THEORIES OF GROWTH & DEVELOPMENT SUMMARIZED Age Group Infant Erikson; Psychosocial Theory Ages 0 to 18 mos Trust vs.

mistrust (consistency of needs being met allows infant to predict responses) Ages 18 mos to 3 yrs Autonomy vs. shame and doubt (desire to do things independently) Ages 3 to 6 Initiative vs. sense of guilt (mimics; more purposeful & active in goal setting) Ages 6 to 13 Industry vs. inferiority (using hands to make things; being helpful; mastering tasks) Ages 13 to 18 Identity vs. confusion (defining self in relation to others) Piaget: Freud: Cognitive Theory Psychosexual Theory Ages 0 to 2 Ages 0 to 6 mos Sensorimotor Oral passive (can't learn without doing; (id develops; biological pleasure principle) reflexive behavior) Ages 7 to 18 mos Oral aggressive (teething begins; everything is put into mouth; oral satisfaction decreases anxiety) N/A Ages 18 mos to 3 yrs Anal (bowel & bladder training occur; child projects feelings onto others; elimination & retention are used to control & inhibit) Ages 2 to 4 Ages 4 to 5 Preoperational-preconceptual Phallic (egocentric, magical thinking; (ego develops objective conscious reality; no cause-effect reasoning; Opedipal complex - love of opposite-sex uses symbols) parent) Ages 4 to 7 Ages 6 to 12 Intuitive-preoperational Latent (begin cause-effect) (superego develops morality; repressed Ages 7 to 11 sexual drive) Concrete operations (collecting; mastering facts) Ages 11 to 15 N/A Formal operations (abstract ideas; reality based) Kohlberg: Moral Reasoning N/A

Toddler

N/A

Preschool Age

School Age

Ages 4 to 10 Preconventional Morality (based on external control; observe standards of others to avoid punishment or receive rewards) Ages 10 to 13 Conventional Morality (observe and internalize the standards of other; want to please others) Age 13, later or never. Postconventional Morality (attainment of true morality conduct control is internal)

Adolescence