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Interactive Textbook 159 Electromagnetism

5ECIION
1
Maoets aod Maoetsm
Electromagnetism
Namo Class Dato
After you read this section, you shouId be abIe to answer
these questions:

What aro tho proportios of magnots?

Why aro only somo matorials magnotic?

What aro four kinds of magnots?

What aro two oxamplos of tho offoct of tho Earth's

magnotic fiold?
What Are the Properties of Magnets!
Havo you ovor oxporimontod with magnots? If so, you
know that thoy can stick to oach othor and to somo kinds of
motal. You also know that magnots can stick to things with-
out touching thom diroctly. For oxamplo, a magnot sticks to a
rofrigorator door ovon with a pioco of papor in botwoon. Thoy
aro not roally sticky, so what makos things cling to thom?
Moro than z,OOO yoars ago, tho Crooks discovorod a
minoral that attractod things mado of iron. Thoy found it
in a part of Turkoy callod Magnosia, so tho Crooks callod
it uaqnelle. Today, wo call any matorial that attracts
iron or things mado of iron a magneI. All magnots havo
cortain proportios. For oxamplo, all magnots havo two
polos. Magnots oxort forcos on oach othor. Last, all mag-
nots aro surroundod by magnotic fiolds.
MACNEIIC POLE5
More paper clips stick to the
ends, or magnetic poles, of the
magnet because the magnetic
forces are strongest there.
Magnotic offocts aro not tho samo throughout tho mag-
not. What happons whon you put a bar magnot into a box
of papor clips? Most of tho clips stick to tho onds of tho
magnot. Tho strongost magnotic forcos occur noar tho
onds of tho bar magnot. Each ond of tho magnot is a mag-
notic polo. MagneIic poIea aro points on a magnot that
havo opposito magnotic qualitios.
8EFDRE D0 RE40
NationaI 5cience
Education 5tandards
P5 Ja

Predict efore reading this
section, predict whether each
of the following statements is
true or false:
Every magnet has a north
pole and a south pole.
The magnetic pole near
the Earth's South Pole is a
north pole.
RE40INC CHECK
1. List What are three
properties of a magnet!
RE40INC CHECK
2. Describe What are
magnetic poles!
ChAPIk 8

Copyright by Holt, Rinohart and Winston. All rights rosorvod.
Interactive Textbook 160 Electromagnetism
5ECIION 1
Namo Class Dato
Magnets and Magnetism
NOkIH AND 5OUIH
Supposo you hang a magnot by a string so that tho mag-
not can rotato. You will soo that ono ond of tho magnot
always points toward north. A compass is a suspondod
magnot. Tho polo of tho magnot that points toward north
is callod tho magnot's norlh jo|e. Tho opposito ond of tho
magnot points toward south. It is callod tho magnot's sovlh
jo|e. Magnotic polos aro always in pairs. You will novor
find a magnot that has only ono polo.
The needle in a compass is a magnet that
is free to rotate.
MACNEIIC FOkCE5
Whon you bring two magnots closo togothor, tho magnots
oxort a magnotic forco on oach othor. MagneIic Iorce can
oithor push tho magnots apart or pull thom togothor. This
forco comos from spinning oloctric chargos in tho magnots.
Tho forco is a vniersa| forco. That moans it is always
prosont whon magnotic polos como noar oach othor.

If you hold the north poles of two magnets
close together, the magnetic force will push
the magnets apart. The same is true if you
hold two south poles close together.
When the north pole of
one magnet is close to
the south pole of another,
magnetic force pulls the
magnets together.
Tho magnotic forco botwoon magnots doponds on how tho
polos of tho magnots lino up. Polos that aro tho samo ropol. So
if you put two south polos togothor, thoy push apart. Opposito
polos attract, as you can soo in tho picturos abovo.
RE40INC CHECK
J. Identify What is the
name of a magnet's pole that
points north!

