LTDT

HC VIN CNG NGH BU CHNH VIN THNG
BI GING MN
TON RI RC 2
Ging vin: TH.S. Phan Th H
in thoi/E-mail: hathiphan@yahoo.com
B mn: Cng ngh phn mm
Hc k/Nm bin son:I/2009-2010
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TON RI RC 2
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GING VIN: TH.S.PHAN TH H
B MN: CNG NGH PHN MM

NI DUNG
Cc thut ng v th
Biu din th v s ng cu
Tnh lin thng ca th
Tnh lin thng v bc ca nh
ng i E v Ha
Bi ton ng i ngn nht
th phng
T mu th
Cy v cy khung ca th

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GII THIU: L thuyt th
L mt trong nhng ngnh khoa hc c ra i t rt
sm.
c dng m hnh ha bng hnh hc v gii quyt
nhiu bi ton trong thc t.
Cc bi ton thng c m t thng qua cc nh v
cc ng ni gia cc nh, th hin mi lin h gia
chng.
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CHNG 1:Cc thut ng c bn v th

1.1. nh ngha v khi nim
1.2. th v hng
1.3. th c hng
1.4. th c trng s
1.5 th. phn i
1.6. Nhng th n c bit
1.7. Mt vi ng dng ca cc th c bit
1.8. th con
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1.nh ngha v khi nim
nh ngha: th G l 1 cp G = (V,E), trong :
V: tp hp cc nh
E: tp hp cc cnh, E _ |V|
2

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V d 1:
th G nh trong hnh, c:
Tp nh V = {a, b , c, d, e},
Tp cnh E = {(a, b), (a, c), (b, c), (d, b),
(d, c), (e, a), (e, b), (e, d)}.

a
b
e d
c
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Nu (a, b) l mt cnh trong th th:
nh b k vi nh a
Hai nh a v b cng k(lin k) vi cnh (a, b)
Cnh (a,b) c gi l cnh lin thuc vi nh a v b
Cnh (a,b) c gi l cnh k vi nh a, nh b

1.nh ngha v khi nim
Tnh k trong th
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Tnh k trong th
Hai cnh c gi l k nhau nu chng c t
nht 1 nh chung.
V d: (a, b) v (b, c)
Mi phn t f=(v
i
,
v
i
) e E, v
i
eV: gi l mt khuyn
ca th hay mt cnh c hai nh trng nhau
gi l 1 khuyn ca th

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1.nh ngha v khi nim
nh ngha khc v th
th l mt cp G = (V, F), trong :
- V l tp hp cc nh,
- F: V 2
V
, c gi l nh x k.
S tng ng ca hai nh ngha:
x, y e V: (x, y) e E y e F(x).
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Xt li v d 1

nh x k ca cc nh trong hnh trn:
F(a) = {b, c}, F(b) = {c}, F(c) = C ,
F(d) = {b, c} v F(e) = {a, b, d} .
a
b
e d
c
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1.nh ngha v khi nim
th v hng v c hng
Cnh (x, y) e E l cnh v hng khi cp nh (x, y)
khng c th t
th v hng l th ch cha cc cnh v hng
Cnh (x, y) l cnh c hng khi cp nh x, y c th t
th c hng l th ch cha cc cnh c hng
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1.nh ngha v khi nim
th i xng
th G = (V, E) c gi l i xng nu:
x, y e V : (x, y) e E (y, x) e E.

Cc th v hng u i xng.

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1.nh ngha v khi nim
n th v a th
th G = (V, E) trong mi cp nh ch c ni ti
a bng 1 cnh c gi l n th hay cn gi tt
l th.
th trong c t nht 1 cp nh c ni vi nhau
nhiu hn mt cnh c gi l a th.
Mt gi th G = (V, E) trong cc cp nh uwcj
ni vi nhau l 1 hoc nhiu cnh v mi nh c th
c khuyn.
Tm li, gi th l loi th v hng tng qut

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1.nh ngha v khi nim
th y
th v hng G = (V,E)
c gi l th y , nu mi cp nh
u c cnh ni gia chng.
th c hng G = (V,E) c gi
l th y , nu mi cp nh u
c cung ni gia chng (chiu ca cung
c th ty ).
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1.nh ngha v khi nim
Bc ca nh trong T v hng
Gi s G = (V, E) l mt th, ta gi bc ca mt nh
l s cnh k vi nh .
nh c lp l nh khng ni vi bt k nh no.
nh treo l nh c bc bng 1.

K hiu: d(v) l bc ca nh v trong th G.

Ch : khuyn ca th c tnh l bc 2.

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1.nh ngha v khi nim
Bc ca nh trong Tc hng
Trong th c hng:
bc- vo ca nh v k hiu l d-(v) l s cc cnh
c nh cui l v.
Bc- ra ca nh v k hiu l d+(v) l s cc cnh c
nh u l v.
(Nh vy mt khuyn ti mt nh s gp thm 1 n
v vo bc vo v 1 n v vo bc ra ca nh ny).

