Class 9-10 Civics Bangla

RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyZK evW KZK 2013 wkvel _K
beg-`kg kwYi cvVcyZKi~c wbavwiZ
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
beg-`kg kwY
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RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK evW, XvKv
RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK evW

69-70, gwZwSj evwYwRK GjvKv, XvKv-1000
KZK cKvwkZ|
[cKvkK KZK me^Z msiwZ]

cixvg~jK msiY
c_g cKvk : Avei, 2012
cvVcyK cYqb mg^qK

cvifR Avvi
gviydv eMg
KwDUvi KvR
cvidg Kvjvi Mvwd (cv:) wj:
cQ`
my`kb evQvi
myRvDj Ave`xb
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RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK evW
miKvi KZK webvg~j weZiYi Rb

gy`Y:
cmM-K_v
wkv RvZxq Rxebi mevZgyLx Dbqbi c~ekZ| Avi `yZ cwieZbkxj weki Pvj gvKvejv Ki
evsjv`kK Dbqb I mgwi w`K wbq hvIqvi Rb cqvRb mywkwZ Rbkw| fvlv Av`vjb I gywhyi
PZbvq `k Movi Rb wkv_xi AwbwnZ gav I mvebvi cwic~Y weKvk mvnvh Kiv gvawgK wkvi
AbZg j| GQvov cv_wgK i AwRZ wkvi gwjK vb I `Zv mcmvwiZ I mymsnZ Kivi gvag
DPZi wkvi hvM Ki ZvjvI G ii wkvi Dk| vbvRbi GB cwqvi wfZi w`q wkv_xK
`ki A_bwZK, mvgvwRK, mvswZK I cwiekMZ cUf~wgi cwZ ` I hvM bvMwiK Ki ZvjvI
gvawgK wkvi AbZg weeP welq|
RvZxq wkvbxwZ-2010 Gi j I DkK mvgb iL cwigvwRZ nqQ gvawgK ii wkvg|
cwigvwRZ GB wkvg RvZxq Av`k, j, Dk I mgKvjxb Pvwn`vi cwZdjb NUvbv nqQ, mB mv_
wkv_xì eqm, gav I MnY gZv Abyhvqx wkLbdj wbaviY Kiv nqQ| GQvov wkv_xi bwZK I gvbweK
g~jeva _K iy Ki BwZnvm I HwZn PZbv, gnvb gywhyi PZbv, wk-mvwnZ-mswZeva,
`kcgeva, cKwZ-PZbv Ges ag-eY-Mv I bvix-cyiyl wbwekl mevi cwZ mgghv`veva RvMZ Kivi Pv
Kiv nqQ| GKwU wevbgb RvwZ MVbi Rb Rxebi cwZwU wevbi ^Zt~Z cqvM I wWwRUvj
evsjv`ki icK-2021 Gi j evevqb wkv_xì mg Ki Zvjvi Pv Kiv nqQ|
bZzb GB wkvgi AvjvK cYxZ nqQ gvawgK ii cvq mKj cvVcyK| D cvVcyK cYqb
wkv_xì mvg_, ceYZv I c~e AwfZvK iyZi m weePbv Kiv nqQ| cvVcyKjvi welq
wbevPb I Dcvcbi wkv_xi mRbkxj cwZfvi weKvk mvabi w`K weklfve iyZ Ìqv nqQ|
cwZwU Aavqi iyZ wkLbdj hy Ki wkv_xi AwRZe vbi BwZ c`vb Kiv nqQ Ges wewP KvR,
mRbkxj ck I Abvb ck mshvRb Ki g~jvqbK mRbkxj Kiv nqQ|
AvaywbK wek cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv AZ iyZc~Y welq| GB welq vbjvf Ki GKRb ew mybvMwiKi
Yvewj ARb Kie Ges `ki mgmv mgvavb Ki RvwZ MVb Ae`vb ivLe| GB wkv wkv_xK AvZ
Kgmsvb ce nq ivRbwZK, mvgvwRK I A_bwZK Dbqb mnvqK kw wnme mvnvh Kie| beg`kg kwYi cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv bZzb wkvg Abyhvqx hyMvchvMx Ki cYxZ nqQ| gywhyi mwVK
BwZnvm I gywhyi PZbv h_vh_fve cwZdwjZ nqQ| Avkv Kwi eBwU wkv_xK AvaywbK gvbyl nZ
mvnvh Kie|
GKwesk kZKi AxKvi I cZqK mvgb iL cwigvwRZ wkvgi AvjvK cvVcyKwU iwPZ nqQ|
KvRB cvVcyKwUi AviI mgwmvabi Rb h Kvbv MVbg~jK I hywmZ civgk iyZi m weewPZ
ne| cvVcyK cYqbi wecyj Kghi ga AwZ ^ mgqi ga cyKwU iwPZ nqQ| dj wKQy fyjywU
_K hZ cvi| cieZx msiYjvZ cvVcyKwUK AviI myì, kvfb I ywUgy Kivi Pv AevnZ
_vKe| evbvbi AbymZ nqQ evsjv GKvWgx KZK cYxZ evbvbixwZ|
cvVcyKwU iPbv, mv`bv, wPvb, bgybv ckvw` cYqb I cKvkbvi KvR hviv AvwiKfve gav I kg
w`qQb Zuvì abev` vcb KiwQ| cvVcyKwU wkv_xì Avbw`Z cvV I cZvwkZ `Zv ARb wbwZ
Kie ej Avkv Kwi|
cdmi gvt gvdv KvgvjDwb
Pqvigvb
RvZxq wkvg I cvVcyK evW, XvKv
m~wPc
Aavq
Aavqi wkivbvg
cv
c_g
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
1-11
wZxq
bvMwiK I bvMwiKZv
12-20
ZZxq
AvBb, ^vaxbZv I mvg
21-28
PZz_
iv I miKvieev
29-43
cg
msweavb
44-52
evsjv`ki miKvieev
53-67
mg
MYZ ivRbwZK `j I wbevPb
68-75
Ag
evsjv`ki vbxq miKvieev
76-94
beg
bvMwiK mgmv I Avgvì KiYxq
95-111
`kg
^vaxb evsjv`ki Afz`q bvMwiK PZbv
112-128
GKv`k
evsjv`k I AvRvwZK msMVb
129-144
c_g Aavq
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
cibxwZK ejv nq bvMwiKZv welqK wevb| KviY bvMwiKZvi mv_ RwoZ mKj welq cibxwZZ
AvjvPbv Kiv nq| ivi bvMwiK wnmve Avgvì cZKi cibxwZ mK aviYv _vKv cqvRb| G
Aavq cibxwZ I bvMwiKZvi mv_ mwKZ wewfb w`K hgb- cwievi, mgvR, iv, ivi Drcw, miKvi
BZvw` mK AvjvPbv vb cqQ|
G Aavq cov kl Avgiv
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv welq aviYv evLv KiZ cvie|
cibxwZ cvVi cqvRbxqZv evLv KiZ cvie|
cwievi, mgvR, iv I miKvii aviYv evLv KiZ cvie|
ivi Drcw mK eYbv KiZ cvie|
cwievi, mgvR, iv I miKvii mK weklY KiZ cvie|
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
cibxwZi BsiwR k wmwf (Civics)| wmwf kwU `ywU jvwUb k wmwfm (Civis) Ges wmwfUvm
(Civitas) _K GmQ| wmwfm ki A_ bvMwiK (Citizen) Avi wmwfUvm ki A_ bMi-iv (City
State) | cvPxb wMm bvMwiK I bMi-iv wQj AweQ`| H mgq wMm QvU QvU Aj wbq Mo DV
bMi-iv| hviv ivxq KvR mivmwi AskMnY KiZ, Zvì bvMwiK ejv nZv| ay cyiylkwY ivxq KvR
AskMnYi myhvM cZ weavq Zvì bvMwiK ejv nZv | `vm, gwnjv I we`wkì G myhvM wQj bv| Gme
bvMwiKi AvPiY I Kvhvewj wbq AvjvPbvB wQj cibxwZi welqey|
eZgvb GKw`K bvMwiKi aviYvi cwieZb NUQ, Abw`K bMi-ivi j enr AvKvii RvZxqZvev`x
iv cwZwZ nqQ| hgbevsjv`ki dj 1,47,570 eM wKjvwgUvi Ges jvKmsLv cvq 15 KvwU|
Avgiv mevB evsjv`ki bvMwiK| bvMwiK AwaKvi fvMi cvkvcvwk Avgiv ivi cwZ `vwqZ I KZe cvjb
Ki _vwK| Ze Avgvì ga hviv Acveq A_vr hvì eqm 18 eQii wbP, Zviv fvU`vb wKsev
wbevwPZ nIqvi gZv ivRbwZK AwaKvi fvM KiZ cvi bv| ZvQvov we`wkì mKj ivRbwZK AwaKvi
fvM Kivi myhvM bB| hgb- wbevPb fvU`vb ev wbevwPZ nIqvi AwaKvi bB| g~jZ iv c` bvMwiKi
ghv`vK bvMwiKZv ejv nq| bvMwiKZv I ivi mv_ RwoZ meB cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv welqi
welqe| wewUk ivwevbx B. Gg. nvqvBU h_v_B ejQb, cibxwZ njv vbi mB g~jevb kvLv, hv
bvMwiKZvi AZxZ, eZgvb I fwelr Ges vbxq, RvZxq I AvRvwZK gvbeZvi mv_ RwoZ mKj welq
wbq AvjvPbv Ki|
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
welqei `wZ cibxwZK `ywU A_ AvjvPbv Kiv hvq| h_v: evcK A_, cibxwZ bvMwiKZvi mv_
RwoZ mKj welq wbq AvjvPbv Ki| hgb- AwaKvi I KZe, mvgvwRK I ivRbwZK cwZvb, bvMwiKZvi
_vbxq, RvZxq I AvRvwZK welq, bvMwiKZvi AZxZ, eZgvb I fwelr| msKxY A_, AwaKvi I KZe
cibxwZi welqey|
myZivs ejv hvq, bvMwiK, cwievi, mgvR I ivi AvPiY I Kvhvewj wbq avivevwnK AvjvPbvi gvag h
welqwU Av`k bvMwiK Rxeb m^ vb `vb Ki, ZvK cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv ejv nq|
GKK KvR : cibxwZ I bvMwiKZvi cvPxb I AvaywbK aviYvi cv_K wbYq Kie|
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv welqi cwimi ev welqe

cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv welqi cwimi evcK I weZ| wbg Avgiv Gi cwimi ev welqe wbq AvjvPbv
Kie1.
bvMwiKi AwaKvi I KZe : ivi bvMwiK wnme Avgiv hgb ivc` mvgvwRK, ivRbwZK,
A_bwZKI gwjK AwaKvi fvM Kwi, Zgwb AvgvìKI ivi cwZ `vwqZ I KZe cvjb KiZ nq|
hgb- ivi cwZ AvbyMZ cKvk, AvBb gvb Kiv, mwVK mgq Ki c`vb Kiv, mvbì wkwZ Kiv,
ivi mev Kiv, mZZvi mv_ fvU`vb BZvw`| bvMwiKi AwaKvi I KZe cibxwZ I bvMwiKZvi
welqe| ZvQvov mybvMwiKZvi ewk, mybvMwiKZv ARbi cwZeKZv Ges Zv `~i Kivi Dcvq
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv welq AvjvPbv Kiv nq|
2. mvgvwRK I ivRbwZK cwZvb : bvMwiK RxebK DbZ I mg Kivi j Mo DVQ wewfb mvgvwRK
I ivRbwZK cwZvb| hgb- cwievi, mgvR, iv, wbevPb, ivRbwZK `j BZvw`| Gì Drcw,
cKwZ I Kvhvewj cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv welq AvjvPbv Kiv nq| Zv Qvov mvgvwRK g~jeva, AvBb,
^vaxbZv I mvg, msweavb, RbgZ cfwZ welq cibxwZ I bvMwiKZvi AvjvP welq|
3. bvMwiKZvi vbxq, RvZxq I AvRvwZK welq : Avgiv hLvb evm Kwi, mLvb AvgvìK K` Ki
Mo IV vbxq wewfb cwZvb| hgb- BDwbqb cwil`, cimfv, wmwU Kcvikb BZvw`| wVK Zgwb
bvMwiKK K` Ki RvZxq chvq AvBb wefvM, kvmb wefvM, wePvi wefvM Ges AvRvwZK chvq
KgbIqj_, RvwZmsN BZvw` cwZvb Mo IV| Gme vbxq, RvZxq I AvRvwZK cwZvbi MVb,
Kvhvewj, Ae`vb Ges bvMwiKi mv_ Gme cwZvbi mK wbq cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv welq
AvjvPbv Kiv nq|
4. bvMwiKZvi AZxZ, eZgvb I fwelr : cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv welqwU bvMwiKì AZxZ, eZgvb I
fwelr wbq AvjvPbv Ki| hgb- AZxZ bvMwiKZv Kxfve wbYq Kiv nZv, bvMwiKi AwaKvi I
KZe Kgb wQj, eZgvbi bvMwiKi ghv`v wKi~c Gmei Dci wfw Ki cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
welqwU fwelr bvMwiK Rxebi w`K wb`kbv c`vb Ki|
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
`jxq KvR : cibxwZ I bvMwiKZvi welqwU Avgiv Kb cvV Kie `j AvjvPbv Ki Zv kwYZ Dcvcb Ki|
cwievi
mgvR ^xKZ weevneb Ave nq ^vgx-xi GK emevm KivK cwievi ej| A_vr eevwnK mKi
wfwZ GK ev GKvwaK cyiyl I gwnjv, Zvì mvbvw`, wcZvgvZv Ges Abvb cwiRb wbq h msMVb Mo
IV- ZvK cwievi ej| gvKvBfvii gZ, mvb Rb`vb I jvjb-cvjbi Rb msMwVZ ~` eMK cwievi
ej| Avgvì `k mvaviYZ gv-evev, fvB-evb, PvPv-PvwP I `v`v-`vwì mg^q cwievi Mo IV| Ze ay
GKRb gwnjv ev GKRb cyiylK cwievi ejv nq bv| g~jZ cwievi njv n, gvqv, ggZv, fvjvevmvi eb
Ave nq MwVZ z` mvgvwRK cwZvb|
cwievii kwYwefvM
Avgiv mevB cwievi evm Kwi| wKy me cwievii cKwZ I MVb KvVvgv GK iKg bq| KvRB KZjv
bxwZi wfwZ cwievii kwYwefvM Kiv hvq| hgb- (K) esk MYbv I bZZ (L) cvwievwiK KvVvgv I
(M) eevwnK m~|
K. esk MYbv I bZZ : G bxwZi wfwZ cwieviK `yB fvM fvM Kiv hvq| h_v- wcZZvwK I
gvZZvwK cwievi| wcZZvwK cwievi mvbiv wcZvi eskcwiPq cwiwPZ nq Ges wcZv cwievi
bZZ `b| Avgvì `ki AwaKvsk cwievi G aibi| Abw`K, gvZZvwK cwievi gvqi
eskcwiPq mvbiv cwiwPZ nq Ges gv cwievi bZZ `b | hgb- Avgvì `k Mvivì ga G
aibi cwievi `Lv hvq|
L. cvwievwiK KvVvgv : cvwievwiK MVb I KvVvgvi wfwZ cwieviK `yB kwYZ fvM Kiv hvq| h_vGKK I h_ cwievi| GKK cwievi gv-evev I fvB-evb wbq MwVZ nq| G aibi cwievi QvU nq
_vK| h_ cwievi evev-gv, fvB-evb, `v`v-`vw`, PvPv-PvwP I Abvb cwiRb GK evm Ki| h_
cwievi eo cwievi| evsjv`k Dfq aibi cwievi iqQ| Ze eZgvb GKK cwievii msLv
evoQ| g~jZ h_ cwievi KqKwU GKK cwievii mgw|
M.
eevwnK m~ : eevwnK m~i wfwZ wZb aibi cwievi j Kiv hvq| h_v- GKcwZK, ecwZK I
ecwZ cwievi| GKcZxK cwievi GKRb ^vgxi GKRb x _vK| Avi ecwZK cwievi GKRb
^vgxi GKvwaK x _vK| Avgvì mgvRi AwaKvsk cwievi GKcZxK, Ze ecZxK cwieviI K`vwPr
`Lv hvq| ecwZ cwievi GKRb xi GKvwaK ^vgx _vK| evsjv`k G aibi cwievi `Lv hvq bv|
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
GKK KvR : wkv_xiv kwYK wbPi QKwU c~iY Kie|

