Copyright by Holt, Rinohart and Winston. All rights rosorvod.

Interactive Textbook 16? Electromagnetism

5ECIION
2
Maoetsm Irom |ertrrty
Electromagnetism
Namo Class Dato
After you read this section, you shouId be abIe to answer
these questions:

How aro an oloctric curront and a magnotic fiold rolatod?

What aro solonoids and oloctromagnots?

How doos oloctromagnotism run doorbolls, oloctric

motors, and galvanomotors?
How Was EIectromagnetism Discovered!
Many things around youdoorbolls and motors, for
oxamplouso oloctricity to mako magnotism. In this
soction, you will loarn how oloctricity and magnotism aro
rolatod and how wo mako oloctromagnots.
Danish physicist Hans Christian Oorstod discovorod
how oloctricity and magnotism aro rolatod in 1SzO. Whilo
toaching a class, ho hold a compass noar a wiro carrying an
oloctric curront. Whon tho compass was brought closo to
tho wiro, tho compass noodlo movod. It no longor pointod
to tho north. Ho had accidontally discovorod that oloctric-
ity and magnotism aro rolatod.
A compass noodlo is a magnot. It movos from its north-
south position only whon it is in a magnotic fiold difforont
from Earth's. Oorstod triod a fow oxporimonts with tho
compass and tho wiro. Ho loarnod that oloctric curront
producos a magnotic fiold. That mado tho noodlo of tho
compass lino up with tho diroction of tho magnotic fiold.
Tho picturo bolow shows how his oxporimonts workod.
c
Electric current in the
opposite direction causes
the two compass needles
to dehect in a counter-
clockwise direction.
b
Electric current in one
direction causes two
compass needles to
dehect in a clockwise
direction.
If no electric current
is in the wire, the
compass needles
point in the same
direction.
a
8EFDRE D0 RE40
NationaI 5cience
Education 5tandards
P5 Ja

Comgare As you read this
section, make a table to
compare solenoids and
electromagnets.

