ORIGIN OF A FOLIAGE LEAF

Leaf arises from the activity of leaf primordium =leaf-like pegs of meristem

Physiological function

Photosynthesis Transpiration the process by which plant loses water to serve the following purposes: a. Continuous uptake of water b. Cooling effects c. Controls degree of saturation of cell with water

EXTERNAL STRUCTURE OF FOLIAGE LEAVES

Monocot leaf sheath and ligules

Dicot leaf with stipules

LEAVES, FOOD AND DEATH

Artichoke Cynara scolymus

Cabbage Brassica oleracea

Celery Apium graveolens

Spinach Spinacia oleracea

Lettuce Lactuca sativa

Onion Allium cepa

LEAVES, FOOD AND DEATH Herbs and spices

Basil Ocimum basilicum

Bay leaves Laurus nobilis

Marjoram Origanum majorana

Parsley Petroselinum crispum

Sage Salvia officinalis

Tarragon Artemisia dranunculus

LEAVES, FOOD AND DEATH Flavoring mints

Spearmint Mentha spicata

Peppermint Mentha piperita

LEAVES, FOOD AND DEATH Alkaloids

LEAVES, FOOD AND DEATH Alkaloids Nicotine

Tobacco Nicotiana tabacum

LEAVES, FOOD AND DEATH

Insecticides Rotenone Citronella Waxes Carnauba Aromatic Oils Medical uses Aloe (Mild Topical Anesthetic)

EXTERNAL STRUCTURE OF FOLIAGE LEAVES Classification:

1.
2. 3. 4.

5.

Nature of the blade Venation pattern Phyllotaxy Leaf margin Leaf apex

Classification: Nature of the blade

a. Simple with one blade of just one part
b. compound- with a blade divided into leaflets or pinnae or pinnule

Two types of compound leaves

Palmately compound Pinnately compound

Simple Pinnately compound

Bipinnately Compound Leaf

Caballero Caesalpinia pulcherrima

Tripinnately Compound Leaf

Palmately compound leaves leaflets are attached to the end of the petiole
Types of palmately compound leaves: 1. Bifoliate two leaflets 2. Trifoliate- three leaflets
3. Quadri/tetrafoliate four leaflets 4. Pentafoliate compound with 5 or more leaflets

Palmately compound

Phyllotaxy arrangement of leaves on the stem

Phyllotaxy arrangement of leaves on the stem

Alternate and whorled

Phyllotaxy arrangement of leaves on the stem

Decussate

Phyllotaxy arrangement of leaves on the stem

Fasciculate

Pine needles Pinus sp.

Asparagus officinalis

Venation- arrangement of veins on the blade

Parallel Venation
Veins parallel to the Midrib

Parallel Venation
Veins acute angle to the Midrib

Parallel Venation
Palmately parallel

Parallel Venation
Veins perpendicular to the midrib

Netted Venation
Pinnately netted

Netted Venation
Palmately netted

Netted Venation
Radiately netted

Internal Structure of Foliage Leaves

Internal Structure of Foliage Leaves

Epidermis, Mesophyll and Vascular Tissues

Internal Structure of Foliage Leaves

Epidermis

Are kidney-shaped, chlorophyllous epidermal cells

Guard cells

Guard cells and pore

Internal Structure of Foliage Leaves

Mesophyll
epidermis palisade

mesophyll
spongy

epidermis

Dorsiventral or Bifacial Mesophyll

In horizontally oriented leaf

Internal Structure of Foliage Leaves

Mesophyll

Internal Structure of Foliage Leaves

Monocot Leaf

Bundle sheath
photosynthetic

Kranz Anatomy Halo or Wreath Anatomy

Chlorenchymatous cells surround a photosynthetic bundle sheath.

Internal Structure of Foliage Leaves

Vascular Tissues of Monocot leaf

Bulliform cells are

large vacuolated epidermal cells that inroll the leaf during hot conditions. Present only in monocot epidermal cells.

Kranz anatomy is typical of monocot leaf that undergoes C4 metabolism

Internal Structure of Foliage Leaves

Midrib of a dicot leaf

Cross section of midrib grape leaf

Internal Structure of Foliage Leaves

Pine needle leaf

Pine needle leaf

Internal Structure of Foliage Leaves

Leaf aging

Abscission zone detachment area of leaves from the stem

Senescence leaf aging due to breakdown of chlorophyll, sugars and loss of photosynthetic ability

MORPHOLOGY AND ANATOMY OF OTHER LEAF TYPES

Succulent Leaves-thick and fleshy, reduced surfacevolume-ratio.

Senecio spherical succulent leaves

Dinteranthus pair of succulent leaves

Lithops pair of translucent leaves acting as optical fiber

MORPHOLOGY AND ANATOMY OF OTHER LEAF TYPES

Sclerophyllous foliagethick sclerenchyma, resistant to animals, fungi, freezing temp and UV, verythick cuticle.

Agave Yucca

Barberry

MORPHOLOGY AND ANATOMY OF OTHER LEAF TYPES

Spines- no blade and needle-shaped

Cactus- spines are axillary buds of small leaves

Colitis- spines are stipules

MORPHOLOGY AND ANATOMY OF OTHER LEAF TYPES

Tendrils- sensing contact with other objects, no lamina

Pea plant

Squash plant

MORPHOLOGY AND ANATOMY OF OTHER LEAF TYPES

Insect traps- digest insects and obtain nitrogen for their amino acid

Nepenthes- pitcher plant

Sundew- with stalked glands

Venus flytrap traps insects

MORPHOLOGY AND ANATOMY OF OTHER LEAF TYPES

Adventitious buds- produce plantlets

Kalanchoe- with plantlets along the leaf margin

Sansiviera- reproduce by leaf cutting

Modified leaves

Colored leaves for attraction

Bougainvillea

Poinsettia

Mussaenda

Anthurium- colored spathe

MORPHOLOGY AND ANATOMY OF OTHER LEAF TYPES

Floats aerenchymatous leaf base for buoyancy, support

Water hyacinth aerenchymatous enlarged leaf base

Modified leaves

Supporting leaf bases pseudotrunk for support

Modified leaves

Motile leaves display thigmonasty sensitivity to touch, for protection

Modified leaves Expanded leaf-like petiole or stipule added photosynthesis

Suha leaf

Rose leaf