems, potential for tiding over the situation, and possibilities and options for protecting the water resources are discussed.
MODELLING ENVIRONMENTAL FLOWS AUGMENTATION FOR ECOSYSTEM CONSERVATION AND SUSTAINABLE WATER SHARING
Sudheer Padikkal1, Sumam K S1, Sajikumar N1 and Sankhua R N2
Government Engineering College Trichur, Kerala India sudheerpadikkal@yahoo.com 2 National Water Academy, Central Water Commission, Pune India In todays world, the water resource development paradigm is focusing at facilitating access to water by the larger ecosystem, of which human is an integral part. This is clearly reflected in the global recognition at an unprecedented scale of value of ecosystem services. The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment disclosed that the ecosystem services have been declined by 60% in the last half century. The importance of water and particularly its time and space dimensions in maintaining the ecosystem services are needless to point out. Increased demand for water proportionate to population growth, irrigation development, urbanization etc shoots up the pressure to develop surface water resources, especially the rivers. When water is abstracted for these different purposes, sufficient water needs to remain the rivers too for the sustenance of its ecosystems. Environmental Flows is the buzzword largely being used today to address this issue. Environmental Flows describes the quantity, quality and timing of water flows required to sustain freshwater and estuarine ecosystems and the human livelihoods and well-being that depend on these ecosystems. A sustainable water sharing model has to be inextricably linked with the environmental flows augmentation. However, predicting the environmental flows precisely is an extremely complicated exercise. Recently, the eWater Source Modeling Community, an initiative for ecologically sustainable water management in Australia and around the world has come up with a toolkit suite of water and environmental management tools and resources. The eFlow Predictor, one of the models available under eWater toolkit assists with the design of environmental flow regimes by augmenting current flow regimes to meet environmental flow requirements. This paper attempts to design the environmental flow regime at a target location in the Aliyar sub catchment of Parambikulam Aliyar Project (PAP)
1
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network using the eFlow Predictor to inform the decision making for a sustainable water sharing practice under PAP agreement. Four distinct sections build this paper. In the first section the existing water sharing pattern without considering the environmental flows augmentation in the Aliyar sub catchment under PAP agreement is reviewed. In the second section an environmental flow augmentation model for a target location in Aliyar sub catchment using eFlow predictor is developed. Third section of this paper suggests a more sustainable water sharing pattern based on the model output under section two. The paper concludes in its fourth section with the implications and limitations of environmental flow augmentation on water sharing together with suggestions for further research.
CHEMISTRY OF A POLAR LAKE THE LARSEMANN HILLS IN ANTARCTICA

Girish Gopinath1, Resmi T R1, Praveenbabu M1, Shahul Hameed A1, Sunil P S2 and Rahul Rawat2
1
Centre for Water Resources Development and Management, Kozhikode, Kerala, India gg@cwrdm.org; rtr@cwrdm.org; praveenmbabu@gmail.com;sha@cwrdm.org 2 Indian Institute of Geomagnetism, Plot No. 5, sector 18, New Panvel, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 410218, India
The ionic composition of some lakes in the Larsemann Hills in Antarctica is determined and an attempt is made to decipher the chemical evolution of the lakes. The Larsemann Hills is an ice-free area of ~ 50 km2 located in the Ingrid Christensen Coast of Princess Elizabeth Land in East Antarctica. The lakes have occupied natural depressions carved by glacial abrasions forming small basins, thus providing suitable locales for water accumulation under lacustrine conditions. Samples from different parts of the lakes have been collected and the physico-chemical parameters were determined in-situ. Major ions were determined in the laboratory following standard procedures. The pH of all samples was slightly acidic in nature and electrical conductivity varied in the range 13.8 and 1330S/cm. Concentration of all ions were higher indicating low saline character of lake water. Only one sample exhibited precipitation origin, while the rest were indicating strong rock-water interaction. Ca and Cl were the dominant ions followed by Na and HCO3/SO4. Mg was also present in substantial amount. The major water type was Ca-Cl2 as given by the Piper diagram. The high concentration of Ca and concurrent low concentration of Na shows that reverse ion exchange process is taking place in the lakes. The different ionic ratios showed evidence for feldspar weathering, releasing Ca into the water column. This inference was further confirmed by the dominance of Cl and sometimes SO4 over HCO3. The main source of ions in these lakes is seawater entrapped earlier and the strong ion exchange reactions were confirmed by distinct ionic ratios and covariance plots of the cationic and anionic species.
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IONIC COMPOSITION OF A HIGH ALTITUDE LAKE THE SCHIRMACHER OASIS, EAST ANTARCTICA
Girish Gopinath1, Resmi T R1, Praveenbabu M1, Shahul Hameed A1, Sunil P S2 and Rahul Rawat2
1
Centre for Water Resources Development and Management, Kozhikode, Kerala, India gg@cwrdm.org; rtr@cwrdm.org; praveenmbabu@gmail.com;sha@cwrdm.org 2 Indian Institute of Geomagnetism, Plot No. 5, sector 18, New Panvel, Navi Mumbai, Maharashtra 410218, India
The lakes near the early Indian Station in Antarctica, Maitri, and in the Schirmacher Oasis are explored for the hydrochemical investigationThe Schirmacher Oasis is an east-west trending narrow strip, ice free region covering an area of about 35 km2. It has undulating topography consisting of low elevation hills up to 200 m high and depressions formed by glacial valleys and lakes. The inland lakes are formed due to glacier erosion. Exposed geology is mostly represented by high-grade metamorphic rocks, which form the Precambrian crystalline basement. The major geologic units exposed are i) banded-gneiss, ii) alaskite, iii) garnet-biotite gneiss, iv) calc-gneiss, khondalites and associated migmatites, v) augen-gneiss and vi) streaky-gneiss, which are at places intersected by the dykes of basalt, lamprophyres, pegmatite, dolerite and apatite. Lake water samples from different parts covering the whole Oasis were collected and analyzed for ionic composition. It was found that except for one sample, all the lake water samples were showing very low ionic concentration. In majority of the samples, Ca and Na were the dominant cations and SO4 was the dominant anion. Mg was found to be in excess compared to Ca in some lakes. The relatively high concentration of Na, Mg and SO4 in the lake water may be due to the influence of the ions of the precipitation occurring in that area. The Gibbs plot also revealed that the water of the lakes is predominantly of precipitation origin. The major water types as deduced from the Piper diagram showed mainly Mg-Na-SO4-Cl type water. Covariance between total cation and Na+K indicated the involvement of silicate weathering in the geochemical processes, which contribute mainly Na and K to the lake water. The Ca/Mg ratio also reaffirmed the silicate weathering for some locations. Thus from the ionic ratios it can be seen that the geochemistry of the Lake water in the Schirmacher area of the East Antarctic region is governed by the precipitation as well as the silicate weathering processes.
PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF KODAI LAKE SEDIMENTS

Ashitha M K , Rajeesh U, Pragath M, Girish Gopinath, Surendran U and Unnikrishnan Warrier C
Centre for Water Resources Development and Management, Kozhikode, Kerala, India ashib2007@gmail.com, rajeeshgeo8@gmail.com, pragathjobs@gmail.com; gg@cwrdm.org; suren@cwrdm.org; warrier@cwrdm.org In an aquatic ecosystem, sediment acts as a sink and source of materials/ nutrients. The studies on the chemical characteristics of the lake sediments are useful in assessing the
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water quality and management of ecosystem. The sediments mainly govern the nutrient economy of an aquatic ecosystem and knowledge on this is especially useful in determining the sediment water interactions, which eventually affect the primary productivity of the ecosystem. An attempt has been made here to analyze the physico-chemical characteristics of sediment samples collected from Kodai Lake of semi arid ecosystem. The results revealed that the samples are moderately acidic (4.04 to 5.07) in nature with low bulk and particle density. The textural analysis shows the sediment types are trending towards sandy loam to loam. The organic carbon content is in the range of 8.0 to 10.4 % in the sediment, is mainly derived from primary production within the water body and runoff. A wide variation is found in the organic content between the sampling points, in which two sampling stations are showing high organic content by the intervention of human activity. In general, pH, EC, Salinity, Total Dissolved Solids, Cation Exchange Capacity, organic carbon and nutrients (N, P and K) status of Kodai Lake revealed that, there exist a huge variation in its value between sampling locations and some locations are more polluted, where the organic carbon and other nutrients contents are maximum. This may harmfully affect the water quality, the flora and fauna, which lead to the ecological imbalance of the aquatic environment. Hence, it is highly essential to control anthropogenic activities in these semi arid aquatic systems, to utilize these resources in a sustainable way for domestic as well as economic purposes.
GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF FLUVIAL SEDIMENTS IN AN IMPOUNDED RIVER CATCHMENT

Sreeja R1 and Arun P R2
1
School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Priyadarsini Hills P.O., Kottayam, Kerala 686560, India, sreejarc@gmail.com 2 Groundwater Division, Centre for Water Resources Development and Management, Kunnamangalam P.O., Kozhikode, Kerala 673571, India
The study area is the upper catchment of the Karamana river system in the Thiruvananthapuram District of Kerala State. The area is characterized by two reservoirs, namely Aruvikkara and Peppara. About 85 sediment samples from the tributaries, main river channel as well as the reservoirs has been collected and granulometric analysis has been carried out. Granulometric as well as statistical parameters of the sediments of the Upper Karamana catchment generally depend on the flow pattern controlled by the gradient of the terrain. The high flow energy of the upstream reaches is capable of transporting sand and other finer particles downstream leaving gravel and other coarser particles as lag concentrates. In addition to the natural processes, manmade structures like dams, check dams, bridges etc., also impart marked effect on grain size distribution along and across the river profile. The reservoirs retard the flow velocity and force water to deposit the particles in suspension upstream of the impoundment based on size and specific gravity. Pebbles and granules show comparatively higher proportions in the river stretch, where the gradients and local turbulence are higher. Sand dominates in the confluence zones of river channels with the reservoirs. Standard deviation varies between 0.58 5.84 for the study area and the best sorted sediments are observed in the river reservoir confluence zones. Observed high positive skewness in the upstream reaches and negative skewness in the impounded areas. SEM studies revealed that the grains are subjected to very limited wear and tear. CM model
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reveals that particles in the river environment are transported mainly by rolling and partly by rolling and suspension. In reservoirs the transportation processes are graded suspension and uniform suspension. Sediment collected from the areas close to the impoundment behaves like those deposited from pelagic suspension, indicating turbulent free depositional environment prevailing in the area.
ELUCIDATION OF PHYSICO-CHEMICAL PARAMETERS AND NUTRIENT LOAD OF SEDIMENTS IN POOKOT LAKE, WAYANAD
Rajeesh U, Pragath M, Girish Gopinath, Surendran U and Unnikrishnan Warrier C
Centre for Water Resources Development and Management, Kozhikode, Kerala, India rajeeshgeo8@gmail.com; pragathjobs@gmail.com; gg@cwrdm.org; suren@cwrdm.org; warrier@cwrdm.org Sedimentation is a natural process and the analysis of sediments has greater attention in the world due to the growing awareness of environmental pollution and its impact on ecosystems. The present study is quite relevant in the context of the ever-increasing threat to aquatic ecosystems of humid tropics from various causes such as industrial effluents, domestic waste and other anthropogenic activities etc. It is intended as a base line study, which would be helpful to plan programmes for better management of any aquatic system in tropics in general. The present study focuses on the physical (bulk density, porosity, pore space volume and textural analysis) and chemical (pH, EC, Salinity, total dissolved solids, organic carbon and nutrients (N, P and K)) parameters in sediments of Pookot Lake, Wayanad district during the month of June 2012 and their influence on the ecosystem. pH of the sediment samples are highly acidic with low bulk and particle density. The phosphorous content in one location in the Lake indicates the increased loading of phosphorous in the system, which can damage the functioning of the system as it leads to eutrophication. Besides, the sediments are having high content of organic carbon in the range of 9.6 to 10.8%. The sediments are enriched with organic matter invariably in all locations, because it is situated within forested areas and it showed a considerably higher proportion of organic carbon. Total organic carbon can have its origin either from organic matter or from natural sources such as plant materials deposited on sediments or anthropogenic inputs to aquatic systems. The textural analysis shows that the sediment types are trending towards sandy loam to loamy sand. The study confirmed that Cation Exchange Capacity and textural characteristics of these sediments play a significant role in the distribution and concentration of organic carbon, Phosphorus, Calcium and Potassium. Present study reveals that the anthropogenic activities (dumping of wastes, use of fertilizers in agriculture and others) in and around the lake have influenced the nutrient status of its bottom sediments.
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WATER QUALITY AND ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF FRESHWATER PONDS FROM A CRITICALLY EXPLOITED REGION OF SOUTH KERALA
Dinesh V, Ratheesh Kumar M D and Rajesh Reghunath
Department of Geology, University of Kerala, Kariavattam, Trivandrum, Kerala, India In the recent times there has been an increasing awareness on the value of fresh water bodies. Fresh water ponds, the impounded water repositories are under severe neglect now. Despite few temple ponds are preserved religiously, majority are in a ruined state or at the brim of reclamation leading to drastic deterioration of water quality. Nemom block, a critically exploited area identified as a semi-critical block by the Groundwater Estimation Committee is being facing severe drinking water shortage for several years. Though few studies were conducted about the water environment of the Nemom block, very little information is available on the water quality status of fresh water ponds. Therefore a detailed investigation on the water quality and ecology of fresh water ponds of Nemom block is taken up. The study has conducted in 19 freshwater ponds found in the study area. Representative water samples were collected from the ponds and were subjected to chemical analyses to assess its quality. The estimated data were compared with the BIS for drinking water. It is found that the water samples from all ponds conform to the prescribed drinking water standards except three parameters such as pH, Mg and total hardness. In the case of the later two parameters, it exceeds only the desirable limit in two ponds. The pH exceeds both the desirable limit and maximum permissible limit in few ponds. Ecological analysis has also been carried out for each and every pond by following standard procedures. During the study, a total of 99 genera of phytoplankton belong to 8 classes and 15 macro-invertebrate families of 5 orders were recorded. The maximum observed phytoplankton genera belong to the class Cholorophyceae (38) followed by Bacillariophyceae (27), Cyanophyceae (21) and least number of genera are represented by class Xanthophyceae (1) and Haptophyceae (1). Of the aquatic entamofauna recorded, most number of families belong to the Order Hemipetra (6) followed by Odonata (4). Orders observed with least number of families were Coloeoptera, Diptera and Ephemeroptera. Organisms like Ankistrodesmus sp., Chlorella sp., Navicula sp., Cosmarium sp., Nitzschia sp., Oscillatoria sp., Spirulina sps., Scendesmus sp were found to be tolerant to organic pollution and forms like larvae of Chironomidae, Hydrophilidae and Culicidae indicate strong organic pollution stress.
EVALUATION OF THE FUNCTIONING OF FLOOD RELIEF CAMPS IN KOTTAYAM DISTRICT

Mary Jency, Padma P and Ramasamy E V
School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam- 686560 Kerala, India maryjency27@gmail.com; padmaram2007@rediffmail.com; evramasamy@rediffmail.com Floods are one among the disastrous phenomenon occurring every year in the state of Kerala. The issues associated with flood relief camps makes sensational news every year.
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As these camps are the places of vital importance to a community affected by flood, proper functioning of these camps become highly significant. Hence a comprehensive study on the relief camps, their operation and maintenance is highly relevant. In the present study 10 flood relief camps organised in a span of five years (2007-2012) in the district of Kottayam have been studied. The performance of these camps in terms of various important parameters like food security, water availability, health and hygiene, sanitation etc was examined. The study was conducted with frequent field visits, through a questionnaire based social survey and interview with the affected community; officials and local body administrators who were involved in conducting those relief camps; also the secondary data available in the respective officials were used. A total of 10 flood relief camps, 208 families who have used these camps were covered in this study. The performances of the relief camps were compared with internationally accepted Sphere Minimum Standards in order to assess the condition of the camps. The findings of the study indicate that 50% of the camps meet the standards prescribed by Sphere for water supply, while 70% of camps meet the toilet allotment to individuals, 20% of the camps meet the standard pertaining to the distance between toilets and water resources. However the Sphere Minimum Standards prescribed for waste management, vector control, shelter, settlement and non-food items, and food security were not met or only partially met in few camps. As these parameters like food security, vector control, and improper waste disposal would lead to severe breakdown of epidemics and other health disorders. Hence proper attention need to be focussed on these aspects while operating flood relief camps in order to avoid high risk conditions pertaining to the health status of the affected community in these relief camps.
VALIDATION STUDY OF PAPER-BASED BIOSENSOR FOR DETECTING PESTICIDES IN REAL WORLD SAMPLES
Kanchana Mysore Somashekar, Carlos Filipe and Robert Pelton
National Institute of Engineering, Mysore, India kanchana411@gmail.com; filipec@mcmaster.ca; peltonrh@gmail.com Research in paper-based analytical devices has been increasing in recent years. Before technology transfer and market acceptance, these paper-based sensors have to be validated with field samples. In this study, we have made an attempt to evaluate the effectiveness of paper-based sensors to detect pesticides in real world samples. The sensors detect pesticides by enzyme based colorimetric assay. Generation 1 biosensor has been modified to be user friendly. There is no difference in the performance of generation 2 sensors. The assay protocol involves first introducing the sample to the sensing zone by pipetting the water sample. Following an incubation period of 15min, the substrate end of the sensor is dipped into the sample to move paper bound indoxyl acetate (IDA) to the sensing region to initiate the enzyme-catalyzed hydrolysis of the substrate, resulting in the development of blue color. The presence of pesticide is indicated by either a decrease in color intensity or with no color development at all. To evaluate the effectiveness of biosensor in detecting pesticides in real world samples, a field study was conducted in four villages of southern India. Water samples from different aquatic environment including both surface water and ground water, were tested using generation 2 paper-based sensors. The paper-based sensors were capable of
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detecting organophosphorus pesticides in real world samples. The results were confirmed using GC-MS. The presence of higher concentration of dibutyl phthalate (in the range of 100M to 10mM) in water can be a potential interference for the paper-based assay for the detection of pesticides in water. The paper-based biosensor assay platform can detect pesticides in the environmental samples and results have been validated by GC-MS. But for transfer of technology to the industry, further optimization is required to improve the stability of substrate to withstand atmospheric temperature fluctuations thus allowing the storage and shipment of the biosensor strips. Additionally to conduct reliable assays and obtain consistent results, the fabrication of biosensor strips needs to be improved to maintain the consistent volumes of bioinks impregnated on paper support.
ASSESSMENT OF WATER FOOTPRINT - A CASE STUDY FOR KERALA GOVERNMENT SECRETARIAT, THIRUVANANTHAPURAM, INDIA
Bindhya Mol K, Dinesan V P and Harikumar P S Centre for Water Resources Development and Mnagement, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
bindhyaenvis@gmail.com; dvp@cwrdm.org; psh@cwrdm.org Water Footprint, an indicator of freshwater use that accounts both the direct and indirect water use of a consumer or producer, which gives spatiotemporally explicit information regarding how water is appropriated for various human purposes. They can feed the discussion about sustainable and equitable water use, allocation, and also form a good basis for a local assessment of environmental, social and economic impacts. An attempt has been made to access the Water Footprint of the Kerala Government Secretariat, the seat of Administration of the Government of Kerala, a State in Northern India by using online extended Water Footprint Calculator of Water Footprint Network. The Government Secretariat Campus including Annex is spread out in 7.27 Acres. The Kerala Secretariat Complex consists of 3 Main Blocks, two Sandwich Blocks constructed on either side of the Central Block and the Secretariat Annex, located north-west side of the main campus. Apart from the people working in the Secretariat, a large number of bureaucrats and local people are being visited every day for their various secretarial needs. The field survey indicated that the total population (daily) of the Secretariat is about 10,658 nos, which includes 5,143 employees and 5,515 visitors. The whole Secretariat campus have 33 water filters, 412 wash basins, 232 taps, 219 closets and 74 urinals for water use. At the rate of 45 lpcd (as per WHO/BIS Standards) the estimated daily water requirement of the Secretariat is about 427.485 KL. Of this, 76% of it for the use was within the secretariat, 13% for the canteen, 8% for the Indian Coffee House and 3% for the landscape. The average monthly water supply to the Secretariat Campus by KWA is about 3,898.5KL. The estimated annual water supply through two dug wells and the rainwater harvesting system is about 2,800 and 72 KL respectively. Hence, the gross annual water supply is estimated as 49,654KL. The water balance study reveals that the Secretariat Campus shows an annual water deficit of 118,513.1KL. The daily water supply deficit is about 325KL (70%) of the actual water requirement. About 27% of the daily water supply can be enhanced by
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increasing water use efficiency; by leak minimization, usage of water efficient equipments, recycle/ reuse; and rainwater harvesting. Since, flushing requires a major quantity (49%), the water supply deficit may very badly affect the toilets. Due to the water supply deficit, many times tanker lorry water supply is being utilized in Canteen and Indian Coffee House. Kerala Government Secretariat is considered as a business unit. The operational Water Footprint (or direct) and supply chain (or indirect) Water Footprint were assessed for calculating total Water Footprint of the Government Secretariat. The supply chain Water Footprint was assessed based on the four main factors such as; Water Footprint of the Employees, Water Footprint of the Paper, Paper Boards; Water Footprint of the Energy and Water Footprint of the Food Items used in the Canteen and Indian Coffee House. The Supply Chain Water Footprint was calculated by multiplying all products consumed by respective Water Footprints. The estimated overall Water Footprint of Government Secretariat is 13,697,741.5 3 m /year and the per capita Water Footprint is 1,475.41 m3/year. The per capita Water Footprint is found to be 50 % higher than the national level (980m3/cap/year). The overall Water Footprint of Government Secretariat can be reduced to a large extent by reducing the water import by maximise the utilization of the Campus water potential; by shifting to the consumption pattern of material use/ foods, which requires less water; and by increasing the water use efficiency by reduce the wastage, reuse and recycle the waste water.
SOIL AND GROUNDWATER QUALITY ASSESSMENT OF SELECTED ISLANDS OF KAVVAYI WETLAND SYSTEM, INDIA
Shiji M, Soumya P, Bindhya Mol K and Harikumar P S Water Quality Division, Centre for Water Resources Development and Mnagement, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
shiji@cwrdm.org; soumyakrishna.11@gmail.com; bindhyaenvis@gmail.com; hps@cwrdm.org Kavvayi wetland is a coastal belt spread over 31.92 square kilometers from Neeleswaram to Ezhimala in northern Kerala, India. Geographically it is located between the coordinates: 75 06 48 to 75 15 40E longitudes and 11 59 52 to 12 14 36 N latitudes. Physiologically it is a flat coastal plain, with undulating lateritic uplands towards east. Most significant values of the wetland include: flood control, rich biodiversity, fishery, mussels culturing, pollution control, inland navigation and back water tourism. Presence of so many Islands in Kavvayi Wetland provides unique characteristics to the Wetland System. A study has been under taken to assess the soil quality and groundwater quality of selected islands (Madakkal, Vadakkekkad, Thekkekkad, Kokkal, Edayilakkad and Valiyaparamba) of Kavvayi wetland system. Physicochemical characteristics of soil samples showed that concentration of chloride was comparatively higher in Thekkekkad Island. Majority of the samples collected from Kokkal Island shows higher organic matter content. From the present investigation it is clear that one of the soil samples collected from Thekkekkad Island and two samples from Kokkal Island were highly contaminated with heavy metals. Heavy metals such as Fe, Mn and Cu were present in almost all the soil samples. According to Canadian Environmental
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Quality Guidelines for soil quality, some of the samples collected from Kokkal, Thekkekkad and Edayilakkad were found to be contaminated with Cadmium and Lead. Cation Exchange Capacity of sample collected from Kokkal Island was also high which indicates that heavy metal concentration increases with Cation Exchange Capacity. Soil Texture analysis reveals that most of the soil samples are sandy and maximum clay content was found in samples collected from Kokkal Island. Organochlorine pesticides like Aldrin and Endo- alpha were were also detected in the soil samples of Kavvayi Wetland System. Physicochemical status of the groundwater samples shows that, parameters such as pH, EC, TDS, alkalinity, Total hardness, Calcium, Magnesium, Sodium, Potassium, Chloride and Nitrate-N are within the desirable limit for the entire samples collected from Vadakkekkad and Thekkekkad islands. The sample collected from Madakkal Island reported high values for the parameters such as Total Dissolved Solids, Electrical Conductivity, Chloride, Hardness, Magnesium, Sodium, Potassium and Phosphate. This may be due to the saline water intrusion. Bacteriological analysis reveals that, of the groundwater samples collected from Madakkal (56%), Vadakkekkad (100%) and Thekkekkad islands (70%) are contaminated with E.coli.When comparing the groundwater samples from the islands, it was found that Ca- HCO3-Cl is the dominant forms in the Madakkal Island while Ca-Cl-HCO3 is the dominant form in Vadakkekkad and Thekkekkad islands. Groundwater samples collected from the three islands are principally Calcium type. From the Wilcox diagram, almost all samples from Madakkal, Vadakkekkad and Thekkekkad islands are found to have low salinity and low sodium which renders them to be excellent for irrigation.
A STUDY ON THE WATER MANAGEMENT AND HYGIENIC MEASURES PRACTICED IN FOOD ESTABLISHMENTS IN KOZHIKODE DISTRICT
Jayakrishnan T, Thomas Bina, and Aswathy Raj S V
Department of Community Medicine, Govt. Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India T- drjayakrishnant@yahoo.com; bina - drbina04@gmail.com; achu703@gmail.com Water supply, hygiene and sanitation have important impact on both health and disease. Water borne diseases are becoming a major problem now a days. Important Water-borne diseases include Hepatitis A, Typhoid, Cholera, Food poisoning etc. Diarrhoeal disease alone amounts to an estimated 4.1 % of the total DALY global burden of disease and is responsible for the deaths of 1.8 million people every year (WHO, 2004). It was estimated that 88% of that burden is attributable to unsafe water supply, sanitation and hygiene. Many point sources out breaks of water borne diseases reported recently from different districts of Kerala and in many cases the sources were reported to be food establishments. Food poisoning from hotels also becoming an important issue. So it is important to study the water management and hygiene facilities in food establishments in the district in order to prevent these diseases. A descriptive cross sectional study was done in a randomly selected rural area Mavoor Panchayat of Kozhikode district, Kerala, with 18 wards. All the food facilities in the area were listed (n=51) and visited on fixed days.Data collection was done by structured observation using proforma ,which was prepared by a team of faculty from Department of
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Community Medicine in Govt. Medical College, Calicut. Data was collected by field health staff after adequate training. Data entry was done in Ms excel and analyzed using SPSS. Data collection was done from all the 51 listed food facilities .Among them majority were tea stalls followed by hotels. Only 19.6% of them had a valid license from LSG; which showed the poor regulatory system in the area.Regular water supply was available in 94.1% facilities. Among them major water source was dug well (90.2%), then piped water (2%) and bore well (2%). This indicates that public water supply system with treated water was inadequate. 27.5% of sources were located at a distance less than10meter from the premises. Location of water source was satisfactory in 56.9% of the establishments.Space was adequate in 49% of facilities.Walls and floors were washable in 90% of facilities.Due to non availability of waste management facilities undisposed solid waste and liquid waste was present in 51% and 56.9% respectively. Toilet facility for the workers was available in 43.1%. Facility for cleaning themselves before and after the work was available in 51% and soap for cleaning was given to only 39.2%.There was no rat proofing or fly proofing for 82.4% and 80.4% stalls respectively.So chances of contaminations are high.The establishments were graded for basic facilities and scoring was given using numerical analogue scale ranging from 0 to 10.Mean score was 7.24 2.43. Most of the establishments do not have easy access to a safe water source. In majority of the facilities disposal of solid and liquid waste was a major important problem. Facilities for the workers were also not satisfactory. It was observed that there were no proper arrangements for the storage of food also. All these factors contribute to emergence of water borne and food borne diseases in the consumers. Safe water supply system and facilities for hygiene need to be improved. A comfortable working environment for the workers with facilities for hand washing, sanitation & changing is to be provided. This can reduce waterborne diseases and safe guard the health of consumers.
ASSESSMENT OF HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATION OF SOIL NEAR A SOLID WASTE DUMPING SITE USING STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND CONTAMINATION FACTOR
Jaseela C, Priyanka M and P.S.Harikumar
Water Quality Division, Centre for Water Resources Development and Mnagement, Kozhikode, Kerala, India jasisbabu@gmail.com; priyankaanandan21@gmail.com; hps@cwrdm.org Soil contamination by heavy metals is one of the severe environmental problems and is increasing due to rapid urbanization and industrialization and this has significant implications on human health. Soil is the dumping ground of most of the waste products-domestic, human, animal, industrial and agricultural. When municipal or industrial wastes are dumped in open land and without proper treatment, there can be a chance of leachates contaminating the nearby water resources. A study has been carried out on the heavy metal pollution of soil samples collected from Njeliyanparamba, a solid waste disposal site in Kozhikode Corporation in Northern Kerala, India. The study area selected for the soil quality analysis is Cheruvannur Nallalam area of Kozhikode Corporation where Njeliyanparamba is situated. The site is located between
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latitude of 110 13 30 N to 110 11 N and longitude of 750 48 E to 750 5030 E. This site is one of the predominant industrial areas of Kozhikode district.A total number of 24 soil samples were collected from two different depths (0-30 and 30-60 cm). Majority of the samples were sandy type and soil pH ranged from 4.1-8.91. Highest organic matter was recorded as 8.43% and cation exchange capacity (CEC) was 31.97milliequivalents per 100g. Highest CEC observed for the sample for which higher pH and clay content were reported. Soil CEC increased with increase in pH and clay content. All samples were analyzed for the heavy metal concentration (Pb, Zn, Cd, Cu, Ni, Mn and Fe). Soil contamination is assessed on the basis of contamination factor (CF) and degree of contamination (Cd). Sampling site near a steel factory, which was the discharge point of the drainage system coming from Njeliyanparamba garbage dump, was highly contaminated with heavy metals like Cu, Cd, Pb and Zn. Degree of contamination was estimated to be 26.64. Using statistical methods (Principle Component analysis & Correlation analysis), the soil quality of the site was determined in terms of heavy metal accumulation and soil properties such as CEC, pH, soil texture and organic matter. Soil organic matter content was positively correlated with pH, CEC and Clay and all the heavy metals were positively correlated with soil organic matter (0.14 < r > 0.64). This shows the sufficient active sites of soil organic carbon to adsorb these metals. Soil CEC was strongly correlated with organic matter (r =0.70), pH (r =0.69) and clay (r =0.43). Positive correlations were observed for all metals with manganese. Cadmium and copper were very strongly correlated with lead and zinc (0.82< r > 0.99). This indicates the same source of pollution; originating from the waste disposal of the steel alloys, batteries, electronic components etc. The study concluded that solid waste dumping in Njeliyanparamba affects the soil quality of that area. Proper methods should be adopted for management of solid waste disposal. Industrial wastes shall be treated using appropriate techniques until they are less hazardous and meeting the effluent standards.
STUDIES ON THE INTEGRATED RESOURCE RECOVERY AND CONSERVATION OF THE EAST KOLKATA WETLANDS ECOSYSTEM
Omanjana Goswami, Sumit Mishra, Gautam Sen and Usha Jha
Department of Applied Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology, Mesra, Ranchi 835215, Jharkhand, India omanjanagoswami@gmail.com; sumitmishra1@gmail.com; gsen9@hotmail.com; ushajha@bitmesra.ac.in The East Kolkata Wetlands (EKW) serves as an excellent example of an indigenous practise of an integrated resource recovery system. The East Kolkata Wetlands acts as a natural kidney of the city, filtering about 260 million gallons of wastewater daily. This makes it the largest natural recycling centre for soluble and solid wastes in the world. Incorporation of wastewater as a part of natural recovery practise not only saves additional costs of a wastewater treatment plant but also generates a livelihood for thousands of local residents who depend on the wastewater-fed fisheries, agriculture and horticulture.
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This study looks into the process of nutrient recovery in a single pond of the East Kolkata Wetlands. The elemental analysis has been carried out to determine the toxicity limits of the edible products obtained as a part of the natural resource recovery system. This study focuses particularly on determination of heavy metal concentrations (Lead, cadmium and chromium) in various components of the wetland ecosystem viz Fish, water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes), soil and water. The study also suggests that EKW serve as vital feeding grounds to both terrestrial and water birds especially when resources become limited in the uplands in the dry season. The wetland size, vegetation structure, composition and density of resources emphasize the fact that East Kolkata Wetlands are a key habitat to a variety of organisms.
DYNAMICS OF SUSPENDED SEDIMENTS IN A SHALLOW ESTUARY, MUTHUPET, TAMIL NADU

Priya K L, Jegathambal P, James E J, Justin Mathew and Sam Philip
Karunya University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India klpriyaram@gmail.com Estuaries play a major role in the transport and deposition of sediments. The movement of sediments in an estuary decides the changes in geomorphic characteristics of the estuary. Some of the estuaries are facing serious problem related to sedimentation. The case of Muthupet estuary is not different. Located in the south east coast of India, it forms a part of the Ramsar site, Point Calimere. Systematic studies of the hydrodynamics and suspended sediment dynamics of the estuary were carried out for a one year period in the year 2012 during which water depth, current, salinity and velocity were measured. The dynamics of sediments was more at the seaward end compared to landward end, with suspended sediment transport ranging between 0.0205 kg/s/m and 0.105 kg/s/m at the mouth and between 0.001 kg/s/m and 0.007 kg/s/ m at the head of the estuary. The salinity and suspended sediment transport was directed towards the sea during the post-monsoon season, while it was towards the land during the pre-monsoon at the landward station. The transport of suspended sediments was landward during the pre-monsoon. The river discharge played a significant role in the transport of salinity towards the sea. The formation of salt plug during pre-monsoon was one of the identified features of the estuary and is not ever reported in any of the Indian estuaries. The studies proved that the location of salt plug had an impact on the movement of suspended sediments in the estuary.
SETTLING VELOCITY OF SUSPENDED SEDIMENTS IN ESTUARIES