bxwZ/ wfw
1| esk MYbv I bZZi wfwZ
cwievii bvg
1|
2|
2| AvKvi ev KvVvgvi wfwZ
1|
2|
3| eevwnK m~
1|
2|
3|
cwievii Kvhvewj
cwievii m`mì myì I wbivc` Rxeb Mo Zvjvi Rb cwievi ewea KvR Ki| cwievi mvaviYZ hme
Kvh mv`b Ki, mjv wbgic1. RweK KvR : Avgvì gv-evev weevneb Ave nIqvi djB Avgiv RbMnY KiwQ Ges Zvì viv
jvwjZ-cvwjZ nwQ| AZGe, mvb Rb`vb I jvjb-cvjb Kiv cwievii AbZg KvR| cwievii G aibi
KvRK RweK KvR ejv nq|
2. wkvg~jK KvR : Avgvì ga AbKB we`vjq hvIqvi c~eB cwievi eYgvjvi mv_ cwiwPZ nB|
ZvQvov gv-evev I fvB-evbì cviwiK mnvqZvq mZZv, wkvPvi, D`viZv, wbqgvbyewZZv BZvw` gvbweK
Yvewji wkv jvfi c_g myhvM cwieviB mw nq| Gjv cwievii wkvg~jK KvR| Avi cwievi wki
cv_wgK wkv iy nq ej cwieviK kvkZ we`vjq ev Rxebi c_g cvVkvjv ejv nq|
3. A_bwZK KvR : cwievii m`mì Lv`, e, evm_vb, wkv, wPwKrmv cfwZ Pvwn`v c~iYi `vwqZ
cwievii| cwievii m`miv wewfbfve A_ DcvRbi gvag Gme Pvwn`v wgwUq _vK| cwieviK K`
Ki KzwUi wk, grm Pvl, KwlKvR, c cvjb BZvw` A_bwZK Kvh mvw`Z nq| wevb I chywi AfZc~e
DbwZi dj cwievii mv_ mswk KvRi RvqMvjv AbK cwiewZZ nqQ| Kvbv Kvbv
nvm cqQ| Ze AvRI cwievi Avgvì mKj cKvi A_bwZK Pvwn`v c~iY KiQ|
4. ivRbwZK KvR : cwievi mvaviYZ evev-gv wKsev eo fvB-evb AwffveKi fwgKv cvjb Ki| Avgiv
QvUiv Zvì Av`k-wb`k AbymiY ev gvb Ki Pwj| ZvivI Avgvì AwaKvi ivq KvR Ki| eyw, weeK
I AvZmshgi wkv `b, hv Avgvì mybvMwiK nZ mvnvh Ki| Gfve cvwievwiK wkv I wbqg gb Pjvi
gvag cwieviB wki ivRbwZK wkv iy nq| G wkv cieZxKvj ivxq Rxeb KvR jvM| GQvov
eoì ivRbwZK AvjvPbv b I m AvjvPbvq AskMnY Ki Avgiv `ki ivRbxwZ mK mPZb nq DwV|
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
5. gbvwK KvR : cwievi gvqvggZv, mn-fvjvevmv w`q cwievii m`mì gvbwmK Pvwn`v c~iY Ki|
wbRi myL-`ytL, Avb`-e`bv cwievii Abvb m`mi mv_ fvMvfvwM Ki ckvw jvf Kiv hvq| hgbKvbv welq gb Lvivc nj gv-evev, fvB-evbì mv_ Avjvc-AvjvPbv Ki Zvi mgvavb Kiv hvq| G
aibi AvjvPbv gvbwmK kvw-Kvw gyQ w`Z mvnvh Ki| ZvQvov cwievi _K wk D`viZv, mnbkxjZv,
mngwgZv cfwZ Yjv wkv jvf Ki, hv Zvì gvbwmK w`KK mg Ki|
6. webv`bg~jK KvR : cwievii m`mì mv_ M-Re, nvwm-Vvv, Mvb-evRbv, wUwf `Lv, wewfb RvqMvq
eovZ hvIqv BZvwì gvag Avgiv webv`b jvf Kwi| eZgvb wevb I chywi Dbqbi dj cwievii
DjwLZ KvRjv wKQzUv nvm cjI m`mì mevwaK KjvY mvab cwievii Gme KvRi iyZ Acwimxg|
KvR : wkv_xiv QKi gvag cwievii wewfb aibi KvRi ZvwjKv Zwi Kie|
cwievii KvRi
cwievii KvRi msw weeiY/ D`vniY
1| RweK KvR
2| wkvg~jK KvR
3| A_bwZK KvR
4| ivRbwZK KvR
5| gbvwK KvR
6| webv`bg~jK KvR
mgvR
mgvR ejZ mB msNe RbMvxK evSvq, hviv Kvbv mvaviY Dk mvabi Rb GKwZ nq| A_vr
GK`j jvK hLb mvaviY Dk mvabi Rb msNe nq emevm Ki, ZLbB mgvR MwVZ nq| mgvRi G
aviYvwU weklY Kij Gi cavb `ywU ewk j Kiv hvq| h_v- K) ejvKi msNefve emevm Ges
L) H msNeZvi cQb _vKe mvaviY Dk| ZvQvov mgvRi m`mì ga AviI wKQy ewk j Kiv
hvq- HK I cviwiK mnhvwMZv, wbfikxjZv, wqv-cwZwqv, mv`k-emv`k BZvw`|
mgvRi mv_ gvbyli mK AweQ`| gvbylK wbq mgvR Mo IV| Avi mgvR gvbyli egyLx cqvRb
wgwUq DbZ I wbivc` mvgvwRK Rxeb `vb Ki| mgvRi gaB gvbyli gvbexq Yvewj I mvgvwRK
g~jevai weKvk NU| mgvRK mf Rxebhvcbi Av`k vb gb Ki ej gvbyl Zvi wbRi cqvRbB
mgvR Mo Zvj| wMK `vkwbK AvwiUj h_v_B ejQb, gvbyl ^fveMZ mvgvwRK Rxe, h mgvR evm Ki
bv, m nq c, bv nq èZv| eZyZ gvbyl Rb _K gZy ch mgvR emevm Ki Ges mvgvwRK cwiekB
m wbRK weKwkZ Ki|
