Name: Savannah Dalrymple

Date: October 8 and 9, 2009 2 Hours

Lab Partners: Kaylynn Antoniazzi and Jordan Wiggins
Station Number: 6

Title: Precipitation Reactions

Objective: The objective of this lab was to see if a precipitate was created by reacting two
ions and by doing so, determine which combinations of ions are insoluble.
Introduction: A precipitation reaction is an exchange reaction that produces an insoluble
salt, or precipitate, from soluble reactants. Some reactants are soluble and some are
insoluble. The soluble compounds are almost all salts of Na+, K+, and NH4+, salts of nitrate,
chlorate, prechlorate, and acetate. All salts of Cl-, Br-, and I-, are soluble except for those of
Ag+, Hg22+, and Pb2+. Compounds containing F- are soluble except for fluorides containing
Mg2+, Ca2+, Sr2+, Ba2+, and Pb2+. Also, salts of sulfate are soluble except sulfates of Ca2+, Sr2+,
Ba2+, and Pb2+. Some compounds are insoluble. These include most salts of carbonate,
phosphate, oxalate, chromate, and most metal sulfides. The exceptions to the insoluble
compounds are salts of NH4+ and all the alkali metal cations. Most metal hydroxides and
oxides are insoluble except for Ba(OH)2, which is soluble. These solubility rules are not
absolute and there are a few exceptions under certain conditions. The equations for the
reactions are as follows:

Cu(NO3)2(aq) + Na2CO3 (aq) -> CoCO3(s) + 2Na(NO3) (aq)

Cu(NO3)2(aq) + Na2SO4 (aq) -> CuSO4(aq) + 2Na(NO3) (aq)
Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2NaOH (aq)-> Cu(OH)2(s) + 2Na(NO3) (aq)
Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2 NaCl(aq) ->CuCl2(aq) + 2Na(NO3) (aq)
Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2 KI(aq) -> CuI2(aq)+ 2K(NO3) (aq)

Ba(NO3)2(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) -> BaCO3(s) + 2Na(NO3) (aq)

Ba(NO3)2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq) -> BaSO4(s) + 2Na(NO3) (aq)
Ba(NO3)2(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) -> Ba(OH)2(aq) + 2Na(NO3) (aq)
Ba(NO3)2(aq) + 2NaCl(aq) ->BaCl2(aq) + 2Na(NO3) (aq)
Ba(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq) -> BaI2(aq) +2K(NO3) (aq)

Pb(NO3)2(aq)+ Na2CO3(aq) -> Pb(CO3) (s) + 2Na(NO3) (aq)

Pb(NO3)2(aq)+ Na2SO4(aq) -> Pb(SO4) (s) +2Na(NO3) (aq)
Pb(NO3)2(aq)+ NaOH (aq)-> Pb(OH)2(s) +2Na(NO3) (aq)
Pb(NO3)2(aq)+ NaCl(aq) -> PbCl2(s) +2Na(NO3) (aq)
Pb(NO3)2(aq)+ KI(aq) -> PbI2(s) + 2K(NO3) (aq)

Co(NO3)2(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) -> Co(CO3) (s) + 2Na(NO3) (aq)

Co(NO3)2(aq) + Na2SO4 (aq-> Co(SO4) (aq) + 2Na(NO3) (aq)
Co(NO3)2(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) -> Co(OH)2(s) +2Na(NO3) (aq)
Co(NO3)2(aq) + NaCl(aq) ->CoCl2(aq) +2Na(NO3) (aq)
Co(NO3)2(aq) + KI(aq) -> CoI2(aq) + 2K(NO3) (aq)

Ag(NO3)2(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) -> Ag(CO3) (s) + 2Na(NO3) (aq)

Ag(NO3)2(aq) + Na2SO4(aq)-> Ag(SO4) (aq) +2Na(NO3) (aq)
Ag(NO3)2(aq) + 2NaOH(aq)-> Ag(OH)2(s) +2Na(NO3) (aq)
Ag(NO3)2(aq) + 2NaCl(aq) -> AgCl2(aq) +2Na(NO3) (aq)
Ag(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq)-> AgI2(aq) + 2K(NO3) (aq)