Priya K L, Jegathambal P and James E J
Karunya University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India klpriyaram@gmail.com The studies on the settling velocity of suspended sediments in estuaries are vital for modeling the transport of sediments. A universal relationship cannot be arrived at for defining the settling velocity because of its variability due to the hydrodynamic conditions
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and the settling velocity of one estuary is different from the other. For the same estuary, the settling velocity varies over a spatial and temporal scale. The relationship between settling velocity and suspended particulate matter (SPM) has been established by many authors and the relationship generally obtained is a power relationship in which settling velocity (ws) is expressed as ws SPMm. The settling velocity is affected by many other parameters, one of which is the turbulence. The settling velocity has been related to water turbulence (usually defined as the root mean square gradient, G) by some of the authors and settling velocity has been defined in terms of SPM and G. The aim of the paper is to analyse the effect of salinity stratification on the settling velocity of the sediments. The data collected over a one year period in the Muthupet estuary, Tamil Nadu has been utilized to study the variation of settling velocity with salinity gradient (defined as the ratio of the difference of bottom and surface salinity to the water depth) and an inverse relationship has been obtained. A new relationship has been formulated for settling velocity in terms of SPM, G and salinity gradient.
EFFICACY OF ARTHROBACTER SP AND BACILLUS SP ISOLATED FROM WETLAND RHIZOSPHERE ON LYCOPERSICON ESCULENTUM AND SOLANUM MELONGENA
Jalaja T K, Kavya Vijayaraj, Remyasree P R and Digilarani M
Environmental Studies Division, CWRDM, Kunnamangalam, Calicut 673 57, Kerala, India tkj@cwrdm.org; kavya920@gmail.com; sreeremya304@gmail.com; digila@cwrdm.org The worldwide increases in both environmental damage and human population pressure have the unfortunate consequence that global food production may soon become insufficient to feed all of the world's people. It is therefore essential that agricultural productivity be significantly increased within the next few decades. Application of Plant Growth Promoting Rhizobacteria (PGPR) is often a novel and potential tool to provide substantial benefits to agriculture. Wetlands are land areas exposed to extremes of temperature and climatic conditions. Taking into consideration the immense potential of wetlands, and also assuming that the microbes in this rhizosphere may possess increased growth promotion potential, the present study was conducted. Rhizosphere soil of Kadalundi wetland was collected and subjected to microbial analysis and the microbes isolated and identified as Rhizobium, Bacillus megaterium, Arthobacter and Pseudomonas Sp using standard bacteriological procedures and DNA sequencing (16rs rDNA sequence). Bacillus sp and Arthrobacter sp were selected for further in-depth study and they were screened for different growth promotion traits. Analysis of growth promoting traits revealed several enviable features for PGPR, and multiple action mechanisms which suggest their potential for growth promotion. Growth potential of Bacillus sp and Arthrobacter sp were studied on test plants Brinjal and tomato grown in pots in the green house. Inocula containing cell free filtrate of these microbes were delivered to plants via Root zone Application Method as well as Foliar Spray Method. Even though both methods showed significant changes in plants, Root zone application proved to be more effective compared to foliar spaying. Experiments revealed significant variation in biochemical constituents and morphology when compared with the
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results of initial and 15th day indicating the bacterial metabolites and growth regulates present in cell free filtrate plays an important role in the growth of plant. In the above two organisms Arthrobacter sp showed more potential than Bacillus sp. Their applications increased plant growth by promoting the production of metabolites and growth hormones which indicates that it will definitely serve as a growth promoter in the agricultural sector to enhance our food production to meet the growing population.
ENVIRONMENTAL, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL IMPACTS OF MANUAL DREDGING OF MINOR PORT - A CASE STUDY
Abdulla P K, Dinil Sony C, Chandran Kolappadan and Anilkumar M T
Centre for Water Resources Development and Management, Kozhikode Kerala, India-673571 apk@cwrdm.org; cds@cwrdm.org Dredging incursmajor revenue expenditure for the port/fishing harbours and its cost is related to the nature of sediment,type of dredgers, distance to disposal site etc. Often, the dredged materials are used for reclamation, beach nourishment, landscaping and in construction industriesdepending on the nature of the sediments.Three medium ports and 17 minor portsowned and operated by the State government existon 560km long Kerala coast.Dredged materials from these ports consist of mainly sand and due to its usefulness as a building material; Port Department initiated manual dredging in selected ports on experimental basis with the involvement of local fishermen and coir retting community. Providing an alternate employment for local community during lean period, minimize illegal mining by providing permission with proper license fees, avoid revenue expenditure on dredging, get additional income for the port, ensure the availability of building materials at reasonable price for the construction industry, etc. are a few among the objectives. This paper focuses on the manual dredging of the Ponnani Port a minor/fisheries port of Kerala. Port is located at 10o47N latitude and 75o55E longitude on the southern bank of Bharathapuzha in Malappuram District. Many irrigation schemes have been commissioned both in Kerala and Tamil Nadu part of this basin. To enhance the availability of fresh water for domestic and irrigation purposes in the downstream reaches, two regulators are constructed of which regulator cum bridge at Chamarvattom is about 7 km upstream of the Port limit. Port limits extends to 2.41 km on either sides of the mouth along the coastand 2.41 km along both rivers. Tidal ranges at Ponnani port about 1m. During southwest monsoon waves up to 2.5m experienced from west direction while it is from west-north west direction during other seasons. Breakwaters constructed for keeping the channel in position also for providing tranquillity for the operation of vessels. Grain size and physico-chemical parametersof bed materialsindicated that the presence of sandis very high (above 95%) and is of good quality.Hydrographic survey of the port arearevealed that river is very shallow, mostly less than 1m. A questionnaire survey is conducted to assess the perception of the local people on manual dredging and its socio economic impacts on them. Imageries available on Google Earth for different years have also been used to understand the changes happened to the islands in the river. Islands in the river serve as grazing land for the livestock and breeding area for residential and migratory birds. Reduction in the area of the islands has adverse impact on the livestock
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and birds. Continuous disturbances due to manual dredging will have adverse impacts marine/estuarine/freshwater species.Manually dredged sand from the port limit eased the scarcity of the sand to someextent and local people are getting better employment opportunities. Port can avoid the revenue expenditure on the dredging besides getting additional revenue. Different measures are suggestedto mitigate negative impacts.
GRAIN SIZE OF BEACH SEDIMENTS OF CENTRAL KERALA

Abdulla P K, Privya Jayaraj, Priya Lakhsmi and Aiswarya
Centre for Water Resources Development and Management, Kozhikode Kerala, India673 571 apk@cwrdm.org Kerala State is having 560km long coastline which consist of mainly sandy coastand remaining portion isrocky coast and inlets. Eighty per cent of the sandy coast (about 360km) is reported to be prone to erosion and various coastal protection measures have been adopted at severely affected stretches. Coastal protection measures can be broadly classified into two categories namely hard (structural) measures and soft (non-structural) measures. Hard measures are often adopted along the Kerala coast due to various reasons; high population density very near to the coastline is the most common among them. One of the soft coastal protection measures is the artificial nourishment in which sand is pumped / dumped to the eroding coast. Artificial nourishment was experimented on the Kerala coast in 1965. Compatibility of grain size distribution between the borrowing sand and the location of nourishment is the major factors determining the suitability of the materials for the artificial nourishment. Ideally the borrowing sand should be the one which is having the same grain size distribution as that of location requiring nourishment. The more the extent of deviation of the grain size of the borrow sand from that of the nourishment location, the more will be the required over nourishment for that location. Grain sizes of beach sand samples along the central coastal districts of Kerala State (Malappuram, Thrissur and Ernakulam) were studied. The beach sediment samples include from both backshore and nearshore. Besides the beach sand samples covers different beach transformation stages like eroded and accreted beaches corresponding to the conditions prevailed during pre and post monsoon seasons. Percentage of sand retained on different IS sieves follows a pattern similar to that of normal distribution. Studies revealed that for a particular season the mean particle size for the samples is almost remains the same while the standard deviation various with samples. Studies also revealed that mean particle size for the samples various with seasons and location of the samples collected like backshore and foreshore.
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AN ECO-ARCHITECTURAL PLAN FOR WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OF A THREATENED WATER BODY IN CENTRAL ARAVALLIS OF RAJASTHAN, INDIA
Sharma K C1, Charan P D 2 and Garima Sharma1 1 Department of Environmental Science, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan, kcsharma@curaj.ac.in 2 MGS university, Bikaner 334004, Rajasthan, India
There is scarcity of surface water resources in Rajasthan state of India. Most of the water bodies are confined to south and south eastern parts of the state. The water demand is met through exploitation of ground water causing depletion of water level to a greater extent. Under such situation, the surface water bodies particularly in urban areas needs to be restored and managed. Recently, attention has been paid by the Ministry of Environment and Forest, Government of India and allotted funds to restore the lakes situated in urban settlements. The present study was carried out for, lake Anasagar situated in the heart of Ajmer City in Central Aravallis region. The objective of study was to determine the present status of the water body and to outline suitable eco-articultural plan for restoration and management of this most beautiful water body for sustainable use. The lake is extremely polluted because of anthropogenic activities like sewage disposal, cloth washing and agricultural activities. In addition, the area of water spread has been encroached for construction of housing colonies. The sources of organic and inorganic substances are agrochemicals from nearby fields and domestic waste received from urban habitats. In order to determine the indices for degradation and to outline the restoration plan, a detailed study was carried out in different years. Characteristically, because of erratic rainfall pattern, comparatively high heat index as well as high temperature and evapotranspiration rates, the water quantity as well as water spread is reduced during the summers. There is input of agro-fertilizers (containing -NO3 and -PO4) and pesticides (-HCH, - HCH, -HCH and -HCH with concentration >400 g/L) which have further deteriorated the quality of water in the lake and in its corridor. Also some of the macrophytes release huge amount of nutrients (N and P) through decomposition of dead organic matter, particularly in marshy areas. This has resulted in hypertrophic condition of the lake. A sustainable integrated plan for restoration was prepared by considering constraints of (1) water quality through installation of STP, de-sedimentation and its use as fertilizers, (2) catchment area development through plantations and construction of check dams, (3) revenue generation for sustainable maintenance through public private partnership model and (4) governance through constitution of a lake restoration body. An eco-architectural plan for restoration prepared for the lake is integration of catchment area development, checking soil erosion, establishment of sewage treatment plant (STP) along with wetland construction, leasing of peripheral land for green units and constructing a peripheral channels and roads. An eco-architectural plan for lake was also proposed which may be applicable to similar lakes in urban areas.
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Agricultural Water Management
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METEOROLOGICAL DROUGHT CHARACTERIZATION AND ITS VARIATION IN SELECTED DISTRICTS OF KARNATAKA STATE
Sunil B Itnal1 and Venkatesh B2
Applied Mechanics & Hydraulics Department, National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal 575 025, India isunilcv@gmail.com 2 Regional Centre, National Institute of Hydrology, Hanuman Nagar, 2nd stage, Belgaum 590 019, Karnataka, India bvenki30@gmail.com India is one among top ten countries in terms of highest average annual rainfall in which more than 95% of rainfall occurs in just 4 months (i.e. from June to September), which are generally called as monsoon months, yet the rainfall is unevenly distributed all over the country. Karnataka is one of the largest states in India which has steep gradient in rainfall, highest being 5000-6000 mm in some pockets of Western Ghats to annual average of 700 mm in the areas covering plains. The uneven distribution of rainfall and increasing population trend creates havoc in water resources management. Drought is an insidious and naturally occurring phenomenon that mainly results from deficiency of Precipitation. Majority of districts in Karnataka are prone to drought more frequently. In this paper five districts are considered for the analysis of meteorological drought and its characteristics has been studied. The rainfall data of 100 years is available for majority of rain measuring stations. However those stations having annual rainfall data of less than 30 years were not considered for the study. In total there are about 134 raingauge stations in the study area which have more than 30 year of rainfall data and are used in the analysis. Meteorological phenomenon method (MPM) has been used as a tool to study the meteorological drought. The method significantly describes the characteristics which are intensity, duration and severity. These parameters are plotted using the GIS software to understand their spatial variation in the study area. The maps generated for these parameters suggests that, drought event occurrences are very low near the Western Ghats region and keeps increasing as we move towards the Eastern part of Karnataka. Further, a relationship between the two parameters, potential evapotranspiration (EP) and average annual rainfall (Pa) were established to understand their behaviour in the study area. It is found that, the average drought return period is significantly related with (EP) and (Pa); hence three relations can be established with average drought return period which are aridity (EP / Pa), mean annual deficit (EP Pa) and the ratio of average annual deficit to the average annual rainfall [(EP Pa) / Pa]. The results indicate that, the drought events are more frequent in arid regions having return period within 3 to 4 years. The results show that increasing aridity and mean annual deficit leads to more frequent drought events. However no direct relation with drought duration can be established.
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EFFECT OF IRRIGATION SCHEDULING AND NUTRITION (Fe & Zn) ON GROWTH, YIELD AND WATER PRODUCTIVITY OF AEROBIC RICE
Kadasiddappa Malamasuri, Tirupataiah K, Yella Reddy K and Sandhyarani K
WALAMTARI, Hydrabad, Andhra Pradesh , India Kadasiddappa.m@gmail.com; kota_86@rediffmail.com; yellark@gmail.com; sandhyaranigrandhi@yahoo.co.in A field experiment was conducted at Water and Land Management Research and Training Institute (WALAMTARI), Andhra Pradesh, India during Rabi 2012-13 to ascertain the optimum irrigation water scheduling and Iron (Fe), Zinc (Zn) nutrition on aerobic rice (Tellahamsha) cultivar. Two irrigation levels I1=IW/CPE=1.50 up to panicle initiation (PI) and 2.0 from PI to harvesting and I2= IW/CPE=1.0 up to PI and 1.5 from PI to harvesting in main plots and six levels of nutrient scheduling (Fe and Zn along with Recommended Dose of Fertilizer RDF treatments) with sub-plots were tested in split-plot design with three replications. The results revealed that, the plant height (74.1cm), number of tillers/m2 (322.4), panicle length (19.1cm), test weight (19.6 g), straw yield (4466.7 kg ha-1) and grain yield (2885.1 kg ha-1) were recorded significantly higher with the irrigation level of I1 over I2. Soil application of Iron sulphate (FeSO4) and Zinc sulphate (ZnSO4) at 12.5 kg ha-1 each along with RDF to aerobic rice showed significantly higher plant height (74.4cm), number of tillers/m2 (316.8), number of panicles/m2 (234.5), panicle length(19.6 cm), straw yield (4575.5 kg ha-1) and grain yield (3067.7 kg ha-1) over the other treatments. However, no significant difference was observed in test weight and number of grains per panicle between the nutrient (subplot) treatments. Alone soil application of FeSO4 and ZnSO4 at 25 kg ha-1 along with RDF did not show any difference between them on growth and yield of rice irrespective of the irrigation levels. However, recorded significantly higher plant height, number of tillers/m2 and number of panicles/m2 over 2% spray of the same nutrients twice at maximum tillering and PI stages. Spraying of FeSO4 and ZnSO4 also did not show any marked difference over the control (application of RDF alone) treatment on panicle length, straw yield and grain yield. Seasonal irrigation water requirement and water productivity were found to be 830.5 mm, 630.5 mm and 3.47 kg/ha mm, 3.87 kg/ha mm respectively for I1 and I2 treatments. Higher water productivity is realized in I2 though the yield is low because of saving of irrigation water by 25% over I1.
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EFFECT OF DRIP IRRIGATION AND N, K FERTIGATION LEVELS ON YIELD, WATER USE EFFICIENCY AND ECONOMICS OF BUSH BEANS (Lablab purpurium var. typical)
Saileela K1, Raji Reddy D2, Devender Reddy M1 and Uma Devi M1
ANGRAU, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad-500 030, Andhra Pradesh , India saileela838@gmail.com; metukudevender@gmail.com; baby_makam@rediffmail.com 2 Agro-Climatological Research Institute, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University Coimbatore-641003, Tamil Nadu, India, dandareddy009@gmail.com The field experiment was conducted at Water Technology Centre(WTC), Collage farm, College of Agriculture, Rajendranagar, Hyderabad during Rabi season 2009-10 to study performance of drip irrigation and N, K fertigation levels on water use efficiency, growth and yield parameters including fresh pod yield and economics of Bush bean (Lablab purpurium var. typical.). The geographical location of the research institute has the reference to 17o19 N Latitude, 78o23 E Longitude and 542.3 m above mean sea level. Total rainfall received in 3 rainy days during crop growth period was 38.2 mm. The soil was sandy loam in texture, low in available N and medium in available P2O5 and K2O. The experiment was laid out in strip - plot design with three replications. The Main plot treatments consisted of four irrigation levels I1 - Surface irrigation (Control) at IW/CPE ratio 1.0, I2 - Drip irrigation at 100% Pan Evaporation (Epan), I3 - Drip irrigation at 80% Epan, I4 - Drip irrigation at 60% Epan and three fertigation levels i.e., F1 - Control (No N and K application), F2 - 50 kg N + 50 K2O kg ha-1, F3 - 100 kg N + 100 K2O kg ha-1 in sub-plots. The result revealed that drip irrigation scheduling at 60% Epan recorded significantly higher growth and Water Use Efficiency (7.2 kg ha-mm-1) over drip irrigation at 100 %, 80 % Epan and surface irrigation at IW/CPE = 1.0. However, significantly higher green pod yield (3556 kg ha-1) was realized by scheduling irrigation at 100 % Epan and which was 9.5% and 22% higher than the irrigation scheduling at 80% and 60% Epan respectively. Higher net returns (Rs.37680/-) were obtained by scheduling irrigation at 100% Epan. However highest benefit cost ratio (1.17) was observed with surface irrigation due to initial low investment. Irrespective of the irrigation levels, gradual increment in fertigation levels from no fertilizer application to100 kg ha-1 N and K increased Water use efficiency (6.1 kg ha-mm-1), growth, yield and harvest index. The increase in the yield was to the tune of 4 and 21 % more than application of 50 kg N + 50 kg K2O ha-1 and no fertilizer application respectively. Net returns were highest (Rs 36454/-) when irrigation was scheduled at 100% Epan compared to other treatments.
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IRRIGATION WATER MANAGEMENT THROUGH WATER SAVING TECHNIQUES IN MALAPRABHA COMMAND AREA
Ashoka P, Dasar G V, Rajkumara S and Neelakanth J.K
AICRP on Water management, Belvatagi (P), Navalgundha (T), Dharwad (D), University of Agricultural Sciences, Dharwad, Karnataka -582208, India ashokapuas@gmail.com; gvdasr@gmail.com; rajakumarsuas@gmail.com; neelkanthjk@gmail.com Developing infrastructure for the water resources and their management have been the common policy agenda in many developing economies, particularly in the arid and semi-arid tropical countries like India. International Water Management Institute (IWMI) has shown that around 50 per cent of the increase in demand for water by the year 2025 can be met by increasing the effectiveness of irrigation.Water is the most crucial input for agricultural production. Globally, agriculture accounts for more than 80% of all freshwater used by humans, most of that is for crop production security and contribute about 40% of total food production. Since productivity of irrigated land is almost three times higher than that of rainfed land. FAO has predicted a net expansion of irrigated land of about 45 million hectares in 93 developing countries (for a total of 242 million hectares in 2030) and projected that water withdrawals by the agriculture sector will increase by about 14% during 2000 2030 to meet food demand. The concept of Integrated Water Management emerged around the 1980s in response to increasing pressures on water resources from competition amongst various users for a limited resource, the recognition of ecosystem requirements, pollution and the risk of declining water availability due to climate change. Growing more crops per drop of water use is the key to mitigating the water crisis, and this is a big challenge to many countries. Strategies for efficient management of water for agricultural use involve conservation of water. Suitable irrigation methods and water saving techniques adoption in farmers field in the project of Ministry of Water Resources is implementing Farmers Participatory Action Research Programme, RKVY (20011-12 and 2012-13), GOK (2012-13) projects demonstrations at farmers fields. FPARP involves field demonstration of water saving technologies (alternatively alternate furrow irrigation in maize, border strip method of irrigation with 80% cut off length in chick pea and wheat in command area. By adopting the research cum demonstration technology two years (2008-09 and 2009-10) i.e., alternatively alternate furrow irrigation in maize for, it was recorded the higher grain yield (7286 kg/ha) as compared to the control (6533 kg/ha), increase in the yield (753 kg/ha) was more by 11.53 % over all furrow irrigation (control). This resulted in increase in the gross income, net income and water use efficiency in farmers field. Another Border strip method of irrigation with 80% cutoff length in chickpea demonstrated on farmers field and the research cum demonstration results revived higher chickpea grain yield (2,125 kg/ha) as compared to control (1,821 kg/ha), Increase in the gross income and net income, higher water use efficiency (5.20 kg/ha mm) in the treatment over control (3.77 kg/ha-mm) of the farmer due to adoption of the improved irrigation technology. In same method(Border strip method of irrigation with 80% cutoff length ) in wheat, recorded higher wheat grain yield (2,124 kg/ha) as compared to control (1,843 kg/ha),increase in the gross income, net income and yield was produced per unit of water spent as indicated by higher water use efficiency (4.52 kg/ha mm) in the treatment over control (3.40 kg/ha-mm) of the farmers due to adoption in this
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methods saving water and avoid excess improper use of irrigation methods and heavy irrigation in command areas and under lift irrigation schemes in basins .
SOIL AND WATER CONSERVATION AND CARBON SEQUESTRATION IN MANGO UNDER RESTORATION MEASURES OF DEGRADED ALFISOLS OF GOA
Singh N P1, Mahajan, G R1, Manjunath B L1 and Verma R R2
ICAR Research Complex for Goa, Old Goa, India-4034 02 director@icargoa.res.in ; gopal.soil@gmail.com; blmanjunathagri@gmail.com 2 Division of Crop Production, Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research, New Delhi Rehabilitation of sloping and degraded lands requires an effective combination of erosion control measures and crops. These are often associated with soil and water conservation and sequestration of carbon in soil. Goa region experiences varying rainfall from 2700-3800 mm per annum. The soils vary from light texture to heavy texture with and without gravels. The terrain is undulating and leads to severe soil erosion in these areas. Land resources being finite and non-renewable, land degradation shall continue to be a major threat to global food security and environmental quality in 21st century. Thus, there is a lot of scope for rehabilitation of such degrading lands from further erosion. Several studies have demonstrated successful management of degraded lands using restoration measures but limited data is available on conservation of carbon along with soil and water. So, studies were undertaken to estimate effect of mechanical and bio-engineering measures and their combination on soil, water and carbon conservation under mango. In order to assess the effect of mechanical and bio-engineering measures and their combination on soil and water conservation under mango (Variety: Mankurad), a scientific study with treatments continuous contour trenching + vegetative barrier (CCT+Vb), staggered contour trenching + vegetative barrier (SCT+Vb), vegetative barrier (Vb) alone and no erosion control measure (Control) treatments was initiated. Runoff loss and soil loss was monitored at a regular interval during rainy season (June-September). Depth-wise soil moisture content was estimated regularly during post-rainy season till onset of next monsoon to evaluate effect of restoration treatments on soil moisture conservation. Depth-wise soil organic carbon content was estimated to analyze sequestration of carbon stock in soil under different restoration treatments. Carbon loss through runoff and carbon sequestered in treatments were estimated. CCT+Vb and SCT+Vb were able to reduce the runoff by 47% and 36% over control. The order of soil loss was observed as CCT+Vb (5.5 t ha-1), SCT+Vb (8.8 t ha-1) and control (18.4 t ha-1). CCT+Vb and SCT+Vb appeared to be most promising to conserve soil and water compared to control. Soil and water conservation measures have immense effect on the sequestration of C in soils. By means of reducing runoff and soil loss along with runoff, restoration measures save valuable soil organic carbon from washing away from fields. CCT+Vb and SCT+Vb could sequester 348.3 and 172.8 Mg ha-1 by saving 12.9 and 9.6 Mg ha-1 soil eroding away. This mechanism reduces net C flux to the atmosphere by increasing C sink potential of soils. The stored organic carbon helps in soil aggregation which in turn increases water storage
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capacity of soils. Thus this process also contributes to enhance moisture retention in soil indirectly. Depth-wise soil moisture content under conservation measures was monitored periodically after the cessation of monsoon. Relatively higher soil moisture content of 13.8%, 20%, and 0.7% was recorded under CCT+Vb over control during November, January and March, respectively. The present investigation showed that soil and water conservation measures have profound effect on soil and soil moisture conservation and C sequestration in restoration of degraded lands. Combination of mechanical measure and vegetation (continuous contour trenching + vegetative barrier) proved to be the best in conserving soil moisture, soil and organic carbon. Considering cost of trenching, second viable economic restoration treatment that farmer can adopt to conserve soil and water is staggered contour trenching + vegetative barrier.
INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCE DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT FOR SUSTAINABLE PRODUCTION OF CITRUS IN CENTRAL INDIA
Panigrahi P1, Srivastava A K2 and Huchche A D2
2
Directorate of Water Management, Bhubaneswar-23, Odisha, India National Research Centre for Citrus, Nagpur-440010, Maharastra, India pravukalyan@rediffmail.com
Scarcity of irrigation water is one of the major causes of low productivity and decline of citrus orchards in central India. The uneven distribution of rain in space and time induces abundant runoff. The higher runoff in monsoon period and soil moisture shortage in post monsoon during critical growth stages induces the poor yield and fruit quality of citrus plants. It is utmost essential to conserve the rainwater in orchards. Moreover, the indiscriminate use of ground water without recuperating through proper recharging techniques is one of the prime causes of drying of wells causing water scarcity in the citrus orchards. Rain water harvesting, recharging to groundwater and its efficient use for citrus production is need of the hour for sustainable citriculture in water scarce region. Keeping this in view, the study was conducted to explore the feasibility of rainwater harvesting and its use through drip irrigation in citrus. Various in-situ rainwater conservation treatments viz., continuous trenching, continuous bunding, staggered trenching between the rows across the slope (4.2%) and control (without any soil and water conservation treatment) were evaluated in Nagpur mandarin orchard at Nagpur during 2003-2009. The continuous trenching produced the best response conserving 38% runoff and 32.28% soil besides producing 15.7% higher fruit yield with better fruit quality. Moreover, rainfall runoff from 3.2 hectare of land with continuous trenches was harvested in a tank of size 35m35m3m and recycled at the best level of irrigation (60% of pan evaporation) through drip with black plastic mulch of 100 micron thickness in 1ha of Nagpur mandarin. The harvested water also recharged the groundwater in the nearby wells and water from wells was used for irrigation purpose after drying of water in water harvesting tanks during May and June. Over all, the fruit yield was enhanced by 110% with better quality fruits under rainwater
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conservation practices and groundwater use over rain-fed trees. The economics of citrus production under rainwater harvesting and its efficient use through drip system was found superior than that without rainwater harvesting with surface irrigation. The study suggested for the combine adoption of rainwater harvesting strategies and drip irrigation for sustainable production of citrus orchards in central India.
DROUGHT MANAGEMENT
Alagappan S and Venkitaswamy R
Department of Agronomy, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, India alga.s@rediffmail.com Drought is a subtle, insidious natural hazard that is a normal part of the climate of virtually all regions of the world. Its occurrence results in a myriad of economic, social, and environmental impacts in developed as well as developing nations, although the characteristics of its impacts differ considerably between the two settings. Drought is considered by many to be the most complex but least understood of all natural hazards, affecting more people than any other. It is a normal feature of climate and its recurrence is inevitable. However, there remains much confusion about its characteristics. It is precisely this confusion that explains, to some extent, the lack of emphasis on proactive drought management efforts in most parts of the world. Through an improved understanding of the inevitability and characteristics of drought, as well as its differences from other natural hazards, scientists, policymakers, and the public will be better equipped to establish muchneeded policies and plans whereby future vulnerability to drought can be reduced. However the cost implications on drought management are not that easy to work out worldwide.
AGRONOMIC BIOFORTIFICATION FOR AGRICULTURAL CROPS TOWARDS FOOD SECURITY

Department of Agronomy, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, India alga.s@rediffmail.com Worldwide almost 1 billion people are undernourished and more than a quarter of all children under 5 years of age are underweight (UNICEF, 2010). Malnutrition in children can impair their physical, cognitive, and psychological growth and leads to increased child morbidity and mortality. Among adults, effects include lethargy and poor health, reduced productivity, decreased cognitive function and a loss of learning potential. In addition to undernourishment, approximately 2 billion people worldwide suffer from micronutrient deficiencies, also called the hidden hunger. These micronutrient deficiencies, particularly iron, iodine, zinc and vitamin A, are commonly associated with inadequate dietary intake, poor utilization, affect mainly women and children. Biofortification is the one of the potential weapon in reducing micronutrient deficiency. Biofortification refers to a process of breeding staple food crops that are rich in bioavailable micronutrients. The enhancement of essential nutrient content in staple crops can be achieved through conventional plant breeding or, in
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situations of limited genetic range for nutrient content through transgenic means and fertilizer management. Biofortification of cereal grains through using fertilizers (also called agronomic biofortification) enhances the production of micronutrient dense seeds and contributes to the overall yield. Increasing evidence has indicated that micronutrient fertilizers greatly contribute to micronutrient concentrations in cereals, and hence application of micronutrient fertilizers seems to be an important complementary approach to enhancing micronutrients through plant breeding. Among the different micronutrients, Zn plays a vital role in human health. Hence several research works on Zn biofortified crops have been conducted, for example, Zn fertilization in cereals and oilseed crops. Among the different management options, the applications of Zn in soil and foliar method increases the grain Zn, Fe and vitamin A concentrations.
GROUNDWATER IRRIGATION IN SOUTH ASIA: INSTITUTIONS, MARKETS AND SUSTAINABLE USE

Achiransu Acharyya
Visva Bharati University, 33/1A Abinash Chandra Banerjee Lane, Kolkata-700010 achiransu@gmail.com1 In most of South Asia, while property rights to land are generally clearly defined, rights to water are not. Hence water is an open access resource, a kind of free good that is not treated as an economic input. It is usually assumed that owners of the land become owners of the water below or in the vicinity of the land. It is perhaps for this reason and because of the ill defined property rights to ground water, treating it as a free good, that the role of water has been relatively ignored while providing for explanations of the agricultural growth in South Asia, although it is one of the largest users of ground water in the world for irrigation purposes. Most of the agricultural economies of India, Bangladesh, Pakistan and other South Asian countries are dependent heavily on ground water. South Asia also has the worlds largest population and farmers are mostly poor. With increasing use of groundwater, it is obvious that sustainability in the long run will be a big question that must be answered. One important phenomenon that has been observed is the development of private groundwater markets over time in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh. These markets are mostly oligopolistic in nature with the water sellers who are the owners of water extracting devices determining the price of water for irrigation. Primary survey in the state of West Bengal in India as well as in Bangladesh and Pakistan reveal that such development of groundwater markets have led to inequity in groundwater distribution with the owners of water extracting machines maximizing their profit by selling water at a high price to the poor. Also, because of lack of governmental initiative, there has been no control on the extraction of ground water resources for irrigation purposes. Hence, overdependence on groundwater for irrigation purposes by the farmers has led to a serious depletion of the resource in South Asia. For instance, according to a report by the Central Ground Water Board (2011), in India, most of the agricultural based states in the country have a critical groundwater condition, which implies that the rate of annual groundwater recharge is falling. Moreover, climate change is expected to significantly alter South Asias hydro climatic regime over the 21st
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century. Added to this is the menace of arsenic and fluoride contamination in India and Bangladesh. It is in the above context that the present paper attempts to analyse the role of institutions and markets for groundwater irrigation that have developed so far in South Asia and given the present scenario, tries to look at what role institutions including the government can play to ensure equity in ground water distribution as also ensure sustainable use of ground water resources using methods such as rainwater harvesting and watershed management.
ROOTING PATTERN AND WATER USE EFFICIENCY IN DRIP FERTIGATED BANANA MUSA (AAB) NENDRAN
Deepa Thomas1 and John P S2
Agronomic Research Station, Kerala Agricultural University, Chalakudy, Kerala-680307, India deepathomassunil@gmail.com 2 College of Horticulture, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara, Thrissur, Kerala-680656 Banana is the succulent annual fruit crop of the tropics and Nendran (AAB) is the intensively cultivated group of banana in Kerala. Additional supply of water and nutrients are prerequisites for this crop. It is projected that by 2025, there will be 15% reduction in irrigation water in the world. Conventional system of water and fertilizer application characterised by heavy doses at wider intervals results in losses and reduced efficiency of these inputs. Drip fertigation has the advantage of regulated supply of nutrients in tune with the demand of the crop resulting in maximum water and fertilizer use efficiency. It is in this context, the study was taken up with the objective of studying the rooting pattern and water use efficiency in drip fertigated banana Musa (AAB) Nendran. Efficiency of drip fertigation as a substitute for conventional irrigation cum fertiliser application was tested in the experiment conducted at Banana Research Station, Kannara, Kerala. Drip fertigation was compared with basin method at different nutrient levels viz., 25, 50,100,150 and 200 % of the recommended combination of 200 g N, 115 g P2O5 and 300g K2O per plant. In basin method, irrigation was given once in 3 days in accordance with the evaporation rate. Levels of N and K were applied in six splits at monthly intervals (C6) starting from two months after planting (MAP). In drip fertigation, daily evaporation was compensated through irrigation, but N and K were applied in different frequencies in monthly splits (D6) in weekly splits (D24). The root distribution pattern under drip fertigation and basin method was compared using excavation method. Lateral and vertical spread of roots at 30 and 60 cm away from the plant at 30 and 60 cm depth were determined at 6 MAP by slowly separating the roots from the soil. Moisture content in these points around the rhizosphere was also determined on dry weight basis. The data on growth and yield of banana has proved that drip fertigation could be a promising alternative for conventional basin method of irrigation and fertiliser application. Drip fertigation resulted in better yield (10.56 and 10.07 kg/plant for D24 and D6 respectively) compared to the basin method (9.16 kg/plant).
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In drip fertigation as daily evaporation was compensated through irrigation there was no moisture stress for the plant. Moisture content determined at different points showed that under drip 30 l x 30 d (30 cm lateral distance at a depth of 30 cm) was always maintained at field capacity, while under basin method there was a wide variation in the content with a reduced surface layer on the first day to a content less than permissible depletion on the third day after irrigation. Rooting pattern studies showed that 74.1 per cent of the primary, 61.4per cent of secondary and 41.8 per cent of tertiary roots concentrated in the zone of wetting leading to better efficiency of water. Bunch weight produced per unit of water applied were 349.6, 384.4 and 401.5 kg/ha.mm for C6, D6 and D24 respectively resulting in improved water use efficiency by 15per cent over control. The study proved that fertigation is an advantageous substitute for basin irrigation cum fertiliser application resulting in better yield and increased water use efficiency.
SYSTEM INTENSIFICATION FOR BETTER WATER PRODUCTIVITY IN BANANA