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1.nh ngha v khi nim
Bc ca nh
L1( nh l bt tay):. Cho G = (V,E) l mt th v
hng c e cnh. Khi 2e= d(v)
(nh l ny ng c khi th c cnh bi hoc cc
khuyn)
nh l 2. Trong mt th v hng s cc nh bc l
l mt s chn.

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1.nh ngha v khi nim
th con v th ring
Gi s G = (V, E) l mt th.
th G = (V, E) c gi l th con ca th G
nu:
V_V v E_E.
th G = (V, E) vi E _ E, c gi l th ring
ca th G.

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1.nh ngha v khi nim
T/C th con v ring
Mi tp con cc nh V ca th G tng ng duy nht
vi mt th con.
xc nh mt th con ta ch cn nu tp nh ca
n.
th ring l th gi nguyn tp nh v b bt mt
s cnh.

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1.nh ngha v khi nim
th phn i
Mt th n G c gi l th phn i nu tp
cc nh V c th phn lm hai tp con khng rng, ri
nhau V1 v V2 sao cho mi cnh ca th ni mt
nh ca V1 vi mt nh ca V2.
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1.nh ngha v khi nim
S ng hnh
Hai th G
1
= (V
1
, E
1
) v G
2
= (V
2
, E
2
) c gi l ng
hnh vi nhau nu tn ti mt song nh S trn cc tp
nh bo ton cc cnh:
x, y e V
1
: (x, y) e E1 (S(x), S(y)) e E2.

Hai th ng hnh ch khc nhau v tn gi ca cc
nh v cch biu din bng hnh v.
Do vy, ta khng phn bit hai th ng hnh vi nhau
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V d ng hnh
Hai th sau l ng hnh vi song nh:
S(a
i
) = x
i
, i = 1, 2, 3, 4.
a
1
a
2
a
3
a
4
x
1
x
2
x
3
x
4
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Chng2.Biu din th v s ng cu

Danh sch k
Ma trn lin k
Ma trn lin thuc
S ng cu ca cc th
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1.Biu din bng ma trn k
Cho G = (V, E) l mt th c cc nh c nh s:1,
2, ... , n.
Ma trn vung A cp n c gi l ma trn k ca th
G nu:
i, j e V, A[i,j]=s cnh ni nh i vi nh j trong G.
th G l i xng khi v ch khi ma trn k A l i
xng.
Mt khuyn c tnh l 1 cnh

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V d

1

2

4

3

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TON RI RC 2
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2.Biu din bng danh sch k
Vi mi nh ca th ta xy dng mt danh sch mc
ni cha cc nh k vi nh ny: Danh sch ny c
gi l danh sch k.
Mt th c biu din bng mt mng cc danh
sch k.

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TON RI RC 2
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3.Ma trn lin thuc
Cc ma trn lin thuc cng c th c dng biu
din cc cnh bi v khuyn. G = (V,E) V = {v1, v2, ...,
vn} E = {e1, e2, ..., em}
Ma trn lin thuc ca th G l M = [mij], trong
mij =1 nu cnh ej lin thuc vi nh vi v = 0 nu
cnh ej khng lin thuc vi nh vi .
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4.S ng cu ca th
N: Cc th n G1 =(V1,E1) v G2 =(V2,E2) l
ng cu nu c hm song nh f t V1 ln V2 sao
cho cc nh a v b l lin k trong G1 nu v ch
nu f(a) v f(b) l lin k trong G2 vi mi a v b
trong V1. Hm f nh th c gi l mt ng cu.

Hay: Hai th G = (V,E) v G = (V,E) gi l ng cu
vi nhau nu :

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4.S ng cu ca th
c mt phep tng ng 1 1(song nh) gia 2
tp V, V
v c mt phep tng ng 1 1 gia 2 tp hp E,
E
Sao cho:
nu cnh e = (v,w) e E tng ng vi cnh
e = (v,w) e E th cp nh v, w e V cng l tng
ng ca cp nh v, w e V
G, G ng cu nu tn ti mt song nh : VV sao
cho: (i, j) e E ((i), (j)) e E.

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Nu G, G l ng cu qua nh x th hai th:
C cng s nh, tc l |V| = |V|
C cng s cnh: |E| = |E|
C cng s nh vi bc cho sn
S nh k vi nh i e V v (i) e V l nh nhau.

4.S ng cu ca th
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Chng3. Tnh lin thng ca th

ng i
Tnh lin thng trong th v hng
Tnh lin thng trong th c hng
ng i v s ng cu
m ng i gia cc nh
Phng php duyt th
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1.ng i
Cho th G = (V, E)
ng i trong th l mt dy cc nh:
<x
1
, x
2
,, x
i
,, x
k-1
, x
k
>
sao cho mi nh (tr nh u) u c cnh k vi
nh trc .
i = 2, 3, ... , k-1, k : (x
i-1
, x
i
) eE.
ng i ny i t nh u x
1
n nh cui x
k
.