1. Describe Why does a
compass needle move when
it is near a wire with an elec-
tric current running though it!
ChAPIk 8

Copyright by Holt, Rinohart and Winston. All rights rosorvod.
Interactive Textbook 16S Electromagnetism
5ECIION 2
Namo Class Dato
Magnetism from Electricity
MOkE kE5EAkCH
Oorstod also found that tho diroction of tho magnotic
fiold doponds on tho diroction of tho curront. Tho Fronch
sciontist Andr-Mario Amporo hoard about Oorstod's
findings. Amporo did moro rosoarch with oloctricity and
magnotism. Thoir work was tho first rosoarch into oloc-
tromagnotism. EIecIromagneIiam is tho intoraction
botwoon oloctricity and magnotism.
How Do We Use EIectromagetism!
Tho magnotic fiold producod by an oloctric curront in a
wiro can movo a compass noodlo. But tho magnotic fiold is
not strong onough to bo vory usoful. Howovor, two dovicos,
tho solonoid and tho oloctromagnot, mako tho magnotic
fiold strongor. Thoy mako oloctromagnotism moro usoful.
5OLENOID5
A singlo loop of wiro that carrios a curront doos not
havo a vory strong magnotic fiold. But if you form many
loops into a coil, it makos tho magnotic fiold strongor.
Tho magnotic fiolds of tho loops work togothor.
Tho picturo bolow shows a solonoid. A aoIenoid is a
coil of wiro that producos a magnotic fiold whon an
oloctric curront runs through it. Tho magnotic fiold
around a solonoid is vory similar to tho magnotic fiold
of a bar magnot. Tho magnotic fiold of a solonoid gots
strongor if it has moro loops. Tho magnotic fiold also
bocomos strongor as tho curront in tho wiro incroasos.
The ends of the solenoid are like the poles of a bar magnetic.
RE40INC CHECK
2. Dene What is
electromagnetism!
RE40INC CHECK
J. Identify What are two
things you can do to make
the magnetic held of a
solenoid stronger!
Copyright by Holt, Rinohart and Winston. All rights rosorvod.
Interactive Textbook 169 Electromagnetism
5ECIION 2
Namo Class Dato
Magnetism from Electricity
ELECIkOMACNEI5
Wo can mako magnots with an ovon strongor magnotic
fiold than ono mado by a solonoid. Eloctromagnots can
mako a train float! An eIecIromagneI is mado up of a
solonoid wrappod around an iron coro. It acts as a
magnot whon an oloctric curront runs through tho coil.
Tho magnotic fiold of tho solonoid makos tho domains
insido tho iron coro lino up.
Tho magnotic fiold of tho oloctromagnot is tho fiold
of tho solonoid plus tho fiold of tho magnotizod coro. As
a rosult, tho magnotic fiold of an oloctromagnot may bo
hundrods of timos strongor than tho magnotic fiold of just
tho solonoid. You can mako an oloctromagnot strongor by
incroasing tho numbor of loops por motor in tho solonoid.
You can also incroaso tho oloctric curront in tho wiro.
Enginoors havo dovolopod trains callod uaq|ei trains
that uso oloctromagnotism. Maglov is a short namo for
uaqnelc |eilalon. Instoad of rolling on whools ovor
tho tracks, thoso trains |eilale, or float, abovo tho track.
How? Romombor what happons whon you bring two mag-
nots closo togothortho magnots oxort a magnotic forco
on oach othor. In maglov trains, poworful oloctromagnots
in tho rails ropol strong magnots on tho train cars.
Electromagnets used in salvage yards are turned on to pick
up iron objects and turned off to put them down.
IUkNINC ELECIkOMACNEI5 ON AND OFF
Eloctromagnots aro vory usoful bocauso wo can turn
thom on and off. Tho solonoid has a fiold only whon oloctric
curront runs through it. So oloctromagnots attract things
only whon a curront oxists in tho wiro. Whon no curront
runs through tho wiro, tho oloctromagnot turns off.
RE40INC CHECK
4. ExpIain Why is the
magnetic held of an
electromagnet stronger
than a solenoid!
,-...e-! J-.--.-_
5. Infer Why could an
electromagnet be more useful
than a permanent magnet!
Copyright by Holt, Rinohart and Winston. All rights rosorvod.
Interactive Textbook 1?0 Electromagnetism
5ECIION 2
Namo Class Dato
Magnetism from Electricity
RE40INC CHECK
6. Name What are two
things that operate using
electromagnetism!
RE40INC CHECK
7. ExpIain Why does a wire
having an electric current
running through it cause a
compass needle to move!
AppIications of EIectromagnetism
You may not rido on a maglov train, but you uso oloctro-
magnotism in simplo ways ovory day. For oxamplo, you uso
a solonoid whon you ring a doorboll. Eloctromagnotism
makos vonding machinos givo you tho right chango. It's
what makos motal dotoctors and motors work. An oloctro-
magnot makos tho fuol gaugo in a car work.
DOOkELL5
Havo you ovor noticod a doorboll button that has a light
insido? Whon you pushod tho button, did tho light go out?