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
KvR : wkv_xiv `j wef nq cwievi I mgvRi mK wbYq Kie| (`jMZ KvRi mnvqK
cqU: AweQ`/ ciii cfve/wbivcv `vb/ ewZi weKvk mnvqZv)
iv
iv GKwU ivRbwZK cwZvb| weki gvbyl Kvbv bv Kvbv iv emevm Ki| Avgvì GB cw_exZ QvU
eo wgwjq 197 iv AvQ| cwZwU iviB AvQ wbw` fL Ges RbmsLv| G Qvov iv cwiPvjbvi Rb
AviI AvQ miKvi Ges iv cwiPvjbvi mevP gZv A_vr mvefgZ| g~jZ Gjv Qvov Kvbv iv MwVZ
nZ cvi bv| AavcK Mvbvi ejb, mywbw` fL _vqxfve emevmKvix, mymsMwVZ miKvii cwZ
^fveRvZfve AvbyMZkxj, ewntkyi wbqY nZ gy, ^vaxb RbmgwK iv ej| G msv weklY Kij
ivi PviwU Dcv`vb cvIqv hvq| h_v- 1| Rbmgw 2| wbw` fL 3| miKvi I 4| mvefgZ|
1. Rbmgw: iv MVbi Acwinvh Dcv`vb Rbmgw| Kvbv fL GKwU RbMvx vqxfve emevm
KijB iv MwVZ nZ cvi| Ze GKwU iv MVbi Rb Kx cwigvY Rbmgw cqvRb, Gi Kvbv
mywbw` wbqg bB| hgbevsjv`ki RbmsLv cvq 15 KvwU, fviZi RbmsLv 100 KvwUi ewk,
eybvBq cvq `yB j| Ze ivwevbxì gZ, GKwU ivi mì mv_ mvgmc~Y RbmsLv _vKv
evbxq|
2. wbw` fL : iv MVbi Rb wbw` fL AvekK| fL ejZ GKwU ivi _jfvM, RjfvM I
AvKvkmxgvK evSvq| ivi fL QvU ev eo nZ cvi| hgbevsjv`ki dj 1,47,570 eM
wKjvwgUvi| MYPxb, fviZ, gvwKb hyiv, KvbvWv cfwZ ivi AvqZb evsjv`ki Pq AbK eo|
3. miKvi : ivi GKwU iyZc~Y Dcv`vb miKvi| miKvi Qvov iv MwVZ nZ cvi bv| ivi hveZxq
Kvhvewj miKvii gvag cwiPvwjZ nq| miKvi MwVZ nq wZbwU wefvM wbq| h_v- AvBb wefvM, kvmb
wefvM I wePvi wefvM| miKvii MVb mKj ivi GKB iKg njI ivf` miKvii i~c wfb wfb|
hgbevsjv`k msm`xq miKvi, Avevi gvwKb hyiv ivcwZ kvwmZ miKvi| ivi hvZxq
kvmbKvR miKviB cwiPvjbv Ki _vK|
4. mvefgZ : mvefgZ iv MVbi mePq iyZc~Y I AZvekKxq Dcv`vb| GwU ivi Pig, cig I
mevP gZv| Gi `ywU w`K iqQ, h_v- AfixY I evwnK mvefgZ| AfixY mvefgZi
gvag iv `ki Afi wewfb Av`k-wb`k Rvwii gvag ew I msvi Ici KZZ Ki|
Abw`K, evwnK mvefgZi gvag iv ewntkwi wbqY _K `kK gy ivL|
GKK KvR : cwg e, ivRkvnx I PMvg iv wK bv hywmn AvjvPbv Kie|
ivi Drcw
iv KLb I Kxfve Drcw jvf KiQ Zv wbwZ Ki ejv KwVb| Ze ivwevbxiv AZxZ BwZnvm I
ivRbwZK NUbvcevn cixv-bxwiv Ki ivi Drcw mK KZjv gZev` c`vb KiQb| Zba
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
DjLhvM njv- 1| Hkx gZev` 2| ej ev kw cqvM gZev` 3| mvgvwRK Pzw gZev` I 4| HwZnvwmK
ev weeZbg~jK gZev`|
1.
Hkx gZev`
GwU ivi Drcw mK mePq cyivZb gZev`| G gZev` ejv nq- weavZv ev mv ^qs iv mw
KiQb Ges ivK myzfve cwiPvjbvi Rb wZwb kvmK ciY KiQb| kvmK Zvui cwZwbwa Ges wZwb
Zvi KvRi Rb GKgv mv ev weavZvi wbKU `vqx, RbMYi wbKU bq| kvmK hnZz mvi wb`k
KvR Ki, mnZz kvmKi Av`k Agvb Kivi A_ weavZvi wb`k Agvb Kiv| G gZev` Abymvi kvmK
GKvavi hgb ivcavb Ges Abw`K wZwbB Avevi agxq cavb| AvaywbK ivwevbxiv G gZev`K
wec`bK, AMYZvwK I AhwK ej mgvjvPbv Kib| Zvì gZ, hLvb RbMYi wbKU kvmK
`vqx _vK bv, mLvb îkvmb mw nq| G gZev`K weavZvi mwg~jK gZevÌ ejv nq|
2.
ej ev kw cqvM gZev`
G gZevì g~j ee njv- ej ev kw cqvMi gvag ivi Drcw nqQ Ges kwi Rvi iv
wUK AvQ| G gZev` ejv nq, mgvRi ejkvjx ewiv hy-weMn ev ej cqvMi gvag `yeji Dci
wbRì AvwacZ _vcbi gvag iv cwZv Ki Ges kvmbKvh cwiPvjbv Ki| G gZev` AviI
ejv nq, mwi iy _K AvR ch GfveB hy-weMni gvag ivi Rb nqQ| mgvjvPKiv G
gZev`K AhwK, v I gvivZK ej AvLvwqZ KiQb| Zviv ejb, kwi gvagB hw` iv wUK
_vKZ Zvnj kwkvjx ivi cvkvcvwk mvgwiK w`K _K `yej iv wUK _vKZ cviZ bv| Avmj
kwi Rvi bq eis mwZi wfwZ iv Mo IV Ges wUK _vK|
3.
mvgvwRK Pzw gZev`