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1.ng i
di ca ng i l tng cc cnh thuc ng i
.
ng i l ng i n nu cc cnh trn n xut
hin khng qu 1 ln .
ng i c gi l s cp nu n i qua mi nh
ng 1 ln

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TON RI RC 2
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2.Chu trnh
Chu trnh l mt ng i khep kn (nh cui trng vi
nh u ca ng i).
[x
1
, x
2
,, x
k-1
, x
1
]
Tuy nhin cho gn, trong k hiu ca chu trnh,
thng khng vit nh cui:
[x
1
, x
2
,, x
k-1
]
Chu trnh n: l chu trnh m cc nh trn n khc
nhau tng i.

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3.Tnh lin thng trong th v hng

Mt th v hng c gi l lin thng nu c
ng i gia hai im bt k ca th.

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3.Tnh lin thng ca th v hng
nh l 1. Gia mi cp nh phn bit ca mt th
v hng lin thng lun lun c ng i n.
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N . th c hng c gi l lin thng mnh nu
c ng i t a ti b v t b ti a vi mi nh a
v b bt k ca th.
N. th c hng c gi l lin thng yu nu c
ng i gia hai nh bt k ca th v hng nn.
(Nh vy th lin thng mnh th cng lin thng yu)
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nh ngha:
th lin thng khng c bt k chu trnh no c gi
l mt cy.
mt nhm cy trong khng c 2 cy no c ni
vi nhau c gi l mt rng.
Rng bao trm ca mt th l rng v l th con
ca th v cha tt c cc nt ca th; rng
gm cc cy T1, T2,... ,Tm trong cy Ti cha tt c
cc nt lin thng vi nt gc ca n trong th.
Nu rng bao trm ch gm mt cy th cy c
gi l Cy bao trm ca th .
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4.m ng i gia cc nh
nh l 2. Cho G l mt th vi ma trn lin k A
theo th t cc nh v1,v2, ...,vn (vi cc cnh v
hng hoc c hng hay l cnh bi, hoc c th c
khuyn). S cc ng i khc nhau di r t vi
n vj trong r l mt s nguyn dng, bng gi tr
ca phn t (i,j) ca ma trn A
r
.(cm-SGK)
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5.Phng php duyt th
Duyt th theo su (Depth - first
traverse)
T tng c bn ca thut ton l bt u ti mt
nh v0 no , chn mt nh u bt k k vi v0 v
ly n lm nh duyt tip theo. Cch duyt tip theo
c thc hin tng t nh i vi nh v0 vi nh
bt u l u.
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kim tra vic duyt mi nh ng mt ln, chng ta
s dng mt mng chuaxet[] gm n phn t (tng ng
vi n nh), nu nh th i c duyt, phn t tng
ng trong mng chuaxet[] c gi tr FALSE. Ngc li,
nu nh cha c duyt, phn t tng ng trong
mng c gi tr TRUE. Thut ton c th c m t
bng th tc qui DFS () trong : chuaxet - l mng
cc gi tr logic c thit lp gi tr TRUE.
void DFS( int v){
Thm_nh(v); chuaxet[v] := FALSE;
for ( u eke(v) ) {
if (chuaxet[u] )
DFS(u);
}
}

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Th tc DFS() s thm tt c cc nh cng thnh phn
lin thng vi v mi nh ng mt ln. m bo
duyt tt c cc nh ca th (c th c nhiu thnh
phn lin thng), chng ta ch cn thc hin duyt nh
sau:
{
for (i=1; is n ; i++)
chuaxet[i] := TRUE; /* thit lp gi tr ban u
cho mng chuaxet[]*/
for (i=1; is n ; i++)
if (chuaxet[i] )
DFS( i);
}
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VD:
duyt th sau theo chiu su
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void DFS(int G[][MAX], int n, int v, int chuaxet[]){
int u;
printf("%3d",v);chuaxet[v]=FALSE;
for(u=1; u<=n; u++){
if(G[v][u]==1 && chuaxet[u])
DFS(G,n, u, chuaxet);
}
}
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void main(void){
int G[MAX][MAX], n, chuaxet[MAX];
Init(G, &n);
for(int i=1; i<=n; i++)
chuaxet[i]=TRUE;
printf("\n\n");
for(i=1; i<=n;i++)
if(chuaxet[i])
DFS( G,n, i, chuaxet);
getch();
}