Bridgit T K, Prameela K P, Deepa Thomas and Binitha N K
Agronomic Research Station, Kerala Agricultural University, Chalakudy, Thrissur-680307, Kerala, India arschalakudy@gmail.com Banana is the most important tropical fruit crop of the world with India as the largest producer and consumer. In India among fruit crops, banana ranks first in production and third in area. The steady demand for banana due to its varied uses and wide adaptability to different farming situations makes it a high value crop. In Kerala, the variety Nendran (Musa AAB) occupies the first choice and the fruit is in good demand in the State. More than 70 per cent of banana cultivation is done on leased lands by resource-poor farmers, and hence obtaining maximum income from a unit area under cultivation assumes utmost importance. Of late, the emphasis has been on the increase in the productivity by providing closer spacing. This can be achieved by high density planting(HDP) where microirrigation and fertigation could be conveniently and successfully practiced. Moreover, the use efficiency of irrigation water and fertiliser can also be improved. A field experiment was conducted in the sandy loam soil at Agronomic Research Station Chalakudy, Kerala under All India Co-ordinated Programme on Water Management during 2009-2013. The experiment was laid out in Factorial Randomised Block Design with irrigation methods and crop geometry as the factors. Irrigation methods included drip irrigation with 50 and 75 per cent pan evaporation (PE) on alternate days ( I1 and I2) and basin irrigation with 100 per cent PE on alternate days(I3).This accounted to 20,30 and 40 litres of water on alternate days respectively. Crop geometry treatments consisted of planting single plants at spacing of 2 m x 2 m, planting 2 plants / hill at a spacing of 2.6 m x 2.6 m and planting 3 plants / hill at a spacing of 3.0 m x 3.0 m resulting in a population of 2500, 2950 and 3330 plants /ha respectively. The total quantity of water used were 980, 1470 and 1960 litres/plant respectively for I1, I2 and I3. The treatments were replicated thrice with six pits per plot. Nutrients were provided as per the KAU Package of Practices
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recommendations. Biometric observations of growth and yield parameters of banana crop as well as soil physico-chemical properties were recorded and were subjected to statistical analysis. Among the two factors considered, crop geometry had no significant influence on the bunch yield per plant. But when the total yield per hectare was considered, high density planting with 3plants/ pit (24.34t/ha) resulted in increased yield by 20 per cent over single plant/pit (20.24t/ha) and was on par with 2 plants/ pit(23.55t/ha). Planting of 2-3 plants/pit resulted in more yield, because of higher number of plants available per ha in these two treatments. Drip irrigation at I1 and I2 produced comparable yields with each other (21.34 and 22.27 t/ha) but resulted in a lower yield when compared to basin irrigation at 100 per cent PE (24.32t/ha). The analysis of BC ratio of different irrigation methods showed that highest BC ratio (2.71) could be obtained with drip irrigation at 75 per cent PE. Though drip requires high installation charges, it avoids the highly expensive labour component making it more profitable. Also, drip at 75 per cent PE had a higher water use efficiency (547.3 kg/ha.cm) than basin irrigation at 100 per cent PE (441.0 kg/ha.cm). This shows that banana being a succulent water loving plant, responds well to irrigation. But water being a scarce resource, its efficient use is imperative and under conditions of limited water supply, drip irrigation can be adopted. The results showed that water can be saved by 25 per cent when drip irrigation was practiced instead of traditional basin irrigation. In banana HDP with 3 plants / pit under drip irrigation at 75per cent pan evaporation compensation on alternate days is profitable and can be recommended to farmers. The study conclusively proved that high density planting with 2-3 plants per pit under drip irrigation at 75 per cent pan evaporation compensation on alternate days is a viable practice for banana cultivation in Kerala.
REMOVAL OF NICKEL FROM WASTEWATER PROCESS OPTIMIZATION AND ANALYSIS USING RESPONSE SURFACE METHODOLOGY(RSM)
Mahesh Ganesa Pillai, Prithvi Simha and Ashita Gugalia
Mass Transfer Laboratory, Chemical Engineering Division, VIT University, Vellore-632014, Tamil Nadu, India maheshgpillai@vit.ac.in; prithvisimha092@gmail.com; gugalia.ashita@gmail.com The present day industrial sector in India is riding high on a strong growth wave. Domestic manufacturers are seeking to expand their production horizons, while global giants are aiming to imprint themselves on Indian soil by setting up plants in the country. The economic boom, however, has brought with it its fair share of problems, the majority of it being concerned with environment. Industries have suddenly found themselves in the midst of a raging storm about environmental responsibility and have earned themselves the unwanted tag of being polluters. Of the several accusations, water pollution and contamination is the most severe one. Extensive use of fertilizers by farmers and industrial wastewater dumping by manufacturing firms has rendered the water in many lakes and rivers unfit for human
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consumption. The effluents contain both organic and inorganic pollutants which are harmful for human life. Nickel, a silvery white transition metal, is believed to play a role in physiological processes as a cofactor in the absorption of iron in the intestine. More importantly, a very less quantity of nickel is required in human body. Higher quantities of Nickel can cause headaches, dermatitis, dizziness, dry cough, vomiting, and cyanosis leading to capillary, hepatic and renal damage, nervous disabilities, chest pain and cancer in lungs. It is a listed carcinogenic for all living organisms. During the last few years, new regulations coupled with increased law enforcements concerning wastewater discharges have been established in many countries. A wide variety of conventional and non-conventional technologies have been developed throughout the years for the reduction and removal of most metals including nickel. These techniques include solvent extraction, ion exchange, reverse osmosis, electrodialysis, precipitation, flocculation, coagulation and membrane separation processes. But high capital and operating costs have forced us to opt for a viable alternative. The use of agricultural residues or industrial by-products having biological activity has received considerable attention for the adsorption of metal ions. In this study, Microwave Irradiated Rice Husk (MIRH) was used as a sorbent for the adsorption of heavy metals using conventional adsorption procedures. Microwave activation mainly aims at increasing the surface area to enhance adsorption on pores. The adsorption of nickel onto Microwave-Irradiated Rice Husk was found to be better than that of the Raw Rice Husk. Thermodynamic parameters such as standard Gibbs free energy (G), standard enthalpy (H), and standard entropy (S) were also evaluated. While the thermodynamics indicated spontaneous and endothermic, the kinetics showed that it follow pseudo-second-order model. Further, the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize the design parameters for the present process Microwave-irradiated rice husk was found to be a suitable low cost adsorbent for the removal of nickel (II) ions from aqueous solutions.
ASSESSMENT OF ON-FARM OPTIMIZED IRRIGATION TECHNIQUES FOR DROUGHT MANAGEMENT, IN NASHIK DISTRICT, INDIA
Kadbhane S J and Manekar V L
Water Resource Department, SVNIT Surat, Gujarat, 395 007, India sharad_kadbhane@rediffmail.com; vivek_manekar@yahoo.co.in Water resources management is the key issue in the world in recent due to climate change and its associated drought issue. In particular, drought condition has direct impact on variation in water storages which resulted in stress for irrigation and water planning. Recorded data with the Irrigation Department (Nashik Region-Maharashtra-India) of 17 dams for the period 1971 to 2012 is indicating the variation in reservoir storages, which is ranging from 20 to 80 % against its capacity. In upper Godavari basin (Waghad Dam, Nashik region) grape and pomegranate are the main crash crops. Due to variation in reservoirs storage it is difficult to supply the water frequently to those crops, particularly in drought condition. Unfortunately many ground water sources in this area are finishing in drought
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years because of overstress and no charging. Due to these effects for the years under observation 2009- 2012, about 1000 acre of grape yards gets destroyed and impacted productivity. Farm Pond may found suitable to address the issue of water scarcity by storing rain water and excess canal water in it and its application to field through modern irrigation techniques. After completing the field survey at Ozar village located in Nashik district, India it has been observed that the farmers those have farm pond and advanced irrigation systems like sprinkler irrigation system water saves up to 25%33% water, drip irrigation saves 25% 60% water, Subsurface drip irrigation save 60-80% water, micro irrigation with mulching technology save the water up to 70 % in arid and semiarid area. Ultimately it results 60% increase in crop yield and increase in command area up to 40-50%. Farm pond may found appropriate in providing the solution for drought management.
ASSESSING THE CURRENT AND FUTURE POTENTIAL IRRIGABLE LAND WITH WASTE WATER IN PERI URBAN REGION OF A METROPOLITAN CITY
Drisya J and K P Visalakshy
Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara, Thrissur, Kerala, India j.drisya@gmail.com Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) developed by the Stockholm Environment Institute (SEI) stimulates hydrologic pattern based on climatic input. WEAP uses climatic inputs such as precipitation, temperature, humidity, infiltration, and wind speed. All these inputs can be derived from baseline scenarios, and used to predict the amount of precipitation that falls into a particular area, run-off into streams, recharge of groundwater, or evapotranspiration through vegetation. It integrates demand & supply in a single tool. As the population is increasing, the trend observed was developing urbanised area and thus more water demand. The other interesting phenomenon was the increase in waste water from the urban area. Musi River was carrying both the treated and untreated waste water from the city. Data of current blue water irrigated area and waste water irrigated area were collected. All these trends were modelled in WEAP for two population growth scenarios for future forty years. The additional area that can be used under blue water irrigation are 124 km2, 190 km2, 263 km2, and 348 km2 for lower growth scenario and 233 km2, 500 km2, 882 km2 and 1405 km2 for higher growth scenarios respectively for 2020, 2030, 2040, 2050
EFFECT OF CHITIN SYNTHESIS INHIBITOR (CSI) FLUFENOXURON ON CORCYRA CEPHALONICA (STATION) (LEPIDOPTERA: PYRALIDAE) LARVAE WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO CLIMATIC CHANGE
Praseeja Cheruparambath and Manogem E M
Department of zoology, University of Calicut, Calicut, Kerala,India prasient84@gmail.com ; manogemvinod@yahoo.com
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All over the world there is a concern about the possible climatic change caused by the increasing the concentration of green house gases such as carbon-dioxide methane and nitrous oxide in the atmosphere. These gases contribute to warming of the earth by retaining more heat within the atmosphere. Agriculture is sensitive to the variations in the climate. Indian agriculture continues to be fundamentally dependent on the weather. Any change in climate will have tremendous impact on Indian agriculture and it is bound to influence the distribution of pests. Corcyra cephalonica, is one of the major flour pest coming under the lepidopteran family. It causes serious destruction in stored products. Insect growth regulators also called third generation insecticides, are pesticides affecting development, reproduction or metamorphosis of the target insects. Flufenoxuron is one of the IGR act as the chitin synthesis inhibitor. The effect of flufenoxuron on Corcyra cephalonica larvae that is the growth, development and reproduction mechanism in relation to biochemical changes in different climatic conditions is poorly understood. The present investigation proved that the effect of flufenoxuron on C. cephalonica larvae at different climatic regions of Kerala with different ranges of temperature is different. The efficacy of flufenoxuron was higher in lower temperature compared with increased temperature. This may be due to the quicker degradation of the flufenoxuron in the higher temperature.
VEGETATION STRESS ANALYSIS USING NDVI AT DROUGHT PRONE RAICHUR DISTRICT, KARNATAKA
Sruthi S and Mohammed-Aslam M A
Dept of Geology, Central University of Karnataka, Gulbarga-585106, India sruthiswathandran@gmail.com; maslam.in@gmail.com The Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is a simple numerical index that can be used for the monitoring of natural vegetation and its changes on the land surface. The purpose of this study is to detect the changes in vegetation cover through analysis of temporal variation in the NDVI data derived from the Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) (250m,500m) for the period 2002-2006. The temporal study of NDVI variations helps in understanding the effect of rainfall on the vegetation of the region. Increasing temperature and altered precipitation patterns, leads to the extreme weather events like Drought which drastically affects the agricultural production. It has been documented that there is a direct correlation between the NDVI and the amount of stress vegetation is experiencing. Raichur District, of Karnataka is a drought prone region and falls within the most arid parts of the country. The district relies on the traditional agricultural based economy, hence the impact of drought on the agriculture not only affects the production but also the livelihood of common man. The rainfall data were used to corroborate the drought effects on the agriculture with the resultant NDVI variations. This study is done to derive a relation between the NDVI and the drought. The use of satellite data using advanced techniques such as remote sensing and Geographic information system (GIS) can assist for detection and mapping of agricultural drought prone areas.
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DRIP FERTIGATION EFFECT ON YIELD, QUALITY, WATER USE AND ECONOMICS OF ASHWAGANDHA IN RICE BASED CROPPING SYSTEM
Behera M S, Mahapatra P K, Singandhupe R B, Kundu D K, Satpathy S and Amarpreet Singh
Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres, Barrckpore, Kolkata, India behera_ms@rediffmail.com An experiment was conducted at Central experimental farm of the Directorate of Water Management, Bhubaneswar (Orissa) during rabi seasons of 2005-06 and 2006-07 to study the effect of drip irrigation regimes and fertigation levels on performance of ashwagandha (Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal), cultivated in the rice fallow. The treatments included three irrigation regimes (I1- drip irrigation at 100% PE, I2 at 80% PE and I3 at 60% PE) and three fertility levels (F1 -100%, F2 75% and F3 - 50% recommended dose of 30-30-20 kg N-P-K ha-1) with an extra (control) treatment having surface irrigation and soil application of fertilizer. The experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design with three replications. The soil was sandy loam in texture with pH 5.7, low in organic carbon, nitrogen; medium in available phosphorus and potassium. Drip irrigation recorded maximum root yield (705 kg ha-1) and seed yield (73 kg ha-1) compared to that of surface irrigation method (648 kg and 67 kg ha-1), respectively. Maximum root yield (795 kg ha-1) and seed yield (78 kg ha-1) were obtained through irrigation at 80% PE followed by 100% PE and 60% PE. Application of full dose of fertilizer (100% RD) produced maximum quantity of roots (745 kg ha-1), which was 4.9% and 12.9% more than that of 75% (710 kg ha-1) and 50% RD (660 kg ha-1). The maximum alkaloid and withanolides content in the roots was obtained under drip fertigation. Irrigating the crop at 80% PE with recommended dose of fertilizer (100% RD) produced highest root yield (862 kg ha-1), seed yield (82 kg ha-1). It used 473 mm of water with water use efficiency of 1.85 kg ha-mm-1 and water productivity of Rs.156 mm-1. It gave highest gross return of Rs.70,169 ha-1 and net return of Rs.47,029 ha-1 with benefit-cost ratio of 1.73. Based on demand and marketing opportunities for MAPs, farmers are advised to grow ashwagandha with efficient water and fertilizer management to meet huge industrial demand and the requirement of traditional system of medicine.
EVALUATION OF DROUGHT TOLERANT FODDER COWPEA VARIETIES UNDER VARYING LEVELS OF IRRIGATION AND SHADE
Anita M R and Lakshmi S
Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India riyasraj1997@gmail.com A serious drawback of sustainable livestock production system in Kerala is the inadequate seasonal distribution of fodder production. The quantity and quality of herbage available in the lean dry months from January to May is very low. Therefore it is imperative to develop a fodder production system that increases the availability and improves the quality of herbage in the dry summer months.Fodder cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L.Walp) is a fodder legume
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inherently more tolerant to drought than other fodder legumes and considered as a crop capable of improving sustainability of livestock production through its contribution in improving seasonal fodder productivity and nutritive value.It has shade tolerance, quick growth and rapid ground covering ability. The dairy homesteads of Kerala are mostly experiencing light stress of varying intensities. Poor adaptation of many improved fodder crops/ varieties in shade environment limits fodder production in homesteads and shade affects persistence, yield and quality of under storey forages. Field experiment was conducted in the upland area of the Instructional Farm of College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala to identify drought tolerant varieties of fodder cowpea suitable for the dry summer months.The investigation was conducted as two separate experiments, one in open and another in shaded situations. The design was laid out in split plot with four replications. Four levels of soil moisture stress (presowing irrigation+life saving irrigation, pre sowing irrigation+irrigation atIW/CPE ratio of 0.8, pre sowing irrigation+irrigation at IW/CPE ratio of 0.6, pre sowing irrigation+irrigation at IW/CPE ratio of 0.4) and five varieties of fodder cowpea (CO-5, COFC-8, UPC-618, UPC-622) formed 20 treatment combinations.Check basin method of irrigation was followed.The results of the study revealed that under open condition, the variety COFC-8 recorded maximum green fodder yield at IW/CPE ratio of 0.8 which was followed by the variety UPC-622. Under 25-35 per cent shade, the variety COFC8 recorded maximum green fodder yield at IW/CPE ratio of 0.8 which was on par with IW/CPE ratio of 0.6.Hence under dry summer months the variety COFC-8 can be grown in open conditions at IW/CPE ratio of 0.8 and under shade the same variety can be grown at IW/CPE ratio of 0.6.
INFLUENCE OF PLANTING METHODS, SUBSURFACE DRIP FERTIGATION AND BIOINOCULANTS ON TOTAL DRY MATTER PRODUCTION IN VETIVER
Shimi G J1 and Anilkumar A S2
1
Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thiruvananthapuram-695522, Kerala, India, sgnanadasan@gmail.com 2 Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Padannakkad, Kasargod- 671314, Kerala, India anilagronomy@gmail.com
Vetiver (Chrysopogon zizanioides) is a tall, tufted, perennial scented grass with long narrow leaves and abundant network of roots. The roots are the most important organizational system that makes vetiver a miracle grass for its multifarious applications in soil and water conservation. Though vetiver is a hardy plant by nature, during its early stage of growth it is rather weak as propagated by slips. So for better establishment and performance of the crop, suitable planting methods integrated with appropriate moisture conservation measures and bioinoculants assume greater significance. Azospirillum, Fluorescent pseudomonads and AM fungi are potential agents for enhanced vegetative growth and root development in vetiver. Subsurface drip fertigation with perforated drip lines offers delivery of liquid manures and irrigation water directly into the root zone and also helps to maintain a favourable moisture- nutrient oxygen balance in the rhizosphere for better growth of the crop. With this
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background, the present trial was undertaken to study the effect of planting methods, subsurface drip fertigation and combined application of bioinoculants on total dry matter production in vetiver. The experiment was undertaken at the Instructional Farm of College of Agriculture, Vellayani during 2010-2011. It was laid out in Factorial RBD replicated thrice. The treatments consisted of combinations of three planting methods, two levels of fertigation and two levels of bioinoculants. The planting methods included planting in coconut husk mulched trenches, planting in coconut husk lined trenches and planting on the ridges. Two levels of fertigation included subsurface drip fertigation and without drip fertigation. Combined application of bioinoculants was done with Azospirillum, Pseudomonas and AMF against no bioinoculant. The plants were uprooted at the time of harvest and dried to a constant weight at 800C in a hot air oven. Total dry matter production was calculated and expressed in t ha-1. From the study it is concluded that planting vetiver slips in paired row at a spacing of 25 / 100 x 50 cm in coconut husk lined trenches where the bottom and the sides of the wall of trenches being mulched with a layer of coconut husks (concave side upwards) and filled with enriched rooting medium consisting of a mixture of vermicompost, coir pith compost, poultry manure and soil in 1:1:1:1 proportion was found beneficial in the conservation of soil moisture and nutrients for getting higher dry matter production. Providing subsurface drip fertigation with vermiwash and cows urine @ 1L each diluted in 10L of water was also found to be a promising cost effective technology in enhancing plant growth and total dry matter production in vetiver.Though main effects showed significant effect on dry matter production, interaction effects were insignificant.
DESIGN OPTIMISATION OF TELESCOPIC SUB-MAINS IN DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEMS

Prakash Mohan M M1, Rajitha K2 and Murari R R Varma2
IWM consultancy, Hyderabad-78,India p123mohan@gmail.com Department of Civil Engineering, BITS-Pilani, Hyderabad Campus rajitha@hyderabad.bits-pilani.ac.in; murari@hyderabad.bits-pilani.ac.in
2 1
The major challenge associated with the implementation of any micro-irrigation system is the optimal design of its system components satisfying its hydraulic and economic requirements. In this study an attempt has been made to optimize the critical design parameters of submains of a drip irrigation system .The design process becomes complex when both optimum pipe sizes and standard hydraulic requirements are to be achieved simultaneously. In this study, the focus has been given in the optimum telescopic design of sub mains, since the performance of emitters of a drip irrigation system mainly depends upon the hydraulic parameters of a sub main. The main advantage of telescopic sub-main is that it can reduce the system cost by using a combination of different pipes sizes between sub-main valve and the sub-main flushing valve. Apart from this, the telescopic arrangements of pipes can improve the hydraulic performance of sub mains compared to that of a sub-main system with a single pipe size. Here the optimization is carried out based on the allowable variation of pressure head on emitters in a subunit. Thus the required average emitter discharge and uniformity of water application are precisely achieved. Back track algorithm has been used
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for best combination of pipes in the telescopic arrangement. Back track algorithm has been recursively applied to determine the pipe sizes. This has been carried out by taking pipes between successive lateral outlets as basic unit. Laminar flow velocities in the laterals and transitional flow velocities in the sub-mains are strictly maintained in the selected combinations. This method is tested on Pressure Compensated (PC) system as well as Non Pressure Compensated system (Non PC). The annual energy cost and the fixed cost of the sub main unit are also minimized without compromising the optimum performance of the system. Sample calculations using the actual filed data for two different crops (vegetables and tea) are also documented in the work.
EFFECT OF WATER RESOURCES DEVELOPMENT AND OTHER AGRICULTURAL INTERVENTIONS ON LIVELIHOOD OF RAINFED FARMERS IN ODISHA, INDIA
Mohanty S , Ghosh S, Mohanty R K, Mandal K G, Routray S K and Ashwani Kumar
Directorate of Water Management, Bhubaneswar-751 023, Odisha, India smohanty.wtcer@gmail.com The study was carried out in two clusters of villages in Dhenkanal sadar block (Khallibandha, Nuagaon and Mandapala villages) and Odapada block (Gunadei, Belpada and Kaunriapala villages) respectively, in Dhenkanal district of Odisha, India. Agricultural interventions like construction of water harvesting structures, multiple use of water in the WHSs and crop diversification were done in the six identified study villages. Ten water harvesting structures distributed over six villages were constructed in the farmers field on participatory basis in which farmers agreed to bear a part of the expenditure. Multiple use of water in water harvesting structures was done in terms of agriculture, on-dyke horticulture, vegetable cultivation, pisciculture, poultry and duckery. The farmers were encouraged to diversify from paddy cultivation to vegetable cultivation and other enterprises. Farmer groups were formed for vegetable cultivation and water melon cultivation by river lift irrigation. Adequate trainings and exposure visit of farmers were also conducted on water management technologies. Impact analysis of the agricultural interventions on livelihood of the farmers was done by questionnaire survey of 34 beneficiary farmers. The physical assets, social assets, financial assets, human assets and natural assets of the farmers before and after the interventions were measured on the basis of responses of the farmers on a 5-point continuum scale (minimum and maximum value is 1 and 5, respectively) during interview schedule survey and focus group discussion. The analysis indicated that maximum improvement occurred in physical assets (increase by 78%) followed by natural assets (66%). Social, human and financial assets gains were found in the range of 21-23%. Mean value of overall standard of living of all the 34 farmers derived through addition of the mean values of five assets, increased from 10.24 to 14.15 out of a minimum and maximum possible value of 5 and 25, respectively.
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CONDUCTIVITY, POROSITY AND CARBON CONTENT MEASUREMENTS OF SOILS FROM PARTS OF KERALA
Dhanya K
Farook Training College, Calicut, Kerala, India dhanykolody@gmail.com Humankind is facing with the task of meeting the world's food demand as the population is increasing. Optimised food production can be achieved through precision agriculture. This requires a delicate balance between crop production and optimum use of natural resources. Technological developments in soil measurement techniques provide precise soil analysis with better reliability and reproducibility. Electrical conductivity (EC) is related to molar concentration of ions in the soil solution hence measuring it can give valuable information about the soil type. Electrical conductivity measurements can be used to map soil salinity as well as interpret soil and crop production variability within the field. It is necessary to assess the impact of salinity at regional and localized scales to achieve sustainable agriculture. Assessment involves the determination of change in salinity over a time, which can be measured in real time and predicted with a model. Soil EC maps can be used to define different zones showing obvious trends in soil properties and nutrient levels. Each zone can be sampled and treated independently. Measurement of electrical conductivity of soil samples from different parts of Kerala have been carried out. Porosity measurements were also done on these samples. Porosity measurements are needed in practically all types of soil studies, to determine its water holding capacity, available water, infiltration, pore size distribution, permeability etc. Organic carbon content in soil, the major component of soil organic matter, is extremely important in agriculture. Measurements on soil carbon content were also carried out for the collected samples. An inverse relationship between porosity and bulk density of the samples was observed. Water retention was found to be high in samples with low bulk density. Organic carbon content was found to be high in low bulk density samples.
YIELD AND WATER PRODUCTIVITY OF RICE UNDER DIFFERENT CULTIVATION PRACTICES AND IRRIGATION REGIMES
Shantappa Duttarganvi, Tirupataiah K, Yella Reddy K, Sandhyrani K, Mahendra Kumar R and Kadasiddappa Malamasuri
DRF, WALAMTARI, Himayatsagar, Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, India shantud4@gmail.com; kota_86@rediffmail.com; yellark@gmail.com; sandhyaranigrandhi@yahoo.co.in; kumarrm213@gmail.com; kadasiddappa.m@gmail.com Field experiment was conducted during Kharif 2012 at research farm, Water and Land Management Training and Research Institute (WALAMTARI) Hyderabad, Andhra Pradesh, to evaluate irrigation and cultivation methods on water productivity and grain yield of rice. The experimental soil texture was clay loam and pH (6.5) is slightly acidic. The experiment was laid out in split plot design with four replications. Main plot treatments consist of System of Rice Intensification (SRI) and Normal transplanting (NTP) and the rice variety was BPTCentre for Water Resources Development and Management, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
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5204. Water regimes in sub plots consist of i) flooding maintained at 5 cm water depth ii) saturation condition with 2 cm depth of water and iii) alternate wetting and drying (AWD). Results revealed that significantly higher tillers/hill (39), root length (32 cm), leaf area/hill (319 cm2), panicles/hill (24) and grain yield (5.63 t/ha) were recorded under SRI as compared to NTP. Improvement in yield was to the tune of 32 %. Alternate wetting and drying (AWD) has significant influence on water saving over flooding under SRI and NTP method by 34% and 31% respectively. However, there was no significant difference in yield under different irrigation regimes. Higher water productivity (0.63 and 0.37 kg/m3) by AWD in SRI and NTP methods was obtained in comparison to saturation and flooding practices. Large scale adaptation of AWD method for rice crop in irrigation projects has potentional to save significant quantities of water and improve water productivity.
INDIGENOUS TECHNIQUES FOR MOISTURE CONSERVATION IN COCONUT GARDENS

Sheeba Rebecca Isaac, Anithakumari P and Shalini Pillai P
Farming Systems Research Station, Sadanandapuram, PO Kottarakkara, Kerala, India sheebarebecca@yahoo.co.in; anithacpcri@gmail.com; spillaivellayani@yahoo.co.in The need for conserving water is one of the prime concerns for the government, policy makers, and the common man in the state today. The incessant rains received is expected to be followed by severe dry summer months which necessitates adequate measures for moisture conservation in the agricultural senario. Adequate supply of water is crucial in coconut palms for the vegetative growth and nut production. Soil moisture very often limits coconut production especially when the dry spell gets prolonged and when rainfall is scanty and unlimited.Modern techniques of water harvesting recommended presently have arose based on the indigenous practices adopted in the gone years. This paper attempts to document the indigenous techniques adopted by farmers for soil and moisture conservation in coconut gardens and the rationale that support the adoption of the practices. As part of the participatory research programme of the Farming Systems Research Station, Kottarakkara under Kerala Agricultural University, an assessment of the soil and moisture conservation practicies adopted by the farmers in their homesteads in Kollam district was made and the indigenous practices of moisture conservation specific to coconut gardens in three panchayts were collected through personal interview and field visits. A total of 630 farmers formed the large sample group and those of the age group of 40 and above were taken as sample for documenting the knowledge on the indigenous practices along with the methods adopted by the farmers for insitu moisture conservation in their coconut gardens. The knowledge known to them and the practices adopted in the coconut gardens were tabulated and ranked according to the frequency and it was adjudged that mulching basins with organic materials formed the prime practice known and adopted by the farmers even today. Techniques such as polikoottal ( preparation of small mounds near the trunk base or in the interspaces before the onset of the monsoons and dismantling post monsoon), silt application and bunding the field into plots before the monsoons were quoted by 87 percent of the farmers aged above 60 years but opined that the scarcity of labour has made the practices in vogue today. Innovative measures documented include growing Kattarvazha (Aloe vera) in the basins, deepening the basins during the close of north east monsoon to
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allow the water in the garen to flow and collect in situ so as to serve as resevoir for the summer months. The rationale of the practices were also documented in the attempt. It was very evident that farmers have an intimate understanding of the coconut crop requirements and the biophysical environment and have the capability to utilise them for improving production at the same time sustaining the eco system integrity. Although modern research has been successfull in generating technologies for the benefit of growers, they have not completely replaced the traditional practices, instead have often formed the platform for refinement and modifications. Coconut in the recent decade has shown declining trends of productivity owing to neglected cultivation and it is high time that atleast the local indigenous practices that are less input intensive be reviltalised in the gardens to restore their lost glory.
CROP WATER REQUIREMENT USING FAO- CROPWAT MODEL AND ASSESSMENT OF WATER RESOURCES FOR SUSTAINABLE WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN KOZHIKODE DISTRICT OF HUMID TROPICAL KERALA, INDIA
Surendran U, Sushanth C M, George Mammen and Joseph E J
Water Management (Agriculture) Division, CWRDM, Kunnamangalam, Calicut-673571 suren@cwrdm.org An attempt has been made to compute the crop water requirements of crops in different agro-ecological units (AEUs) of Kozhikode district of humid tropical Kerala using FAO model CROPWAT 8.0. The major cultivated crops are coconut, paddy, pepper, cashew, tapioca, arecanut, banana, brinjal, tomato, tapioca, etc. Kozhikode district has been classified into 3 agroecological zone and 4 agroecological units. The total water requirement for of these crops in various AEUs has been computed using the long term average data of meteorological parameters. Using the Evapotranspiration (ET0) and effective rainfall in each unit, a climatic water balance has been worked out. An overall water balance of the district has been attempted, by considering irrigation, domestic and industrial demand of the AEUs under current scenario and future demand. The gross irrigation demand for the currently irrigated area (24,846 ha) in the district at 70 % efficiency works to 535 Mm3 out of which 408 Mm3 is supplied from surface sources and 127 Mm3 from groundwater sources. The total water demand for irrigation, drinking and industrial purpose was 911 Mm3. The utilizable water resource from all the river basins of Kozhikode inclusive of ground water is estimated as 1363 Mm3. This showed that if the irrigation usage is scientifically managed as per the present calculation by CROPWAT Model then the water requirement will be only 911 Mm3 which shows that plenty of water is available for expanding the irrigated area. The projected gross irrigation demand for the district in future assuming that the entire gross cropped area is irrigated has been computed as 985 Mm3. The projected total water demands for irrigation, drinking and industrial purpose will be 2193 Mm3. The above data shows a deficit of 830 Mm3 and it will be practically difficult to meet the projected requirements with the available resources at a specified point of time. This deficit indicates that if the total area is brought under irrigation there will be deficit years and during such periods deficit irrigation or reduction in command area may have to be adopted. More over it emphasizes the need for improving the water use efficiency by adopting scientific irrigation
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practices in the area. In general there will be surplus water during the monsoon period after meeting the needs of the different sectors and there will be deficit during non monsoon periods, which can be bridged only through long term storage. As more large scale storage has limitations, a practical approach to meet this total demand will be through scientific water management and conservation practices. Hence better water management specially focusing on improving the irrigation efficiency has to be adopted to cater to the demands of the user sectors.
DATA DRIVEN APPROACH TO FORECAST PAN EVAPORATION

Chaudhari N D1 ,Londhe S N2 and Khare K C3
1
K. K. Wagh Institute of Engineering Eduation and Research, Nasik 422003, India chaudhari_nd@rediffmail.com 2 Vishwakarma Institute of Information Technology, Pune 411048, India shreel69@yahoo.com 3 Symbiosis Institute of Technology, Pune, India; kanchan.khare@sitpune.edu.in
Accurate forecasting of pan evaporation is essential for the efficient operation of water resources systems. The evaporation process is complex and highly nonlinear, and is affected by climatic variables such as air temperature, water temperature, humidity, sunshine and wind speed. The evaporation prediction can be achieved using empirical methods but empirical methods are data intensive and require measurement of many meteorological variables like heat radiations to and from the water body, actual duration of sunshine in hours, maximum possible sunshine in hours, mean air temperature in degrees Kelvin, actual vapour pressure, mean wind speed, saturation vapour pressure at mean air temperature which may not be measured at all the locations all the times. As a result of which researchers try to devise alterative techniques to forecast evaporation with relative ease and reasonable accuracy. The present work uses two data-driven techniques, namely genetic programming (GP) and model trees (MT) to forecast pan evaporation one day in advance at Bhatsanagar climatic station in the Thane district of Maharashtra, India, and the results are compared. The models are developed using the current evaporation and previous values of meteorological variables such as air temperature, pan water temperature, humidity at Bhatsanagar station. Both the models performed reasonably well as far as accuracy of prediction is concerned. It was found that the MT techniques performed well, but GP performed better than MT, although only marginally in terms of prediction accuracy. These models can be of great use for hydrologist and irrigation farm water management
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CONCEPTUAL FRAME WORK FOR REVIVING WATER STORAGE STRUCTURE IN RURAL AND PERI-URBAN AREAS
Anuradha B1, Rajeswari B2 and Ambujam N K3
Madha Engineering College, Chennai-600069 2 Queen Marys College, Chennai-600004 3 Centre for Water Resources, Anna University, Chennai-600025 anu_bas2003@yahoo.com; rajeswaribhaarathi@yahoo.com; nkambuj@annauniv.edu Tank is a traditional irrigation structure where bund is constructed across the shallow valley, use to store water for agriculture, domestic, industry and other purposes. Tanks depreciation was realized in mid of 1980s and selected tanks were rehabilitated by repairing and reconstructing tank and command area structures like sluice, surplus weir, field channel, tank bund etc. Desilting of tanks fully or partially helps to increase tank storage capacity. This rehabilitation works gives different impact on location of tank, i.e whether it is located in rural or peri-urban area. This paper elucidates the conceptual frame work which envisages appropriate impact of rejuvenation of water storage structures. Compares and contrasts the advantages that may accrue out of the rehabilitation of peri-urban and rural tank is emphasized. Tank rehabilitation plays a vital role among various water resources projects like canal irrigation development, tube well development, construction of dams and reservoirs etc. Rehabilitation of tanks with community participation is expected to have an overall positive impact on the immediate environment. Tamil Nadu is a predominant tank holding state in India with its hydrological terrain and monsoon condition. It is intimated that there are 39,200 tanks exists, which serves multiple uses for the community. However, the multiple usages differ with respect to spatial location of tanks. Hence the impact of tank rehabilitation has to be studied on different locations namely tank located in absolute rural area and in peri-urban area. Major factors included in finding impact of tank rehabilitation are about change in farming, non-farming and off-farming activities carried out in villages. The result envisages that there is an equal distribution of improved livelihood among tank users through enhanced farming and non-farming activities in rural village. In peri-urban village, unequal distribution of livelihood improvement is seen among the tank users since, off-farm activities are carried out by wealthy farmers and others are either migrating outside in search of jobs or work as labour under off-farm activity owners. It is an accepted fact that tank rehabilitation should help the poorest of the poor in the village and improve their livelihood status. So, in rural tanks, purpose of rehabilitation is achieved. In peri-urban tank the results are in adverse. Tank located in both the places has to be rehabilitated but the components of rehabilitation should be reconsidered in peri-urban tank alone i.e. more emphasis should be give to tank infrastructure development and store water for recharging ground water. Since cultivation practise is being vanished in peri-urban tank command, developing command area structures could be avoided. In rural areas, agriculture is major occupation for the community livelihood and hence equal importance should be given to both tank infrastructure and command area development for better water augmentation and distribution. Therefore, tank as common property resources can be sustained for a long period.
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EFFICIENT TECHNIQUES OF WATER MANAGEMENT IN A GINGERAMARANTH INTERCROPPING SYSTEM