Experimental Section: First, the solutions were prepared. The solutions were prepared by
measuring the quantity of the solid ions by the use of a scale. The measured solid ions were
then placed into a 250 mL volumetric flask. About 167mL of ionized water was then added to
the volumetric flask. The cap was placed on the top of the volumetric flask and solid ions
and the water were then swirled, dissolving the solid ion and creating a homogenous
mixture. The remaining 83mL was added up to the 250mL line and then mixed again. The
250mL of the ions and water was placed into small containers using a graduated cylinder

0.100 m 25mL 1L = 0.00250

Cu(NO3)2 moles of
1L 1000mL Cu(NO3)2
and a pipette. The amounts of solid ions added to the flask were determined as follows:

0.00250 m Cu(NO3)2 187.57 g Cu(NO3)2 = 0.469 grams of

1 m Cu(NO3)2 Cu(NO3)2

The solution of NaOH had to be diluted from a 0.200 M sample to a 0.100 M. The 0.200 M
sample was 250mL. The amount of ionized water to be added was calculated as follows: V1C1
= V2C2
.1X = .2(250)
.1X = 50
X = 500
500- 250 = 250mL
To perform dilution, 250mL of ionized water was added to the original 250mL of 0.200 M
solution and mixed. Next, the reactions were performed. 10 drops of the cation solutions
(copper (II) nitrate, barium nitrate, lead (II) nitrate, cobalt (II) nitrate, and silver nitrate) were
added to test tubes. Then, 10 drops of the anionic solutions (sodium carbonate, sodium
sulfate, sodium hydroxide, sodium chloride, and potassium iodide) were added to the test
tube of each cationic solution. If the solution of the reactants were insoluble, a precipitate
was formed.

Results:
Solubility Predictions
Cu2+ Ba2+ Pb2+ Co2+ Ag2+
CO3 2-
Precipitate Precipitate Precipitate Precipitate Precipitate
SO42+ NR Precipitate Precipitate NR NR
OH- Precipitate NR Precipitate Precipitate Precipitate
Cl- NR NR Precipitate NR Precipitate
I- NR NR Precipitate NR Precipitate

Reactions
Na2CO3 Na2SO4 NaOH NaCl KI
Cu(NO3)2 NR NR Light blue (P) NR Orange (P)
Ba(NO3)2 White (P) White (P) White (P) NR NR
Pb(NO3)2 White (P) White (P) White (P) NR Yellow(P)
Co(NO3)2 Baby pink (P) NR Cobalt blue NR NR
(P)
Ag(NO3)2 Light Yellow NR Light brown Cloud white Light green
(P) (P) (P) (P)
(P) – Precipitate

Discussion and Calculations:

During this lab, precipitates were formed from reactions of cation and anion solutions. Some
of the reactions were soluble and did not produce a precipitate while others, such as the
reaction of barium nitrate and sodium carbonate, created a precipitate. Most cations that
reacted with Na2CO3 produced a precipitate. All but one cation (Ag(NO 3)2) that reacted with
NaCl were soluble and did not create a precipitate. A few of the precipitates were not
expected. For example, the mixture of Cu(NO3)2 and KI resulted in a precipitate that was not
planned. There are a few possibilities of error. Human error from the mixing of the solutions
as well as possible contamination of solutions from multiple uses could have been present.
Mechanical error was possible. For example, the scales that measured the dry ingredients
only measured to the hundredths place and the graduated cylinder measured to only the
tenths place.
Calculations - Cations:
Copper Nitrate
0.100 m 250mL 1L 187.57 g - Cu(NO3)2
Cu(NO3)2 Cu(NO3)2
1L 1000mL 1 m Cu(NO3)2 = 4.69 grams
of Cu(NO3)2