4. Describe What is a
compass!

5. Describe What are two
ways two magnets can be
placed to show them repelling
each other!
Copyright by Holt, Rinohart and Winston. All rights rosorvod.
Interactive Textbook 161 Electromagnetism
5ECIION 1
Namo Class Dato
Magnets and Magnetism
MACNEIIC FIELD5
A magnotic fiold oxists in tho rogion around a magnot
in which magnotic forcos can act. Wo can show tho shapo
of a magnotic fiold with linos drawn from tho north polo
of a magnot to tho south polo.
Magnetic held lines show the
shape of the magnetic held
around a magnet.
Thoso linos map out tho magnotic fiold and aro callod
uaqnelc fe|d |nes. Tho closor togothor tho fiold linos
aro, tho strongor tho magnotic fiold is. Tho linos around a
magnot aro closost togothor at tho polos. That's whoro tho
magnotic forco on an objoct is strongost.
What Causes Magnetism!
Somo matorials aro magnotic. Somo aro not. For oxamplo,
a magnot can pick up papor clips and iron nails. But it cannot
pick up papor, plastic, ponnios, or aluminum foil. Whothor a
matorial is magnotic doponds on tho matorial's atoms.
AIOM5 AND DOMAIN5
All mattor is mado of atoms. Eloctrons aro nogativoly
chargod particlos of atoms. As an oloctron movos around,
it croatos a magnotic fiold. Tho atom has a north and
south polo. In matorials that aro not magnotic, magnotic
fiolds of tho atoms cancol oach othor out.
But in matorials such as iron, nickol, and cobalt,
groups of atoms aro in tiny aroas callod douans. Tho
north and south polos of tho atoms in a domain lino up
and mako a strong magnotic fiold. Domains aro liko tiny
magnots of difforont sizos within an objoct. Most of tho
domains must lino up for tho objoct to bo magnotic.
If the domains in an object are
not aligned, the magnetic helds
cancel. The object is not magnetic.
If the domains in an object are aligned,
the magnetic helds combine. The object
is magnetic.
RE40INC CHECK
6. Describe Magnetic held
lines point in what direction!
RE40INC CHECK
7. Describe When looking
at magnetic held lines, how
can you tell where the held is
strongest!
RE40INC CHECK
8. ExpIain Why is iron
magnetic, but copper and
aluminum are not!
Copyright by Holt, Rinohart and Winston. All rights rosorvod.
Interactive Textbook 162 Electromagnetism
5ECIION 1
Namo Class Dato
Magnets and Magnetism
LO5INC ALICNMENI
Tho figuro on tho provious pago shows how domains
work. If tho domains lino up, tho objoct has a magnotic
fiold. But tho domains of a magnot may not always stay
linod up. Whon domains movo, tho magnot is deuaqnel:ed.
It losos its magnotic proportios.
A magnot can loso its magnotic proportios if you:

drop or hit tho magnot

put tho magnot in a strong magnotic fiold that is

opposito to its own

hoat up tho magnot (which makos tho atoms vibrato fastor).

Any ono of tho abovo actions can chango tho domains
so thoy aro no longor in lino.
MAKINC MACNEI5
You can mako a magnot out of, or uaqnel:e, iron,
cobalt, or nickol. You just nood to lino up tho domains in
it. For oxamplo, you can magnotizo an iron nail if you rub
it in ono diroction with ono polo of a magnot. Tho domains
in tho nail lino up with tho magnotic fiold of tho magnot. So
tho domains in tho nail got in lino. As moro domains lino
up, tho magnotic fiold of tho nail grows strongor.
Tho procoss of making a magnot also oxplains how
a magnot can pick up an objoct that is not magnotic.
Bring a magnot closo to a papor clip. Somo domains in
tho papor clip lino up with tho fiold of tho magnot. So tho
papor clip bocomos a tomporary magnot.
Tho north polo of tho papor clip points toward tho
south polo of tho magnot. Tho papor clip is attractod to
tho magnot. Whon tho magnot is romovod, tho domains of
tho papor clip will bocomo scramblod again.
This nail was magnetized by dragging a
magnet down it many times.
RE40INC CHECK
9. Describe What are two
ways a magnet can lose its
magnetic properties!
,-...e-! J-.--.-_
10. ExpIain How is
magnetizing an object
the opposite of
demagnetizing a magnet!