Sudha B, Gilsha Bai E B and Bridgit T K
Agronomic Research Station, Chalakudy, Kerala Agricultural University, Kerala, India sudhabpillai@yahoo.co.in; gilshabai@gmail.com; tk_bridgit@yahoo.com Land and water are the most important inputs for agricultural production and needs to be effectively utilized for maximizing production. Intercropping techniques which well utilize the available land area and micro irrigation technologies which conserve water assume greater significance in this context. Based on this, an intercropping - micro irrigation experiment was conducted for irrigated ginger. Irrigated ginger is planted in February and is harvested in about six months duration during the festive season of onam. The crop fetches very good market prize at that time. Irrigated ginger is grown on raised beds while furrows in between the beds are often left free. An intercrop suited for furrows could step up production from unit area and based on this idea, amaranth was selected as intercrop in the present trial. Ginger was irrigated using conventional surface irrigation as well as through micro irrigation using KAU micro sprinkler. Whenever micro sprinkler was made used in irrigating ginger beds, the amaranth grown in furrows also was irrigated without any additional water. In the present study, micro sprinklers placed on ginger beds could irrigate a circular area around them thereby watering the furrows on both sides. Mulching was also experimented for conserving the water applied. Also, ginger crop alone was tried in the experiment to establish the advantage of gingeramaranth intercropping. The experiment was carried out at Water Management Research Unit, Kerala Agricultural University, Vellanikkara, Thrissur during February to August in 2011 and 2012. The design of the experiment was factorial RBD with three replications. The ginger variety used was `Maran and amaranth variety was Arun. The set of treatments ( 2 x2 x 2 = 8 ) are as follows Crops 1. Ginger alone 2. Ginger + Amaranth Mulching 1. No mulch 2. Green mulch Irrigation 1. KAU micro sprinkler 2. Conventional The results of the two year study revealed that ginger - amaranth intercropping system, green mulching and irrigation using micro sprinkler had significant advantage over other treatments with regard to yield, water use efficiency and net returns ( Table 1). All the three factors intercropping, mulching and irrigation had a significant effect regarding water use efficiency. Intercropping amaranth in ginger, application of green mulch and micro sprinkler irrigation resulted in higher water use efficiency. When ginger was irrigated using micro sprinkler, amaranth grown in furrows also got irrigated without any
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additional water. This could be attributed to the higher water use efficiency of the intercropped system. Equivalent yields were worked out for the two years, combining the yield of ginger and amaranth. Intercropped conditions resulted in better production from unit area and thereby better equivalent yields. It was noticed that in irrigated ginger planted for harvest during Onam, amaranth can be an ideal intercrop. The yield and returns are well improved under conditions of green mulching and micro irrigation. Hence this particular combination of treatments could be considered ideal for effective utilization of the natural resources land and water in stepping up production. Regarding the economics of cultivation, micro sprinkler was more economic compared to surface irrigation obviously due to the labour saving involved. Mulching also had a positive effect, especially in better conservation of water, improvement of yields and thereby resulting in better net returns.
WATER MANAGEMENT TECHNOLOGIES FOR ENHANCING CROP PRODUCTIVITY AND WATER USE EFFICIENCY IN DEEP TUBE WELL COMMAND OF WEST BENGAL, INDIA
Patra S K, Saha S, Goswami S B, Dutta D and Bhattacharya K
Bidhan Chandra Krishi Viswavidyalaya, Gayeshpur-741234, Nadia, West Bengal, India sanmaykumar@rediffmail.com; sbg_bckv05@rediffmail.com; ddatta@mech.becs.ac.in; kallol_bckv23@rediffmail.com West Bengal with 2.7 per cent of geographical area and 7.5 per cent of water resources can mitigate the demands of 8 per cent of the countrys population. Out of various natural resources like water and land, water is considered the most precious and vulnerable essential input for sustaining the environment, biological activity and agricultural production. The demand for fresh water is escalating due to high population growth, improved standards of living and increased requirements for the industrial and agricultural sectors. This resource is going to be the limiting factor and constraints for increasing crop production in future due to the competitive demands from other sectors as a result of rapid industrialization, urbanization and economic development. The overall challenge is more food production per drop of available water resources for ever-increasing human and livestock population. The present water crisis is largely due to misuse or abuse of water and lack of adequate reservoirs to harvest the excess rainfall. The greatest culprit is the agricultural sector which consumes the largest quantity of water (> 75%) especially after introduction of high yielding boro paddy. The gangetic alluvial basin once described as the areas of excess water now suffers from acute dearth of water availability especially during the summer months. In this backdrop, the development and adoption of water management technology for sustainable crop production with higher water use efficiency is much relevant in view of dwindling financial resources, availability and increasing cost of water. To address the problems at the field level, numerous site-specific cost-effective water saving technologies have been developed by the AICRP on Water Management, BCKV center on different field crops including fruits, vegetables and flowers based on soil moisture depletion studies, IW/CPE
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approaches and micro-irrigation techniques in the deep tube well command of the Gangetic alluvial plains under the jurisdiction of New Alluvial Zone of West Bengal. The major objectives were to enhance the agricultural crop productivity and water and nutrient use efficiency for onward transmission to the farmers fields. The center has also made an effort in the adoption of proven water management technologies in the farmers field with a participatory approach. However, there is a huge gap between technologies generation and desired adoption at the actual users end. In spite of such limitations, a few number of water management technologies were successfully adopted in the farmers fields for higher economic return and more employment opportunity to the farming community. These technologies, besides enhancing crop productivity, could also save a significant quantity of irrigation water and plant nutrients.
LAKE SILTATION AND ITS EFFECTS ON AGRICULTURE IRRIGATION OF MAYANI VILLAGE, TAL.- KHATAV, DIST.- SATARA, MAHARASHTRA, INDIA
Arun D. Andhale
R.S.S., Mahatma Phule Mahavidylaya, Pimpri, Pune, Maharashtra, India dr.arunandhale@gmail.com Irrigation is an artificial way of providing water to land or soil to ensure the crop production. Therefore It is a best substitute to rain fed irrigation. As we go eastward. of Crestline of sahyadri the extensive zone of Maharashtra experiences the droughts in one or other years. The village mayani is located at 17 25 north latitudes and 74 30 east longitudes in khatav tahsil of satara district in Maharashtra. This tahsil of satara district receives a less rainfall and categories under drought affected region. To overcome drought the britishers in 1868-1872 has constructed the small dam on the Chand river of Mayani village. Since then the Mayani dam is serving the cause of land irrigation and drinking water facility for the Mayani village and adjacent areas. After its construction lake appeared to be newly formed wet land lake ecosystem, with a excellent bird sanctuary. This bird sanctuary afterward named as Indira Gandhi bird sanctuary having an rich tourism potential in wet season. Since from its construction the lake was not maintained for it siltation and other problems. That has caused to cease the water storage capacity of dam and created new problems to farmers. Now a days due to successive drought and over siltation wetland bird sanctuary is also on the way of destruction due to which it tourism potential has been ceasing day by day . This is an attempt made to study the siltation of Mayani lake and its effect on the irrigation of Mayani village agriculture.
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AEROBIC RICE: AN OPTION TO IMPROVE THE WATER PRODUCTIVITY OF RICE

Jinsy V S1, P Shalini Pillai1 and Jacob John2
1
Department of Agronomy, College of Agriculture, Vellayani, Thirivananthapuram 695 522, Kerala, India 2 Cropping Systems Research Centre, Karamana, Thiruvananthapuram695 522, Kerala, India Jinsy313@g mail.com; spillaivellayani@yahoo.co.in; jjkau@rediffmail.com
In a global world where competition for natural resources like water is increasingly acute, each human need and activity must be scrutinized carefully in order to improve efficiency and equity in the allocation and utilization of these resources. Water for food is by far the main requirement for human beings and it will remain so regardless of past and future increases in agricultural productivity. The past years have witnessed a growing scarcity of water world-wide. Exploring ways and means to produce more rice with less water is essential for food security and sustaining the environmental health. The pressure to reduce water use in irrigated agriculture is mounting in Asia, where it accounts for 90 per cent of the total diverted fresh water. Rice is an obvious target because it accounts for about 50 per cent of the irrigation water (Barker et al., 1999). In Kerala, despite considerable investment and special attention given to rice, the fact remains that the area and production of the crop continuous to decline. According to FIB (2013) the rice area of the state has drastically declined from 4.71 lakh ha (1995-96) to 2.13 lakh ha (2010-11) with the production declining from 9.53 lakh tonnes to 5.23 lakh tonnes. Most of the rice crop of Kerala is rainfed. Thus monsoon vagaries clubbed together with water scarcity has been threatening the very existence of paddy fields in many areas of Kerala. Water scarcity especially during the summer season has discouraged the farmers from cultivating rice. At a time when the traditional paddy fields are being wantonly reclaimed for real estate development and cultivation of other crops, attempts are needed for retaining the rice areas so as to serve for food security and environment security. To combat this, water saving irrigated rice production systems that require less water than the traditional flooded rice need to be explored. Aerobic rice is a new/ refined system of rice cultivation with lowlands with water shortage and for the favourable uplands with accessibility to supplemental irrigation. Aerobic rice cultivation system entails the cultivation of input responsive rice cultivars in non-puddled, non-saturated soils with sufficient external inputs to reach yields of 70 to 80 per cent of highinput flooded rice. In this context a study was undertaken, to assess the adaptability and water productivity of aerobic rice system in the lowlands of southern Kerala. The experiment was conducted during the summer seasons 2010-11 and 2011-12 in the lowlands of the Cropping Systems Research Centre, Karamana, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala. The soil of the experimental site was sandy clay loam, acidic in reaction, high in organic carbon content and with medium available nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium status. The water productivity of four rice varieties [PTB 52 (Aiswarya), MO 16 (Uma), MAS 946 1 (Sharada) and PMK (R) 3]were studied under two moisture regimes aerobic (30 per cent depletion of available soil moisture) and flooded. Considering the convenience in water management, the experiment was laid out in two separate lay outs, one for the aerobic condition and the other for the flooded condition. A buffer strip of 3 m was maintained in between the two. 180
The experiment was laid out in randomized block design, with five replications, under both the moisture regimes. In the case of aerobic rice, irrigation was given at 30 per cent depletion of the available soil moisture. Water productivity was estimated using the formula proposed by Kijne et al. (2003), as the ratio between the total biomass and the total water utilized. The results revealed that aerobic rice recorded higher water productivity (0.72 kg m3 ) than the conventional flooded rice (0.47 kg m-3). MAS 946 1 (V3) recorded the maximum water productivity of 0.64 kg m-3 Compared to flooded rice, the water productivity of aerobic rice was 70.4 per cent higher. Among the four varieties tested, MAS 946 1, the first aerobic rice variety released from UAS, Bengaluru and the KAU rice varieties Aiswarya and Uma, proved superior for aerobic conditions in southern Kerala.
KARNATAKA WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT: CHALLENGES AND PROGRAM

Prabhavathi P O and Naveen N
University of Mysore, Mysore, Karnataka, India prabhabelagare@gmail.com Water is an essential for all life on the planet. 91 percent of the water resources on Earth only three percent of it is fresh water, slightly over two- third of the fresh water is locked up in ice caps and glaciers. O f the remaining one percent, a fifth is in remote, inaccessible areas and much seasonal rainfall the worlds fresh water and floods cannot easily be used. At present only about 0.08 percent of all the worlds fresh water is by mankind in ever increasing demand for sanitation, drinking , manufacturing, leisure and agriculture.Much effort in water resource management is directed at optimizing the use of water and in minimizing the environmental impact of water use on the natural environment. The state is endowed with limited water resources that are stressed and depleting .Different Sect oral demand are growing rapidly. Increase in population, urbanization, rapid industrialization and rising incomes are putting this resource under stress. Unless water resources are properly developed and managed, the state will face acute crisis within the next two decades. Serious destabilization of the water sector affecting the hydrology, economy and ecology of the state is likely. Much effort in water resource management is directed at optimizing the use of water in minimizing the environmental impact of water use on the natural environment.Successful management of any resources requires accurate knowledge of the resource available, the uses to which it may be put, the competing demand for the resource, measures to and processes policy decisions into actions on the ground.For water as a resource this is particularly difficult since sources of water can cross many national boundaries and the uses of water include many that are difficult to assign financial value to add may also be the very long term value of ancient ground water reserves. Water resource management is the activity of planning, developing, distributing and managing the optimum use of water resources. It is a set of water cycle management. In an ideal world, water resources management planning has regard to all the competing demand for water and seeks to allocate water on an equitable basis to satisfy all uses demands. With the growing uncertainties of global climate change and the long term impacts of management actions, the decision-making will be even more difficult.. As a result new
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management strategies will have to be implemented in order to avoid setbacks in the allocation of water resources. The present study focuses upon the current status of water supply (current and next 15 years,) in Karnataka, demand for water (current and next 15 years) in Karnataka, surface water supply (reservoir and tanks number and water quantify) for irrigation in Karnataka, supply demand gap for water (current and next 15 years) in Karnataka, and various watershed development programmers in Karnataka. The present study is based on secondary data and data was collected from various reports, journals, internet etc.
ATTITUDE OF FARMERS TOWARDS DRIP IRRIGATION

Bina Jose, Mohammed Koya A P, Deepa V J, Vidhya C and Sindhu I A
Center for Water Resources Development and Management, Kozhikode, Kerala, India bina1729@gmail.com; muhammedkoya83@gmail.com; dvjrosemol@gmail.com; vidhyaraveendran.c.@gmail.com; sid@cwrdm.org Increasing crop yield and income is important for farmers in Kerala, who operate under a non-remunerative farming system. Proper water management is one of the key issues for achieving this objective. Many farmers are adapted to a culture of water consuming traditional surface irrigation, applying excess water than the crop requirement. Irrigating more cultivated area in Kerala through surface irrigation methods is going to be a difficult task. In this context, water saving methods like drip irrigation, along with fertigation offers considerable scope. The subsidy provided by the Agriculture Department for drip irrigation should be an enabling factor for its adoption by farmers. A study was carried out on the attitude of farmers towards drip irrigation/fertigation. Data was collected from 65 farmers using an interview schedule from Thrissur district, which includes 40 irrigating and 25 un-irrigating farmers. The first and second ranked responses of farmers on the advantages/disadvantages of drip fertigation, reasons for not showing interest to adopt drip irrigation/fertigation, and reasons for irrigating/not irrigating their crops were mainly considered for analysis. The results show that even though majority of the farmers are aware of drip irrigation technique, most of them are unaware of fertilizer application through drip fertigation. 78.6% of irrigating and 81.8% of un-irrigating farmers attribute high cost as the disadvantage of drip irrigation system. About 97 to 100% of both categories of farmers report high cost of the system as a reason for not adopting it. About 81% of irrigating and un-irrigating farmers report difficulty in getting subsidy for drip irrigation from the Agriculture Department Farmers consider less labour requirement under drip irrigation as a more important advantage than savings in water. When compared to irrigating farmers, comparatively less number of un-irrigating farmers is expressing water saving as an advantage of drip irrigation, even when 59% of these farmers report water scarcity as the reason for not irrigating their crops. This implies that the orientation of the farming community is more towards reducing cost of cultivation than water consumption under irrigation, even under water scarcity conditions. This appears to be reasonable, considering the costly system of cultivation existing in Kerala, under which, labour wages constitute an important component. About 59% of un-irrigating farmers, who have attributed water scarcity as the main reason for not irrigating, are not interested to adopt drip irrigation, even when 90% subsidy provided by
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Agriculture Department. The constraints related to the high cost of drip system and difficulty in availing subsidy could be the main reason for this. The data shows that irrigation is able to improve crop yield However, the average yield of irrigated coconut is only 44 nuts/ palm/ year, 0.77 Kg/palm for arecanut and 13 Kg/plant for banana. This is significantly less than the potential yield of these crops under irrigated conditions. The trend of excess water application by farmers, leading to saturation of soil for longer periods and consequent lack of soil aeration, can be attributed as an important reason for the low yield. This indicates the need to apply only adequate irrigation through methods like drip, which gives good yield and water use efficiency for crops. The study reveals the necessity to provide farmers adequate and timely financial assistance to motivate them to shift from excess irrigation and to encourage farmers facing water scarcity to adopt water saving methods like drip irrigation.
PERFORMANCE OF MALAMPUZHA IRRIGATION PROJECT- AN EMPIRICAL EVALUATION

Madhava Chandran K, Sushanth C M, Ranju Rajendran and. Athulya A K
Center for Water Resources Development and Management, Kozhikode, Kerala, India mck@cwrdm.org; scm@cwrdm.org; ranjurajendran09@gmail.com; athulya84ak@gmail.com Implementation of Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM) in Kerala, which involves transfer of irrigation management responsibilities to farmers through water user associations, is expected to improve water use efficiency under irrigation projects. However, before transferring selected canals to farmers under PIM, it is necessary to evaluate irrigation projects for carrying out necessary repairs and maintenance work. An empirical evaluation has been carried out in Malampuzha irrigation project in Palakkad district. A sample of 140 farmers selected through stratified random sampling based on the location of land holding - on head, middle and tail reaches of Kottekkad II branch canal of the project were interviewed using a questionnaire. Preferences of farmers were collected for agencies to manage water when PIM is implemented, under the following water availability conditions - always adequate, timely and equitable; sometimes adequate, timely and equitable; never adequate, timely and equitable. For working out Irrigation Service Delivery Index (ISDI), farmers responses were collected and scored for the parameters - adequacy/timeliness/equity of water supply, repair/maintenance of irrigation infrastructure, and accountability of irrigation staff. The importance of considering these parameters in analyzing irrigation service delivery was also elicited from the farmers and scored. Significant differences, if any, in the score of farmers located on various reaches of the canal and having different landholding size were analyzed throught test. Transect walk was carried out to identify the status of canals with regard to lining, damages, siltation etc. Results reveal that the proportion of farmers in the head reach preferring irrigation department to manage water under PIM is low (26%), compared to WUA (38%) and Panchayath (36%). However, in middle and tail reaches, more farmers prefer irrigation department than other agencies. This indicates that in these reaches, where, water availability is not usually up to the desired level as that of the head reach, farmers have more trust in the irrigation department to deliver water under PIM. The constraint in water
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availability in middle and tail, compared to head reach was also evident from the farmers responses. t test showed no statistically significant difference between different reaches of the canal or between farmers having different landholding size for the score of all the parameters analyzed in this study. The data on ISDI also showed no statistically significant difference between different canal reaches. This implies that farmers are generally satisfied with the present system of O&M under Malampuzha irrigation project. Unlike many other parts of Kerala, the occupation of farmers in Palakkad district is primarily rice cultivation, and accordingly, they become dependent on the irrigation project for cultivation. Hence, the findings of studies under such an irrigation project have policy implications regarding agricultural water management in the State. Transect walk along Kottekadu II branch canal showed that intake regulators and outlets are in a good condition. However, weed growth was observed in some regions of the canal, which restricts steady flow of water. About 63% of the canal length is lined, while about 30% of the length is sedimented. Significant damages were not observed in the canal. Similar is the case with the other three branch canals, namely, Kavilpad, Vallikode II and Pathiripala. 60 to 70 % length of these canals are lined and sedimentation ranges from 25 to 35% only.
GROUNDWATER RECHARGE ZONE MAPPING USING GIS-BASED MULTI-CRITERIA ANALYSIS: A CASE STUDY IN KADAVANAR, CAUVERY RIVER, TAMIL NADU, INDIA
Suresh M1, Gurugnanam B2 and Kumaravel2
1
Department of Civil Engineering, VSA Engineering Collage of Technology, Salem, Tamil Nadu; watersuresh@gmail.com 2 Center for Geology, Gandhigram Rural University, Dindigul, Tamil Nadu 3 Department of Earth sciences, Annamalai University, Chidambaram, Tamil Nadu
The groundwater recharge zone mapping often requires a large amount of spatial information and criteria. Geographic information systems are capable of managing large amount of spatially related information, providing the ability to integrate multiple layers of information for multi-criteria analysis. To show the capabilities of GIS techniques for mapping groundwater refill zone in arid area, a study was carried out in the Kadavanar sub-basin located in Tamil Nadu. This evaluation incorporates historic rainfall data analysis, ground water level, Sub-basin drainage, aquifer thickness, slope and land use/land cover map. The study area is categorized according to the previous criteria. Multi-criteria analysis is performed to evaluate suitability to the groundwater recharge for each factor such as check dam and sub-surface dyke according to its associated weight. The thematic layers were integrated with one another using the weighted aggregation method to derive the groundwater recharge maps. The results demonstrated that the GIS methodology has good functionality for mapping groundwater recharge zone.
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IDENTIFICATION OF SUITABLE SITES FOR CHECK DAMS: A GEOMORPHIC APPROACH CASE STUDY OF AUSGRAM BLOCK, BURDWAN DISTRICT, WEST BENGAL, INDIA
Prakasam C
School of Civil Engineering, Chitkara University, Himachal Pradesh 174103, India cprakasam@gmail.com Water is most vital element for the survival on earth. It has become one of the emerging environmental issues our ecosystems are facing today. Issues of water quantity, quality and availability are the three major concerns and are vital to the quality of the life on earth. Every human uses water in day to day life for several purposes like agriculture, domestic, electricity etc. Mainly agriculture purpose surface water resource (Pond, Lake, Canal, River) is very essential. So everyone needs to save water resources for future generation. Present study area (Ausgram Block) basically good agriculture region in Burdwan district but due to water stressed problem cultivation is not successful in every year. In Ausgram block surface water bodies are present but water is not available maximum months in a year. Due to these problem farmers not able to cultivate the crops more than one time in a year, because of water stressed problem. This region landform or physical landscape is the main controlling factor of surface water resource, because of undulating surface topography water not storing more than three month per year. This region surface water harvesting is needed for mainly agriculture purpose. Present surface water harvesting study made through the geomorphic resources i.e., Ruggedness Index (RI), Relative Relief (RR), Drainage Density (DD), Slope and Frequency of Surface Water Bodies (FSWB) and land use land cover of the area. These analyses have been done from Survey of India topographical maps every one square kilometer grid wise. Present study have identified three check dams zones for store the surface water during rainy season in Ausgram Block, i.e., Maximum possibility of check dam Potential Zone (8%), Moderate possibility of check dam Potential Zone (3%) and Minimum possibility of check dam Potential Zone (89%).
SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF CONVERSION OF WET LAND PADDY FIELDS

Mercykutty M J1 and Ranjan S Karippai2
1
College of Agriculture, Padannakkad, Kasaragod, Kerala, India mjmercyg@gmail.com 2 Krishi Vigyan Kendra, Thrissur, Kerala, India
The keynote of Keralas Agriculture is the diversity in crop production which is the consequence of a wide range of natural conditions. The food habits and the consumption pattern have made rice the staple food of the people of Kerala. A major land use change that has occurred in Kerala is the conversion and reclamation of paddy cultivated areas, both in the low lands and uplands to agricultural and non agricultural purposes jeopardising the food security of the state.
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The Kuttanad Wetland Ecosystem inclusive of the Vembanad Lake has been receiving global attention due to biodiversity, agricultural production, fish production, aesthetic value, scenic beauty, tourism etc. Since Kuttanad, the rice bowl of Kerala, is a typical geographic location undergoing many changes in cropping patterns and land use systems, a study was conducted with the objective of analyzing the socio- economic consequences of paddy field conversion. The study was conducted in three panchayaths viz: Thakazhi and Thalavady from Alappuzha District and Vazhappally from Kottayam District. Respondent categories included farmers, agricultural labourers, people representatives, social activists, extension personnel and scientists. All the major techniques were used for data collection. The study revealed that the most important socio- economic consequences were the change in land value, land use pattern, higher income due to switching over to other crops, occupational diversification and outmigration of labour force. Since the late 1980s NRI remittance has been influencing the paddy field conversion significantly, real estate business has also its role to play. In terms of easy and direct income, this business is considered as highly attractive compared to the labour intensive and laborious paddy production. It was observed that in some pockets, land has been habitually kept as fallow for years and later it becomes not suitable for paddy cultivation. In the labour scarce scenario, farmers feel that cash crops cultivation has been more profitable .As the consequence of liberalization and globalization of Indian economy, agriculture has also witnessed many changes. As a consequence of all these developments people entering into agriculture as an occupation in rural Kerala has reduced drastically. The transition of the economy from agriculture to non agriculture, growth of urban centres in the neighbourhood and growth of facilities for quick transportation induced movement of agricultural labour from the village to outside areas in search of work. The higher wages existing in the non-agricultural sectors and the preference of the workers in other sectors resulted in the shift of a sizeable proportion of the rural labour from agriculture. Along with the conversion road development was a critical factor that opens up any ecosystem for further change. The number of roads constructed in Kuttanad shows a rising trend during the last few decades. Previously, there were only very few roads in Kuttanad area due to the waterlogged nature. Even though the unplanned and unscientific development of roads shattered the environmental and ecological balance of Kuttanad ,it has enhanced the transportation facility. A strategy to rationalize the land use pattern was also proposed.
BIOREMEDIATION OF ORGANOCHLORINE PESTICIDE RESIDUES USING BACTERIAL SPECIES ISOLATED FROM SOIL
Jesitha K, Manjusha CM and Harikumar P S
Center for Water Resources Development and Management, Kozhikode, Kerala, India jessysreejith@gmail.com; manjuabijith@gmail.com; drpshari@yahoo.co.in Bioremediation is emerging as the most ideal alternative technology for removing pollutants from the environment, restoring contaminated sites, and preventing further pollution. This environmental friendly technology is expanding range of organisms to be used to clean up pollution and forms a vital component of the green movement of maintaining the natures
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overall ecological balance. Due to long residence time of organochlorine pesticides in the environment, there is a great interest in examining the pollution. Although the use of most organochlorine pesticides has been discontinued as a result of their environmental persistence, exposure will continue during the coming years too. As a consequence, many organochlorine pesticides may induce chronic toxicities through long-term exposure even if doses are relatively low. In the bioremediation study, bacterial species for degrading pesticides was isolated from the soil collected from two different Agricultural farms located in Kozhikode district, Kerala where cultivation practices were going on for many years. Serial dilution method was used for isolation of bacteria using Soil Extract Medium and Gram stain method was used for studying the morphological characteristics of the isolates. The two isolates, Delftia tsuruhatensis and Bacillus thuringiensis were utilized for remediation of test solution containing mixed organochlorine pesticides. The degradation of selected organochlorine pesticides by single and mixed bacterial cultures were studied in aerobic conditions via batch experiments with an initial mixed organochlorine pesticide concentration of 100 g/L. The degradation of organochlorine pesticides was tested using single bacterial cultures and mixed cultures which consisted of Delftia tsuruhatensis and Bacillus thuringiensis. Mixed bacterial culture was found to be more efficient and after two weeks of incubation, mixed bacterial culture was able to completely degrade the test solution of a mixture of organochlorine pesticides. Uninoculated test solution was maintained as control in order to compare the difference in degradation of mixed organochlorine pesticides. In addition to direct inoculation of bacterial isolates to pesticide standards, soil experimental studies were also conducted to validate the efficiency of the method. After the extraction of organochlorine pesticides from the test solution and soil, their degradation by bacterial species was determined by monitoring the pesticide disappearance by gas chromatograph with electron capture detector. From the results it was found that mixed bacterial culture was very efficient for the removal of organochlorine pesticides from contaminated soil. Lindane, Aldrin and Endosulfan was found to be completely degraded within 14 days and Dieldrin and DDD within 21 days. In the control experiments Lindane, Aldrin, Dieldrin, DDD degraded only within 50 days and endosulfan was completely removed only within 90 days. In soil experimental studies using mixed culture the complete removal of pesticides happened within two weeks which proved that mixed culture can be utilized effectively for the degradation of organochlorine pesticides in contaminated soil. Bioremediation is a cost effective method for degrading toxic compounds to innocuous products. The results of the study implied that the bacterial strains could be employed for bioremediation of organochlorine pesticide polluted environment. The two isolated strains were found to be useful for pure culture remediation process of organochlorine pesticides and their efficiency for remediation was well improved when applied as mixed culture.
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PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF STORAGE EFFICIENCY AND OPTIMAL WATER ALLOCATION OF A ANCIENT TANK SYSTEM UNDER SEMI-ARID HYDROLOGIC SETTINGS IN SOUTH INDIA
Satishkumar U1, Balakrishnan P1, Ramaswamy K2 and Polisgowdar B S1
1
College of Agricultural Engineering, University of Agricultural Sciences, Raichur, Karnataka 584101, India uskrcrcae@yahoo.co.in; deanagengguasd@rediffmail.com 2 College of Agricultural Engineering, Kumulur, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore, India
The Karnataka state, a part of south Indian plateau possesses about 36,000 traditional tanks of varied sizes with a created irrigation potential of about 0.685 M ha spread over in 29 districts and their operation is based on heuristic procedures and subjective judgments by the tank water user community. The ability of the tank to irrigate its assured command area every year depends upon its prevailing maximum storage capacity vis-a-vis size of the command area which generally does not match oftenly and lead to the conflicts of interests of stake holders and management. The random chances of filling up of the tank not only adversely affect on the decisions of Tank Users Associations (TUG) on efficient water sharing between different reaches in command area but also on its sustenance against its chances under shadow of recurrent droughts. The study has dealt with analysis of a traditional tank reeling under semi-agro-climatic conditions of northern Karnataka with the objectives of its optimal sizing and utilization and subsequent allocation of water storage with and without augmentation with ground water for protective irrigation of sustained cropping pattern to achieve maximum water use efficiency. The analysis using explicit stochastic optimization revealed that the chances of existing capacity of Tuntapur tank (11, 87,799 m3) getting filled would be once in 2.6 years (P=0.38), which could be reduced to 2.0 years (P = 0.41) with the proposed optimal capacity (9, 94,269 m3). Further, the paddy being traditional and priority crop of the tank command area, its optimal water allocation plans were proposed along with alternative light irrigated crops namely, groundnut and sunflower. The cropping pattern was proposed commensurating with the tank inflow quantity at 10, 45, 70 and 90 per cent probability levels. The groundwater was proposed to be pumped from the existing wells to a limit of sustainable draw down (2.18 m). The minimum water productivity of Rs. 1.34 m-3 would be assured in the command area whenever they receive inflows recurrently beyond their capacities (at 10-year or higher return periods) cultivable with paddy crop alone. The maximum productivity that could be achieved at very low inflows (at 1 to 1.33 year return period) would be of Rs. 3.61m-3 provided light irrigated crops were practiced.
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EFFECT OF MICRO SPRINKLER AND SURFACE IRRIGATION ON YIELD AND ECONOMICS FOR GROUNDNUT UNDER RAICHUR AGRO CLIMATIC
Polisgowdar B S and Mohammed Waseem
College of Agricultural Engineering, Raichur, Karnataka 584101, India polisgowdar61@yahoo.com; waseem2075@gmail.com Field experiment was conducted during December 2011 to April 2012 under Raichur climatic conditions. The performance of micro sprinkler irrigation for groundnut at 60%, 80%, 100% and 120% ETC was compared with surface irrigation. The study revealed that irrigating through micro sprinkler at 100% ET (23.86 q ha -1) recorded the highest yield followed by 80% ET (21.60 q ha -1) and 120% ET (20.09 q ha-1) which was superior over surface irrigation yielded (19.75 q ha -1). The highest B:C ratio (3.42) was found in micro sprinkler irrigation 100 % ET followed by surface irrigation (3.32) respectively.
ASSESSMENT OF IRRIGATION WATER SUPPLY AND DEMAND BY GIS BASED DIAGNOSTIC ANALYSIS IN PERIYAR VAIGAI COMMAND AREA
V Kumar
Department of Agricultural Engineering, AC&RI, Madurai-625104, Tamil Nadu, India kumar.madurai@gmail.com Satellite remote sensing and GIS techniques were applied to 2007 Rabi and Kharif season data to evaluate the system performance and to diagnose the performance to aid in improving the water management. The distributary 14R of IXth Branch Canal of PVC project in Tamil Nadu state covering about 435 ha area, was considered for this study. A critical problem in irrigation management is to determine when to irrigate and how much water to apply. Two situations are generally faced by farmers (i) adequate water supply, when resources are exploited to attain maximum yield per unit area even at the cost of misuse of water, and (ii) inadequate supply of water when judicious scheduling is a must to maximize the yield. In the first situation, the farmer has to be provided with an optimum irrigation schedule and amount of each irrigation to ensure maximum water-use efficiency. In the second situation, information is to be provided for rationalising the limited water distribution. The satellite images were geometrically corrected with respect to topographic maps using ERDAS and transported to ArcGIS environment. The revenue survey map in 1:8000 scale was photographically reduced to 1:16000 scale, digitized, edited and corrected with respect to toposheet and satellite imagery. Crop water requirements of major crops were combined with area of cultivation obtained through satellite data to compare total water supply and demand. This was helpful in developing efficient irrigation management practices specially suited for different crops and irrigation scheduling based on evapotranspiration values estimated from climatic data is appealing because this approach is relatively simple compared to on site measurements.
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Amount and time of irrigation can be adjusted from Maximum Likelihood (MXL) classified crop map merged with agroclimatic data. Supervised Maximum Likelihood Classified crop map was prepared analyzing IRSP6 satellite data of May and October, 2007 in ERDAS 7.5 image analysis package. Average crop water requirements of both the crops was determined from 10 years meteorological data (1997-2007) using CROPWAT. Amounts of irrigation (mm) applied in different crop fields have been estimated from canal discharge data and from the information on number and duration of times each field has been irrigated by individual farmers. In MXL classified satellite image three classes were broadly made; namely, rice, uncultivated and other crops. From the crop map, area under rice was found to be around 411.7 ha. Average irrigation requirements (crop water requirement- effective rainfall) obtained from 10 years climatic and crop data was 1132 mm. Assuming that no change in cropping pattern of the study area to a large extent during last 10 years, average irrigation requirement data have been merged with crop map. This gave a total irrigation requirement of 544 ha-m for rice in the study area. These values when subtracted from total supply of irrigation water (average depth received by individual fields X area), a deficit of 486 ha-m for rice was observed. From this study, it is clear that improvement in crop performance is possible in the study area simply by increasing the amount of water supply.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF MICRO SPRINKLER IRRIGATION FOR GROUNDNUT UNDER RAICHUR REGION
Mohammed Waseem and Polisgowdar B S
College of Agricultural Engineering, Raichur, Karnataka 584101, India waseem2075@gmail.com1; polisgowdar61@yahoo.com2 Field experiment was carried out during December 2011 to April 2012 under Raichur climatic conditions. The performance of micro sprinkler irrigation for groundnut crop at 60%, 80%, 100% and 120% ETC was compared with surface irrigation. The results indicated that there was saving of 66.41% and 57.29 % in 60 per cent ET and 80 per cent ET in micro sprinkler irrigation over surface irrigation. Maximum water use efficiency registered in micro sprinkler irrigation at 60 per cent ET (1.42 kg m-3) and 80 per cent ET (1.26 kg m-3) with the application efficiency of 82.80 % and 82.05 % in 60 per cent and 80 per cent ET. Uniformity in single micro sprinkler was 89.91 % and 87.69 % in 100 per cent over lapping at 1.4 kg cm2 pressure respectively.
AGRONOMIC MANAGEMENT PRACTICES FOR RAISED BED RICE (Oryza sativa L) UNDER DRIP FERTIGATION SYSTEM
Govindan R, Myrtle Grace T, Gurusamy A, and Kumar V
Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai (AC & RI), TNAU, Tamil Nadu, India kumar_cae@yahoo.com Field experiment was conducted at central farm, Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai, during Rabi 2009 - 2010 to (study the effect of agronomic management practices
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for drip fertigation in raised bed rice cultivation. The field experiment was laid out in factorial randomized block design with three replications. Two different varieties were tested as first factor (V1: PMK (R) 3, V2: ARIZE6444). In the second factor of four management practices viz., T1 - Drip irrigation at 125 % PE +100% RDF through drip ,T2 - Drip irrigation at 150 % PE+100% RDF through drip ,T3- Drip irrigation at 125 % PE +100 % RDF through drip + Azophosmet + Humic acid (HA) ,T4- Drip irrigation at 150 % PE + drip fertigation of 100 % RDF + Azophosmet + Humic acid (HA). Drip irrigation was scheduled once in three days and fertigation was given once in six days as per the treatment schedule. Observations on growth, yield attributes and yield of rice were recorded. Estimation of total water use, plant nutrient uptake and economic returns were also carried out. Variety PMK (R) 3 (V1) with drip irrigation at 150 per cent PE+drip fertigation of 100 per cent RDF+Azophosme+Humic acid (HA) (V1T4) exhibited better plant height and leaf area index. Variety ARIZE6444 (V2) with drip irrigation at 150 per cent PE +drip fertigation of 100 per cent RDF+Azophosmet+Humic acid (HA) (V2T4) produced higher number of tillers per hill and DMP. The sterility percentage was also lesser in this treatment. Variety ARIZE6444 (V2) with drip irrigation at 150 per cent PE+drip fertigation of 100 per cent RDF+Azophosmet+Humic acid (HA) (V2T4) registered higher number of productive tillers per hill, and number of filled grains per panicle. The variety PMK (R) 3 (V1) with drip irrigation at 150 per cent PE and drip fertigation of 100 per cent RDF+Azophosmet +Humic acid (HA) (V1T4) produced the higher panicle length and thousand grain weight.(V2T4) recorded higher N, P and K uptake (Variety ARIZE6444 (V2) with drip irrigation at 150 per cent PE + drip fertigation of 100 per cent RDF+Azophosmet+ Humic acid (HA) ).Drip irrigation at 125 per cent PE was found to be better than other irrigation regime (150 per cent PE) as for as water use is concerned. It has registered an optimum consumptive water use and higher water use efficiency.Net return and benefit cost ratio were higher for Variety ARIZE64444 (V2) with drip irrigation at 150 per cent PE and drip fertigation of 100 per cent RDF + Azophosmet + Humic acid (HA) (V2T4). It was followed by variety ARIZE6444 (V2) with drip irrigation at 125 per cent PE+ drip fertigation of 100 per cent RDF + Azophosmet + Humic acid (HA) (V2 T4). From the above study, it can be concluded that the rice responded well to the combination of Variety ARIZE6444 (V2) with drip irrigation at 150 per cent PE+ drip fertigation of 100 per cent RDF + Azophosmet + Humic acid (HA) (V2T4 ) maximizing the yield and gross income. In addition to better crop growth, higher yield attributes, yield and substantial quantity of water saving. Thus, it clearly indicated the feasibility of introducing drip fertigation in rice for higher water productivity, higher fertilizer use efficiency and sustainability in future rice production.
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CHASING WEATHER THROUGH MINI MOBILE SPRINKLER SUSTAINABLE INCOME GENERATING TECHNOLOGY FOR THE COASTAL SANDY AREAS
Mahendran P P, Gurusamy A, Krishnasamy S and Kumar V
ICAR-WMS, Department of Agronomy, Agricultural College and Research Institute Madurai- 625 104, Tamil Nadu, India; ppmahendran2002@yahoo.co.in In India, the length of coastal strip traverse more than 7517 kilometer along the East and West coasts. Farmers usually raise crops during rainy season and thereafter shallow ring wells are utilized for cultivation of subsequent crops which yields less fresh water in unit time. The use of high output oil engine motors leads to over pumping from wells and sea water intrusion into aquifers. Sandy soils require frequent watering which is again not possible with conventional method of flood irrigation. In this context, use of Mini mobile sprinkler irrigation system is the only option to tap fresh water from ring wells as the output (pumping) and aquifer recharge (input) is maintained in this system and also avoids sea water intrusion. The demonstration of mini mobile sprinkler system was carried out under farmers participatory mode in an area of 125 hectares with the financial assistance from Ministry of water resources, New Delhi. This is the low cost single head sprinkler system which operates with 1.5 Hp petrol start and kerosene driven engine with a self priming pump attached to it. This pump can create a pressure head up to 4 kg per sq. cm and thus one sprinkler head can cover an area of 0.15 to 0.18 acre in one hour with an irrigation depth of 10 to 12 mm. Vegetables and groundnut were cultivated and the yield increase among the farmers group was 120 and 150 per cent respectively compared to conventional method of irrigation. This technology is highly useful in an area of no electricity, possibility of saving 50 per cent of the irrigation water and the farmers can get assured crop without any loss in crop yield.
MULTISPECIALITY WATER SOLUBLE FERTILIZERS ENHANCE THE YIELD AND QUALITY OF SUGARCANE UNDER SUBSURFACE DRIP FERTIGATION SYSTEM
Gurusamy A, Mahendran P P, Krishnasamy S and Kumar V AICRP-WM, Department of Agronomy, Agricultural College and Research Institute Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai, Tamil Nadu- 625 104, India guruwms2009@gmail.com The simultaneous delivery of water and fertilizers to the active root zone through subsurface drip irrigation system ensures optimum growth and yield of sugarcane. Field experiment was carried out at Agricultural College and Research Institute, Madurai, Tamil Nadu during 200911 to study the influence of water soluble fertilizers (WSF) and sulphur on growth and yield of cane under subsurface drip fertigation system. The experimental soil is clay loam in nature with low N and medium P and K content. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with three replications. The sugarcane variety Si-7 was used as test crop. The treatments comprised ofF1-Soil application of recommended P and K and the
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N through drip, F2 - 75per cent recommended dose of P and K-(50 % P and K as basal, balance nutrients through WSF), F3- 100per cent recommended dose of P & K (50 % P and K as basal, balance nutrients through WSF), F4-125per cent recommended dose of P and K(50 % P and K as basal, balance nutrients through WSF), F5 - F1 + Sulphur 30 kg / ha as soil application, F6 - F2 + Sulphur 30 kg / ha as soil application, F7 - F3 + Sulphur 30 kg / ha as soil application, F8 - F4 + Sulphur 30 kg/ha as soil application, F9 -surface irrigation with soil application of RDF (275:62.5:112.5 kg NPK ha-1) as control. Subsurface drip irrigation was scheduled at 100 % PE once in three days and fertigation was given once in seven days as per the treatments. Observations on growth, yield attributes, yield and quality of plant and ratoonsugarcanewere recorded. Plant height and tiller production of both plant and ratoon sugarcane were significantly higher in drip fertigation of 125per cent recommended dose of P & K (50 % P and K as basal, balance nutrients through WSF) combined with soil application of Sulphur @ 30 kg/ha. The yield attributes viz., number of millable canes, number of internodes, internode length and individual cane weight were alsohigher in drip fertigation of 125 per cent recommended dose of P and K (50 % P and K as basal and remaining nutrients through WSF) along with soil application of sulphur @ 30 kg/ha. The maximum cane (193.6 and 230.1 tha-1) and sugar yield (18.9 and.22.5 t ha-1) were also recorded with above treatment in both plant and ratoon crop.
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION FOR WATER MANAGEMENT IN A MINOR IRRIGATION SYSTEM