Barium Nitrate - Ba(NO3)2

0.0250 m of 261.34 g Ba(NO3)2
Ba(NO3)2 = 6.53 grams of Ba(NO3)2
1 m Ba(NO3)2
Lead (II) Nitrate - Pb(NO3)2
0.0250 m of 331.21 g Pb(NO3)2
Pb(NO3)2 = 8.28 grams of Pb(NO3)2
1 m Pb(NO3)2
Cobalt (II) Nitrate - Co(NO3)2
0.0250 m Co(NO3)2 182.94 Co(NO3)2
1 m Co(NO3)2 = 4.57 grams of Co(NO3)2

Silver Nitrate - Ag(NO3)2

0.0250 m Ag(NO3)2 169.87 g Ag(NO3)2
1 m Ag(NO3)2 = 4.25 grams of Ag(NO3)2

Calculations - Anions:
Sodium Carbonate – Na2CO3
0.0250 m Na2CO3 105.99 g Na2CO3
1 m Na2CO3 = 2.65 grams of Na2CO3

Sodium Sulfate - Na2SO4

0.0250 m Na2SO4 142.04 g Na2SO4
1 m Na2SO4 = 3.55 grams of Na2SO4

Sodium Hydroxide – NaOH

0.0250 m NaOH 39.10 g NaOH
1 m NaOH = 0.980 grams of NaOH

Sodium Chloride - NaCl

0.0250 m NaCl 58.44 g NaCl
1 m NaCl = 1.46 grams of NaCl

Potassium Iodide - KI
0.0250 m KI 166.00 g KI = 4.15 g of KI
1 m KI

Equations:
Cu(NO3)2 and NaOH
1. Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2NaOH (aq)-> Cu(OH)2(s) + 2Na(NO3) (aq)
2. Cu2+(aq) + 2(NO3)- (aq) + 2Na+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) -> Cu(OH)2 (s) + 2Na+(aq) +2(NO3)- (aq)
3. Cu2+ (aq) + 2OH- (aq) -> Cu(OH)2 (aq)
Cu(NO3)2 and KI
1. Cu(NO3)2(aq) + 2 KI(aq) -> CuI2(aq)+ 2K(NO3) (aq)
2. Cu2+ (aq) + 2(NO3)-(aq) + 2 K+ (aq) + 2I-(aq) -> CuI2(s)+ 2K+ + 2(NO3)- (aq)
3. Cu2+ (aq) + 2I-(aq) -> CuI2(s)
Ba(NO3)2 and Na2CO3
1. Ba(NO3)2(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) -> BaCO3(s) + 2Na(NO3) (aq)
2. Ba2+ (aq) + 2(NO3)-(aq) + 2Na+ (aq) + (CO3)2-(aq) -> BaCO3(s) + 2Na+ (aq) + 2(NO3)- (aq)
3. Ba2+ (aq) + (CO3)2-(aq) -> BaCO3(s)
Ba(NO3)2 and NaOH
1. Ba(NO3)2(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) -> Ba(OH)2(aq) + 2Na(NO3) (aq)
2. Ba2+(aq) + 2(NO3)(aq) + 2Na2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) -> Ba2+(aq) + 2(OH)(aq) + 2Na(NO3)(s)
3. Na2+(aq) + (NO3)(aq) - > Na(NO3)(s)
Pb(NO3)2 and Na2CO3
1. Pb(NO3)2(aq)+ Na2CO3(aq) -> Pb(CO3) (s) + 2Na(NO3) (aq)
2. Pb2+ (aq) + 2(NO3)-(aq)+ 2Na+ (aq) +(CO3)2-(aq) -> Pb(CO3) (s) + 2Na+ (aq) + 2(NO3)- (aq)
3. Pb2+ (aq) +(CO3)2-(aq) -> Pb(CO3) (s)
Pb(NO3)2 and Na2SO4
1. Pb(NO3)2(aq)+ Na2SO4(aq) -> Pb(SO4) (s) +2Na(NO3) (aq)
2. Pb2+ (aq) + 2(NO3)-(aq)+ 2Na+(aq) + SO42-(aq) -> Pb(SO4) (s) +2Na +(aq) + 2(NO3)- (aq)
3. Pb2+ (aq) + SO42-(aq) -> Pb(SO4) (s)
Pb(NO3)2 and NaOH
1. Pb(NO3)2(aq)+ NaOH (aq)-> Pb(OH)2(s) +2Na(NO3) (aq)
2. Pb2+(aq)+ 2(NO3)-(aq) + Na- (aq) + OH- (aq) -> Pb(OH)2(s) +2Na+ (aq) + 2(NO3)- (aq)
3. Pb2+(aq) + OH- (aq) -> Pb(OH)2(s)
Pb(NO3)2 and KI
1. Pb(NO3)2(aq)+ KI(aq) -> PbI2(s) + 2K(NO3) (aq)
2. Pb2+(aq) + 2(NO3)-(aq) + 2K+ (aq) + 2I-(aq) -> PbI2(s) + 2K+ + 2(NO3)- (aq)
3. Pb2+(aq) + 2I-(aq) -> PbI2(s)
Co(NO3)2 and Na2CO3
1. Co(NO3)2(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) -> Co(CO3) (s) + 2Na(NO3) (aq)
2. Co2+(aq) + 2(NO3)-(aq) + 2Na+(aq) + 2(CO3)-(aq) -> Co(CO3) (s) + 2Na+(aq) +2 (NO3)-(aq)
3. Co2+(aq) + 2(CO3)-(aq) -> Co(CO3) (s)
Co(NO3)2 and NaOH
1. Co(NO3)2(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) -> Co(OH)2(s) +2Na(NO3) (aq)
2. Co2+(aq)+ 2(NO3)-(aq) + 2Na2+(aq) + 2(OH)-(aq) -> Co(OH)2(s) +2Na2+ (aq) + 2(NO3)- (aq)
3. Co2+(aq) + 2(OH)-(aq) -> Co(OH)2(s)