G gZevì g~jK_v njv- mgvR emevmKvix RbMYi cviwiK Pzwi dj ivi Rb nqQ| wewUk
`vkwbK Ugvm nem& I Rb jK Ges divwm `vkwbK Ruv RvK iykv mvgvwRK Pzw gZevì ceZK
wQjb|
Ugvm nem&
Rb jK
Ruv RvK iykv
G gZev` Abyhvqx, iv mwi c~e gvbyl cKwZi ivR emevm KiZ| Zviv cKwZi wbqg gb PjZ Ges
cvKwZK myhvM-myweav fvM KiZ| wKy cKwZi ivR AvBb Agvb Kij kvw `qvi Kvbv KZc
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
wQj bv| dj mvgvwRK Rxeb AivRKZv I weksLjv mw nq| gvbyl nq IV ^v_ci I AvZKw`K|
`yeji Ici Pj meji AZvPvi| G KviY gvbyli Rxeb KKi I `yweln nq IV| G Qvov cKwZi
ivR RbmsLv ew cvIqvq ewMZ mwi AvKvLv I cqvRbxqZv `Lv `q| cKwZi ivRi G
AivRKZvc~Y Aev _K gyw cvIqvi Rb gvbyl wbRì ga Pzwi gvag iv mw Ki Ges
wbivcvi wewbgq wbRì Ici kvmb Kivi Rb _vqxfve kvmKi nvZ gZv AcY Ki|
4. HwZnvwmK ev weeZbg~jK gZev`
G gZevì g~j ee njv- iv Kvbv GKwU wekl KviY nVvr Ki mw nqwb| `xNw`bi weeZbi
gvag mgvRi wewfb i wewfb kw I Dcv`vb axi axi cwiewZZ nZ nZ ivi Drcw nqQ|
hme Dcv`vbi KvhKvwiZvi dj ivi Drcw nqQ, mjv njv- ii eb, agi eb,
hyweMn, A_bwZK I ivRbwZK PZbv I KvhKjvc| HwZnvwmK ev weeZbg~jK gZev` mK W.
Mvbvi ejb, iv weavZvi mw bq, ej cqvMi gvagI mw nqwb eis HwZnvwmK gweeZbi dj
iv Mo DVQ| ivi Drcw mwKZ wewfb gZevì ga HwZnvwmK ev weeZbg~jK gZev`
mePq hywhy I MnYhvM gZev`| G gZev` ivi Drcwi mwVK evLv cvIqv hvq| Avmj
eZgvbi iv ehyMi weeZbi dj|
GKK KvR : HwZnvwmK ev weeZbg~jK gZev` mecv iyZc~Y I wevbmZ ^c hyw c`kb
Kie|
miKvii aviYv
miKvi iv MVbi GKwU iyZc~Y Dcv`vb| miKvi Qvov iv MwVZ nq bv| miKvii gvagB iv cwiPvwjZ
nq| iv cwiPvjbv KiZ wMq miKvi wZb aibi KvR mv`b Ki| h_v- AvBb, kvmb I wePvi-msv| G
wZb aibi Kvh mv`bi Rb miKvii wZbwU wefvM iqQ| hgb- AvBb wefvM, kvmb wefvM I wePvi
wefvM| AvBb wefvM `ki cqvRbxq AvBb Zwi Ki, mB AvBb cqvM Ki kvmb wefvM myzfve kvmb
Kvh cwiPvjbv Ki Ges wePvi wefvM AcivaxK kvw `q Ges wbicivaxK gyw w`q mgvR bvqwePvi
cwZv Ki| AZGe miKvi ejZ mB RbMvxK evSvq, hviv ivi AvBb cYqb, kvmb cwiPvjbv I wePvi
cwZvi mv_ RwoZ| AvaywbK MYZvwK iv miKvi ejZ RbMYK evSvq| KviY miKvi RbMYi
cwZwbwa wnme KvR Ki|
iv I miKvii mK
cvPxbKvj iv I miKvii Kvbv cv_K Kiv hZ bv| dvi PZy`k jyB ejZb, AvwgB iv| AvaywbKKvj
iv I miKvii ga h_ cv_K iqQ, wbg mjv ewYZ njv1. MVbMZ : Rbmgw, fL, miKvi I mvefgZG PviwU Dcv`vb wbq iv MwVZ nq| miKvi D PviwU
Dcv`vbi ga GKwU AbZg Dcv`vb, hvi gvag iv cwiPvwjZ nq|
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
2. Rbmgw : iv MwVZ nq `ki me RbMY wbq| Avi miKvi MwVZ nq AvBb, kvmb I wePvi wefvM
wbqvwRZ ewì wbq|
3. vwqZ: iv vqx cwZvb, wKy miKvi Avqx Ges cwieZbkxj| ivi kvmbKvh cwiPvjbvi Rb
miKvi cwiewZZ nq| wKy ivi cwieZb nq bv| D`vniYîc, evsjv`k miKvii cwieZb nqQ
eevi, wKy ivi vwqZi Kvbv cwieZb nqwb|
4. cKwZ I ewk : weki mej ivi cKwZ I ewk Awfb| wKy miKvii cKwZ I ewk ivf`
wfb wfb| hgbevsjv`k iqQ msm`xq miKvi, Avevi gvwKb hyiv iqQ ivcwZ kvwmZ
miKvi|
5. mvefgZ : iv mvefg ev mevP gZvi AwaKvix| miKvi mvefg gZvi evevqbKvix gv|
6. aviYv : iv GKwU weg~Z aviYv| ivK `Lv hvq bv, Kbv ev Abyaveb Kiv hvq| wKy miKvi g~Z|
KviY, hvì wbq miKvi MwVZ nq, Zvì `Lv hvq|
myZivs iv I miKvii ga DwjwLZ cv_K _vKjI Avgiv ejZ cvwi, Dfqi cviwiK mK AZ
Nwb | GKwUK Qvov AbwUi K_v Kbv Kiv hvq bv| ivK cwiPvjbvi RbB miKvi MwVZ nq|
`jxq KvR : iv I miKvii mK wbYq Kie|
Abykxjbx
msw-Di ck
1| bvMwiKZvi vbxq, RvZxq I AvRvwZK ic jL|
2| cwievii wkvg~jK Kvhvewj Kx Kx?
3| ivi Drcw m^ Hkx gZevì g~jee jL|
4| ivi Drcw m^ HwZnvwmK ev weeZbg~jK gZevì g~j ee Kx?
5| ivi Drcw m^ ej cqvM gZevì g~j ee Kx?
eYbvg~jK ck
1| gvbyl mgvR evm Ki Kb? evLv Ki|
2| ivi Drcw-msv mvgvwRK Pzw gZev`wUi eYbv `vI|
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
10
ewbevPwb ck
1| bvMwiKZvi vbxq welq KvbwU?
K) cimfv
L) AvBb mfv
M) Kgb Iqj_
N) RvwZmsN
2| iv cwiPvjbvi Rb Acwinvh Dcv`vb KvbwU?