Ambili G K, Madhava Chandran K, Zabeera K T and Anju K K
Centre for Water Resources Development and Management, Kozhikode, Kerala, India ambili@cwrdm.org Water productivity improvements in irrigated agriculture can be achieved through proper agricultural water management. This requires an understanding of the factors contributing to better agricultural production and how they are related to the system performance. Such an assessment can be done using several tools, the most common being the external performance indicators developed by the International Water Management Institute (IWMI). The present paper reports the performance of a minor irrigation project in Kerala, evaluated using the said external indicators and farmer perceptions. Kanniparamba Lift Irrigation Scheme, managed by the Minor Irrigation Department of Kerala, was selected for evaluation. Various dimensions of irrigated agriculture such as relative water supply, adequacy, timeliness, equity of water distribution, water loss, water stagnation, responsiveness of Irrigation Dept. staff to their needs, etc. were identified as reflections of the system performance. Relative irrigation supply (RIS) was worked out as the ratio of the irrigation water applied to the crop irrigation requirement. RIS values at head, mid and tail reaches of the canal were 0.50, 0.11 and 0.20 respectively, but the condition of under irrigation is ruled out since the scheme effectively utilizes the component of rainfall to match the water requirement of crops. This is indicated by the near unity values of Relative Water Supply (RWS), which is the ratio of total water supply to the water requirement. As in most of the
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irrigation schemes in Kerala, the equity in water distribution is found to be low in mid and tail reaches for the analyzed system as well. Economics of production, worked out as benefitcost ratio is more than one, suggesting agricultural production to be profitable. Physical system assessed through transect walk in the right bank canal (3 km) revealed a lack of maintenance in as much as 93% of canal length. Water loss from cracked and broken canal system in mid and tail reaches is attributed to be one of the reasons for the low values of RIS in these reaches. Opportunity exists for improving the performance of the system through canal lining, thereby reducing the losses and improving water productivity, both agricultural as well as economic.
INEXACT SECTOR-WISE PLANNING OF LAND AND WATER RESOURCES IN A LARGE CANAL COMMAND IN THE SUB-HUMID REGION OF EASTERN INDIA
Uday Mandal1, Anirban Dhar2, Sudhindra Nath Panda2 and Hiroshi Yasuda3
1
Central Soil & Water Conservation Research & Training Institute, Dehra Dun 248195, India uday1588@gmail.com 2 Indian Institute of Technology, Kharagpur 721302, India anirban@civil.iitkgp.ernet.in; sudhindra.n.panda@gmail.com 3 Arid Land Research Center, Tottori University, Tottori 680 0001, Japan hyasd@alrc.tottori-u.ac.jp
Spatio-temporal variation and random phenomena of rainfall has led to uncertainty in irrigation water demand in the Hirakud canal command (eastern India), which is bounded by the Mahanadi river in the west. The rice-dominated cropping of the command area is able to meet only 54% of the annual irrigation demand from canal water at 90% probability of exceedance. On the other hand, water balance study of the command area indicated an ample scope of groundwater development, which is currently under-utilized. Therefore, for conjunctive use planning, a stepwise linear programming (SLP) algorithm is developed and applied to the aforementioned command area for integrated land (seasonal cropping pattern) and water resources (surface water and groundwater) management. Yearly variable cropping pattern practised in the study area is based on growing season, soil, and food habit of farmers. Surface water cost is Rs. 2700 and 4500/ha-m in kharif (monsoon) and rabi (winter) seasons, respectively. However, groundwater cost varies between Rs. 3700 and 4000/ha-m, which considered as lower and upper limits of the SLP model. Considering the socio-economic and water availability perspectives of the study area, the minimum and maximum percentages of the cultivable command area are considered as 50 and 95 of the total command area, respectively. Rainfall is considered to be varying between 50 and 90 percentile values (calculated based on the available historical data). The net annual return from cropping ranges between Rs. 3.245778 107 and 1.331123 108. Objective of this study is to maximize net annual profit with optimized water resorces allocation and cropping pattern. As compared to other crops, allocated area under rice cultivation significantly differs from maximum and minimum allowable area constraints. Rice needs more water but profit is less as compared to other crops (pulses, oilseeds). The optimization model reduced the existing cropping area and accordingly allocate surface water and groundwater resources
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optimally. At the same time, other crops takes the maximum area within the given range. The surface water and groundwater use are maximum in kharif and rabi seasons, respectively. The integrated land and water resources management framework model solution provides the optimum allocation range of surface water and groundwater in different administrative blocks and cropping seasons. The model is evaluated for different inexact bounds on available natural resources (land and water). The model results are useful in evolving crop specific land utilization levels and quantities of surface water and groundwater allocations for deriving maximum annual benefit. The performance evaluation study shows potential applicability of the developed methodology.
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Water, Society and Governance
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LOCAL GOVERNANCE IN MANAGEMENT OF COMMUNITY OWNED WATER STORAGE STRUCTURES: UNDERSTANDING ATTRIBUTES AND THEIR INTERPLAY FOR RESOURCE SUSTAINABILITY
Pande V C, BagdiG L and Sena D R Central Soil & Water Conservation Research & Training Institute, Research Centre, Vasad, Gujarat, India vcpande_2000@yahoo.com; glbadgi@yahoo.com;sena_icar@yahoo.co.in Local governance models of community water management are diverse, varying in structure, scope and style. An understanding of the interactions and relationships of factors affecting the interplay of local governance in the given context, therefore, would help design policy instruments in management of community owned water storage structures (CBWSS). The present study has empirically examined various technical and social attributes of these structures. The interplay of these attributes was understood following a CBWSS sustainability framework encompassing two components, CBWSS financial viability and CBWSS functionality. Twenty two community owned water storage structures in semi arid tropics of Gujarat were extensively surveyed during 2009-10 and 2010-11. Data collected on social aspects and technical details of structures were empirically examined to understand the interactions. The study revealed that strength of Panchayati Raj Institution (PRI), which managed the community water resource, not only governed the financial viability and functionality of the community resources but PRI success in managing the these sources was also affected by the functionality of the community owned resource. CBWSS functionality, in turn, was affected their financial viability in terms of sustained and effective service delivery of the structures. Factors such as location and design of community source affected the functionality of community resource which in turn also affected the financial viability of the PRI in managing the community resources. The technical design in terms of storage to catchment ratio had significant relationship with CBWSS operational sustainability at 11% level of significance. Perception about CBWSS status was affected by factors like distance from village, accessibility and use restrictions at significance levels varying between 2% and 10%. The financial viability, similarly, had significant relationships with PRI functionality, gross benefits drawn from CBWSS and change in water quality. Examination of the strength of the PRI revealed poor representation of the poorer and weaker section of the society who largely depend on the community resource for their livelihood. The weak gender representation in PRI was also identified as one the major factors affecting the decision making process. The PRI which governed the community water resource was dominated by village representatives with private water resources, while weaker sections and female household who largely depended on community source were poorly represented. The study recommended for scientific planning and care in technical designing of the community resource for sustainability and efficiency in water delivery, apart from strengthening the institution through ensuring proper representation of sections of society directly affected by the community resource.
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IWRM AND WATER POLICY DEVELOPMENT IN INDIA

Susanna G. Mitra CREST, Chevayoor, Calicut, Kerala, India susannagmitra@yahoo.co.uk The latter half of the 20th century witnessed globalisation of water, primarily through Integrated Water Resource Management [IWRM] as an international policy consensus and diffusion. The consensus about ideal water resource management was put into practice as blueprint solutions, mainly in five functional areas of water management: policy function; planning on a river basin level; allocation of water use rights among sectors and users; control of discharges; and service provision. The commitment of governments to adopting the concept and ideas on IWRM were often translated to considerable changes in existing policies and development of new policies since the existing policy conditions were often supply dominated and the institutional structure fragmented. However, implementing IWRM is a complex process and posed several challenges to bureaucratic formulation and implementation of policies and public participation, including different interpretations of integrated management, competing interests among different sectors/ stakeholders, power dynamics and lack of capacity building This article examines how water policy is developed in India, and how different actors are engaged in water-related policy-making. It specifically focuses on the making of Indias National Water Policy 2012 and in particular its Draft Water Framework Bill. Through this exposition, the article interrogates what kind of water-related governance exists in India. In the water sector, governance is a broad term that includes institutions, organizations and policies which are in place to develop and manage water resources and the delivery of water services at different levels of society. Hence, the article provides an account of policy development through the lens of a broader perspective of structural context in addition to a narrower focus on processes. Environmental governance in general and in the context of water governance provides the theoretical backdrop and the process of water policy development is analysed in terms of policy cycle involving political endorsement, technical expertise, stakeholder engagement. The study is based on qualitative methodology and the main data collection methods are literature review and analysis of newspaper and web articles. The article illustrates there are several long-term, unsolved water governance issues hindering the potentials of the National Water Policy 2012 to succeed, such as an overall governance crisis, inadequate involvement of actors, disputes between different actors and stakeholders, and poor policy and law enforcement. Future actions on dealing with these aspects and the challenges ahead depend on the pathways the Indian government wants to take.
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BOUNDARIES OF COOPERATION: THE MULTI-SCALAR CHALLENGES TO INTEGRATED RIVER BASIN MANAGEMENT IN INCLUSIVE BASINS
Madhusoodhanan C G and Eldho T I
Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Powai, Mumbai, India- 400 076 madhucg@gmail.com; eldho@civil.iitb.ac.in River basins have been widely accepted today as ideal and optimal spaces for ensuring cooperative and sustainable management of natural resources especially water. Even then, the appeal of the basin as a space that would help to manage water respecting its flow paths and rules is suspect in most of the basins of today which have been heavily altered as a result of the previous glorious phase of river basin development featuring large-scale water transfers and diversions. The resource transactions between basins such as inter-basin water transfers (IBWTs) have lead to extensions of boundaries and scales of water management beyond the natural basin. Given the hydro-political spaces that have developed over the years due to IBWTs under various legal regimes of water sharing, water management and planning at the river basin level has taken on new meanings and nuances. In this context, the present study deals with the interstate, multi-purpose and multi-basin water sharing Parambikulam-Aliyar Project (PAP) in South India to understand the multiple challenges to integrate water resource management and implications for co-operation in linked river basins. The paper looks into the dynamics of cooperation in such a contradictory state of affairs, with the following objectives: 1)Define and analyze the inclusive space of water sharing due to PAP cutting across multiple basins, political, administrative and institutional boundaries; 2) Analyze the challenges to integrated river basin management and the co-operative governance of shared resources in the light of river linking project The paper highlights the challenges to IWRM in linked basins where resource governance and cooperation override conventional boundary concerns and become complex through IBWTs. In the case of PAP, the resource transfer boundaries across basins and states were found to be decided through a peculiar mix of political and scientific rationale and are found to be dynamic subject to further expansions and contractions. The administrative boundaries on the other hand, provide the lines along which the state power and existing institutions are structured to function historically. These boundaries which include the national, state, municipal and local and the electoral limits exert high influence on the resource mobilisation and management in the basin and are seen to be dynamic due to their regular realignments. The inclusive river basin considerations become important due to the profound influence these regions have on resource use, resultant impacts and conflicts. This is exemplified by the various raging conflicts over international, inter-state and interbasin water sharing in India at present which are never delimited to the hydrographic basin boundaries. Therefore, even while the river basin is put forth as the unit of natural resource management, the water resource development aspirations of the country continue to be dominated by large infrastructure projects which would require centralised control over the basins. The NRLP which proposes to link numerous river basins with a host of boundary issues would essentially have to be a feat in supreme centralised control over basins and bickering state politics.
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GROUND WATER QUALITY-CORE ISSUE OF PUNEITES

Gauri R Deshpande
Government College of Engineering, Pune, India gauri456@yahoo.com Water plays a dominant role in social and economical growth of the country. India is a developing country and lots of industrial and urban developments are taking place. Pune city is educational as well as industrial hub, of Western India, large amount of people concentrating and new urban areas developed. The demand of water will get increase tremendously. To manage these water resources during non-monsoon season is tedious and difficult tasks. To full fill these requirements, there is huge demand for tanker water and bore-well water. In this paper attempt is made to suggest an alternative for water tankers by treating bore-well water in situ in economical way. The beginning of the 21st Century has seen unprecedented growth of Pune region, both urban as well as rural. There has been a large scale influx of people from all over the country in Pune region, temporary as well as permanent, due to Pune being an industrial as well as educational hub of Western India. This has led to a huge increase in the population of the city and the surrounding areas. As a consequence, the demand for water has gone up in a huge way in the past decade. Due to the rapid industrialization of the region around Pune and development of the agricultural region of Pune district, the need for water for domestic, agriculture, and industrial use has only but increased many times. There are mainly four dams, which provide water to Pune city and adjacent areas. About fifteen years ago, the situation was such that the water stored in these dams was enough for the city for two years. So, even if the monsoon was not satisfactory for one year, the water supply to the city was not at all affected. Now, due to the surge in demand for water, the water stored in the dams is not even sufficient for one year. Also, the monsoon has been inadequate in the past couple of years. Hence, water cuts have been implemented by the administration and the people are facing many difficulties because of that. Hence, there is a huge demand for bore-well water, and fortunately the water table in Pune region is very good and thus abundant water source is available to the people very near to them. But the major problem in utilizing bore-well water for drinking/domestic purpose is its suitability. Many a times, the parameters of bore-well water do not match with the parameters of the standard/treated water available to us through taps. So, there is a great need to treat this water in an economical way to make it fit for domestic consumption and drinking. In this paper an attempt is made to suggest a method to treating the bore-well water in affordable way of. Our aim is to make bore water suitably fit for household use in an economical way. The cost of treatment of bore water should be affordable and if possible should be able to be included in the regular maintenance charged by the various housing societies and as well the procedure should be easy enough that it can be handled by a person like a watchman. The method has been successfully worked out in an economical way!!
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BIOSAND FILTRATION: A SUSTAINABLE OPTION FOR HOUSEHOLD TREATMENT OF DRINKING WATER

Abhillash T Nair and Mansoor Ahammed M
Civil Engineering Department, S V National Institute of Technology, Surat 395007, India mansoorahammed@gmail.com WHO global assessment reports have indicated that 884 million people in the world lacks access to safe drinking water sources. Even if the Millennium Development Goal of halving the population without access to safe drinking water is met, there will still be 672 million people left without access to safe water. It is estimated that 88% of diarrhoeal deaths worldwide are attributable to unsafe water, inadequate sanitation and poor hygiene. Centralised piped water supply cannot be economically viable option in sparsely populated and remotely located areas. Hence emphasis must be towards applying decentralised and affordable point of use (POU) technologies for such locations. Biosand filter (BSF), an intermittently operated household slow sand filter (SSF) is one of the most promising POU water purification methods currently used in rural areas of developing countries. In the present study, full-scale BSFs were constructed using locally available materials. Two filtration runs of 96 days and 41 days were carried out using Escherichia colispiked (~106 CFU/mL) and sewage-spiked (total coliforms ~104 MPN/100 mL) tap water, with influent turbidity around 25 NTU, by daily charging the filter with 20 L water. Microbial removal, turbidity removal and flow rate were analysed for both the filtrations runs. During run 1, Salmonella and Pseudomonas were also added after 62 days alongwith E.coli, and after 85 days, daily charge volume was increased from 20L to 40L in two batches of 20L each with 12 h interval. In run 1, from an initial value of around 1.0 L/min the flow rate decreased to around 0.075 L/min in 96 days while in run 2 the flow rate reduced from 0.81 L/min to 0.42 L/min in 41 days. The reduction in flow rate was due to filter maturation. A rapid decrease in flow rate was observed in run 1 when the daily charge was increased from 20L to 40L. The effluent turbidity was around 1.10.5 NTU and it did not vary significantly even on increasing the charge volume. Turbidity removal improved over the course of the run. Initially in run 1 less than one-log reduction of E.coli was observed, and after maturation, the filter gave a consistent performance with about 2.5-log unit removal. Similar removals were also observed for Salmonella and Pseudomonas added after 62 days of the filter operation. When the daily charge was increased to 40 L by feeding 20 L each 12 h, there was a significant reduction in microbial removal efficiency. This shows that microbial reduction is influenced by idle period and/or volume of water treated. In run 2, 2-log reduction of total coliforms was observed after maturation. No significant difference was observed between influent and effluent for parameters such as alkalinity, calcium and magnesium. Overall, this study showed that BSF can give a maximum of ~2.5 log bacterial reduction, and can produce water with average effluent turbidity of ~1 NTU. Increasing the charge volume can significantly reduce the microbial quality of water treated.
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WATER DEMAND AND SUPPLY FROM NATURAL SOURCES IN SEMI ARID REGION, WESTERN MAHARASHTRA, INDIA
Abhijit M Zende1, Nagarajan R1 and Kamalkishor Atal2
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Centre of Studies in Resources Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Bombay, Mumbai 76, India zenabhi31@iitb.ac.in; rn@iitb.ac.in 2 Pune Institute of Computer Technology, Pune -43, India krhatal@gmail.com
Domestic and agro-economic activities in the semi-arid region of western Maharashtra, India rely exclusively on rainfall, streamflow and groundwater in deep and alluvial aquifers. Such water supply systems are subject to considerable seasonal and inter-annual variability. However, a combination of the various sources may mitigate the effects of water scarcity. This study describes the dynamics of the water sources for a macro level (river) to micro level (village) in Western Maharashtra, India as an example that demonstrates the linkages between rainfall, streamflow and groundwater. Such linkages are important for developing strategies to mitigate the effects of climatic variation. Long-term records of rainfall were not available at the site so that the short-term data was interpreted in the context of the longterm climatic experience of the region. The stratigraphic profile of the aquifer was developed from field observations, to supplement information obtained from well (open dug well and bore well) pre and post monsoon water level. Field observations and analysis of the data reveal that the beginning of the rainy season is a precarious period because none of the water sources are reliable. One major finding of this study is that there existing water storage structures are not sufficient to meet water demand. Analysis of the interactions among the various sources of water leads to the identification of several potential adaptation strategies for confronting the problem of water scarcity.
WATER AND SANITATION LITERACY THROUGH WOMEN SELFHELP GROUPS (SHGS) IN MARGINALIZED AREASENABLING THE WATER USERS TO WATER ENTREPRENEURS
Hippu Salk Kristle Nathan and Jayasree V
National Institute of Advanced Studies (NIAS), Indian Institute of Science (IISc) Campus, Bangalore 560012, India hsknathan@nias.iisc.ernet.in There is a growing realization that the sustainability of developmental programmes can be effective only through peoples participation through various institutions such as NGOs, CBOs, SHGs, etc. For programs relating to drinking water and sanitation women SHGs form an ideal bridge group. Being centrally placed in the day-to-day affairs of water and sanitation, women can understand well the adverse effects of improper services and also can provide indigenous and innovative ideas for translation of know-how to use-how through a show-how process. This provide gives the strategies of enabling members of women SHGs into water entrepreneurs, who will act as diffusion point to transfer the water and sanitation
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technologies and practices those are efficient, sustainable and viable. The study is based on a pilot project located in five SHG groups of TipturTaluk of Tumkur district of state of Karnataka. This study first assesses the water and sanitation situation, both at macro and micro level and the spread of water borne diseases in the area through a primary level survey. It examines the existing supply, demand, and deficit of water in the village and evaluates the water quality and practices related to water use and sanitation. Next, the study briefs on the process of developing a training module, which is designed to promote water and sanitation practices such as, water conservation, purification, recycle/reuse, and hygiene. Then the paper outlines experience with the enthusiast members of SHG who take training on this module to act as diffusion channels for these water and sanitation technology/practices. Given the water crisis situation, this study is worthwhile as it, on one hand, assesses the indigenous technology and methods as practiced by the communities under investigation and on the other hand, finds gaps on the basis of standard technology and practices available and as promoted by government departments of drinking water and sanitation, and science and technology. Taking SHG as diffusion channels the paper provides a replicable framework to introduce and disseminate, and popularize different technologies and practices based on local needs and suitability. The study also explores the sustainability strategies of the initiative through a stakeholders analysis. By understanding the linkages of SHGs and other stakeholders, namely, the government, financial institutions, Panchayat, NGOs, and the market, the paper provides the feasibility of developing water enterprise through the trained members. The paper also evaluates the impact of such pilot project through some process and outcome indicators related to water and sanitation methods in the community and in the neighbourhood (ripple effect). The paper concludes with discussion on policy options in scaling up this community level intervention in similar water stressed areas in other parts of India and elsewhere.
CHALLENGES IN IWRM AND ICM PLANNING FOR COASTAL CITIES: COASTAL MAHARASHTRA EXPERIENCE
Arun B. Inamdar1 and Raj Murthy2
2
CSRE, IIT Bombay, Mumbai, India, arun.b.inamdar@gmail.com Centre for Inland Waters, Canada, dakshamurthy@hotmail.com
Maharashtra state has launched an ambitious plan of the protection and sustainable development of its 700 km long coastal stretches through the Sustainable Coastal Protection and Management Program, Maharashtra project spearheaded by the MMB over a period of next 7 years. As a part this initiative, it is proposed to provide protection to existing coastal patches vulnerable to changes due to natural and manmade causes, through proactive initiatives including need based protection measures after thorough monitoring of the coast for last few decades, using remote sensing techniques. This will be followed by devising a shoreline management plan involving preparation of developmental plans based on the natural potential of the existing coastal LU/LC and their vulnerabilities to natural and manmade hazards. Through this effort, it is also proposed to encourage 203
development strictly through ICM principles and practices. As a result of this endeavor, vast stretches of Maharashtras coastal region are expected to go through the process of rapid urbanization and face associated challenges involving those for the IWRM. It could be possible to address all these issues/ steer clear of them in the light of the experience gained by the developmental agencies like MMRDA and CIDCO during the last 2 decades while planning and executing various development plans across MMR. The Regional Plan, Mumbai Metropolitan Region (MMR), 1996-2011 and its further modifications provide several clues to the dilemma faced during the planning and management of this region that keeps catering to the ever increasing demands of the megacity of Mumbai. The uncertainties involved in total dependence of the region on rain fed water resources of MMR need to be viewed in the light of sound IWRM practices to bring about long awaited policy changes of the development scenario across Maharashtra coast including the MMR. This paper aims at discussing the existing ground realities of the MMR vis--vis the Regional Plan (1996-2011) with a view to arrive at possible solutions to the problems faced by urban centers like MMR, that are likely to multiply in the wake of the coastal development plans of Maharashtra. An attempt is made here to draw from the vast experience gained during the management of the water resources of MMR to provide effective guidelines for not just the IWRM but the ultimate aim of ICM of the whole coastal region of Maharashtra state sustainably.
IMPACT OF COMMUNITY BASED WATER HARVESTING STRUCTURES IN BUNDELKHAND REGION OF CENTRAL INDIA
Om Prakash
Central Soil & Water Conservation Research & Training Institute, Research Centre, Gwalior Road, Datia (M.P.) India - 475 661 prakash1964om@gmail.com In central India, the region of Bundelkhand (240-260 30 N latitude and 780 10-800 30 E longitude) is bounded by the river Yamuna in the north and Vindhyan Plateau in the south. It comprises seven districts of Uttar Pradesh and six districts of Madhya Pradesh. Out of total 7.04 mha geographical area of Bundelkhand region, 3.01 m. Ha falls in the State of Uttar Pradesh and remaining 4.01 m. ha in Madhya Pradesh State. Three fourth area of the region depends on rainfall for its agriculture. Common property water resources (CPWRs) form an important component of the ecological systems in Bundelkhand region. Along with the neglect of CPWRs, demand for water (both domestic and non-domestic purposes) has increased tremendously leading to over-exploitation of the scarce resources. Hence, the present study aims to look in to extent of availability and status of CPWRs in the region, their usage and institutional arrangements. For the purpose 10 successful water harvesting structures were selected which constructed more than 35-40 years before, even some of the selected structures were constructed before independence, catchment area of these selected ponds varies from 2.09 sq km to 28.97 sq km. All the ponds are maintained by the state irrigation department with the help and guidance of panchayats. The results indicated that the CPWRs having catchment area less than 1 to 2 sq. km could not get sufficient water storage and hence dried up and the structures having catchment area more than 2 sq. km
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had irrigation water throughout the year. These ponds were also used for irrigation and fisheries as and when sufficient storage is available. A total of 54 beneficiaries were selected from upper, middle and lower reaches who utilized water for irrigation purposes. The results indicated that the average cultivated area per household was 2.67 ha, out of which 0.57 ha area was under rain fed. The average irrigated area was 2.10 ha per household of which 47.75 per cent area was irrigated through CPWR water. The average value of crops output was Rs. 1, 52,125/- per household per year out of which a total of 47.25 per cent output was due to CPWR. Further, the average employment for crops was 664 mandays/household per year of which 39 per cent employment was generated due to CPWR. Hence, it is suggested that both the successful and unsuccessful CPWRs should be de-silted to harvest more rain water for irrigation and other purposes for higher productivity. Hence, the encroachment of CPWR should be stopped and maintained properly by the functional executive body for sustainable development of water resources in Bundelkhand region.
FARMERS PERCEPTION ON CANAL AUTOMATION A CASE STUDY

Jailakshmi Menon1, Mudgal B V1 and Sophia J D2
1
Centre for Water Resources, Anna University, Chennai 600025 jailakshmim@yahoo.co.in; bvmudgal@annauniv.edu.in 2 M S Swaminathan Research Foundation, Chennai 600113 sophia@mssrf.rec.in
Distribution of large volumes of water within irrigation projects involves network of canals. With increasing demand for food and competing use of water in various other sectors, the pressure is on irrigation professionals to manage water more efficiently since they are the major users of water. Automating a canal system is implementing, a control system that includes automatic monitoring or the control equipment that upgrades the conventional method of canal operation. Canal automation helps to improve the efficiency and flexibility of the irrigation systems. Canal automation also helps to optimize the water supply in order to match the expected demands at the offtake level thereby improving water management at the operational and field channel level Modernisation of existing irrigation systems demands an integrated approach with active participation of the farmers as they are the end users of any irrigation system development. Therefore, it is the need of time to develop a strategy for equitable and optimal utilization of canal irrigation water for better prod uctivity through Community Participation. Promoting community participation ensures long term sustainability of any irrigation project. In this study it is proposed to develop a general control algorithm for canal automation considering the farmers perceptions as the input for the model development. The study area chosen for research is Parambikulam-Aliyar Project (PAP) which is a complex multi-basin project that harvests water in the highlands of the States of Tamil Nadu and Kerala in southern India for the dual purpose of hydro-power generation and provision of irrigation water to the drought-prone areas in the Coimbatore district of Tamil Nadu and the Chittur area of Kerala. The PAP canal system acts merely as a protective irrigation system not designed to meet full cropping intensities. The water is available to the farmers for 4 to 5 months in a period of two years. Improvements for water availability during periods of crop
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demand need to be considered rather than supply when water was available in the canal system. So demand based supply system is a better option n these areas. The study includes a detailed survey among the farmers to understand their problems and their water requirements. A questionnaire survey is conducted among the farmers in the chosen sub basin of the PAP project. The data are coded; tabulated and analysed using SPSS-21 (Statistical Package for Social Studies) and the results are incorporated in development of the algorithm.
HOUSEHOLD WATER CONSUMPTION PATTERN IN KERALA - A SUSTAINABILITY ASSESSMENT