11. Identify If the tip of the
nail is a north pole, what is
the pole on the end of the
attached paper clip!
Copyright by Holt, Rinohart and Winston. All rights rosorvod.
Interactive Textbook 163 Electromagnetism
5ECIION 1
Namo Class Dato
Magnets and Magnetism
CUIIINC A MACNEI
What do you think would happon if you cut a magnot
in half? You might think that you would ond up with ono
north-polo pioco and ono south-polo pioco. But that's not
what happons. Instoad, whon you cut a magnot in half,
you got two magnots. Each pioco has its own north and
south polo. Tho picturo bolow shows what happons whon
a magnot is cut.
If you cut a magnet in pieces, each
piece will still be a magnet with two
opposite poles.
A magnot has polos bocauso its domains aro linod up.
Each domain within a magnot is liko a tiny magnot with a
north polo and a south polo. So ovon tho smallost piocos
of a magnot havo two polos.
What Kinds of Magnets Are Ihere!
Thoro aro difforont ways to doscribo magnots. Somo
magnots aro mado of iron, nickol, cobalt, or mixturos
of thoso motals. Magnots mado with thoso motals havo
strong magnotic proportios and aro callod ferrouaqnels.
Tho minoral magnotito (which has iron in it) is an oxam-
plo of a natural forromagnot.
Anothor kind of magnot is tho e|eclrouaqnel. This is
a magnot mado by an oloctric curront through a coil of
wiro. An oloctromagnot usually has an iron coro.
IEMPOkAkY AND PEkMANENI MACNEI5
Wo also doscribo magnots as tomporary or pormanont.
Teujorar uaqnels aro mado from matorials that aro
oasy to magnotizo. Somothing that is leujorar doos not
last as long timo. Tomporary magnots loso thoir magnoti-
zation oasily. Soft iron makos a good tomporary magnot.
Peruanenl uaqnels aro difficult to magnotizo.
Howovor thoy koop thoir magnotic proportios longor than
tomporary magnots. Peruanenl moans somothing lasts or
stays tho samo. Somo pormanont magnots aro mado with
alnico, an alloy of aluminum, nickol, cobalt, and iron.
RE40INC CHECK
12. ExpIain Why do even
the smallest magnets have
two poles!
RE40INC CHECK
1J. Dene What is a
ferromagnet!
Copyright by Holt, Rinohart and Winston. All rights rosorvod.
Interactive Textbook 164 Electromagnetism
5ECIION 1
Namo Class Dato
Magnets and Magnetism
How Does the Earth Work as a Magnet!
Tio a string around a magnot so whon tho ond of tho
string is hold, tho magnot is froo to rotato. Ono ond of
tho magnot will point north. For moro than z,OOO yoars,
travolors havo usod this proporty to find thoir way. You
uso it whon you uso a compass bocauso a compass has
magnot that is froo to rotato.
ONE CIANI MACNEI
In 16OO, an English doctor namod William Cilbort sug-
gostod that magnots point to tho north bocauso Earth is
ono giant magnot. Earth roally doos act as if it has a bar
magnot running through its contor. Tho polos of this imag-
inary magnot aro locatod noar Earth's qeoqrajhc polos.
Coographic polos aro tho polos you soo on maps.
Ceographic
North PoIe
Magnetic poIe
Magnetic poIe
Ceographic
5outh PoIe
Earth's geographic
poles are on the
axis on which
Earth rotates.
The magnetic held
lines around Earth are
similar to the magnetic
held lines around a
bar magnet.
Earth's magnetic poles
are the points on
Earth's surface where
its magnetic forces are
the strongest.
Eartb's 0eogragbic and Magnetic Poles
POLE5 OF A COMPA55 NEEDLE
If you put a compass noar a bar magnot, tho markod
ond of tho noodlo points to tho south polo of tho magnot.
Doos that surpriso you? Romombor that opposito polos of
magnots attract oach othor. A compass noodlo is roally a
small magnot. Tho tip that points to tho north is tho noo-
dlo's north polo. Thoroforo, tho point of a compass noodlo
movos toward tho south polo of tho magnot.
5OUIH MACNEIIC POLE NEAk NOkIH CEOCkAPHIC POLE
A compass noodlo points north. This is bocauso tho
magnotic polo of Earth that is closost to goographic north
is a magnotic south polo. A compass noodlo points north
bocauso its north polo is attractod to tho Earth's vory
largo magnotic south polo.