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Hoc thut ton c th c ci t theo stack nh sau:
void Dtraverse(kmatran a, kvecto &chuaxet, int k, int n)
{Stack<int> S(20);int i,h;
S.push(k);chuaxet[k]=false;
while(!S.empty())
{h=S.pop();
printf("%5d",h);
for(i=n;i>=1;i--)
if(chuaxet[i] && a[h][i]) {S.push(i);chuaxet[i]=0;}
}
return;
}
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S dng kim tra tnh lin thng nh sau
int LienThong(kmatran a,int n)
{Stack<int> S(20);int i,h;kvecto chuaxet;
for(i=1;i<=n;i++) chuaxet[i]=true;
S.push(1);chuaxet[1]=false;
while(!S.empty())
{h=S.pop();
for(i=n;i>=1;i--)
if(chuaxet[i] && a[h][i]) {S.push(i);chuaxet[i]=0;}
}
for(i=1;i<=n;i++) if(chuaxet[i]) return(false);
return(true);
}
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Duyt th theo chiu rng
rng, vi thut ton tm kim theo chiu su, nh
thm cng mun s tr thnh nh sm c duyt
xong. l kt qu tt yu v cc nh thm c np
vo stack trong th tc qui. Khc vi thut ton tm
kim theo chiu su, thut ton tm kim theo chiu rng
thay th vic s dng stack bng hng i queue. Trong
th tc ny, nh c np vo hng i u tin l v,
cc nh k vi v ( v1, v2, . . ., vk) c np vo queue
k tip. Qu trnh duyt tip theo c bt u t cc
nh cn c mt trong hng i.
ghi nhn trng thi duyt cc nh ca th, ta cng
vn s dng mng chuaxet[] gm n phn t thit lp gi
tr ban u l TRUE. Nu nh i ca th c
duyt, gi tr chuaxet[i] s nhn gi tr FALSE. Thut
ton dng khi hng i rng. Th tc BFS di y th
hin qu trnh thc hin ca thut ton:
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void BFS(int u){
queue = |;
u <= queue; /*np u vo hng i*/
chuaxet[u] = false;/* i trng thi ca u*/
while (queue = | ) { /* duyt ti khi no hng i rng*/
queue<=p; /*ly p ra t khi hng i*/
Thm_nh(p); /* duyt xong nh p*/
for (v e ke(p) ) { /* a cc nh v k vi p nhng cha c xt
vo hng i*/
if (chuaxet[v] ) {
v<= queue; /*a v vo hng i*/
chuaxet[v] = false;/* i trng thi ca v*/
}
}
} /* end while*/
}/* end BFS*/
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Th tc BFS s thm tt c cc nh cng thnh phn
lin thng vi u. thm tt c cc nh ca th,
chng ta ch cn thc hin on chng trnh di y:
{
for (u=1; usn; u++)
chuaxet[u] = TRUE;
for (ueV )
if (chuaxet[u] )
BFS(u);
}

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1.Khi nim v ng i v chu trnh Euler
2.Cc iu kin cn v cho chu trnh v ng i
Euler
3. Thut ton tm chu trnh Euler
4. ng i v chu trnh Hamilton

CHNG 4. CHU TRNH EULER V CHU TRNH HAMILTON
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1. M u
nh ngha
Chu trnh n cha tt c cc cnh ca th c gi
l chu trnh Euler.
ng i Euler trong G l ng i n cha mi
cnh ca G.
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vd

th G1 c chu trnh Euler, th d a,e,c,d,e,b,a. C
hai th G2 v G3 u khng c chu trnh Euler. Tuy
nhin G3 c ng i Euler, c th l a,c,d,e,b,d,a,b
a
b
d
e
a
b
c
d
e
a b
c d
e
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Bi ton. Th trn Knigsberg chia thnh 4 phn bi
cc nhnh ca dng sng Pregel
Bn phn ny c ni kt bi 7 cy cu
56
ng i Euler
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57
ng i Euler
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Cu hi. C th i qua by cy cu m khng c cy cu
no i qu 1 ln
58
ng i Euler
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Chu trnh Euler l mt ng i Euler
nhng ngc li th cha chc ng
(v d trn th G3 th a,c,d,e,b,d,a,b
l ng Euler, nhng khng phi l chu
trnh Euler).
Chu trnh Euler c th i qua mt nh hai
ln (v d chu trnh a,e,c,d,e,b,a trn
th G1) v c th khng i qua mt s
nh no nu cc nh ny l cc nh
c lp, tc l cc nh c bc bng 0
1. M u
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Chu trnh Euler ch lin quan n cc
cnh ca th, v vy ta c th thm
mt s bt k cc nh c bc 0 (nh
c lp) vo th G th chu trnh
Euler ca G vn khng thay i.