K) Rbmgw
L) f~L
M) miKvi
N) mvefgZ
3| AvaywbK ivwevbxì wbKU Hkx gZev` wecbK gb nIqvi KviY, GLvb kvmK
i.
Zvi KvRi Rb GKgv weavZvi wbKU `vqx _vKb|
ii. wbRB GKvavi ivcavb Aciw`K agxq cavb|

iii. wbRK mvi cwZwbwa gb Kib|
wbPi KvbwU mwVK ?
K) i I ii
L) ii I iii
M) i I iii
N) i, ii I iii
wbPi AbyQ`wU co 4 I 5 bs cki Di `vI

byiRvnvb eMg Aemi mgq euvki Szwo Zwi Ki evRvi wew Kib| G KvR Zvi fvjv jvf nq|
Rvwgjv Zvi KvQ Szwo Zwi Kiv wkL wbRi cwievii eenvii Rb Szwo Zwi Kib|
4| byiRvnvb eMgi KvRwU cwievii Kvb aibi KvR?
K) wkvg~jK
L) webv`bg~jK
M) A_bwZK
N) gbvwK
5| byiRvnvb eMgi KvRwUi wbPi KvbwU mevwaK chvR

K) aygv wbRi ^QjZv ew Ki
L) Zvi Mvgi gvbylì Kgg Ki Zvj|
M) euvki Drcv`b I eenvi ew Ki|
N) AvZKgmsvb mw Ki|
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
11
mRbkxj ck
1| K I L ivi Aevb cvkvcvwk K iv Zvi cvkeZx `yej iv M K hy civwRZ Ki `Lj Ki
bq| N iv Zvi cvkeZx A_bwZKfve `yej ivjvK cviwiK mnhvwMZv `vbi gvag
Kvjg mKj wgj GKwU kwkvjx iv cwiYZ nq|
K. `vkwbK Ruv RvK iykv iv mwi Kvb gZevì ceZK wQjb?
L. ivi Pig gZv KvbwU? evLv Ki|
M. K iv KZK M ivK `Lj Ki bqv iv mwi h gZev`K
mg_b Ki Zvi evLv `vI|
N. L ivi kwkvjx iv cwiYZ nIqvi cQb h gZevì aviYv iqQ
mwUB AwaK MnYhvM gZev`-weklY Ki|
2| Rbve cvifR `wZ `yRbB KgRxex nIqvq Zvì GKgv cy wicbK QvUejv _KB nvj
iL covbv Kivb| QzwUZ evwo AvmjI Zvì eZvi KviY QjK ewk mgq w`Z cvib bvB|
ewki fvM mgq GKv _vKvZ m Zvi wbRi myL `y:L, Avb` e`bv KviI mv_ fvMvfvwM KiZ cvib bv
Ges Abi myL `y:LI Avb` wKsev K cvq bv| GKw`b wZwb Rbve iwgRi evmvq eovZ Mj Zvi
Qj iweb ìRv LyjB Rbve cvifRK mvjvg `q| ZvK mvbi mv_ ewmq evevK WK `q
Ges wbRB Pv, bvv wbq Avm| cvifR ZvK `L gy nq Ges wbRi QjK Gfve Mo ZzjZ
cvib bvB fe gb gb K cvb|
K. cvwievwiK KvVvgv Abyhvqx cwievi KZ cKvi?
L. AvZmshgi wkv cwievii Kvb aibi KvR? evLv Ki|
M. wicbi gvbwmK weKvk mg bv nIqvq cwievii h KvRwU evnZ nqQ Zvi evLv `vI|
N. Qjgqì mwVKfve Mo Zvjvi Rb Rbve iwgRi cwievii h KvRwUi f~wgKv iqQ Zvi
iyZ g~jvqb Ki|
12
1cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
wZxq Aavq
bvMwiK I bvMwiKZv
Avgiv mevB evsjv`ki bvMwiK| bvMwiK wnme Avgiv cZK KwZcq AwaKvi fvM Ges KZe cvjb
Kwi| Avevi KZjv Yi AwaKvix nq Avgiv mybvMwiK cwiYZ nZ cvwi| mybvMwiK ivi m`|
Avgvì cZKi mybvMwiKZvi wkv jvf Kiv AZvekK| G Aavq bvMwiK I bvMwiKZvi aviYv,
bvMwiKZv ARbi Dcvq, Z bvMwiKZv, mybvMwiKi aviYv I ewk, bvMwiK AwaKvi I KZe BZvw`
mK AvjvPbv Kiv nqQ|
G Aavq cov kl Avgiv
bvMwiK I bvMwiKZvi aviYv evLv KiZ cvie|
bvMwiKZv ARbi Dcvq eYbv KiZ cvie|
Z bvMwiKZv evLv KiZ cvie|
mybvMwiKZvi aviYv jvf KiZ cvie|
bvMwiKi AwaKvi I KZe eYbv KiZ cvie|
bvMwiK AwaKvi I KZei mK evLv KiZ cvie|
bvMwiK `vwqZ I KZe cvjb AvMnx ne|
bvMwiK I bvMwiKZv
AvR _K cvq 2500 eQi c~e cvPxb wMm bvMwiK I bvMwiKZvi aviYvi De nq| cvPxb wMm ZLb
bMiKw`K QvU QvU iv wQj, mjvK bMi-iv ejv nZv| Gme bMi-iv hviv cZfve AskMnY
KiZ Zviv bvMwiK wnme cwiwPZ wQj| Zvì fvUvwaKvi wQj| Ze bMi-iv bvix, we`wk I