Ag(NO3)2 and Na2CO3

1. Ag(NO3)2(aq) + Na2CO3(aq) -> Ag(CO3) (s) + 2Na(NO3) (aq)
2. Ag2+ (aq) +2(NO3)-(aq) + 2Na2+(aq) +(CO3)2-(aq) -> Ag(CO3) (s) + 2Na2+ (aq) + 2(NO3-) (aq)
3. Ag2+ (aq) +(CO3)2-(aq) -> Ag(CO3) (s)
Ag(NO3)2 and NaOH
1. Ag(NO3)2(aq) + 2NaOH(aq)-> Ag(OH)2(s) +2Na(NO3) (aq)
 2. Ag2+(aq) + 2(NO3)-(aq) + 2Na+(aq) + 2(OH)-(aq)-> Ag(OH)2(s) +2Na+ (aq) + 2(NO3)- (aq)
3. Ag2+(aq) + 2(OH)-(aq)-> Ag(OH)2(s)
Ag(NO3)2 and NaCl
1. Ag(NO3)2(aq) + 2NaCl(aq) -> AgCl2(aq) +2Na(NO3) (aq)
2. Ag2+(aq) + 2(NO3)-(aq) + 2Na+(aq) +2Cl-(aq) -> AgCl2(s) +2Na+(aq) + 2(NO3)-(aq)
3. Ag2+(aq) +2Cl-(aq) -> AgCl2(s)
Ag(NO3)2 and KI
1. Ag(NO3)2(aq) + 2KI(aq)-> AgI2(s) + 2K(NO3) (aq)
2. Ag2+(aq) + 2(NO3)-(aq) + 2K+(aq) +2I-(aq) -> AgI2(s) + 2K(NO3)(aq)
3. Ag2+(aq) +2I-(aq) -> AgI2(s)