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2.Cc iu kin cn v cho chu trnh v
ng i Euler

nh l sau y cho ta iu kin cn v mt a
th c chu trnh Euler:
nh l . Mt a th khng c im c lp c chu
trnh Euler nu v ch nu th l lin thng v mi
nh ca n u c bc chn.
i vi th c hng ta c nh l sau:
nh l . Mt a th c hng khng c nh c lp
tn ti chu trnh Euler nu v ch nu th l lin thng
yu ng thi bc-vo v bc-ra ca mi nh l bng
nhau.
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3.Thut ton tm chu trnh Euler
Bi ton: Cho th G = (V,E). Hy tm chu trnh
Euler ca th G nu c.
Thut ton:
Bc 1: Kim tra tnh lin thng ca T
Nu G lin thng th chuyn sang bc 2,
ngc li th thng bo l chng ta ch xet th lin
thng v dng thut ton. (V c th thy rng nu
th c mt thnh phn lin thng cn phn cn li l
cc im c lp th vn c th c chu trnh Euler, v
chu trnh Euler ch quan tm n vic i qua cc cnh
m khng quan tm n vic i qua cc nh).
Bc 2: Kim tra xem tt c cc nh trong G u c
bc chn khng. Nu tt c cc nh u c bc l
chn th chuyn sang bc tip theo. Nu khng th
dng li v kt lun rng th cho khng c chu
trnh Euler.
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Bc 3: Xy dng thut ton tm chu trnh Euler n trong
G sao cho tt c cc cnh ca G u c chu trnh n i
qua v ch i qua mt ln bng cch sau:
To mng CE ghi ng i v mt Stack xp cc
nh s xet. u tin xp mt nh u no ca th vo
Stack, th d nh v1.
Xet nh v nm trn cng ca Stack v thc hin:
Nu v l nh c lp th ly v ra khi Stack v a vo
CE.
Nu v l lin thng vi nh x th a x vo ngn xp
sau xa cnh (v,x);
Quay li bc 3. cho ti khi ngn xp rng th dng. Kt
qu ng i Euler c cha trong CE theo th t
ngc li.
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V d: Tm chu trnh Euler trong th

2
3
10
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
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void CTEuler(kmatran a, int n, kvecto CT, int &nCT)
{Stack<int> S(20);kmatran B;int i,j,h,t;
SetEqual(B,a,n);//Dat b=a de khoi phuc lai gia tri sau nay
S.push(1);//Dua dinh bat ky vao Stack, o day ta chon dinh 1
nCT=0;//Ban dau chu trinh chua co phan tu nao
while(!S.empty())
{h=S.viewtop();i=1;
while(i<=n && a[h][i]==0) i++;//Tim i dau tien de a[h][i]#0
if(i==n+1) //h da la dinh co lap, dua h vao chu trinh CT
{nCT++;CT[nCT]=h;S.pop();}//Lay dinh co lap ra khoi Stack
else
{S.push(i);a[h][i]--;a[i][h]--;}//Loai canh (i,h) khoi do thi
}
//Dao lai chu trinh cho hop ly hon
i=1;j=nCT;
while(i<j)
{t=CT[i];CT[i]=CT[j];CT[j]=t;i++;j--;}
SetEqual(a,B,n);
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4.ng i v Chu trnh Hamilton
ng i v chu trnh Euler ch lin quan n cc cnh
ca th. Tuy nhin cu hi tng t c th t ra i
vi cc nh. Th d trong mt mng li giao thng ta
li quan tm n vic xut pht t mt thnh ph, liu ta
c th n thm tt c cc thnh ph khc. mi thnh
ph thm ng mt ln v cui cng tr li thnh ph
xut pht?
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NH NGHA