MnfZGiv bvMwiK wQj bv| mgqi cwigvq bvMwiKZi aviYv AbKUv cwieZb nqQ| eZgvb bvMwiK
nIqvi ewZ ewZ Kvbv cv_K Kiv nq bv|
Avgiv evsjv`ki bvMwiK| KviY, Avgiv G`k RbMnY Ki vqxfve emevm KiwQ, ivc` mKj cKvi
AwaKvi (mvgvwRK, ivRbwZK I A_bwZK ) fvM KiwQ Ges ivi cwZ wewfb `vwqZ I KZe cvjb
KiwQ| myZivs Avgiv ejZ cvwi, h ew Kvbv iv _vqxfve emevm Ki, ivi cwZ AvbyMZ ^xKvi
Ki, ivc` AwaKvi fvM Ki Ges ivi cwZ KZe cvjb Ki, ZvK H ivi bvMwiK ej|
bvMwiK I bvMwiKZvK KD KD GKB A_ eenvi Kib| Avmj Gì wfb wfb A_ iqQ| bvMwiK njv
ewi cwiPq| hgb- Avgvì cwiPq Avgiv evsjv`ki bvMwiK| Avi ivi bvMwiK wnme ew h ghv`v
I mvb cq _vK ZvK bvMwiKZv ej|
`jxq KvR : bvMwiKi ewkjvi ZvwjKv Zwi Kie|
bvMwiK I bvMwiKZv
13
bvMwiKZv ARbi cwZ

bvMwiKZv ARbi `ywU cwZ iqQ| hgb- K) Rbm~ I L) Abygv`b m~|
K. Rbm~ bvMwiKZv ARbi cwZ : Rbm~ bvMwiKZv ARbi `ywU bxwZ AbymiY Kiv nq| h_v1| RbbxwZ I 2| Rbvb bxwZ|
1. RbbxwZ : G bxwZ Abyhvqx wcZv-gvZvi bvMwiKZv viv mvbi bvMwiKZv wbavwiZ nq| G wk h
`k ev hLvbB RbMnY KiyK bv Kb wcZv-gvZvi bvMwiKZv viv mvbi bvMwiKZv wbavwiZ nq|
hgbevsjv`ki GK `wZ hyivR wMq GKwU mvb Rb w`j| G bxwZ Abymvi H mvb
evsjv`ki bvMwiKZv jvf Kie| KviY Zvi wcZv-gvZv evsjv`ki bvMwiK|
2.
Rbvb bxwZ : G bxwZ Abyhvqx wcZv-gvZv h `kiB bvMwiK nvK bv Kb, mvb h iv RbMnY
Kie m H ivi bvMwiKZv jvf Kie| hgbevsjv`wk wcZv-gvZvi mvb gvwKb hyiv RbMnY
Kij, m gvwKb hyivi bvMwiKZv jvf Kie| G bvMwiKZv wbaviY ivK cvavb Ìqv
nq| G bxwZ Abyhvqx Kvbv gv-evevi mvb Ab `ki RvnvR ev `~Zvevm RbMnY KijI RvnvR ev
`~Zvevm h `ki m H `ki bvMwiK ne| G DjL, Rbm~ bvMwiKZv c`vbi weki
AwaKvsk `k RbbxwZ AbymiY Ki| evsjv`k Zvi ga GKwU| Abw`K, AvgwiKv KvbvWvmn A
KqwU `k Rbvb bxwZi gvag bvMwiKZv wbaviY Ki|
L.
Abygv`b m~ bvMwiKZv ARbi cwZ : KZjv kZ cvjbi gvag GK ivi bvMwiK Ab ivi
bvMwiKZv ARb Kij ZvK Abygv`b m~ bvMwiK ejv nq| mvaviYZ Abygv`b m~ bvMwiKZv
ARbi hme kZ cvjb KiZ nq mjv njv- 1) mB ivi bvMwiKK weq Kiv 2) miKvwi
PvKwi Kiv 3) mZZvi cwiPq Ìqv 4) m `ki fvlv Rvbv 5) mw q Kiv 6) `xNw`b emevm
Kiv 7) mbvevwnbxZ hvM`vb Kiv| ivf` Gme kZ wfb nZ cvi|
Kvbv ew hw` Gme kZi GK ev GKvwaK kZ c~iY Ki, Ze ZvK bvMwiKZi Rb Ave`b KiZ nq|
Ave`b H ivi miKvi KZK MnxZ nj m Abygv`b m~ bvMwiK cwiYZ nq| evsjv`kmn weki AbK
ivi bvMwiKiv hyiv, KvbvWv, hyivR, Awjqv cfwZ iv Abygv`b m~ bvMwiKZ jvfi gvag
emevm KiQ| ZvQvov gvbweK KviYI bvMwiKZv Ìqv nq| hgb- Kvbv ew hw` Kvbv iv Avkq bq,
Ze mB iv Ave`bi wfwZ bvMwiKZ w`Z cvi|
`jxq KvR : bvMwiKZv ARbi Dcvq msc eYbv Ki|
Z bvMwiKZv
GKRb ewi GKB m `ywU ivi bvMwiKZv ARbK Z bvMwiKZv ej| mvaviYZ GKRb ew
GKwUgv ivi bvMwiKZv ARbi myhvM cvq| Ze Rbm~ bvMwiKZv ARbi `ywU bxwZ _vKvq Kvbv
Kvbv Z bvMwiKZv mw nZ cvi| hgbevsjv`k bvMwiKZv wbaviY RbbxwZ AbymiY Ki,
Abw`K gvwKb hyiv RbbxwZ I Rbvb Dfq bxwZ AbymiY Ki| KvRB evsjv`ki wcZv-gvZvi mvb
gvwKb hyiv RbMnY Kij mB mvb Rbvb bxwZ Abyhvqx gvwKb hyivi bvMwiKZv jvf Kie|
14
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
Avevi RbbxwZ Abyhvqx m evsjv`ki bvMwiKZv ARb Kie| G Z bvMwiKZvi mw ne| Ze