Padma P1, Ramasamy E V1, Muralivallabhan T V3 and Thomas A P2
1
School of Environmental Sciences, Mahatma Gandhi University, Kottayam, Kerala, India padmaram2007@rediffmail.com; evramasamy@rediffmail.com 2 Advanced Centre of Environmental Studies and Sustainable Development An inter university centre (ACESSD), M G University, Kottayam, Kerala, India 686 560. vallabhanmurali@hotmail.com 3 SVR NSS College, Vazhoor, Kottayam, Kerala, India, ambattu_ktm@sify.com
Water is vital for life and plays an important role in economic development of country. Water needs are complexly linked with the day to day life of a society and its availability is a vital factor in economic development. In summary, domestic needs of water has a significant role in maintaining human health while at large the availability of water determines the economic status of the society. In the recent past, as population increased and development intensified, water became scarce and assumed economic value as well. Thus increasing demand for water led to inter-state and international frictions over water and competition among different sectors. Among the water users of different sectors, consumption by households has very specific influence on human well-being. Kerala, with a total of 3,34,06,061 as on 2011, has an urban and rural population of 1,59,34,926 and 1,74,71, 135 respectively. The state has 14 Districts, 53 Municipalities and 5 Municipal Corporations .Therefore, the challenge lies in providing adequate safe drinking water to the urban population without affecting the rural sector. The special situation in Kerala is that, the rural sector resembles the semi-urban pattern of any other state. There is hardly any barrier between urban and rural sectorsexcept the revenue boundaries. Present study analyses the water consumption patterns of Kerala by studying three of its districts. For this study purpose Kerala has been divided into 3 regions via: North (Kannur), middle (Ernakulam) and south Kerala (Alappuzha). From these districts, rural urban areas have been selected and a social survey was conducted. The results were analysed statistically for the water consumption pattern of the areas. Self designed questionnaire was used for collecting data for the study. Simple random technique was adopted with a sample size of 150. Percentage analysis was the statistical technique is used. The focus of the questionnaire was on assessing the consumption of water at households for different purposes including: - bathing, sources of water for bathing, toilet, water use while brushing / shaving, kitchen use, source of drinking water, quantity of water Centre for Water Resources Development and Management, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
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drinking per day, quality of Public Distribution System (PDS), water for gardening, source of water for washing vehicles source of drinking for schools etc. The findings of the study indicates: Among the three districts, in Ernakulam the use of PDS is predominant with 100% of the urban population using tap water for all purposes, while in Alappuzha 80% of the households use PDS while Kannur depends mainly on well water. As far as the quantity of drinking water is concerned nearly 50 to 60% peoples were drinking 3L water per day in all Dts It is advise to take 8L per day.
A CRITICAL REVIEW OF PROPOSED POLICY GUIDELINES FOR SUSTAINABLE WATER SHARING IN INDIA
Sudheer Padikkal1, 2, Sumam K S1 and Sajikumar N1
1
Civil Engineering Department, Government Engineering College Trichur, Kerala, India sudheerpadikkal@yahoo.com; sumamkottekatt@yahoo.com, saji@gectcr.ac.in 2 Irrigation Department of Government of Kerala State, India
The fulfilment of basic human needs, our environment, socio-economic development and poverty reduction are all heavily dependent on water. Therefore sharing of available water resources in a sustainable manner is vital for human existence and all ecosystems. However, the increase in demand on water resources worldwide has led to many conflicts over its sharing. Water conflicts have many dimensions and they can be grouped into many categories. Basically they all originate from the increasing concern about access, equity and the response to growing needs. Water conflicts between two or more nations having an international dimension are generally called trans-boundary water conflicts. Water Policy researchers generally observe that compared to trans-boundary water conflicts, the water conflicts at local level, that is, between states or regions within a nation are increasing in number and intensity. This observation is clearly reflected in the increased number of Inter State Water Disputes (ISWD) in India. The government of India foresaw this problem and enacted legislation as early as in 1956. The ISWD Act 1956 and the River Boards Act 1956 are two Acts by the government of India to tackle the issue of ISWD. They are the existing two legal instruments in India to adjudicate the ISWD. These two Acts respectively create two legal institutions called Interstate Water Disputes Tribunal (ISWDT) and River Boards (RB) to adjudicate the issue of disputes over utilization and development of interstate river waters. The focus of these two institutions and t heir oper at ional f r am ewor k are significantly different. The RB Act is primarily concerned with the planning and management of interstate rivers and river valleys. Conflict resolution is not its primary objective though it does provide for the arbitration of disputes arising in the context of the functioning of the RB. ISWDT specifically deals with ISWD and enables the National Parliament to pass legislation for its adjudication. However, there are no policy guidelines in these two Acts for sharing or distribution of interstate river water resources. Recently, as originally envisaged in the National Water Policy and subsequently recommended by the National Water Resources Council, the Ministry of Water Resources of Government of India has proposed draft national policy guidelines for water sharing/distribution amongst states.
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These draft national policy guidelines are being circulated now across state water resources departments and other stakeholders for active deliberation. This paper presented here is a critical examination of the proposed policy guidelines for water sharing/distribution amongst states with the following objectives. 1. To understand the policy guidelines in detail and the background in which these policy guidelines are proposed. 2. To analyze the proposed policy guidelines in the context of revised National Water Policy in India 3. To specifically deliberate the policy guidelines from its sustainability perspective 4. To evaluate the appropriateness of the policy guidelines based on a case-study of PAP (Parambikulam Aliyar Project) interstate water sharing between Kerala and Tamil Nadu The paper concludes with suggestions and modifications for the proposed policy guidelines assimilated from the above analysis.
STUDY OF WATER MANAGEMENT FOR MANUFACTURING INDUSTRIAL UNITS IN BHOSARI INDUSTRIAL AREA IN PIMPARI CHINCHWAD MIDC, MAHARASHTRA, INDIA.
Dattatray P Mane 1 and Arun D Andhale 2
1
Tilak Maharashtra Vidyapeeth,Gultekadi, Pune, (MH), India, dmanegeography@gmail.com 2 R.S.S., Mahatma Phule Mahavidylaya, Pimpri, Pune, (MH), India dr.arunandhale@gmail.com
India is developing country which recently experiencing the rapid growth industries. Pimpri Chinchwad industrial area is one of the major industrial area in Maharashtra having 225 industrial complexes of industry spread over an 1,30,000 acres of land in Maharashtra. The water is an important and essentional requirement of industrial growth. The Pimpri Chinchwad industrial area receives the water supply from Pawana dam which is located in Mawal Tahashil of the Pune district. MIDC has constructed water supply Scheme at Ravet and Chinchwad to provide 144 MLD of water to this industrial area, total water supply pipe line network is 150 km. As the industries are growing rapidly it is urgent need of time to look in the issue of accurate management of water in the industrial units. Therefore we have focused the manufacturing industrial units of Bhosari MIDC to study water management in those units. Basically the assessment of industrial water use was made through the filling up the questionnaires in the industries. The excess use of water, scarcity of water and deficit of water were assessed in the study. The plan to provide the other alternatives of water was also suggested to industries by applying rainwater harvesting techniques. The study reveals the amount of water used by every manufacturing units under study as well as proper utility of water , problems related to water supply, water management and alternatives to overcome the related problems.
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ASSESSMENT OF WATER SUPPLY AND SANITATION BY USING ARTIFICIAL PONDS IN NASHIK DISTRICT, INDIA
Kadbhane S J1 Gaikwad P G2 and Bhalerao K.S2
Water Resource Department, SVNIT Surat, Gujarat, 395 007, India sharad_kadbhane@rediffmail.com 2 Civil Engineering Department, NDMVP Samajs KBT College of Engineering, Nashik, India pggiitr@gmail.com; kunalbhalerao8055@gmail.com Drinking water is the key issue in world in recent years due to global climate change. Rapid industrialisation and increase in population has resulted in more stress on water resources. About 70% of Indias water supply is seriously polluted with sewage effluents. Safe drinking water is an emerging issue for India. Almost 65%of the village in India are suffering from poor quality of water. By improving the water supply, sanitation hygiene and management of water resources health and hygiene can be maintained. Janori village located in Nashik district, Maharashtra state, India is severely suffering from poor quality drinking water. In present study assessment of water supply and sanitation at Janori village is done. After analysing previous 15 years rainfall it has been observed that minimum rainfall in study area is 450 mm in year 2011 and it is sufficient to fill the suggested capacity artificial pond. Collecting and testing runoff water from study area,it is observe that Turbidity-127NTU, Hardness 224 mg-L-1, Chlorides 59 mg-L-1, pH 7.4, Potassium 2.19 ppm and Sodium 24.12ppm.Results are satisfying the recommended standards laid by BIS for drinking water.So rainfall harvesting artificial pond may key option for drinking purpose throughout the year.
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GENDER AND INTEGRATED WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Ravi P 1 and Gopalaraju R2
DOS in Sociology, Manasagangotri, University of Mysore, Karnataka, India ravipr94@gmail.com 2 Department of Sociology, Maharajas College, University of Mysore, Karnataka, India dr.rgopalaraju@gmail.com Water is a limited and vulnerable good. Therefore, water should not be supplied unlimitedly, but be limited to the amounts for which there is an economic demand. Also, efforts should be made to manage that demand, to make sure that no more water is used than can be afforded in view of total availability and renewability, and that the water which is used, is used to the best advantage and does not go to waste. As discussed in some detail in the sections below, the principles of a coherent and demand-based approach can be made gender specific by taking into account that: Men and women in different socio-economic classes and societies have different demands for different water uses; The importance of these demands is properly valued; Tools used to regulate demand will affect men and women in different income groups differently;
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Men and women in different socio-economic classes can express their demands and see them honoured. At present, water resources development and management are fragmented over many sectors. Each sector develops its own infrastructure and management system, often with different management principles and legal frameworks. Interdependencies between agencies, jurisdictions and sectors exist, but are not recognized and taken into account. National policy frameworks and strategies are the first steps to bring coherence in this chaos. Water resources are managed and developed by humans for humans. Both activities are an essential part of and condition for overall social and economic development. But the responsibilities, power and interests of the people involved and concerned are not all the same. What is gender? And what is a gender balance? Contrary to what is still being found in the literature, gender is not only relating to women, but to both women and men. As the Institute of Development Studies of the University of Sussex puts it, The gender-based approach is distinct in that it focuses on women and men, rather than considering women in isolation. A group of women and men working in water resources projects in countries defined gender as follows: Gender is the result of a socialization process which assigns certain attitudes, roles and responsibilities [to women and men], leading to certain forms of behaviour. The group stressed that, as gender is a social construction, it is changing with time. They also stressed that, in traditional roles and responsibilities, women tend to be a disadvantaged group in most of the countries. Recognition of the need for integrated water resources management is growing. That such management also requires attention to gender and a gender approach is less universally recognized. This paper summarises national attention to integrated water resources development and management and explains what gender is? Why a gender approach is needed and how it links with poverty alleviation. The paper ends with a framework for stratified gender analysis on which programme preparation, assessments and reviews can be based.
DO LEGAL INSTRUMENTS HELP RESOLVING WATER DISPUTES IN INDIA? A PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF INTERSTATE WATER DISPUTES TRIBUNALS
Sudheer Padikkal1 and Rema K P2
Irrigation Department of Government of Kerala State, JWR Division, Chunnambuthara, Vadakkanthara Post, Palakkad -678012, Kerala, India, sudheerpadikkal@yahoo.com 2 Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering, KCAET, Kerala Agricultural University, Thavanur - 679573 Kerala State, India, remakp@yahoo.com Federal nature of Indian Constitution has put water in the State List under its Seventh Schedule. This empowers the respective State Governments to take up the development of water resources on its own. Irrigation being the largest sectored allocator of total available water, it requires massive infrastructure for adequate conservation and proper governance. Nevertheless, the significant contribution of irrigated agriculture in meeting the enhanced food security objectives by successfully implementing the poverty alleviation programs
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certainly justifies the huge investments required for creating and sustaining the massive irrigation infrastructure. In India, the irrigation infrastructure development works often proposed by one State would potentially affect the interests of the other riparian States, as large numbers of rivers are flowing through more than one States. The interstate water disputes so originated are one of the major stumbling blocks in the pathways to irrigation infrastructure development. Negotiation and adjudication are the two distinct mechanisms being used to resolve the water disputes. Though negotiation is the most popular method of resolving water disputes all over the world and negotiated settlements of water disputes are more sustainable, Indian experience is that, adjudication of water disputes is invariably needed in some cases. The Interstate Water Disputes Tribunal (ISWDT) envisaged through Interstate Water Disputes Act of 1956 is one of the prominent legal instruments in India designed to address the issue of water disputes between riparian States. However, the efficiency of this legal instrument in resolving water disputes and facilitating the irrigation infrastructure development at an acceptable pace is a subject of debate not only among the water resource development professionals but also among the legal and constitutional experts. This paper attempts a performance evaluation of ISWDT based on the following criteria. 1. Ability to resolve the water dispute 2. Irrigation Infrastructure Development support 3. Efficiency in facilitating water equity 4. Wider impact on abatement of water disputes based interstate rivalry This paper is organized into three sections. The operational framework of ISWDT as envisaged in the original act along with its amendments is examined in the first section. This is followed by a critical evaluation of ISWDTs constituted in India so far with respect to the above criteria. In the third section a range of opinions by legal and constitutional experts on ISWDT and its efficiency is synthesized, together with the viewpoint of the authors as irrigation development professionals. The paper is concluded with suggestions for improving the efficiency of ISWDT with respect to irrigation infrastructure development support.
COMMON PROPERTY WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN EASTERN REGION-SOME CASE STUDIES

Nanda P, Ghosh S, Anand P S B and Srivastava R C
Directorate of Water Management (ICAR), Bhubaneswar-751023, India prabhakar.nanda@gmail.com Common property resources have contributed to rural income in varying degrees depending upon accessibility, utilization and type of community agreement in place for their use. The Common property resource (CPR) management has become focal point in community based management of natural resources under various development schemes for villages. The economic benefit to the community from the access to the common property is substantial. Absence of regulatory mechanism at the village level for use of common properties has led to free access and over exploitation of these resources beyond sustainable limit. The traditional water bodies like village ponds, wetlands and the drainage lines have been issues for conflicts due to clash of interest of users at different points which
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arises because of competitive exploitation of CPRs to maximize private profit. The traditional management mechanism and property right issues got blurred under commercial interest linked to these resources. The emerging scenario of participatory irrigation management in minor irrigation sector along with watershed development programmes put the issues of common property water resources management and community action at the centre. Case studies of use of CPR water resources like tanks under panchayats and minor irrigation department, tank cum well system under community managed system in Keonjhar for different economic activities was carried out by Directorate of Water Management (DWM) in districts of Gajapati, Ganjam and Keonjhar districts of Orissa. The study reveals that the majority of HH (having land holdings < 0.5 ha) constituting about 75% of the population under the command of the sources completely depended on the system for agricultural purpose. It was estimated that about 33% HH (having land holding > 0.5 ha) depended completely on the tank and well system for sustenance of agriculture. It was also revealed that 85% of relatively HH having operational holding less than 0.5 ha used the sources for livestock rearing where as HH having operational holdings more than 0.5 ha, it was estimated to be 78%. There was a stark difference among the two group of HH with respect to sanitation dependence which revealed that about 79% of HH under <0.5 operational holdings completely depended on the system (tank and well) where as for HH having operational holdings >0.5 ha, it was only 46% indicating importance of the CPWRs (common property water resources) for the livelihoods of the poor people in tribal districts. The use of renovated tanks in Ganjam and Gajapati districts increased agricultural income by two and half times, cropping intensity by more than 30% and increased crop yields by 35%. The constraints in use of common property water resources for agricultural purposes are high energy cost, non availability of quality seeds and absence of knowledge on improved farming practices, constraint in access, competitive consumption and non maintenance of the CPRS.
SIMULATION OF ALIYAR RESERVOIR OPERATION USING ARTIFICIAL NEURAL NETWORK

Umadev P P1 James E J2 and Anitha A B3
1
Department of Civil Engineering, N.S.S College of Engineering, Palakkad, Kerala, India umadevi_pp@hotmail.com 2 Water Institute, Karunya University, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India 3 Surface Water Division, CWRDM, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
One of the main objectives of Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) is to efficiently manage the available water resources by taking care of various demands. Optimal utilization of available water resources is becoming the leading objective for meeting the requirements of growing population, urbanization and, irrigation in arid and semi arid regions. In reservoir operation and management, decision making regarding the water release is the most crucial aspect. Nowadays, reservoir operation and water management issues are solved with the aid of computer modeling tools. Modeling the reservoir water release is based on reservoir operators previous experiences, and reservoir simulation is considered as an essential step while developing the optimal operation policy for a reservoir. Recently heuristic programming methods such as Artificial Neural Network (ANN) has been
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successfully applied in many water resources problems. The Aliyar reservoir which is a part of Parambikulam Aliyar Project (PAP) of south India, constructed across the Aliyar river has a catchment area of 198 km2 and a gross capacity of 110 Mm3. Two irrigation canals, i.e., Vettaikaranpudur and Pollachi canals take off from this reservoir and the water released to the river meet the irrigation requirements of down-stream command area. In this study an attempt is made to simulate the three releases from Aliyar reservoir by applying ANN as the modeling tool. ANNs ability to recognize patterns by the automatic weight adjustments in noisy, ambiguous, incomplete data and to generalize the patterns in complex systems makes this method a powerful tool for water resources engineers. The Neuro Shell program, a product of the Ward Systems Group, is used here, which includes multiple hidden slabs with different activation functions. The program automatically defaults to back-propagation architecture but also offers the user the option to select other architectures. Excellent graphics features helps to understand the nature of the input and the output data by viewing them using line graphs, two dimensional and three dimensional bar charts, and scatter plots. Reservoir simulation analysis is attempted with 31 years monthly historical data by varying the inputs in the model. ANN modeling is done by a trial and error process by trying different architectures and by changing the initial weight, number of neurons in the hidden layers, learning rate, momentum rate etc. Simulation models are developed and, the performance of various models is evaluated and compared using standard statistical tools. The percentage error, r2 value, mean relative error, etc. are used for comparing the fitness of models. Linear regression analysis is done using SPSS software to get the value of r2. F-test is also conducted to test if the standard deviations of two populations are equal by comparing the ratio of two variances. Graphical comparison of actual values versus the values predicted by the network is also carried out and it is observed that the trend patterns of model releases are closely matching the pattern of actual releases. The results show that the models are performing in a satisfactory manner and are yielding releases having close match with actual releases.
THE ROLE OF LAW AND POLICIES IN GROUNDWATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT- A CRITITICAL STUDY WITH REFERENCE TO KARNATAKA STATE
Kumara N J and Maruthi T R
DOS in Law, University of Mysore, Manasagangothri, Mysore-06, India ramkumara999@gmail.com; maruthi_smg@yahoo.co.in Life would be impossible without water. Every one of us knows how importent and precious the water is. Whenever there is no water in our taps we became helpless. No life can exist without water. Water is widly distributed in nature and occurs in number of forms e g: solid, liquid, and vapor. There are two major sources of water, viz surface and groundwater. India is a land which has been blessed with a large number of big and small rivers, lakes, streams, wells, and groundwater resources, and these resorses can be use for multi purpose, such as in agriculture, industrial uses, navigation , power generation purposes and morever for drinking and domestic needs. There is no uniformity in the availability of groundwater accross the country in general and karnataka state in particular. Utilisation of groundwater by Increasing population in karnataka has been creating a pockets of scarcity and deplation.
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During the past three decades, there has been a phenominal increase in the growth of groundwater extraction structures. Such an indiscriminate use of groundwater has led serious situations due to excessive drawing or mining of the aquifers causing the progressive lowering the water levels and consequence decline the yield of productivity of groundwater and degrading the ecosystems. This crisis is not the result of natural factors but, it has been caused by human actions. Therefore, in order to ensure the accessibility of sufficient quantity of good quality water is almost imperative in modern society. Every citizen of india has right to life. The term Right to life connotes right to live in good environment with adequate quantity and good quality water, it is the responsibility of the state to provide the accessibility of potable water. In karnataka, there is no attempt to plan and to build the suitable water supply schemes which may provide potable water to the various sections of the community in accordance with their demands and requirements. All existing laws, legislations, and regulations pertaining to groundwater are not working properly, in prevention of groundwater pollution, scarcity, depletion and also failure in devolopment and management groudwater resources. The main objectives of the paper is to ascertain the existing legal lacunas, weakness of its authorities and the governmental ignorance in proper governance, management and development of groundwater resources, and will also tries to come out with relevent findings and suggestions in appropriate manner in the light of sustainable development of groundwater resources.
WATER POLICY AND WATER LAWS IN INDIA WITH SPECIAL EMPHASIS ON ITS ENFORCEMENT IN GROUND WATER SECTOR: CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS
Kunhambu V1, Azimkhan B Pathan2, Agrawal A K1, Sahoo B K 1, Ranjan K Ray3 and Venkateswaran D1
1
RGNGWTRI, CGWB, Raipur, Chhattisgarh, India, kunhambuv@yahoo.co.in 2 Hidayathulla National Law University,Raipur, India, azimkhan@hnlu.ac.in 3 CGWB, Central Headquarters, Faridabad,Haryana, India
A comprehensive policy framework and associated statutes for implementation is a prerequisite for effective management of any natural resources, especially water resources. Water is a state subject as per the constitution of India. While surface water sector is bestowed with appropriate legal frame work for adjudication, ground water which cater to significant share of irrigation and domestic water requirement, remain untouched as it enjoyed the privilege of appendage with land ownership as per Indian easement act 1882. The need for regulation was felt after Green revolution, when indiscriminate withdrawal of ground water resulted in excessive lowering of a ground water level. The National water policy of India was promulgated in 1987 and revised in 2002 and the third one is framed in 2012. Various states and union territories also adopted their own water policy at par with the national water policy. In the absence of concrete statute, conflicts in ground water sector were adjudicated under the fundamental right guaranteed by Indian constitution. The much awaited statute on ground water adjudication came in 1997 with the constitution of Central Ground Water Authority under direction from the Apex court, with a
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complementary authority in each State. The paper deals with the salient features of national and state water policy, and legal frame work for ground water governance, strength and weakness of enforcement mechanism with illustrative cases of recent adjudication on ground water related disputes by various courts in India along with suggestion for further strengthening of enforcement mechanism supported by innovative approaches and effective involvement of stake holders.
WHAT KIND OF WATER DO PEOPLE PREFER? DRINKING WATER CHOICES IN AREAS WITH MULTIPLE SOURCES
Binoy V V, Jayasree V and Shantha Mohan
Water programme, National Institute of Advanced Studies, Indian Institute of Science Campus, Bangalore - 560 012, India vvbinoy@gmail.com Households in many urban, peri-urban or rural areas in India are able to avail government water supply via permanent individual pipeline connections, stand posts, tankers, etc. as well as from alternative sources such as open wells, tube wells, tanks, etc. However, people have their own criteria, which are socio, economic and culture specific on the basis of which they make their choice of the source of water for drinking and cooking. We undertook a study to understand how people make choices when multiple sources of water are available to them. The study has been carried out in three states of India, Rajasthan, Manipur and Kerala, which vary significantly in their cultural and environmental background. Information has been collected from various stakeholders through personal interviews and focal group discussions. The results of our study have revealed that people from the three states differed significantly in their preference for the source of water used for drinking and cooking purposes. Kumari and Basni in Rajasthan, even though water supply by the government is available, majority of the people preferred rainwater harvested in ponds for drinking. The main reason for choosing pond water over the one supplied by the government is the better taste of the former. In Loktak of Manipur, people mainly depend on the ponds for their drinking water needs, but during ceremonies and it is now becoming a practice to serve packaged drinking water as it is considered as a status symbol. In contrast, people from periurban areas of Imphal preferred stream water (some time supplied by private tankers) over government tap water for their needs in kitchen and drinking purposes. In Thrissur of Kerala, first choice of water was open wells. People use the water supplied by government agencies for preparing the food and drinking only during summer, when they face extreme water shortage. In this area, one of the notable reasons attributed for the reduced preference for tap water over well water is the presence of chlorine used for treating the water. The results of the present study highlights the need to centre-stage the preferences and expectations of the communities in the planning and implementation of interventions for supply of potable water, thus making the process bottom-up rather the existing top-down approach.
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PILOT BASIN STUDIES IN INDIA USING IWRM CONCEPT: BUILDING PARTNERSHIP WITH STAKEHOLDERS
Goyal V C and Omkar Singh
Research Management and Outreach Division, National Institute of Hydrology Roorkee-247667, India vcgoyal@yahoo.com Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) has gained much significance to properly plan, develop and manage water resources in river basins, because it is embedded with the concept of promoting social equity, economic efficiency, and ecosystem sustainability. The National Water Policy-2012 advocates IWRM concept at river basin/sub-basin as a unit for planning, development and management of water resources in our country. The National Water Mission (Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India) also envisages taking up pilot studies in collaboration with the State implementing agencies to evolve an effective mechanism for addressing the water-related problems based on IWRM concept. Keeping this in view, National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee has undertaken IWRM based Pilot Basin Studies (PBS) at six locations covering various agro-ecological regions of India, viz., Tawi River Basin (J&K), (ii) Bina River Basin (M.P.), (iii) Zuari Basin (Goa), (iv) Mahi River Basin (Bihar), (v) Yerrakalva Basin (A.P.), and (vi) Kulsi Basin (Assam). The above IWRM-based PBS broadly aim to (i) study in detail various hydrologic processes, (ii) provide useful insight into propagation of IWRM concept for sustainable development of water resources with community participation, (iii) evolve models of IWRM study for different hydrologic regions, for forward integration with Govt. schemes (iv) provide solution of local water problems, and build capacity of local community & institutions, and (v) establish demo sites for researchers, students, managers and stakeholders. Capacity building of the local stakeholders, including institutions, is a major component of the PBS program, which is expected to showcase the linkage among science, practice and policy while implementing the IWRM plan in the identified pilot basins. A series of consultations were organized with the local stakeholders in the PBS areas. Apart from common hydrological problems like lack of water balance estimation and conjunctive use planning, each PBS basin has some distinct issues to be addressed in the PBS program. For example, Zuari river basin in Goa has increased salinity levels due to tidal influx and reduced flow in the river; occurrence of flash floods during monsoon season; and water quality issues in light of increased industrial activities. Bina river basin has issues related to water availability; occurrence of drought; and soil erosion. Erakalva basin is facing reduction in base flows due to surface water development projects in the upstream areas; deterioration in water quality; and sea water intrusion into uplands at the river mouth. In Tawi basin, water availability; flash floods; and impact on river ecology are the prime issues. Floodplain inundation and embankment breaching during floods requires attention in the Mahi river basin. The final outcome of PBS program will be development of comprehensive IWRM plans for each of these river basins. The paper presents the concept and outline of the PBS program covering various agro-ecological regions in India.
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GROUNDWATER POLLUTION RISK ASSESSMENT OF THE ZANZIBAR ISLAND IN TANZANIA

Brijesh K Yadav, Haji Shaaban and Dinesh C Singhal
Department of Hydrology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee-247667, Uttarakhand, India brijeshy@gmail.com; brijkfhy@iitr.ac.in
Groundwater vulnerability assessment is an important aspect in evaluating the risk to groundwater contamination and for development of groundwater protection strategies. It also serves as management tool for taking appropriate measure to protect the qualitydegradation of groundwater resource. This study deals with analysis of the prevailing (sub)-surface parameters and environmental conditions under which groundwater may get contaminated.In fulfilling this target, DRASTIC model coupled with GIS techniques is used in finding out the relative vulnerable zones of groundwater contamination in Southern BambiBumbwi corridor of Zanzibar Island in Tanzania. The DRASTIC modeluses seven parameters: 1)Depth of water table, 2) Net recharge, 3) Aquifer media,4) Soil media, 5) Topography, 6) Impact of vadose zone, and 7) Hydraulic conductivity to evaluate shallow aquifers vulnerability. Therisk map isprepared here based on the computed DRASTIC Index (DI) and land usemap using the ArcGIS 10 and ILWIS 3.31 softwares. The DRASTIC index values range between 88 to149 for the study area. Based on the entire range of the DI, the study area is classified into three relative vulnerable zones: low (88 to 115), medium (115 to 125) and high (125 to 149). Majority of the study area is characterized by medium to low vulnerable levels which occupy 78% of the total area while high vulnerable zone covers 28%. High vulnerable zone mostly dominates northern part and some of the southern zone of the study areawhich is mainly associated to shallow water table depth and high permeable soils.The pollution risk index of the study area varies between 93 to 189. High risk zone (DI 157 to 189) is located in the central and northern part of the study area due to existence of settlement in central part whileintensive agricultural activities are responsible for the northern part. The developed groundwater vulnerability and risk maps may assist the decision makers and planners in making future planning of sustainable water resources development of the Island.
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Advanced Technology in IWRM
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SELECTION OF PREDICTORS FOR DOWNSCALING METEOROLOGICAL DATA IN THE CHALIYAR RIVER BASIN
Chithra N R and Santosh Thampi G
Department of Civil Engineering, NIT Calicut chithranr@nitc.ac.in; santosh@nitc.ac.in Assessing the likely impact of climate change on hydrology at river basin scale requires meteorological data at this scale. The General Circulation Model (GCM), which is the only reliable source of climate change prediction data, performs well only at coarser scale. Statistical downscaling is performed to bring down the coarse resolution data to river basin scale or a station using statistical relationships developed between coarse scale predictors and the predictand to be downscaled. In this paper, a methodology for selecting the large scale atmospheric variables (predictors) from the National Centre for Environmental Prediction and National Centre for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis data set based on the values of the correlation coefficient and for downscaling grid based monthly precipitation (P) data and monthly mean maximum and minimum temperatures ( and ) to station scale using an artificial neural network model is presented. The study area is the Chaliyar river basin in Kerala, India. Data required for this study is the observed monthly data (P, and ) at the meteorological stations, NCEP/NCAR reanalysis data and predictions from GCM, Third Generation Canadian Climate Model (CGCM3) simulations. In the case of monthly preciptation, downscaling was performed on a seasonal basis, for three seasons in a year, viz. premonsoon, south west monsoon and north east monsoon. The potential predictors were selected based on values of the correlation coefficient between the NCEP/NCAR predictors and the predictand precipitation. The correlation coefficients between the NCEP/NCAR predictors and the GCM predictors were also considered in the selection of potential predictors to ensure that the particular predictor is predicted reasonably well by the GCM. The 700 to 1000 mb geopotential height, 250, 300 and 1000 mb air temperature, 700 and 850 mb eastward wind, surface pressure and 400 to 500 mb specific humidity were identified as the potential predictors in most of the models. Northward wind is not simulated well by CGCM3 for these grid points and hence it is not considered in most of the models. In the case of prediction of , data pertaining to the predictors and the predictands were divided into three seasons, viz. dry period (January-May), wet period (June-November) and the month of December. However, in case of prediction of , the data was divided into two seasons viz. wet and dry periods. Geopotential height, northward wind, eastward wind, temperature at coarser scale and specific humidity at various pressure levels were the selected predictors. Results show that specific humidity at various pressure levels plays an important role in downscaling and during the wet season. Separate models were developed for downscaling at each station and for each season and separate sets of potential predictors were used in each of the models. The ANN was trained using the Levenberg Marquardt algorithm and the numbers of hidden layers were fixed in each of the models iteratively. The models were trained and subsequently validated. Results show that except in the case of a few extreme events, the downscaled data is in good agreement with the observed data.
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INTEGRATING GIS AND HYDROLOGICAL MODEL FOR FLOOD FORECASTING

Nayak T R1 and. Narulkar S M2
NIH Regional Centre, WALMI Campus, Bhopal, M.P, India tejramn@yahoo.com 2 S.G.S. Institute of Technology & Science, Indore M.P, India snarulkar@gmail.com During the monsoon season, when about 80 percent of the total annual runoff occurs in Indian rivers, floods of varying intensities are experienced in one or other part of the country. Floods cause significant loss to life and property; by way of civilian casualties, more people are killed annually than by any other natural disaster, annual economic losses consist of property worth crores of Rupees damaged or lost. Natural disasters caused by floods challenge scientists to forecast the magnitude and timing of peak flood discharges more accurately. Floods are the most common disaster which the world faces today. Flooding happens during heavy rains, when rivers overflow, when ocean waves come onshore, when snow melts too fast or when dams or levees break. Hydrological models have become increasingly important tools for the management of the water resources in a river basin. They are used for flow forecasting to support reservoir operation, for flood protection, in spillway design studies and for many other purposes. Real-time estimates of flood runoff are used in making operational decisions for reservoirs, reservoir systems, and other hydraulic structures in order to minimize the damages. The models developed for forecasting floods is generally site-specific using the available data set. The type and amount of data available can have a major influence on the choice of methodology for performing an analysis and on the reliability of results. Geographic Information System (GIS) is a technology that manages, analyzes, and disseminates geographic knowledge. The old adage "better information leads to better decisions" is true for GIS. As GIS is not just an automated decision making system but a tool to query, analyze, and map data in support of the decision making process. GIS has been known to help in various applications and Disaster management studies. Remote sensing and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have been integrated and applied with hydrological models. Remote sensing collects multi-spectral, multi-resolution, multi-temporal data, and turns them into useful information. GIS technology provides a flexible environment for entering, analyzing, and displaying digital data from various sources, for identifying urban features, detecting change, and developing databases. Many researchers have developed an integrated approach to combine RS and GIS techniques with the Rainfall-Runoff model to elucidate the effects of floods/river stage on inundated area and estimation of damages. The objective of this paper is to predict the magnitude and time of arrival of peak discharge at the outlet of a river basin or at the downstream G&D site. In the present study, the Uri river sub-basin in the lower part of Narmada river basin has been considered for prediction of flood discharge due to rainfall in the catchment area. Most widely used modified NRCS Curve Number model has been selected for estimation of direct runoff resulted from the observed daily rainfall. The Integrated Land and Water Information System (ILWIS) package has been used as the basic GIS tool. This has been used for preparation of thematic maps on landuse and soils, superimposition of landuse and soil maps, delineation
1
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of polygons of identical landuse classes and hydrological soil group, attribution of the map to assign appropriate CN values, extraction of spatial distribution of polygons having the same CN values. Thus, the weighted average Curve Number computed for Uri river sub-basin have been found to be 67.74, 82.26 and 92.70 for AMC-I, AMC-II and AMC-III respectively. Finally, the direct runoff volume has been computed by knowing the Curve Number, the average Precipitation and AMC condition. One of the major limitations of the NRCS method of computation of direct runoff is that it does not incorporate the time distribution of the direct runoff. However, the quantities of river discharge along with its distribution over time are the most important factors to predict the severity and time of arrival of floods at a desired location. The hourly discharge in the river may be predicted by estimating the hourly direct runoff from the sub-catchments resulting from the previous and predicted rainfall. In most of the Indian River basins, the rainfall is measured on daily basis, i.e. once in a day at 0800 AM, which gives the quantity of cumulative rainfall during the last 24 hours. Therefore the rainfall excess computed by the NRCS-CN model by using the daily rainfall as input, provides the cumulative value for the previous 24 hours. In order to disintegrate the rainfall excess over the time, the unit hydrograph is generally developed for the watershed under consideration. In this study, the synthetic unit hydrographs based on forest cover and SCS method have been combined together to develop the synthetic unit hydrographs. The Synthetic Unit Hydrograph (SUH) has basically two components, time to peak and peak discharge and has a triangular shape which produces a unit depth of direct runoff or rainfall excess. However, the SCS method of development of a Unit Hydrograph provides more realistic curvilinear shape. The ordinates of the SCS unit hydrographs correspond to effective rainfall of unit depth over unit duration, i.e. 1 cm rainfall in 1 hour produces direct runoff in cumec. However, in the present study, daily rainfall has been taken for computation of direct runoff through modified NRCS-CN model. It means, observation of hourly rainfall is required or the daily rainfall occurred in the catchment has to be disintegrated over the period of 24 hours and the hourly rainfall can be taken as input to the runoff model. The latter option may not hold good for NRCS-CN model, as the initial abstraction is taken for the complete storm, single or intermittent. The time required to recover the initial infiltration rate of watershed depends on the soil characteristics, which is generally more than 4 to 5 hours. Hence, the time disintegration of rainfall does not fulfill the assumptions made about the concept of initial abstraction, i.e. amount of precipitation before the actual runoff begins, while describing the SCS-CN equations. However, this assumption can be applied for the daily rainfall values especially during the monsoon periods. Therefore, the direct runoff computed by NRCS-CN model has been disintegrated using Huffs disintegration model and the same values are convoluted with the Synthetic Unit Hydrograph having 1-hr Unit Duration to generate the flood hydrograph at the outlet of Uri river sub-basin. The observed hourly discharge has been compared with all the four quartiles of the disintegration model given by Huff and Angel, 1992 and the best fitted model has been suggested for computation of flood hydrograph. The Nash-Sutcliffe model efficiency has been checked by using observed and computed flood hydrograph at Dhulsar G&D site in Uri river sub-basin for the monsoon period during the year 2007.
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GEOMORPHOLOGICAL FACTORS OF COASTAL GROUNDWATER SALINITY IN CENTRAL KERALA: INTEGRATED HYDROCHEMICAL-GEOSPATIAL APPROACH
Priju C P, Ramisha N, Neerajamol T P, Madhavan K and Narasimha Prasad N B
Centre for Water Resources Development and Management Kunnamangalam, Kozhikode 673 571, Kerala cppriju@gmail.com Saltwater intrusion is the movement of saline water into a freshwater aquifer caused by various factors. Geomorphological features and hydrogeological characteristics may have control on saline intrusion in the coastal aquifers. The study area is part of central Kerala coastal plain extending from Ernakulam to Alappuzha. The study is focussed on the variation of groundwater salinity in the coastal region in relation to hydrogeology and geomorphology. Geomorphological mapping of the study area was carried out with the help of digital satellite data (IRS P6 LISS III, bands 1, 2, 3 & 4) acquired in February 2010. The study area is characterised by various geomorphological units viz., barrier islands, spit, lagoon, beach ridges and swale complex, mudflats and intertidal flats, floodplains, marshy areas and mangrove swamps are of coastal origin. The landform units of fluvial origin identified are paleo-channels, abandoned channels, point bar, channel island, swamps/river flood plains etc. Well water samples (115 open wells) representing various geomorphological units were collected in the pre-monsoon season (2011) and were analysed for the physico-chemical parameters viz. pH, temperature, EC, alkalinity, salinity, turbidity, TDS, chloride (Cl-), total hardness, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, SO42 and Fe2+. The water table elevation was obtained from field measurement of water levels and DEM data. Hydro-geochemical facies and water type of the samples were derived with the help of geochemical plots such as Hill-Piper diagram, US Salinity Diagram and Wilcox diagram. The hydro-chemical data obtained from different morphological/landform units were compared and correlated. The hydrochemical parameters were correlated and statistically evaluated to link the geomorphology with salinity variations. Bivariate plots viz., chloride content vs. water level elevation, conductivity vs. chloride and piper diagram was employed establish the geomorphological controls on groundwater salinity. Older and younger coastal plain alluvium consists a major portion of the study area followed by flood plains, floodplain lowlands, alluvial plain, paleo-channels and abandoned channels. The coastal plain is characterized by paleo-strandlines, beach ridges and swales, tidal flats, mangrove swamps and present shoreline. The landform features in the coastal plain areas are obliterated by extensive human activities mining, reclamation, urbanisation etc. Hydro-chemical parameters of the water samples reveal that majority are within the drinking water standards (BIS) limits. Generally the water samples from ridges, alluvial and coastal plain areas are of good quality. The water samples from floodplain areas are generally of poor quality, i.e. affected by salinity, turbidity and hardness. However, in the northern part of the study area, i.e, Vypin, Njarakkal, Ernakulam and near Thannermukkam bund, the anthropogenic activities superseded the geomorphological controls and poor quality groundwater. The water level elevation vs. chloride concentration, EC vs.Chloride concentration and piper plot shows the geomorphological control on groundwater salinity.
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COMPROMISE PROGRAMMING FOR SELECTION OF SUITABLE IRRIGATION SUBSYSTEM