Cho th G = (V,E).
ng i R c gi l ng i Hamilton nu n i
qua tt c cc nh ca th, mi nh ng mt ln.
Chu trnh C c gi l chu trnh Hamilton nu n
xut pht t mt nh v no , i qua tt c cc nh,
mi nh ng mt ln ri tr li im v. th c chu
trnh Hamilton c gi l th Hamilton.
th cha ng i Hamilton c gi l th na
Hamilton.
Trong cc v d sau chng ta s thy l th Hamilton
l na Hamilton nhng ngc li khng lun lun ng.
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nh l 3. Gi s G l mt n th lin thng vi n
nh trong n>3. Khi G c chu trnh Hamilton
nu bc ca mi nh khng nh hn n/2.
nh l 4. Gi s G = (V,E) l th c hng y .
Khi trong th G tn ti ng Hamilton.
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Thut ton tm chu trnh Hamilton
void Hamilton( int k) {
/* Lit k cc chu trnh Hamilton ca th bng cch
pht trin dy nh
(X[1], X[2], . . ., X[k-1] ) ca th G = (V, E) */
for ye Ke(X[k-1]) {
if (k==n+1) and (y == v0) then
Ghinhan(X[1], X[2], . . ., X[n], v0);
else {
X[k]=y; chuaxet[y] = false;
Hamilton(k+1);
chuaxet[y] = true;
}
}
}
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Chng trnh chnh c th hin nh sau:
{
for (veV ) chuaxet[v] = true; /*thit lp trng thi cc
nh*/
X[1] = v0; (*v0 l mt nh no ca th*)
chuaxet[v0] = false;
Hamilton(2);
}
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int A[MAX][MAX], C[MAX], B[MAX];
int n,i, d;
void Init(void){
int i, j;FILE *fp;
fp= fopen("DDHMTON.IN", "r");
if(fp==NULL){
printf("\n Khong co file input");
getch(); return;
}
fscanf(fp,"%d",&n);
printf("\n So dinh do thi:%d", n);
printf("\n Ma tran ke:");
for(i=1; i<=n; i++){
printf("\n");
for(j=1; j<=n; j++){
fscanf(fp, "%d", &A[i][j]);
printf("%3d", A[i][j]);
}
}
fclose(fp);
for (i=1; i<=n;i++)
C[i]=0;
}
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void Result(void){
int i;
printf("\n ");
for(i=n; i>0; i--)
printf("%3d", B[i]);
d++;
}
void Hamilton(int *B, int *C, int i){
int j, k;
for(j=1; j<=n; j++){
if(A[B[i-1]][j]==1 && C[j]==0){
B[i]=j; C[j]=1;
if(i<n) Hamilton(B, C, i+1);
else Result();
C[j]=0;
}
}
}
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void main(void){
B[0]=1; i=1;d=0;
Init();
Hamilton(B,C,i);
if(d==0)
printf("\n Khong co duong di Hamilton");
getch();
}
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CHNG 5. Tm ng i ngn nht
1.M u
2.Thut ton Dijkstra xc nh cc ng i ngn nht
t mt nh n cc nh cn li
3. Thut ton Floyd xc nh ng i ngn nht gia
mi cp nh
4. th phng
5.T mu th
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1. M U
Trng s ca thi:l gi tr oc ghi trn mi cnh
ca th
Bi ton tm ng i ngn nht gia hai nh u v v
ch c ngha khi thc s c ng i t nh u ti
nh v. Vy y ta s gi thit th ang kho st
l n th lin thng.
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B..Thut ton Dijkstra xc nh cc ng i ngn nht t mt
nh n cc nh cn li
Gi s ta xet th v hng G = (V,E), c trng
s.K hiu trng s ca cnh gia hai nh vi v vj
l [vi,vj] hoc wij, y l khong cch trc tip
gia 2 nh khng thng qua nh trung gian.
ng i trc tip t mt nh n chnh n phi
c xem l bng 0 v n chnh n v ng
i trc tip t mt nh ti mt nh khc m khng
c cnh ni chng khng th xem l mt s hu
hn, ngha l phi xem ng i l v cng ln.
Vy ta t wii = 0 v wij = .
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Thay v tm ch mt khong cch be nht t
u n v, ta tm mt s khong cch be nht
t a n cc nh khc trong c b.
K hiu: w(x,y);d
i
(y);p
i
(y)

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Thut ton Dijkstra
B0:u tin :a x0=a vo tp S
Tnh khong cch trc tip t cc nh yeV\a ti nh
u a l w(a,y).p0(y)=a;
Tm nh c khong cch nh nht t l x1, gn gi tr
vo nh x1:d
0
(x1)=min{d
0(
y)=w(a,y)}.t
d(x1)=d0(x1)
B1: a x1 vo tp S l tp cc nh c gn nhn
s={a,x1).

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Tnh li cc khong cch t nh v1=a ti cc nh y
cn lie V\S c th thng qua x1 hoc i trc tip:
d1(y)=min(D
0
(a,y ),d
0
(x1)+w(x1,y) . Vi y e V\S
Ly nh c khong cch nh nht t l x2. Khi
d1(x2)=min{d1(y) vi y e V\S ).
t d(x2)=d1(x2).

........................................
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Bk:a xk vo S=>S={a,x1,...,xk)
Tnh li cc khong cch t nh v1=a ti cc nh y
cn lie V\S c th thng qua xk hoc i trc tip
t a :dk(y)=min(D
k-1
(a,y ),dk-1(xk)+w(xk,y) . Vi y e
V\S
Xc nh xk+1 sao cho Dk(xk+1) = min {Dk(y) | ye
V\S} .t D(xk+1)=Dk(xk+1)

.....................

