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Operating System Concepts, Ninth Edition.
- Symantec Internet Security Threat Report 2013 Volume 18.
- Cristian Florian. The Most Vulnerable Operating Systems
DQG$SSOLFDWLRQVLQKWWSZZZJFRPEORJUHSRUWWKH
most-vulnerable-operating-systems-and-applications-in-2012/.
- Gregg Keizer. XPs retirement will be hacker heaven. http://
www.computerworld.com/s/article/9241585/XP_s_retirement_
will_be_hacker_heaven?pageNumber=1
- Jaeger, Trent. Operating system security. Synthesis Lectures
on Information Security, Privacy and Trust 1.1 (2008): 1-218.

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Arabic Web sites, The 15th International Conference on
Advanced Communication Technology (ICACT), 2013.
-'DUF\7UDYORVFive Reasons Why Google Android
versus Apple iOS Market Share Numbers Dont
Matter, Forbes, August 22, 2012. Online: http://www.
IRUEHVFRPVLWHVGDUF\WUDYORVYHUHDVRQV
why-google-android-versus-apple-ios-market-sharenumbers-dont-matter/.
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2013. Online: http://www.mcafee.com/us/resources/
reports/rp-quarterly-threat-q1-2013.pdf.
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killing Apple, Android Authority, June 28, 2013.
2QOLQHKWWSZZZDQGURLGDXWKRULW\FRPYHUHDVRQV
android-killing-apple-234364/.
- 6\PDQWHF 2013 Internet Security Threat Report,
Volume 18, 2013. Online: http://www.symantec.com/
security_response/publications/threatreport.jsp.
- =DFN:KLWWDNHU Android security holes worry FBI,
DHS, August 26, 2013. Online: http://news.cnet.
com/8301-1009_3-57600105-83/android-securityholes-worry-fbi-dhs/.

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- IBM (2012). Introuduction to Virtulization. Retrieved November 8, 2013 from http://pic.dhe.
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- Kleyman, B. (2012). Hypervisor 101: Understanding the Virtualization Market. Retrieved September
10, 2013, from http://www.datacenterknowledge.
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`g1435

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`g1435

(109)OdG

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`g1435

(109)OdG

IY d eG SHj GRS HhCG fj


(PostgreSQL 9.2) Q`` ` G M e ``fdG
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`g1435

(109)OdG

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`` ` ` ` ` f ` ` Y `` ` ` ` ` ` `e - (Mandriva OS)

GG
- Free Software Movement (gnu.org)
- http://www.fsf.org/about/what-is-free-software
- http://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-sw.html
- http://www.networkworld.com/subnets/
opensource/031010-select-an-open-source-osopensource-subnet.html?page=2
- http://blog.dreamcss.com/tools/open-sourceoperating-systems/

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`g1435

(109)OdG



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`g1435

(109)OdG

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- http://www.helallinux.com/blog/?p=401
- http://www.alriyadh.com/2007/02/05/article222401.html
- http://www.alriyadh.com/2006/04/27/article149638.html
- http://www.damasgate.com/vb/t61620/

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http://www.lakii.com/vb/a/111/a-752012
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- https://www.cs.purdue.edu/people/faculty/spaf/
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_Spafford
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuxnet
- http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce_Schneier
- http://www.sciencesway.info/vb/showthread.
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