Morankar D.V1 and Srinivasa Raju K2.
Faculty of Civil Engineering, College of Military Engineering, Pune, India dineshmorankar@gmail.com 2 Department of Civil Engineering, Birla Institute of Technology and Science-Pilani, Hyderabad campus, India ksraju@hyderabad.bits-pilani.ac.in Nine irrigation subsystems/groups (from now termed as G1 to G9) of Khadakwasla project, Maharashtra, India are evaluated for five performance related indicators, namely, Participation and Cooperation (PC), Effective Water Availability (EWA), Economic Status (ES), Conjunctive Use (CU) and Agricultural Education (AE). Responses of field survey for each irrigation subsystem were analyzed based on the filled up questionnaire from the farmers. While assessing each irrigation subsystem consolidated response sheet, individual farmers view, actual field condition of the irrigation subsystem, overall water request by farmers of the canal system and availability of water for irrigation was also considered. It further helped to understand various constraints and perception of not only the farmers but also of the officials at different levels. This enables to develop the basis for systematic and sustainable approach for possible improvements of the system and helps in formulating realistic operating policy. A consolidated payoff matrix is prepared for all the irrigation subsystems based on the available information. Each indicator was expressed subjectively for evaluation of irrigation subsystem on a scale of 0-10 (0 for unsatisfactory, 2 for satisfactory, 4 for fair, 6 for moderately good, 8 for good, 10 for very good). These nine irrigation subsystems are ranked using Compromise Programming technique which defines the suitable solution as the one in the set of efficient solutions whose point is at the least distance from an ideal point (Zeleny, 1982, Raju and Nagesh Kumar, 2010). Distance measure used in Compromise Programming is the family of Lp metrics and expressed as
1
L p (a) =
w
j =1
p j
p f j* f j ( a )
p
Where j= 1, 2 J; L p ( a ) = L p - metric for alternative a for the chosen value of parameter

* p; f j ( a ) = Normalised value of criterion j for alternative a; f j = Normalised ideal value of
criterion j; w j = Weight assigned to the criterion j;
p = Parameter reflecting the attitude of
the decision maker with respect to compensation between deviations. In the present study, weights of five indicators are assumed to be equal i.e. 0.2 each and p value is assumed as 2 and . It is observed from p=2 scenario that G4 is occupying the first position (with Lp-metric value of 0.48) whereas G5 and G8 occupies the second position (with Lp-metric value of 0.64). In case of p=, G4, G5, G8 occupied the first three positions with Lp-metric value of 0.000315, 0.000419, 0.107374. It is observed that three irrigation subsystems can be used as the basis while formulating guidelines. However in both the situations, G3 occupied the last position.
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IDENTIFICATION OF SUITABLE SITES FOR WATER HARVESTING IN THE WATER SCARE RURAL WATERSHED BY THE INTEGRATED USE OF REMOTE SENSING AND GIS
Ibrahim Bathis K1 and Ahmed S A2
Department of Applied Geology, Kuvempu University, Shimoga ibrahimbathis@gmail.com, 2 School of Earth Science, Department of Geology, CUK Gulbarga ashfaqsa@hotmail.com A watershed is an ideal unit for management of natural resources like land and water for mitigation of the impact of natural disasters for achieving sustainable development. The significant factors for the planning and development of a watershed are its physiography, drainage, geomorphology, soil, land use/land cover and available water resources. Watershed management is the process of formulation carrying out a course of action that involves modification in the natural system of watershed to achieve specified objectives. Water harvesting structure is one of the important components of watershed development to conserve soil and water. Remote Sensing (RS) coupled with Geographical Information System (GIS) techniques has proved to be an efficient tool in catchment delineation and drainage morphometric analysis. The present study aims to identification of suitable sites for check dam construction based on sub-watershed prioritization by using remote sensing data and GIS. Various thematic maps such as land use/land cover, slope, drainage, soil etc. were prepared from IRS I D LISS Ill digital data, SOltoposheets of 1:50,000 scale and other reference maps for the integrated study of soil and water harvesting sites. Morphometric analysis is used for prioritizing micro-watersheds by studying different linear and aerial parameters of the watershed which influence the soil erosion and runoff. In this study, part of Doddahalla watershed of Lower Tungabhadra catchment of Krishna basin namely is considered. Scarcity of water together with lack of proper natural resource management have resulted in degradation of land and water resources, and, poor social and economic conditions in the watershed. To cope with water scarcity, there is a need to implement storm water harvesting to develop the water resources in a sustainable manner and mitigate the adverse impacts of droughts, stabilize agricultural production as well as reduce the communitys vulnerability to water shortage. However, implementation of runoff harvesting in an extensive way, without any adverse impacts on downstream hydrological systems, requires a better understanding of the hydrological processes. At present, there is a growing need for cost effective and time saving methods for identifying areas that are suitable for implementing runoff harvesting technologies particularly in rain fed rural agro-ecosystems as a means to supplement water availability. Advances in computer technology and Geographic Information System (GIS) provide useful tools that allow efficient integration of spatial characteristics of watersheds leading to improved representation of hydrological processes in the landscape. The study identifies priority areas for runoff harvesting in the rural watershed with the use of GIS. Locating optimal sites for runoff harvesting was entirely based on the physically derived maps. Thus, through GIS analysis, potential runoff harvesting sites are identified in relation to the areas that concentrate runoff and where the stored water will be appropriately distributed. The use of GIS approach to facilitate this process improves the accuracy level for locating suitable areas for runoff
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harvesting in view of the GIS capability to utilize spatial information in an integrative manner and spatially displaying it through maps. This attempt can help to increase the water potential for irrigation as well as drinking purpose.
SPATIAL VARIABILITY OF RUNOFF IN CAUVERY BASIN USING GEO-SPATIAL TECHNIQUES

Rama Subramoniam S, Debahsishbhakta, Amanpreet Singh, Sagar S Salunkhe, Jeyaseelan A.T and Sharma J. R
Regional Remote Sensing Centre (West), National Remote Sensing Centre, Department of Space, Indian Space Research Organisation, CAZRI Campus, Jodhpur, Rajasthan 342003 ramasubramoniams@gmail.com The status of water availability, particularly spatial and temporal pattern at the basin level is essential for regional planning and decision on water resource management. Runoff is an indication of availability of water. Thus in situ measurement of runoff is useful, however in most cases such measurements are not possible at the desired time and location as conventional techniques of runoff measurement are expensive, time-consuming and difficult. Therefore, rain-fallrunoff models are commonly used for computing runoff. The model developed by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Soil Conservation Society (SCS) known as curve number (CN) is popular among rain-fallrunoff models because of its simple mathematical relationship and low data requirement. An attempt has been made to study the spatial variability of runoff in Cauvery basins of India using SCS-CN method and soft computation technique. The Cauvery basin extends over states of Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Kerala and Union Territory of Pondicherry draining an area of 81,155 Sq.km which is nearly 2.7% of the total geographical area of the country with a maximum length and width of about 560 km and 245 kmrespectively. In the present study, runoff was estimated using SCS-CN method for the water year 2004-2005.The rainfall (1o x 1o IMD gridded data), soil (NBSS&LUP 250K), Land use/Land cover (NRSC 50K) and Slope (SRTM 90m DEM) were used as aninput for generating curve number. The ArcObject programming approach was used to calculate the AMC, CN value, potential maximum retention and surface runofffor each grid in the study area.
MONITORING AND SIMULATING THE OIL SPILL DRIFT OFF THE COAST OF MUMBAI
Salim M1, 2, Nayak R K1, Sasamal S K1 and Rao S2
Earth and Climate Science Area, National Remote Sensing Center (NRSC), ISRO, Hyderabad, India 2 Center for Earth atmosphere and weather modification technologies (CEA & WMT), Jawahalal Nehru Technological University (JNTU), Hyderabad, India msalimpc@gmail.com Ship accidents over past three decades have lead to irreversible ecological disaster in Mumbai coast. The spill originated aftermath of MV RAK ship wreck event happened on off
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shore waters of Mumbai on 4th August 2011 was modeled in this study. The ship was a coal cargo carrying 60000 tons of coal along with 290 tons of diesel oil and 50 tons of fuel oil onboard. The location of accident was reported around 18o4629E, 72o2919N. The event was modeled using General NOAA Operational Modelling environment (GNOME). The oilspill modeling and monitoring procedure involves three steps: first one is mapping of oil spill trajectory using the satellite Synthetic aperture RADAR; the second one is simulation of ocean currents using Hydro dynamic model; and the third one is simulation of spill trajectory using GNOME by forcing with currents and ocean surface winds. The satellite imagery was used to identify the oil slick. In this regards the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) of RISAT-2 and Radarsat data of 9th and 10th August 2011 was processed. Both RISAT II and RADARSAT data in VV polarization mode were used to monitor the spill event. The obtained data was geometrically rectified with reference to NHO charts of the area. Besides, the data sets are enhanced to identify the oil slicks feature in the offshore waters. Standard method of SAR data analysis was carried out in image processing software ENVI. The image enhancements were carried out with histogram equalization techniques to improve better visualization of oil spill features. The noise reduction in the image was carried out following low pass filter. The spill classification was carried out considering dark features as the areas affected by the oil spill and the rest as the ocean. The oil spill features are mapped and the boundaries were extracted for volume and area estimations. The SAR imageries indicated presence of slick of about 50 Km long with a width of about 500 meter wide found spreading northward along the coast, the slick is seen for about 12 to 15 Km away from the Mumbai coastline. The event drift track was modeled and the predicted drift tracks were compared with SAR imagery. The simulated track shows good agreement with track extracted from observed satellite SAR imagery.
APPLICATION OF REMOTE SENSING AND GIS FOR ARTIFICIAL RECHARGE ZONE IN SIVAGANGA DISTRICT, TAMIL NADU, INDIA
Department of Agronomy, Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Coimbatore 641 003, India alga.s@rediffmail.com Water has become a scarce resource all over the world. Water resources of earth can be classified as surface water and ground water in which ground water is the main source for the domestic purpose and agriculture. The study area Sivaganga district falls in the southern part of Tamil Nadu, it comprises of major town such as Tirupattur, Karaikudi, Devakottai and having 30 & 34 villages respectively. The study area covers an area of 4378 sq.km. It falls in between North Latitudes of 100 30'15'' and 100 30' 00'' and East Longitudes of 780 10' 15'' and 790 00' 00''. Digital geological data was prepared from Geological Survey of India (GIS) for the study area. Objectives of the work is preparation of various thematic data such as Drainage, Drainage density, Lineament density, Geomorphology, Land use and Land cover using Landsat data. Used the Digital Image processing, the supervised, unsupervised classification, band rationing, filtering and NDVI techniques for updating the above all thematic maps. Assigning weightages to the above thematic maps and its classes, integration of all above thematic maps based on the weightages and identification of
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selection of suitable site for artificial recharge to the study area were done. P 143 R 52 Date: 15-05-2001, P 143 R 53 Date: 15-05-2001, Geological Data Satellite: TM and SRTM, Software used ArcGIS 9.3 version, ENVI: 4.3 version. The data sources like satellite and topographic data other secondary data were used for generation of various spatial parameters. the development and assessment of geology, geomorphology, natural resources need prcised maps. The specific purposes maps are often referred as "thematic" maps because they contain information about a single object or theme, to make the thematic data easy to understand. The main task of the current study the primary and secondary data are assembled together in GIS platform. The spatial data assembled in digital format and properly registered to take the spatial component referenced. The namely sensed data provides more reliable information on the different themes. Hence in the present study various thematic maps were prepared by visual interpretation of satellite imagery, SOI Top sheet. All the thematic maps are prepared 1:2 50,000, 1:50,000 scale. For the study area, artificial recharge sites had been identified based on the number of parameters loaded such as 4, 3, 2, 1 & 0 parameters. Again, the study area was classified into priority I, II, III suggested for artificial recharge sites based on the number of parameters loaded using GIS integration. These zones are then compared with the Land use and Land cover map for the further adopting the suitable technique in the artificial recharge zones.
INFILLING OF MISSING DAILY RAINFALL RECORDS USING GENETIC PROGRAMMING

Megha Lawand, Pradnya Dixit and Shreenivas Londhe
Vishwakarma Institute of Information Technology, Pune, India melawand@gmail.com; prdxt11@gmail.com; snlondhe@gmail.com Availability of continuous precipitation data at different spatial and temporal scales is essential for hydrologic simulation models that use precipitation as input for accurate prediction of watershed response to different precipitation events (Teegavarapu et al. 2009). Excluding the missing data without any replacement reduces both the statistical power and accuracy. Inputting the precipitation data without filling the missing values in the hydrologic models may critically influence the reliability of the results. Conversely, increasing the length and the amount of the data by the estimation and replacement of the missing precipitation at a missing or ungauged station makes the hydrologic analysis and design of water resources systems more reliable. Therefore, it is important to estimate the missing values for the hydrologic analysis and design. Estimation of missing values of precipitation has been a difficult subject in hydrology due to the spacetime variability of rainfall/snowfall and the complexity of physical processes involved. Traditionally this is done using the arithmetic average method, the normal ratio, the modified normal ratio method, 3-station-average by linear interpolation of neighboring index stations, reciprocal distance squared method, weighted average methods of neighboring stations, the linear programming method, the multiquadratic interpolation method, the optimal interpolation method, and the Kriging method. Recently the soft computing technique of Artificial Neural Networks is also tried by Kuligowski and Barros, Coulibaly and Evora.
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The present work deals with estimation of missing daily rainfall values at eleven rain gauge stations in Pune District of India by using a soft computing technique of Genetic Programming (GP). The stations were divided in 3 groups with 3-4 stations in each according to the distances between the stations, average rainfall at each station and correlations of averages of all stations, different networks comprising of 3 to 4 stations. Separate monthly models for the months of June, July, August and September were developed in each network to estimate daily rainfall values at any one station as output while data of other stations in that network was used as input. This was repeated for all the stations one by one. The accuracy of results was judged by calculating the correlation coefficient, scatter plots and 2-3 other error measures. All the models exhibit reasonable performances as evident from high values of correlation coefficient and low values of errors.
ESTIMATION OF GROUNDWATER RECHARGE IN PARTS OF NARMADA BASIN USING ISOTOPIC TECHNIQUE

Verma S K, Rai S P and Kumar C P
National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee, 247 667 skverma@nih.ernet.in; spr@nih.ernet.in; cpk@nih.ernet.in The over exploitation of groundwater in India is increasing day by day due to ever increasing population and industrialization, resulting in progressive lowering of static water level and reduction of well yields. The estimation of recharge to groundwater is crucial to better water resources management particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. The tritium tagging technique has been widely used for the estimation of the recharge to groundwater in different regions of India. This technique provides fairly accurate estimate of vertical downward flow component of soil moisture through unsaturated zone. In the present paper, the estimation of groundwater recharge due to monsoon rains has been carried out using Tritium tagging technique in parts of Narsinghpur district (Madhya Pradesh) situated in the Narmada basin. The experiments have been carried out in cultivated as well as in uncultivated fields. Artificial radioisotope (Tritium) was injected at two uncultivated and six cultivated sites before the onset of monsoon and soil samples were collected from the injection points after the rainy season. In the study area, mainly four types of soils were found, namely clay, clay loam, loam and sandy clay in which clay predominant. The average annual rainfall of the area is 1246 mm. The percentage of groundwater recharge varies from 7.67% to 22.44% in the study area with respect to the type of soil and other geo-hydrological conditions. In the present paper, the details of the methodology followed and details about the area including the results obtained with regard to the values of recharge to groundwater obtained have been described. The estimation of groundwater recharge has been carried out mainly due to the monsoon rains.
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SILVER NANOPARTICLES SUPPORTS FOR WATER TREATMENT APPLICATIONS

Sujatha P
Department of Technical and Applied Chemistry, VJTI, Matunga, Mumbai, India sujathap@vjti.org.in In the present study cost effective filter materials coated with silver nanoparticles has been developed. Their applications for water treatment had been carried out.Colloidal silver nano particles have been synthesized by chemical reduction of silver nitrate by using two different reducing agents such as sodium borohydride and trisodium citrate. Formation of silver nano particles have been confirmed by by UV-visible spectra and it exhibited the characteristic silver Plasmon resonance. Particle size analysis measurements of the prepared silver particles with NICOMP distribution, using trisodium citrate as reducing agent indicated the average size of the nano particles around 11-12 nm. Transmission electron microscopic (TEM) results also show the size distribution of the nanoparticles. Optimization of the synthesis of silver nano particles by using two different reducing agents by optimizing the conditions such as concentration of reactants, temperature, and reaction time are carried out. Organic ion exchange resin and zeolites have been selected as the support for silver nanoparticles because of its micro and macro porous structures. Morphology of the nanocomposites was studied by scanning electron microscope (SEM). Applicability of these materials for water treatment is successfully carried out.
MONITORING OF WATER STRESS USING MODIS DERIVED NORMALIZED DIFFERENCE VEGETATION INDEX
Anusha C K and Girish Gopinath
Centre for Water Resources Development and Management, Kozhikode ckanusha@gmail.com; gg@cwrdm.org Drought is a slow-onset natural disaster, causing temporary water availability imbalance and vegetation damage. Vegetation is a determining factor for agriculture and food security. Drought can be detected by comparing the vegetation health status of the same region for the same season for earlier years. The increasing incidents of drought in kerala is due to the spatial and temporal variations of rainfall, highly undulating topography, low water retension capacity of soils and high population density. In this study, Water Stress(drought) monitoring of Palakkad district of Kerala has been attempted using Geospatial Techniques. Palakkad, the major paddy growing district of the Kerala State, is receiving an annual average rainfall of 2329 mm but experienced by occasional localized drought events. Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) is the major satellite based parameter used to measure vegetation health and is obtained from MODIS, Terra satellite product MOD13Q1 over the year 2000 to 2013. The mean Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) of Palakkad district over 14 years was calculated. NDVI Anomaly is calculated from the deviation of NDVI for the particular period from the NDVI mean of the same region for the same season. High negative NDVI anomaly areas are more prone to drought and the severity of drought on
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each crop can be identified using LandUse/LandCover data. SPI derived from historical rainfall data is also used as secondary information to aid water stress analysis.This analysis reveals that Elappally, Tharur, Thenkurissi, Kannadi, Kuthannur, Koduvayur, Puthusseri are some of the drought(Water Stress) risk panchayaths of Palakkad district.
EVALUATION OF SPATIAL BEHAVIOUR OF TWO MINOR TROPICAL RIVER BASINS, SOUTHWEST COAST OF INDIA
Ajith G. Nair1, Girish Gopinath2 and Vijitha V V1
1
Department of Geology, Government College, Kottayam, Kottayam, Kerala nairajith06@gmail.com 2 Centre for Water Resources Development and Management, Kozhikode gg@cwrdm.org
Two small drainage basins (Thalassery and Kallayi) of comparable area, geographic affinity, lithology and climatic setting are selected for morphometric evaluation using geospatial techniques. The effect of relief parameters (which vary significantly in the basins), on the disposition and nature of drainage networks is attempted. A clear distinction is seen in the behaviour of subwatersheds of higher relief and those of lower values, best illustrated by texture (1.0 and10.7) and ruggedness ratios (1.2 and 0.12). However, the morphometric parameters vary very considerably even in subwatersheds of similar slope characters within and between basins. The basins correspond to the Hortonian laws, except for very low correlation between stream orders and their mean stream lengths (0.16). This is attributed to disparity in stream lengths with in constituent subwatersheds, a probable result of differing lineament distribution in them. Preliminary investigation reveals the dominant and variable impact exerted by the different sets of fault/fracture zones in controlling the drainage characters of subwatersheds and basins as a whole.
FLOCCULATION OF NANOPARTICLES USING CHITOSAN

Jomini K. Thomas, Ann Mary Eappen, Abdul Shukoor T M and Philip K.C
Department of Chemistry, S.B.College, Changanachery, Kerala 686101 jomsbc@gmail.com; ann8591@yahoo.com; shukooroorali@yahoo.in; drkcphilip@gmail.com Nanotechnology is a rapidly emerging field of great interest and promise. Recent advances in the synthesis and development of nanoparticles for wide applications has lead to a serious threat to both human and environment, nanoparticles are discharged into the environment and thus providing a path to enter into food chain via microorganisms and eventually it disturbs the ecological balance. Nanoparticles reaching land have the potential to contaminate soil, migrate into surface and reach into water. It will contaminate the water and it exhibit toxicity to living organisms mainly because of their smaller size. The present work envisages studying the potential use of chitosan, an industrial waste for the removal of synthesized nanoparticles. From the result obtained it was seen that removal efficiency increases with dosage of flocculant and reached the equilibrium when saturation occurs at active sites. In case of ZnO
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the turbidity removal shows an increasing trend for the dosage range of 0.25mg/L to 2.0 mg/L. For the solution of 200 NTU the maximum % turbidity removal of 96.09 was achieved at 2.0 mg/L while it was 94.57 for 0.25mg/L. For the lowest turbidity 20 NTU the maximum % turbidity removal of 99.45 was achieved at 2.0 mg/L and 92.00 % was achieved at 2.0 mg/L. In case of MnO the turbidity removal shows an increasing trend for the dosage range of 0.25mg/L to 2.0 mg/L. For the solution of 200 NTU the maximum % turbidity removal of 68.43 was achieved at 2.0 mg/L while it was 67.13 for 0.25mg/L. For the lowest turbidity 20 NTU the maximum % turbidity removal of 83.74 was achieved at 2.0 mg/L and 87.92 % was achieved at 2.0 mg/L. In case of SrO the turbidity removal shows an increasing trend for the dosage range of 0.25mg/L to 2.0 mg/L. For the solution of 200 NTU the maximum % turbidity removal of 97.43 was achieved at 2.0 mg/L while it was 96.05 for 0.25mg/L. For the lowest turbidity 20 NTU the maximum % turbidity removal of 99.42 was achieved at 2.0 mg/L and 99.42 % was achieved at 2.0 mg/L. For ZnO, MnO and SrO the maximum turbidity removal was seen at pH 6.5, 8.5 and 7.5 respectively. From the present set of experiments, flocculation using Chitosan for removal of nano metal oxides was shown to be a simple and efficient from an economic and technical point of view. The result shows that Chitosan was a very good flocculating agent for the removal of metal oxides from aqueous solution. However flocculation varies with factors such as dosage of flocculant, nanomaterials and pH of the solution.
ASSESSMENT OF GROUNDWATER POTENTIAL OF KARAMANA RIVER BASIN

Kurian Sajan1,S Sakir1, Girish Gopinath2, Reji Srinivas3 and Rajesh Reghunath4 1 Department of Marine Geology and Geophysics, Cochin University of Science and Technology, Cochin, Kerala 2 Centre for Water Resources Development and Management, Calicut, Kerala 3 Centre for Earth Science Studies, Akkulam, Trivandrum, Kerala 4 Department of Geology, University of Kerala, Kariavattam, Kerala Occurrence of groundwater at any place on the earth is not a matter of chance but is a consequence of the interaction of lithological, climatological, hydrological, topographical, structural and ecological factors. Depending on the terrain characteristics, one or several of these factors contribute to the localization of groundwater. Systematic mapping, data collection, analysis and interpretation using different techniques and methods will improve the understanding of the groundwater regime in a region and also helps in further planning for suitable exploration and exploitation. In the present study, for evaluating the groundwater potential of Karamana river basin, factors like drainage, slope, geomorphology, geology, land use and yield of the existing wells were taken into consideration. Thematic maps of the above mentioned parameters were prepared in GIS platform by using various data sources like remote sensing data products, Survey of India toposheets and secondary data sources. Each parameter was divided into various classes or sub-parameters based on its ability to hold groundwater and ranks were given accordingly. The selected parameters were compared to each other with respect to its role in making a region groundwater potential. All thematic maps were integrated in GIS platform to assess the groundwater potential of the
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entire area. The ground water potential map is a reflection of the possible potential zones for groundwater exploitation in the area. The study area has been divided into four zones of groundwater prospect based on the yield range of various aquifers such as High (>15,ooo l/day), moderately high (5,00015,000 l/day), moderate to high (5,000-10,000 l/day) and moderate (5,000-7,500l/day). The lateritic dissected lower plateau regions which are the dominant landforms in the study area fall under the moderate category and such land forms are characterised with higher slope values. This indicates that the laterites which compose these landforms are highly pervious and owing to the higher slope, the groundwater moves away from these regions in a faster rate, thus making the regions less potential interms of groundwater storage. The denudational hills, which are the dominant landforms along the eastern portion of the Karamana river basin come under the category of not potential. The study area is also divided into four zones based on its recharge potential. The zones which fall within the high yield range and very good recharge potential can be considered as groundwater potential areas and can be targeted for further development of the groundwater resources. It is found that the groundwater potential zones are concentrated along the flood plains, valley portions and the coastal sedimentary regions only. The flood plains are of quaternary and the coastal sedimentaries are of tertiary in age. The lateritic regions, which are the dominant landforms in the Karamana river basin comes under the moderate potential category. The dominance of less to moderate potential zones is a matter of concern in terms of further development of groundwater. The dominance of the poor and moderate groundwater potential zones indicates that the study area is not capable of storing or transmitting enough groundwater. All these observations clearly indicate that the groundwater is under severe stress in the present study area and due mitigatory measures has to be initiated immediately.
MORPHOMETRIC PARAMETERS AND THEIR HYDROLOGIC RESPONSE - A CASE STUDY FOR KARIANGODE RIVER BASIN IN NORTHERN KERALA
Sherjeena A, Dinesan V P and Rakhi C
Centre for Water Resources Development and Management, Calicut, Kerala sherg87@gmail.com; dvp@cwrdm.org; rakhic87@gmail.com Morphometric analysis of a basin provides a quantitative description of the drainage system which provides very valuable information on the hydrologic response of the basins. The quantitative analysis of morphometric parameters is found to be of immense utility in river basin evaluation, watershed prioritization for soil and water conservation and natural resources management at watershed level. The influence of drainage morphometry is very significant in understanding the landform processes, soil physical properties and erosional characteristics. An attempt has been made to analyze the morphometric parameters of the Kariangode river basin and its hydrologic response with the application of GIS. Kariangode river emerges from Padinalkad in the Western Ghatts at an elevation of 1520m above MSL. It has a catchment area 597.75sq.km. About 152.71sq.km of the river catchment area falls in
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Karnataka State. Spatial and non-spatial analysis has been made in GIS to estimate various morphemetric parameters of the Kariangode basin. The drainage network was classified according to Strahlers system of classification and it reveals that the terrain exhibits dendritic pattern. The study area is designated as sixth order basin and lower order streams mostly dominate the basin. The Kariangode basin area consists of homogenous rock material, which is structurally undisturbed. The bifurcation ratio varies significantly ranging from 4.22 to 4.68 and its values indicate that the watershed has suffered less structural disturbance. The bifurcation ratio and hypsometry analysis shows the mature stage of development of the basin. The elongation and circularity ratio reveals that Kariangode river basin is elongated and thus the flood flows are comparatively easier to manage. The stream frequency of the basin is 4.21 per sq.km. The drainage density value of Kariangode river basin is 2.85km/sq.km, and it displays better infiltration capacity of the basin. The drainage texture of the basin is 7.008 which indicate an intermediate texture that exists over the region. The study introduces an imperial approach of morphometric analysis that can be utilized in characterizing the hydrological responses (e.g., artificial groundwater recharge, surface water harvesting, flood mitigation, etc).
RS & GIS BASED SPATIAL MAPPING OF FLASH FLOODS IN KARAMANA AND VAMANAPURAM RIVER BASIN, THIRUVANANTHAPURAM DISTRICT, KERALA
Vinod P G, Menon A R R, Ajin R S A and Chinnu R V
GeoVin Solutions (P) Ltd, Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala, India vinoddevikripa@gmail.com; arrmenon@gmail.com; ajinares@gmail.com; chinnurv4@gmail.com Natural hazards, such as earthquakes, hurricanes, flash floods, volcanic eruptions, and landslides have constituted major problems in many developing and developed countries. Floods are probably the most recurring, widespread, disastrous and frequent natural hazards of the world. India is one of the worst flood affected countries, being second in the world and accounts for one fifth of global death count due to floods. The present research has two objectives; firstly, integration of Remote Sensing and GIS techniques for flash flood mapping in Karamana and Vamanapuram River Basin, and secondly, to assess the peak flood discharge of Thampanoor (within Thiruvananthapuram City), a high flood risk area within the selected basin, using Rational method by integrating GIS and Remote sensing techniques. The selected River Basins were periodically affected by flash floods, due to several factors including its rugged topography. The flash flood study selected various factors like, Rainfall distribution, Slope, Drainage density, Land use/land cover, Soil, Size of Micro-watersheds, Road density, and Geomorphology. The primary data sources include, IRS-P6 LISS-III satellite images, SRTM satellite image, and secondary data sources include SOI topographic maps and SLUSI soil map. The thematic maps of these factors were prepared using ArcGIS and ERDAS Imagine software tools. These thematic maps were assigned suitable ranks and weights, and combined by Weighted Overlay Techniques in ArcGIS environment to derive the flood hazard map. The flood hazard areas thus obtained were grouped into five classes; very low,
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low, moderate, high and very high impact areas. Further, flash flood inundation mapping techniques using hydrologic models like HEC-RAS and HEC-HMS were performed to fully assess the flood potential. Results showed good agreement with the flood hazard reports in the study area that establishes the validity of the proposed methodology for mitigating future extreme flood occurrences. This study would provide the managers and decision makers with highly accurate, up-to-date digital information and a permanent database that could provide quick and cost effective solutions for assessment and mitigation of the future flash flood events. The estimation of flood discharge considered various parameters like elevation, DEM, Land use, Runoff co-efficient, location of remote points, and rainfall intensity. The peak flood discharge of Thampanoor from a 5 year return period storm was estimated to be 44.72 m3/s and a 50 year return period storm as 72.50 m3/s. The 5 year return period flood flow can be used for short term or urgent flood mitigation measures and 50 year storm flood flow for long term planning. The peak flood discharge assessment helps the planners to design new control structures to reduce the effects of floods.
DELINEATION OF WATERLOGGED AREAS IN THE COASTAL DISTRICT OF ODISHA USING REMOTE SENSING AND GIS
Ashok K. Nayak1, Raut S2, Kar G3 and Ashwani Kumar3
Directorate of Water Management, Bhubaneswar, Odisha-751023, India aknayak75@rediffmail.com 2 Regional Research Station - CSSRI, Canning Town, West Bengal, India 3 Directorate of Water Management, Bhubaneswar, Odisha-751023 India The water logging is one of the major problems in land degradation in the country. The causes of waterlogged are the high rainfall with poor water drainage system, low land slope and soil texture, localized prolonged water accumulation in the topographic depressions and sea water intrusion in some regions. It restricts the efficient utilization of land resources and cultivation of important crops in the region. The surface water logging is the accumulation of surface runoff and thereby stagnation of water over depressed lands due to blockage of natural drainage and higher water level at the outfalls. Water logging and drainage problems of such nature cause flooding in the areas suitable for crops, resulting in loss of productivity in the region. Satellite remote sensing data with GIS hold a great use in monitoring and mapping of surface waterlogged areas. The assessment of waterlogged area was required for taking suitable remedial measures for waterlogged/ drainage problem over agricultural lands in region which requires priority attention for its development. Indian remote sensing satellite (IRS P6 LIII) data of October 2010 and land use maps of 2002-03 obtained from the Odisha Remote Sensing Application Centre, Odisha, were analysed in assessment of extent of water logging in three different coastal blocks of Odisha. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was carried out for rectified image and supervised classification of resulting images. In classification, the help of further ground truthing, cadastral maps for identification of fields and GPS data to assign signatures for water body and waterlogged areas, crop etc. were used. The principal component analysis 234
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and maximum likelihood supervised classification of IRS P6 image were done to delineate the waterlogged area. The waterlogged areas were divided into i) severely waterlogged area (depth of waterlogging>=50cm) and ii) slightly waterlogged area (depth of waterlogging <50cm) on the basis of density slicing of the rectified image. When the classified image showing waterlogging was superimposed with hydro-geomorphological maps and groundwater table map it was observed that the deltaic plain and flood plains which are depressed areas were mostly supporting the waterlogging condition. The areas where depth of water table was 2-5 m below ground level and situated near the coastal area were severely waterlogged; whereas, those areas where water table was around 5-10 m were slightly waterlogged or sensitive to waterlogging. During the study season, approximately 9336 ha in Ersama, 5297 ha in Kujang and 2120 ha area in Marsaghai were slightly waterlogged. The severely waterlogged areas were mostly situated in the eastern or south eastern part of the study area. The use of GIS and remote sensing play a major role in selecting these waterlogged areas which may be further developed by adopting suitable cropping patterns.
GEOSPATIAL ANALYSIS OF SOIL ORGANIC CARBON STATUS OF BANANA GROWING TRACTS IN THOOTHUKUDI DISTRICT, INDIA
Kumar V, Subramanian and Arun V
Tamil Nadu Agricultural University, Madurai-625104 soilscikkm@tnau.ac.in The present study was conducted with the major objectives of characterizingand relating the Soil Organic Carbon (SOC) content with other soil physical and chemicalparameters and to prepare a geo referenced thematic map showing geospatial distribution of SOC status ofbanana growing tracts in Thoothukudi district. The Soil Organic Carbon status is a valuabletool for addressing many soil related constraints in banana growing tracts of Thoothukudidistrict in Tamil Nadu. Soil samples covering all the villages in Thoothukudi district were collected at three differentdepths viz., 0 - 15 cm, 15 - 30 cm and 30 - 45 cm along with the GPS data (LatitudeN and Longitude E) from each sampling sites. The total number of georeferencedsoil samples collectedin five blocksof banana growing tractsare 238. The particle size distribution, the bulk density,the per cent sand, the silt percentage, the clay percentage and the percent pore space was determined in all the banana growing tracts of Thoothukudi district. The SOC was highly significant and positively correlated with clay (r =0.591**). It was significant and negatively correlated with sand (r = - 0.276*). Based on the nutrient index values the soils were grouped under differentfertility ratings as very low (< 1.33), low (1.33 - 1.66), marginal (1.66 - 2.00),adequate (2.00 - 2.33), high (2.33 - 2.66) and very high ( > 2.66).In the case of available nitrogen, the fertility rating for all the five blocks ofbanana growing tracts of Thoothukudi comes under the rating of very low.In the case of available phosphorus, the fertility rating for all the five blocks ofbanana growing tracts of Thoothukudi comes under the rating of adequate.In the case of available potassium, the fertility rating for all the five blocks ofbanana growing tracts of Thoothukudi
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comes under the rating of very high. Among the five blocks, Thoothukudi block had received the fertility rating ofvery low available DTPA zinc. Tiruchendur block had the fertility rating of lowavailable DTPA zinc. Adequate fertility rating of available DTPA zinc was recordedin the blocks of Karungulam and Srivaikundam. The very high fertility rating ofavailable DTPA zinc was recorded in Alwarthirunagari block. The entire bananagrowing tracts of Thoothukudi district had a fertility rating of marginal status ofavailable DTPA zinc. The vectorised banana growing tracts of Thoothukudi district map were exported into Arc-GIS 9 software. Thethematic maps on soil organic carbon status were generated at block level with threedifferent soil depths showing the SOC status based on block mean physic-chemical and nutrient indexvalues. The results on SOC status at 0 - 15 depth revealed that major portion of thestudy area comes under medium category and at 15 - 30 cm and 30 - 45 cmdepth, low and medium status of SOC had been clearly seen.Available Ncomes under verylow category, Available Pcomes underadequate category, Available Kcomes under veryhigh category, respectively. By considering spatial distribution of DTPA - Zn at 0 - 15 cm depth indicatedthat, major portion of the study area comes under medium status of available DTPAZncontent. Only a small portion had low status of DTPA - Zn. At 15 30cm depth, major portion of study area had low status of DTPA - Zn. Only a smallportion of study area registered under medium status of DTPA - Zn. At 30-45 cm depth, almost entire study area comes under low status of available DTPA ZnStatus. Based on the nutrient index values the blocks viz., Karungulam andSrivaikundam registered under adequate category whereas, Thoothukudi,Tiruchendur, and Alwarthirunagari comes under very low, low and very highcategory, respectively.
A METHODOLOGY TO DETERMINE THE FLOOD FLOW IN URBAN AREAS AND ADEQUACY OF CRITICAL STORM DRAINS USING GIS
Yusuf Javeed
Department of Civil Engineering, National Institute of Engineering (NIE), Mysore, Karnataka, India 570008 yjaveed@gmail.com Due to intense urbanization and land being sparse in the cities, there has been often encroachment of open land where natural drains were located. This encroachment over time has led people to occupy low lying areas in the valleys of cities and consequently carrying capacities of drainages have been reduced. Of late, when permanent rectangular storm drains have been constructed in the valleys in urban areas, they seldom have the required carrying capacities. Such constricted drains form bottle necks for flow of storm water at the outlet of valleys and as a result there is frequent flooding of the areas upstream of these constrictions during monsoon time, especially during large storms. This paper presents a simple and rapid method to determine the flood discharges for catchments in urban areas. This work uses digital elevation data freely available to download (such as ASTER GDEM) to delineate catchments and drainage network and identify potential bottle necks in the city. Further, for such selected catchments, flood flows are estimated using established methods 236
in hydrology. The estimated flood is then compared with hydraulically calculated carrying capacity of the rectangular constructed drains at the outlet of the catchments. All those places where the estimated flood flow is in excess of the hydraulically determined capacity of the drain would be a potential area of flooding. This methodology has been applied to case studies in Mysore City to assess some of the flooding issues. This work can be of immense assistance for the planners of the city in their decision making to identify critical drains, their protection over time and their sizing to carry the flood flows. The planners can also extend this work to control flooding in the urban areas by exploring the possibility of construction of detention storage/basins.
MORPHOMETRIC CHARACTERIZATION OF SUKHNA LAKE CATCHMENT USING GIS