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C nh th cho ti khi nh cui b xut hin trong S th
dng thut ton li
Lc ny ta c ng i ngn nht l :
a, ..., P(P(P(b))), P(P(b)), P(b), b
v di ng i ny l D(b)

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3.Thut ton Floyd xc nh ng i
ngn nht gia mi cp nh

Vi nhng gi thit nh trong thut ton Dijkstra, ta
xet bi ton tm ng i ngn nht gia mi cp nh.
Chng ta dng ma trn D[i,j] lu di ng i
ngn nht gia 2 cp nh i v j v ma trn P[i,j]
lu ng i ngn nht t i n j. Th d P[i,j] = k
c ngha l nt k ng trc nt j trong ng i
ngn nht t i n j. Phng php ny c xy
dng bi Floyd trn c s s dng nhng tng
ca phng php Warshall trong xc nh bao ng
chuyn tip. C th ta thc hin cc bc sau:
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Ta gi Dk l ma trn cha khong cch ngn nht t
nh i n nh j trong cc ng i ch cha cc nt
trong tp {1,2,...,k}. Ta c th thc hin theo tng bc
nh sau:
Thut ton
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Bc 0: Khi u ta t D0[i,j] = W[i,j] l ng i
trc tip, khng qua nt no c.
Bc 1: D1[i,j] = min (D0[i,j], D0[i,1] + D0[1,j])
Bc k: Dk[i,j] = min (Dk-1[i,j], Dk-1[i,k] + Dk-1[k,j])
...
n bc n ta s c ma trn D cn tm. Trong mi
bc ta ghi li vt ca ng i trong ma trn P[i,j]
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void floyd(int d[][n],int p[][n])
{int k,i,j;
//Khoi tao ma tran D va P
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
for(j=1;j<=n;j++)
{d[i][j] = w[i][j];p[i][j]=-1;}/*p[i][j]=-1 nghia la truc tiep

Gi m
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//Bat dau vong lap
khong qua dinh nao*/
for(k=1;k<=n;k++)
for(i=1;i<=n;i++)
if(d[i][k]>0 && d[i][k]<vocung)//Co duong di tu i den k
for(j=1;j<=n;j++)
if(d[k][j]>0 && d[k][j]<vocung)//Co duong di tu k den j
if(d[i][j] !=0 && d[i][j]>d[i][k] + d[k][j])
//Neu d[i][j]=0 thi co nghia la da co duong di ngan
nhat
{d[i][j] = d[i][k] + d[k][j];p[i][j]=k;}
};

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Chng 6. th phng

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TH PHNG
Bi ton ba bit th v ba nh my
th phng
Cc iu kin cho tnh phng ca th
Sc s ca th phng

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BI TON BA BIT TH V BA NH MY
Bi ton: Trong mt th trn c ba bit th v ba nh
my cung cp: in, nc v kh t.
Mi bit th u mun mc ng cp in ngm,
ng ng cp nc, ng ng cp kh t ring t
nh mnh n ba nh my m khng gp ng ng
ca cc bit th khc.

Hi rng c lm c nhng ng i nh th hay
khng?
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BI TON BA BIT TH V BA NH MY (tip)

A B C
1 2 3 in Nc Gas
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N TH PHNG
nh ngha 1
a th v hng G c gi l th phng nu c
th biu din n trn mt phng sao cho khng c hai
cnh no ct nhau, tr ti nh.
- Din hu hn ca mt th phng l mt min kn ca
mt phng c gii hn bng cc cnh ca th sao
cho c th ni hai im bt k thuc din ny bng mt
net lin m khng ct mt cnh no.
- th cn c mt din v hn, l phn b trn mt
phng ca hp cc din hu hn.
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TH PHNG (tip)
nh l 1: S din hu hn ca mt a th phng G
bng chu s ca th ny.
Chng minh: Quy np theo s din hu hn h ca G.
- h = 1: ch c mt chu trnh n duy nht, chnh
l bin ca din ny. Suy ra chu s bng 1.
- (h-1) (h) : Gi s th phng G vi n nh, m
cnh v p mng lin thng c h din.
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TH PHNG (tip)
Chng minh nh l:
Lp th G t G bng cch bt i cnh e no
trn bin ca mt din s din hu hn bt i 1. Khi
, G c h-1 din.
Theo gi thit quy np, c(G) = h-1 = (m - 1) - n + p (p
khng i v ch bt i mt cnh trn chu trnh).
Suy ra, s din hu hn ca G l:
h = m - n +p = c(G).
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TH PHNG (tip)
H qu 1
Nu a th phng G c n nh, m cnh, p mng lin
thng v h din th: n - m + h = p +1
(cng thc Euler tng qut)
Chng minh:
S din ca th phng bng s din hu hn cng
thm 1 (din v hn), bng chu s cng 1. Vy th,
h = m - n + p +1.
Do , n - m + h = p +1.
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TH PHNG (tip)
H qu 2
Trong mt n th phng c t nht mt nh c bc
khng qu 5.
Chng minh:
Khng mt tnh tng qut c th gi thit rng n th
l lin thng.
Trong n th phng mi din hu hn c gii hn
bi t nht 3 cnh, m mi cnh thuc nhiu nht l hai
din nn: 3h 2m h 2m/3.
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TH PHNG (tip)
Phn chng: Gi s mi nh ca th G u c bc
t nht l 6.
Khi , tng tt c cc bc ca cc nh ca trong G =
2m > 6n.
Theo cng thc Euler th: n - m + h = 1 + p = 2

Ta c: . Suy ra iu v l.
2
2 0
3 3
m m
m s + =
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CC IU KIN CHO TNH PHNG CA
TH
nh l 2
Gi s G l mt th v G l th con ca n.
1. th G phng th G cng phng.
2. th G khng phng th G cng khng phng.