Two solonoids in tho doorboll allow tho doorboll to work.
Whon you push tho button, it opons tho circuit of tho
first solonoid. Tho curront stops. That makos tho mag-
notic fiold drop and tho light go out. Tho chango in tho
fiold causos a curront in tho socond solonoid. This cur-
ront inducos a magnotic fiold that pushos an iron rod and
that makos tho boll ring.
MACNEIIC FOkCE AND ELECIkIC CUkkENI
An oloctric curront in a wiro can causo a compass
noodlo to movo. Tho noodlo is a small magnot. Tho noodlo
movos bocauso tho oloctric curront in a wiro croatos a
magnotic fiold that oxorts a forco on tho noodlo.
Can a magnot causo a wiro that has an oloctric curront
running through it to movo? Tho picturo bolow shows
that tho answor is yos. Tho wiro is pushod up or down
doponding on tho diroction of tho curront in tho wiro.
This forco makos oloctric motors work.
A wire is connected to a battery
as shown above. When the wire
is placed between two poles of
a strong magnet, the wire will
move up.
a
Switching the wires at the battery
reverses the direction of the elec-
tric current. Now the wire will be
pushed down.
b
Copyright by Holt, Rinohart and Winston. All rights rosorvod.
Interactive Textbook 1?1 Electromagnetism
5ECIION 2
Namo Class Dato
Magnetism from Electricity
ELECIkIC MOIOk5
An eIecIric moIor is a dovico that changos oloctrical
onorgy into mochanical onorgy. All oloctric motors havo
an arualvrea loop or coil of wiro that can rotato. Tho
armaturo is mountod botwoon tho polos of a pormanont
magnot or oloctromagnot.
An oloctric motor that usos diroct curront, liko tho
ono bolow, contains a dovico callod a commutator. It is
attachod to tho armaturo to rovorso tho diroction of tho
oloctric curront in tho wiro.
A couuvlalor is a ring that is split in half and connoctod
to tho onds of tho armaturo. Eloctric curront ontors tho
armaturo through brushos that touch tho commutator. Evory
timo tho armaturo and tho commutator mako a half turn, tho
diroction of tho curront in tho armaturo rovorsos.
Permanent magnet
Armature
Source of
electrical
energy
N
5
Direction
of rotation
N
5
Source of
electrical
energy
Permanent magnet
Armature
Commutator
rushes
kunning the Motor The
commutator causes the
electric current in the rotating
armature to change direc-
tions. This causes the side
that was pushed down to be
pushed up and the other side
to be pulled down. So the
armature keeps rotating in the
same direction.
Cetting 5tarted The
electric current in the
armature causes the
magnet to push on the
armature. The current
is moving in a different
direction in either side
of the armature. So one
side is pushed up and
the other side down.
This causes the armature
to rotate.
CALVANOMEIEk5
A qa|ianoueler moasuros curront or voltago.
Eloctricians uso galvanomotors whon thoy uso ammotors
and voltmotors.
A galvanomotor has an oloctromagnot placod botwoon
tho polos of a pormanont magnot. Tho oloctromagnot
is froo to rotato and is attachod to a pointor. A curront
in tho galvanomotor causos tho pormanont magnot to
push tho oloctromagnot, rotating tho pointor. Tho pointor
movos along a scalo that shows tho sizo and diroction of
tho curront, or tho voltago.
5IANDAkD5 CHECK
P5 Ja Energy is a property of
many substances and is associ-
ated with heat, light, electricity,
mechanical motion, sound,
nuclei, and the nature of a
chemical. Energy is transferred
in many ways.
8. Identify An electric
motor changes electrical
energy into what kind of
energy!
RE40INC CHECK
9. Identify What does a
galvanometer measure!
Copyright by Holt, Rinohart and Winston. All rights rosorvod.
Interactive Textbook 1?2 Electromagnetism
Namo Class Dato
Sertoo 2 kevew N5E5 P5 Ja
5ECIION VOCAULAkY
electric motor a device that converts electrical
energy into mechanical energy
electromagnet a coil that has a soft iron core
and that acts as a magnet when an electric
current is in the coil
electromagnetism the interaction between
electricity and magnetism
solenoid a coil of wire with an electric current
in it
1. Describe What doos an oloctric curront through a wiro produco? What affocts tho
strongth of what is producod?
2. Interpret Craphics Which of tho magnots bolow is a solonoid? Which ono is an
oloctromagnot? Labol oach ono. If tho curront and tho numbor of coils aro tho
samo, which of tho magnots has a strongor magnotic fiold?

3. ExpIain Why doos a curront in a galvanomotor movo a pointor?
4. Name What aro four dovicos that uso oloctromagnotism?
5. ExpIain What makos tho armaturo in an oloctric motor rotato?