Prabhat Semwal, Suhas Khobragade, Kumar C P, Singh R D and Sudhir Kumar
National Institute of Hydrology, Roorkee 247 667, Uttarakhand, India suhas@nih.ernet.in Hydrological investigations on a lake involves analysis of the complex interaction between various physical and morphometric parameters of the lake and its catchment, including their interactions with atmospheric processes of inputs of energy and matter like radiation, precipitation etc. Hydrological processes, for example runoff from the catchment, are determined by the physical characteristics of the catchment such as its geomorphology and land use, besides depending upon the atmospheric processes, like rainfall, evaporation etc. As such, for any scientific investigations, data on physical (morphometric) characteristics of the catchment are required. As a matter of fact, they are the starting points for many scientific investigations. In simple words morphometry is the measurement and quantification of landforms. Morphometric analysis deals with the measurement, quantification and analysis of the configuration, shape and dimensions of a landform. Morphometric analysis of watersheds not only provides an elegant description of its landscape, but also serves as a powerful means of comparing the forms and processes of the catchments and sub-watersheds. Quantitative and qualitative analysis of the interrelationships of the morphometric characteristics with other hydro-meteorological data have proved their importance in watershed prioritization for various purposes such soil and water conservation, soil erosion assessment etc. A number of parameters and indices exist to indicate the physical characteristics of the watersheds. The parameters may vary depending upon the landform as well as objective of the analysis. The parameters may be linear parameters, shape parameters or areal parameters. The linear parameters include parameters such as drainage characteristics, stream length, stream order, stream length ratio etc. The shape characteristics include circularity ratio, elongation ratio, form factor etc. The areal characteristics include land use, relief, slope, and aspect etc. The present investigations have been carried out for the catchment of Sukhna Lake, Chandigarh. The Sukhna Lake is a very significant lake of Chandigarh, because of being an important tourist attraction and centre of recreation. As such, the lake also has some contribution to the economy of the region. However, the lake has been in limelight in recent times due to various problems. One of the important problems of the lake is decreasing
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availability of water. The other significant problem being faced by the lake is siltation. Being located in the foothills of Shivaliks, the catchment of the lake is subjected to severe erosion leading to heavy sedimentation of the lake. For proper understanding of the problem of water availability, it is pertinent to carry out analysis of the rainfall-runoff process in the catchment. For controlling erosion in the catchment, it is necessary to identify the high potential erosion zones in the catchment, so that measures for conservation of soils in the catchment can be suggested and taken up. Since data on morphometric characteristics are needed for these analyses, the present investigations have been taken up with the objective of determining the various morphometric characteristics of the catchment. The morphometric analysis has been carried out using Remote Sensing and Geographical Information System (GIS) techniques. The data have been processed using ERDAS IMAGINE and GIS software like Arc GIS 9.3. For determining the catchment characteristics, the 1:25,000 scale special catchment map (top sheet) of Sukhna Lake prepared by the Survey of India has been used. The map was geo-referenced using ground control points (GCPs) with the root mean square error (RMSE) of 0.2 and the image was resampled by cubic convolution method. The digital elevation map (DEM) of the catchment was prepared using topographic contours (10 m interval) and elevation points of the study area. The drainage map was prepared using digital elevation model, IRS P6 LISS-III data and Survey of India topo-sheet. The catchment has been further divided into six subwatersheds. Various morphometric parameters have been computed for the catchment as a whole, as well as for the various sub-watersheds. Land use/land cover map, drainage map etc. have also been also prepared. The catchment area has been broadly classified into five major classes viz., forest, agriculture, barren/open land, check dams and ponds, and settlement. The major land use in the catchment area is forest which is about 76.44 % of the total catchment area followed by barren/open land and agriculture, with 10.58 % and 8.54% area respectively. A total of 731 streams have been identified in the catchment of which 565 are first order, 133 are second order, 27 are third order, 5 are fourth order and 1 is the fifth order stream, which ultimately drains into the lake. The drainage pattern in the catchment is dendritic to sub-dendritic. Parallel to sub-parallel pattern has also developed in some places. The dendritic pattern indicates the homogeneity in texture and lack of natural (geological) structural control in the watershed, while parallel pattern indicates that the study area has gentle and uniform slope with less resistant bed rocks. The drainage density map of the catchment has been prepared using the ArcGIS line density function. The average drainage density is estimated to be 5.5 per sq. km. The maximum drainage density is exhibited by Ghareri sub-watershed with a density of 7.57 km/km2 while the foothill villages have a low value of 1.78 km/km2. The average drainage frequency of the catchment is 16.64. The drainage frequencies of the subwatersheds vary from 6.13 for the foothill villages to 26.32 for the Ghareri sub-watershed. The lengths of the stream segments of various order streams vary considerably in the different sub-watersheds. Kansal sub-watershed exhibits maximum length of the streams, while foothill villages show minimum length, which indicates the high altitude, lithological variations and maximum steep slope in the Kansal sub-watershed, compared to the other catchments. The stream length ratios of different sub-watersheds show an increasing trend from lower order to higher order which indicates their mature geomorphic stage, except for the lower foothill and foothill villages sub-watersheds, which exhibit decreasing trend from higher order to lower order indicating their late youth to mature stage of geomorphic
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development. The mean bifurcation ratio value of the catchment has been estimated to be 4.89 which indicate that, in general, the geological structures are not distorting the drainage pattern. However, the mean bifurcation ratio value of the Ghareri sub-basin (5.04) and Foothill village basin (5.94) do indicate little bit distortion. The relief ratio values for different sub-watersheds vary within a range of 0.02 to 0.05 indicating that the various subwatersheds lie between low to gentle slope, exhibited by small ridges. The values of form factor and circulatory ratios for the various sub-watersheds indicate that they are mostly elongated in shape. The various morphometric parameters obtained for the catchment of Sukhna Lake shall be helpful for detailed analysis of rainfall-runoff process, as well as for erosion assessment and watershed prioritization for erosion control.
GENETIC ALGORITHM BASED SIMULATION-OPTIMIZATION APPROACH TO SEAWATER INTRUSION

Pramada S K, Minnu K P and Roshni T
Civil Engineering Department, National Institute of Technology, Calicut, Kerala-670307, India pramada@nitc.ac.in; roshni.balan@gmail.com Many areas of the world use groundwater as their main source of fresh water supply. With the worlds population increasing at alarming rates, the fresh water supply is being continually depleted. Coastal aquifers constitute an important source for water. Due to heavy urbanization, many coastal areas in the world are highly dependent on local fresh groundwater resources. One of the most important threats to groundwater in coastal areas is the seawater intrusion. This paper deals with the development of a simulation-optimization model for seawater intrusion in Ernakulam coastal area, Kerala, India. The study area lies between latitudes 946- 958N and longitudes 7610- 7620E which extends from Chellanam to Vypin. Due to the recent developments and construction works in this coastal area, the water requirement has increased many folds. The continuous decline in groundwater levels and the projected increases in groundwater usage in the region need a scientific, systematic management plan to protect from saltwater intrusion without causing environmental detriment. A saltwater intrusion management model was developed by linking a simulation model with an optimization model to study the movement of salt - fresh water interface. SEAWAT was used for the development of density dependent model. The developed simulation model was integrated with GA based optimization model. This coupling technique between optimization and simulation allows the advantages of both modules to be retained within a single framework. In combined simulation-optimization approach, the output from the simulation model forms the input to the optimization model. The significant advantage of interfacing a simulation model with an optimization algorithm is that the solution requires no additional simplifying assumptions about the physics of the real system. The integrated simulation model with optimization model permits the determination of optimum pumping from coastal aquifers, which is a viable management option.
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BIAS- CORRECTION AND DOWNSCALING OF GCM PRECIPITATION FOR IMPACT ASSESSMENT STUDIES A BASIN LEVEL APPROACH
Devesh Sharma
Department of Environmental Science, Central University of Rajasthan, India deveshsharma@curaj.ac.in This study was conducted to assess the impact of climate change scenarios on stream flow in Mae Klong River Basin using bias correction and downscaling techniques. Three biascorrection techniques namely, scaling, gamma-gamma transformation and empiricalgamma, are applied on a daily time scale for nine years (1991-1999) to improve the quality of raw ECHAM4/OPYC SRES A2 and B2 precipitation scenarios at the grid nodes. Scaling method is the bias correction method to correct the biases from the mean rainfall amount and two other techniques are considered to improve the rainfall frequency and intensity of GCM precipitation. The output of bias correction methods has been compared with observed data based on statistical parameters. Out of three techniques, gamma-gamma transformation method is found to be more effective in correcting the rainfall frequency and intensity simultaneously. The bias-corrected daily precipitation scenarios are then used for spatial downscaling. Spatial disaggregation method, based on multiplicative random cascade theory, is used in dealing with coarse resolution problems in ECHAM4/OPYC precipitation. Disaggregation model parameters are estimated using Mandelbrot-KahanePeyriere function for each month to preserve the spatial heterogeneity of rainfall. On an average, rainfall with high amounts is less intermittent and there is less effect of rainfall variability. The spatial disaggregation model satisfactorily reproduces the observed trend and variation of average rainfall amount except during heavy rainfall events with a certain degree of spatial and temporal variations.
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Author Index
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AUTHOR INDEX
A R R Menon Abdul Hameed E Abdul Shukoor T M Abdulla P K Abhijit M Zende Abhillash T Nair Abi P K Achiransu Acharyya Agrawal A K Ahmed S A Aishwarya Rani G Aiswarya Ajin R S A Ajith G Nair Alagappan S Alina Nero Amanpreet Singh Amarpreet Singh Amba shetty Ambili G K Ambujam N K Amogh M Anand P S B Ananthakrishnan S Aneesh V Anilkumar A S Anilkumar M T Anirban Dhar Anita M R Anitha A B Anithakumari P Anjaiah B Anju K.K Ann Mary Eappen Anoop R Anupam Singhal Anuradha B Anuradha Devi Anusha C K Aparna Mohan Arpan Pradhan Arun B Inamdar Arun Babu V Arun C M Arun D Andhale Arun P R Arun Raj V E Arun V Aryalakshmi K J Asha C Raju Ashita Gugalia Ashitha M K Ashok K Nayak 233 29, 60 87, 230 125, 150, 151 115, 202 78, 201 87 161 214 224 114 151 233 230 160, 226 87 225 168 87 193 176 44 211 39 63 169 150 194 168 46, 47, 212 173 68 193 230 59 130 176 130 229 107 64 203 90, 133 67 84, 179, 208 60, 62, 63, 139 54 235 90 109 164 138 234 Ashoka P Ashwani Kumar Ashwathi V K Aswathy Raj S V Athira Sidharthan Athulya A K Athulya P Avinash Agarwal Azimkhan B Pathan Bagdi G L Bagyaraj M Balakrishnan K Balakrishnan P Bartik Pandel Beena Sethi Behera M S Bhalerao K S Bhaskar B P Bhattacharya K Bhuvaneshwari S Bina Jose Bindhya Mol K Bindu K Binitha N K Binoy V V Brema J Bridgit T K Brijesh K Yadav C P Kumar Cantalice J R B Carlos Filipe Celine George Chachadi A G Chandramohan T Chandramouli P N Chandran Kolappadan Charan P D Chaudhari N D Chidambaram S Chinnu R V Chitaranjan Dalai Chithra N R Chopra A K Choudhary R R Christian Rau Cyril Augustine Daina Souza Das B Dasar G V Dattatray P Mane Debahsish Bhakta Deepa Thomas Deepa V J 157 171, 234 60 145 86 183 130 36 214 197 88 50 188 130 82 168 209 117 178 93 182 143, 144 47 163 77, 215 46 163, 177 217 237 53 142 54 115 49, 98, 126, 134 35 150 152 175 88, 89 233 100 219 103 53 33 111 46 96 157 208 225 162, 163 182 242
Deepali Marghade 117 Deepthi I Gopinath 123 Deshpande R D 28 Devender Reddy M 156 Devesh Sharma 73, 240 Dhanitha M A 108 Dhanya K 172 Digilarani M 149 Dinesan V P 55, 143, 232 Dinesh C 217 Dinesh V 141 Dinil Sony C 61, 125, 150 Drissia T K 59, 60, 61 Drisya J 166 Dutta D 178 Dwarakish G S 123 Ebrahim Fataei 85 Elango Lakshmanan 84, 94 Eldho T I 199 Fardin Boustani 52 G Kar 234 Gaikwad P G 209 Gandhi J 63 Garima Sharma 152 Gauri R Deshpande 200 Gautam Sen 147 Geetha C 61 Geethu Krishna V 62 George Chackacherry 135 George Mammen 174 Ghosh S 171, 211 Gilsha Bai E B 177 Girish Gopinath 95, 137, 138, 140 229, 230, 231 Gnanaprakash 91 Goswami S B 178 Govindan R Myrtle Grace T 190 Govindaru V 133 Goyal V C 216 Gurugnanam B 88, 184 Gurusamy A 190, 192 Haji Shaaban 217 Hamed Hassanpur Kurandeh 85 81,99,143,144,146,186 Harikumar P S Hemamalini J 132 Hippu Salk Kristle Nathan 31, 77, 202 Hiroshi Yasuda 194 Huchche A D 159 Ibrahim Bathis K 224 Ignatius Antony 90, 133 Indu S Nair 84 Jacob Chacko 113 Jacob John 180 Jafar Ahamed A 39 Jafar K 31
Jailakshmi Menon 205 Jairaj P 67 Jairaj P G 54, 86, 130 Jalaja T K 149 James E J 54, 91 James Baben George 111 James E J 148, 212 Janardanan C 107, 108 Jaseela C 146 Jayakrishnan T 92, 145 Jayashree V 77, 202, 215 Jayasree Vaidyanathan 32, 116 Jaypal 47 Jegathambal P 91, 148 Jesitha K 186 Jeslin Jacob 92 Jeyakanthan V S 37, 38 Jeyaseelan A T 225 Jha R 45 Jhajharia D 53 Jih-Gaw Lin 110 Jinsy V.S 180 Jitendra Sinha 36 John Mathai 119 John P S 162 Jomini Thomas K 230 Jose M K 49, 98, 1 26 Joseph E J 174 Josephine Vanaja S 41 Joshi P K 30 Joshy K A 65 Julia Prock, Liang Yu 94 Justin Mathew 148 Kadasiddappa Malamasuri 155, 172 Kadbhane S J 165, 209 Kalaiarasan P 109 Kalra A M 34 Kamalkishor Atal 202 Kanchana Mysore Somashekar 142 Karpagam K 58 Karthick P 29 Kavya Vijayaraj 149 Khandekar Sachin Dadu 27 Khare K C 175 Kishanjit K Khatua 64 Krishna B 38 Krishnakumar A 125 Krishnasamy S 192 Kumar A 29 Kumar C P 71, 228 Kumar R 53 Kumar V 69, 189, 190, 192 Kumara N J 213 Kumaravel 184 Kumaravel S 88 243
Kundu D K 168 Kunhambu V 50, 214 Kurian Sajan 231 Lakshmi S 168 Lakshmikanth Hari 31 Leila Tabrizi 85 Lima 46 Litty Joseph 81 Loganathan K 39 Londhe S N 175 Madhava Chandran K 183, 193 Madhavan K 29, 76, 222 Madhavan Komath 81 Madhumita Das 96 Madhusoodhanan CG 199 Mahajan G R 158 Mahapatra PK 168 Mahendra Kumar R 172 Mahendran P P 192 Mahesh Ganesa Pillai 164 Majumdar D 127 Malpe D B 117 Manasa P S 55 Mandal K G 171 Manekar V L 165 Manilal V B 120 Manjula P 97 Manjunath B L 158 Manjunath K C 71, 95 Manjusha CM 186 Manogem E M 166 Mansoor Ahammed M 78, 201 Maruthi T R 213 Mary Jency 141 Mary MC 111 Mathava Kumar 79, 109, 110 Mathew K Jose 44, 134 Mazhar Nazeeb Khan S M 82 Md Equeenuddin 56 Md Reaz Akter Mullick 122 Meenakshi H R 95 Meenambal T 69 Meera V 78 Megha Lawand 227 Megha T 99 Mercykutty M J 185 Mini Chandran 50 Minnu K P 239 Mohammad Suhail 48 Mohammed Aslam M A 31, 118 Mohammed Koya A P 182 Mohammed Waseem 189, 190 Mohammed-Aslam M A 119, 167 Mohanan C N 129 Mohandas C 65, 66
Mohanty R K 171 Mohanty S 171 Monika Saini 30 Morankar D V 223 Mrudulrag S K 64 Mudgal B V 132, 205 Munish K Chandel 104 Munish Kumar Chandel 104 Muralivallabhan T V 206 Murari 170 Murari RR Varma 121 Mysooru R Yadupathi Putty 70, 71 Nagarajan R 202 Nagarathna H R 69 Nanda P 211 Narasimha Prasad N B 29, 46, 60, 62 63, 76, 222 Narasimhan B 43, 57, 58 Narayana AC 68 Narayanan Namboodiri T V 124 Narulkar S M 220 43, 128 Naveen J Naveen N 181 Nayak A K 96 Nayak R K 225 Neelakanth J K 157 Neelancherry Remya 110 Neelima T 129 Neenu K 59 Neerajamol T P 76, 222 Neethu Cyril 111 Nepolian M 89 Nibedita Guru 41 Nikolay Filatov 118 Nimisha K V 108 Nimiya Baby 60 Nishan M A 123 Nithila Devi N 58 Om Prakash 204 Omanjana Goswami 147 Omkar Singh 216 Padma P 141, 206 Pande V C 197 Panigrahi P 159 Pankaj Dhote 44 Paresh Chandra Deka 27 Parimala Renganayaki S 94 Parvathi S 40 Parvathy K G 123 Patra K C 79 Patra S K 127, 178 Pethaperuamal S 89 Philip K C 87, 230 Polisgowdar B S 188, 189, 190 Pooja P 43 244
Powshi V 27 Prabhat Semwal 71, 237 Prabhavathi P O 181 Pradeep Kumar 104 Pradnya Dixit 227 Pragath M 95, 138, 140 Prakasam C 185 Prakash Mohan M M 121, 170 Pramada S K 239 Prameela K P 163 Praseeja Cheruparambath 166 Praveen Babu M 28, 137, 138 Preethi V 62 Priju C P 29, 76, 222 Prithvi Simha 164 Privya Jayaraj 151 Priya M 120 Priya K L 91, 148 Priya Lakhsmi 151 Priya Philip 60 Priyadarsini G S 31 Priyanka M 146 Pruthviraj U 40 Purandara B K 49, 98, 126, 134 R D Singh 237 R Gopalaraju 209 Rahul Rawat 137, 138 Rai S P 228 Raikar R V 44 Raj Murthy 203 Raja P 117 Rajaveni S P 84 Rajeesh U 138, 140 Rajesh Reghunath 141, 231 Rajesh T Birajdar 84 Rajeswari B 176 Raji Reddy D 156 Rajitha K 121, 170 Rajkumara S 157 Rakhi C 232 Rakhshanda F Fazli 48 Rama Subramoniam S 225 Ramakar Jha 41, 56, 100 Ramana R V 38 Ramasamy E V 90, 133, 141, 206 Ramaswamy K 188 Rameshan M 129 Ramisha N 222 Rani V R 50 Ranjan K Ray 214 Ranjan S Karippai 185 Ranjit Kumar M 69 Ranju Rajendran 183 Rao Y R S 38 Rao S 225
Ratheesh Kumar M D 141 Ravi P 209 82 Ravikumar A Reji Srinivas 125, 231 Rema KP 210 Remyasree P R 149 Reshma Antony 125 Resmi T R 28, 64, 80, 113, 137, 138 Rhythm Warik 115 Robert Pelton 142 Roshni T 112, 239 Routray S K 171 Roy P S 68 S Sakir 231 S Raut 234 Sabitha N M 109 Sagar Salunkhe S 225 Saha S 178 Sahoo M M 79 Sahoo B K 214 Sahu R K 36 Saileela K 156 Saine S Dash 64 Sajikumar N 51, 136, 207 Salim M 225 Sam Philip 148 Sameera 92 Sandhyarani K 155, 172 Sangeetha K 58 Sanitha N K 119 Sankhua R N 136 Sanoop Kottuvayal Thazha Kuni 66 Sansamma George 123 Santhosh S K 83 Santosh G Thampi 124, 219 Sasamal S K 225 Satish G 128 Satishkumar U 188 Satpathy S 168 Satyaji Rao Y R 42 Sawaf M 65 Schneider M 84 Sekhar M 30 Selvaraju N 79 Sena D R 197 Senthil Kumar A R 71 Seyed Amir Shamsnia 52 Shabeer A 61 Shahul Hameed A 28, 46, 64, 80 95, 137, 138 Shajan Jacob 101 Shalini Pillai P 173, 180 Shantappa Duttarganvi 172 Shantha Mohan 215 Sharika P S 75 245
Sharma J R Sharma K C Sheeba Rebecca Isaac Sherjah P Yusuf Ali Sherjeena A Sherly M A Shiji M Shimi G J Shindu P S Shreenivas Londhe Siji S Sindhu I A Singandhupe RB Singh N P Singh R D Singh V P Singhal Sinha B L Sirajudeen J Sivasubramanian V Smitha P S Solmaz Shir Ali Pur Somsankar Dasa Sophia J D Soumya P Sreedevi B G Sreedevi C Sreeja R Sreekesh S Sridharan B Srinivasa Raju K Srinivasan K Srivastava A K Srivastava R C Sruthi S Sruthy S Stefano Pagliara Subhankar Karmakar Sudeer K P Sudha B Sudheer Padikkal Sudheesh M Sudhindra Nath Panda Sudhir Kumar Sudip K Pal Suhas Khobragade Sui A S Sujatha P Sukanya J Nair Sumam K S Sumit Mishra Sunil B Itnal Sunil P S Suraj S Surajit Murasingh
225 152 173 51 232 33 144 169 133 227 107 182 168 158 71 53 217 36 82 93 57 85 127 132, 205 144 109 92 139 27 65 223 65 159 211 167 133 112 33 57 177 136, 207, 210 28 194 237 122 71, 237 64 229 59 136, 207 147 154 137, 138 80 56
Surendran U 138, 140, 174 Suresh M 88, 184 Sureshbabu N P 83 Susanna G Mitra 198 Sushanth C M 174, 183 Susheela Mathews 65 Swain J B and 45 Swain P 96 Tejram Nayak 220 Terence Chan 33 Thilagavathi R 89 Thivya C 89 Thomas A P 206 Thomas Bina 92, 145 Thomas K V 129 Thomas Wintgens 94 Thulaseedharan P 118 Tirumalesh K 89 Tirupataiah K 155, 172 Uday Mandal 194 Uma Devi M 156 Uma Malik 34 Umadevi P P 212 Unnikrishnan Warrier C 97, 138, 140 Usha Jha 147 V Kumar 235 V Subramanian 235 Vaibhav R Sapkal 104 Vaidya A N 104 Varma R R 170 83 Vasudevan Nair T Venkata Ramana R 38 Venkatesan S 88 Venkatesh B 44, 49, 98, 126, 134, 154 Venkateswaran D 214 Venkitaswamy R 160, 226 Verma R R 158 Verma S K 228 Vidhya C 182 Vidya V K 71 Vijaya Kumar P 39 Vijaya Kumar S V 42 Vijitha V V 230 Vimal K C 129 Vinayachandran N 50 Vinod C 128 Vinod Kumar 103 Vinod P G 233 Vinod P N 35 Visalakshy K P 166 Vishnuganth M A 79 Yella Reddy K 155, 172 Yusuf Javeed 69, 236 Zabeera K T 193
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COMMITTEES THAT SHARED THE RESPONSIBILITIES TO ORGANIZE THE EVENT

Steering Committee Dr. Narasimha Prasad N B, Executive Director, Chairman Col (Retd) I Yohannan, Registrar Dr. P. S. Harikumar, Scientist & Head, Water Quality Division, General Convener Dr. P.K. Pradeep Kumar, Scientist & Head, Manned Observation Stations, CWRDM Dr. Kamalam Joseph, Scientist & Head, Training Education & Extension Division, CWRDM Dr. E.J. Joseph, Scientist & Head Water Management(Agri.) Division, CWRDM Dr. A.B. Anitha, Scientist & Head, Surface Water Division, CWRDM Dr. George Chackacherry, Scientist & Head, CWRDM Sub Center, Neyyattinkara Dr. A. Shahul Hameed, Scientist & Head, Isotope Hydrology Division, CWRDM Mr. P. Jayakumar, Scientist & Head, Environmental Studies Division, CWRDM Mr. George Abe, Scientist & Head, CWRDM Sub Center, Kottayam Dr. V.P Dinesan, Scientist & Head, Geomatics Division, CWRDM Ms. Celine George, Scientist & Head, CWRDM Sub Center, Manimalakunnu Dr. S. Ushakumari, Scientist & Officer-in Charge, CWRDM Sub Center, Kannur Dr. Girish Gopinath, Scientist, Geomatics Division, CWRDM Ms. Ambili G.K Scientist, EDs Secretariat, CWRDM, Dr. Surendren U Scientist, Water Management (Agri.) Division, CWRDM Ms. Drissia T. K Scientist, Surface Water Division, CWRDM Dr. Arun P.R, Scientist, Groundwater Division, CWRDM Reception & Registration Committee Dr. T. K. Jalaja, Scientist, ESD, Convener Dr. Girish Gopinath, Scientist, GMD Ms. Ambili G K, Scientist, EDs Office Ms. T. K. Drissia, Scientist, SWD Mr. P. C. Rajeev, Technical Officer, SWD Ms Shiji M, Technical Officer, WQD Ms Bindu B K, Office Assistant, Administration & Finance Division Ms. Sindhu I A, Technical Assistant, WM(A)D Ms Bindhya K, Project Fellow, WQD Ms. Sabitha A R, Project Fellow, WQD Ms Jaseela C, Project Fellow, WQD Ms Manjusha C M, Project Fellow, WQD Ms. Megha P U, Project Fellow, WQD Ms. Kavya P, Project Fellow, WQD Ms Shilna E P, Project Fellow, WQD Ms. Remya, Project Assistant, GMD Programme Committee Mr. C. M Sushanth, WM(Agri.)D, Convener Mr. Babu Mathew, Scientist, TEED Ms. Suvarnakumari N, Scientist, CWRDM Sc, Neyyattinkara Dr. Unnikrishna Warrier, Scientist, IHD Dr. Resmi T R, Scientist, IHD
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Mr. E. Abdul Hameed, Technical Officer, GWD Ms. Digilarani M, Technical Officer, ESD Mr. Bujair V, Project Fellow, WM(Agri.)D Ms. Bina Jose, Research Fellow, WM(Agri.)D Ms. Athulya, Project Fellow, WM(Agri.)D Hall Arrangement Committee Dr. V. P Dinesan, Scientist, GMD, Convener Dr. C. P Priju, Scientist, GWD Mr. T. Valsan, Technical Officer, TEED Mr. Sundararajan V, Technical Officer, WM(Agri.)D Mr. Aboobaker K, Technical Officer, C&MD Mr. Sasidharan Pallikudiyan, Technical Officer, WQD Ms. Pathutty C, Technical Officer, TEED Mr. Pragath M, Research Fellow, GMD Mr. Ansad K, Project Assistant, GMD Ms. Ashitha M.K, Research Fellow, GMD Ms. Jinsi V.S, Project Fellow, GMD. Mr. Febin V.P, Project Assistant, GMD Mr. Noufal Basheer, Project Fellow, GMD Mr. Rajeesh U, Project Fellow, GMD Ms. Jesiya N P, Research Scholar, GMD Food Committee Ms. Abdulla P K, Scientist, SWD, Convener Dr. Arun P R, Scientist, GWD Mr. B. Radhakrishnan Nair, Technical Officer, CMW Mr. Sreevallabhan, Technical Officer, ESD Mr. Kabeer A, Technical Assistant, Water Res Museum Mr. Vijayakumar P, PA to Registrar, Administration & Finance Division Mr. Dinil Antony, Office Assistant, Administration & Finance Division Transportation, Accommodation & Health Care Committee Dr. A Shahul Hameed, Head, IHD, Convener Mr. C. Dinil Sony, Scientist, SWD Mr. E G Soman Technical Officer, GWD Mr. M. T Anil Kumar, Technical Officer, SWD Mr Sasisharan P, Technical Officer, C&MD Mr. Pramod C V, Technical Officer, C&MD Mr. Sudheesh M, Technical Officer, IHD Mr. K. Chandran, Technical Assistant, SWD Mr. Pranav E P, Research Fellow, GWD Mr. Anil Kumar K S, Research Fellow, GWD Mr. Aneesh M S, Project Fellow, GWD Mr. Sreenish C K, Research Fellow, IHD Mr. Prabith Kumar P K, Research Fellow, IHD Mr. C Shijil, Research Fellow WM(Agri.)D Mr. K Shabeer Ishan, Research Fellow, WM(Agri.)D
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Media / Publicity Dr. K Madhava Chandran, Scientist, WM (Agri)D ,Convener Dr. K. Madhavan, Scientist, WQD Ms. P. Manjula, Technical Officer, IHD Mr. Anil Kumar K G, Audio Visual Aids Operator Cultural Programme Committee Dr. Prasannakumar K R, Technical Officer, Water Res Museum, Convener Mr. Anil Kumar M T, Technical Officer, SWD Ms. P. Manjula, Technical Officer, IHD Ms. Neema Shahul, Office Assistant, Administration & Finance Division Publication Committee Dr. E. J. Joseph, Head, WM (Agri.)D, Convener Dr. Girish Gopinath, Scientist, GMD Dr. T. R. Resmi, Scientist, IHD Dr. U Surendran, Scientist WM (Agri)D Exhibition and Post Congress Tour Committee Dr. Arun P R, Scientist, GWD, Convener Dr. K. R. Prasanna Kumar, Technical Officer, WRM Mr. A. Kabeer, Technical Assistant, WRM Mr. E. G. Soman, Technical Officer, GWD Ms. I. A. Sindhu, Technical Assistant, WM(Agri.)D Finance and Accounts Committee Mr. M. P. Vijaykumar, AR (Accounts), Convener Dr. U Surendran , Scientist WM(Agri.)D Ms. Zeenath N K, Section Officer, Administration & Finance Division Ms. Vimala T, Technical Officer Isotope Hydrology Division Mr. Raveendran K, Clerical Assistant , Administration & Finance Division Mr. Shabeer P K, Administration & Finance Division Mr. Siju V, Office Assistant, Administration & Finance Division Website and Electronic Media Management Committee Dr. Girish Gopinath, Scientist, GMD, Convener Dr. Arun P R, Scientist, GWD Ms. Bineesha T M, Technical Officer, GMD Mr. Dinesh KM, Office Assistant, Administration & Finance Division
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International Symposium on Integrated Water Resources Management February 19-21, 2014

International Symposium on Integrated Water Resources Management February 19-21, 2014

International Symposium on Integrated Water Resources Management February 19-21, 2014

International Symposium on Integrated Water Resources Management February 19-21, 2014

International Symposium on Integrated Water Resources Management February 19-21, 2014

International Symposium on Integrated Water Resources Management February 19-21, 2014

International Symposium on Integrated Water Resources Management February 19-21, 2014

International Symposium on Integrated Water Resources Management February 19-21, 2014

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HY25 HY26 HY27

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