14. Identify What are the
magnetic held lines around
Earth similar to!
RE40INC CHECK
15. Identify Is Earth's north
pole a magnetic north pole
or a magnetic south pole!
Copyright by Holt, Rinohart and Winston. All rights rosorvod.
Interactive Textbook 165 Electromagnetism
5ECIION 1
Namo Class Dato
Magnets and Magnetism
IHE COkE OF IHE MAIIEk
Earth may act as if it has a giant bar magnot through
its contor, but thoro isn't roally a magnot thoro. Tho tom-
poraturo of Earth's coro (or contor) is vory high. That
makos tho atoms in it movo too violontly to stay linod up
in domains.
Sciontists think that tho movomont of oloctric chargos
in tho Earth's coro croatos Earth's magnotic fiold. Tho
Earth's coro is mado mostly of iron and nickol. Croat
prossuro makos Earth's innor coro solid. Tho outor coro
is liquid bocauso tho prossuro is not as high. As Earth
rotatos, tho liquid in tho coro flows. That makos oloctric
chargos movo, which makos a magnotic fiold.
A MACNEIIC LICHI 5HOW
Tho boautiful curtain of light in tho picturo bolow is
callod an avrora. Earth's magnotic fiold plays a part in
making auroras. An aurora forms whon chargod par-
ticlos from tho sun hit oxygon and nitrogon atoms in tho
air. Tho atoms bocomo oxcitod and thon givo off light of
many colors.
Earth's magnotic fiold blocks most of tho chargod
particlos from tho sun. Howovor, tho fiold bonds inward
at tho magnotic polos. This causos tho chargod particlos
from tho sun to ontor tho atmosphoro at and noar tho
polos. Wo soo auroras noar Earth's North Polo. Thoy aro
callod tho northorn lights, or avrora borea|s. Auroras
noar tho South Polo aro callod tho southorn lights, or
avrora avslra|s.
An aurora is an amazing light show in the sky.
RE40INC CHECK
16. ExpIain What do
scientists think causes Earth's
magnetic held!
RE40INC CHECK
17. Identify What causes
charged particles from the
sun to bend inwards after
entering the atmosphere!
Copyright by Holt, Rinohart and Winston. All rights rosorvod.
Interactive Textbook 166 Electromagnetism
Namo Class Dato
Sertoo 1 kevew N5E5 N5E5 P5 Ja
5ECIION VOCAULAkY
magnet any material that attracts iron or
materials containing iron
magnetic force the force of attraction or
repulsion generated by moving or spinning
electric charges
magnetic gole one of two points, such as
the ends of a magnet, that have opposing
magnetic qualities
1. Describe How do you mako a motal objoct such as a nail into a magnot? What
happons to mako it magnotic?
2. Interpret Craphics Which magnotic polo is closost to tho goographic North Polo?
3. ExpIain Is tho magnotic fiold of Earth strongor noar tho oquator or noar tho
South Polo? Why?
4. ExpIain Why aro somo objocts magnotic and othors aro not?
5. Identify If a matorial is difficult to magnotizo but stays magnotizod, what kind of
magnot is it?
6. Infer Why would hoating a magnotic domagnotizo it?