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CC IU KIN CHO TNH PHNG CA TH (tip)
K hiu: o l di ca chu trnh ngn nht hoc l s
cnh ca th G nu khng c chu trnh.
S o c gi l ai ca th.

nh l 3
Nu G l th phng n nh v ai ca n l o 3
th: m o (n-2)/(o -2).
Chng minh: Do h.o 2m nn theo cng thc
Euler: o (m - n + 2) 2m.
Suy ra iu phi chng minh.
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V D.1
Bi ton ba bit th v ba nh my:
ai ca th trn l o = 4.
Vy th: m = 9 > 4.(6-2)/(4-2) = 8

Theo nh l 5, th trn khng phng.
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th hai phn y K
m,n
l mt n th c m+n
nh gm m nh bn tri v n nh bn phi sao
cho mi nh bn tri u k vi mi nh bn phi.

K
2,2
K
2,3

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H qu .3
th hai phn y K
m,n
l th phng khi v
ch khi m s 2 hoc n s 2.
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V D 2
th y 5 nh:
th c ai o = 3. Vy
m = 10 > 3.(5-2)/(3-2) = 9

th K
5
khng phng. T suy ra, th y
K
n
vi n > 5 l khng phng.
a
d
b
c
e
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nh l .3 (Kuratowski)
th l phng khi v ch khi n khng cha cu hnh
K
3,3
hoc K
5
.

Ta c th p dng nh l Kuratowski xet tnh cht
phng ca th.
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VD3
Xet th sau y (bn phi) v hnh v li ca n (bn
tri):

th ny cha cu hnh K
5
. Do vy, n khng phng.

a
d
b
c
e
e e
a
d
b
c
e
c
c
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SC S CA TH PHNG
nh l 10.4 (Kemple - Heawood)
Mi th phng khng c nh nt u c sc s khng ln hn 5.
Chng minh:
Quy np theo s nh n ca th.
- n = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 : Hin nhin ng.
- (n-1) (n): theo H qu 10.3, G c t nht 1 nh x bc
khng qu 5.
B nh x ra khi G, ta c G.
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SC S CA TH PHNG (tip)
Theo quy np, G c sc s khng vt qu 5.
Ly mt cch t mu no y ca G.
- Nu cc nh k vi nh x c t bng t hn 5 mu
th vn cn tha mu t cho x.
Sc s ca G bng sc s ca G.

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- Nu nh x k vi 5 nh v cc nh k vi x c
nh s th t theo chiu kim ng h v t bng 5 mu
th ta i mu ca cc nh dnh ra mu cho nh x.

5 e
4 d
1 a
2 b
3 c
x
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Xet tt c cc ng i trong G bt u t nh a v
ch gm cc nh t bng mu 1 v mu 3.
Xet hai trng hp:
1) Trong cc ng ny khng c ng no i qua
nh c th ta c th tro i mu 1 vi mu 3 cho tt c
cc nh trn cc ng i y. Sau , ta t mu 1 cho
nh x.

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2) Ngc li, nu c ng i t a n c gm ton
cc nh c t bng mu 1 hoc 3 th ng ny
cng hai cnh (c,x) v (x,a) to thnh chu trnh trong
G.
Do tnh phng nn hai nh b v d khng th cng nm
bn trong hoc bn ngoi chu trnh ny c. Suy ra,
khng c ng i no ni b vi d gm cc nh ch t
mu 2 hoc 4.
Vy li c th tro i mu 2 vi mu 4 cho cc nh
trn cc ng i qua nh b. Khi hai nh b v d
cng mu 4.
T mu 2 cho nh x.
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Chng 7.T MU(BI TON BN MU)
Bi ton:
- Vo khong nm nm mi ca th k 19 Gazri,
mt thng gia ngi Anh, khi t mu bn hnh
chnh nc mnh, nhn ra rng lun c th t c
bng 4 mu.
- Nm 1852 ng ta thng bo gi thuyt ny cho De
Morgan.
- Nm 1878 Keli ng bi ton trn trong Tuyn
tp cc cng trnh ca Hi Ton hc Anh, gy nn s
ch ca nhiu ngi.

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BI TON BN MU (tip)
- Nm 1976, ba nh khoa hc ngi M l K.Appel,
W. Haken v J. Koch chng minh bng my tnh
in t c rng gi thuyt ca Gazri l ng.
nh l 10.5 (Appel - Haken):
Mi th phng khng c nh nt u c sc s khng
qu 4.

D thy rng, th v hng y K
n
(n > 5) c sc
s ln hn 4 nn khng phng.
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