c~Yeq nj ZvK hKvbv GKwU ivi A_vr evsjv`k wKsev gvwKb hyivi bvMwiK nZ ne|
mybvMwiK
ivi me bvMwiK mybvMwiK bq| Avgvì ga h eywgvb, m mKj mgmv AwZ mnR mgvavb Ki, hvi
weeK AvQ m bvq-Abvq, mr-Amr eySZ cvi Ges Amr KvR _K weiZ _vK, Avi h AvZmshgx m
eni ^v_ wbRi z` ^v_ ZvM KiZ cvi| Gme Ymb bvMwiKì ejv nq mybvMwiK|
Dcii AvjvPbvi cwicwZ ejv hvq, mybvMwiKi cavbZ wZbwU Y iqQ| h_v- 1) eyw 2) weeK I
3) AvZmshg|
1. eyw : eyw mybvMwiKi AbZg Y| eywgvb bvMwiK cwievi, mgvR I ivi egyLx mgmv wPZ Ki
Ges mgvavbi mwVK wmv MnY KiZ cvi| mybvMwiKi eywi Dci wbfi Ki AvaywbK
MYZvwK ivi mdjZv| ZvB eywgvb bvMwiK ivi k m`| cwZwU ivi DwPZ bvMwiKì
h_vh_ wkv`vbi gvag eywgvb bvMwiK wnme Mo Zvjv|
2.
weeK : ivi bvMwiKì nZ ne weeKevab| G Yi gvag bvMwiK bvq-Abvq, mr-Amr,

fvjv-g` Abyaveb KiZ cvi| weeKevb bvMwiK GKw`K hgb ivc` AwaKvi fvM Ki, wVK
Zgwb ivi cwZ h_vh_fve `vwqZ I KZe cvjb Ki Ges bvqi c _vK| hgb- weeKmb
bvMwiK ivi cwZ AbyMZ _vK, AvBb gvb Ki, h_vmgq Ki c`vb Ki, wbevPb hvM I mr ewK
fvU `q|
3.
AvZmshg : mybvMwiKi AvZmshg _vKv DwPZ| Gi A_ wbRK mKj cKvi jvf-jvjmvi Ea iL

mr I wbvi mv_ wbRi `vwqZ-KZe cvjb Kiv| A_vr mgvRi eni ^v_ wbRi z` ^v_ ZvM Kivi
bvg AvZmshg| Avgvì ga whwb G Yi AwaKvix wZwb hgb ^vaxbfve gZvgZ cKvk KiZ cvib,
Zgwb Abi gZvgZ cKvkI wbRK mshZ ivLb| G Qvov, cZK bvMwiKK `ybxwZ, ^RbcxwZ I
ccvwZZi Ea _vKZ ne| Gi gvag MYZvwK g~jeva RvMZ nq|
`jxq KvR : bvMwiK I mybvMwiKi cv_K wbYq Kie|
bvMwiK AwaKvi
wbPi wPjv _K Avgiv bvMwiKi KqKwU AwaKvi mK aviYv cvB| G Qvov bvMwiK wnme Avgvì
AviI AbK AwaKvi AvQ|
wkvi AwaKvi
cwievi MVbi AwaKvi
fvUvwaKvi
bvMwiK I bvMwiKZv
15
AwaKvi njv mgvR I iv KZK ^xKZ KZjv myhvM-myweav, hv fvMi gvag bvMwiKi ewZi weKvk
NU| AwaKvi eZxZ gvbyl Zvi ewZK Dcjw KiZ cvi bv| AwaKvii g~j j ewi meRbxb KjvY
mvab| ivi bvMwiKì gvbwmK, mvgvwRK I A_bwZK weKvki Rb AwaKvi Acwinvh|
Avgiv AbK mgq AwaKvi ejZ BQvbyhvqx hKvbv wKQz Kivi gZvK eywS| wKy hgb Lywk Zgb KvR
Kiv AwaKvi nZ cvi bv| AwaKvi mKj bvMwiKi gj I Dbqbi Rb iv KZK c`vb Kiv nq|
AwaKvii bvg Avgvì Ggb Kvbv KvR Kiv DwPZ bq, hvi dj Abi wZ nZ cvi|
GKK KvR : AwaKvii `ywU ewk wjLe|
AwaKvii kwYwefvM
AwaKvi cavbZ `yB cKvi| h_v- 1| bwZK AwaKvi I 2| AvBbMZ AwaKvi
1. bwZK AwaKvi : bwZK AwaKvi gvbyli weeK Ges mvgvwRK bwZKZv ev bvqeva _K Avm| hgb`yeji mvnvh jvfi AwaKvi bwZK AwaKvi| GwU iv KZK cYqb Kiv nq bv| hvi dj Gi Kvbv
AvBbMZ wfw bB| ZvQvov G AwaKvi fKvixK Kvbv kvw Ìqv nq bv| bwZK AwaKvi wewfb
mgvR wewfb iKg nZ cvi|
2. AvBbMZ AwaKvi : hme AwaKvi ivi AvBb KZK
^xKZ I Abygvw`Z, mjvK AvBbMZ AwaKvi ej|
Avevi, AvBbMZ AwaKviK wewfb fvM fvM Kiv hvq| hgb- mvgvwRK, ivRbwZK I A_bwZK AwaKvi|
K. mvgvwRK AwaKvi : mgvR myL-kvwZ emevm Kivi Rb Avgiv mvgvwRK AwaKvi fvM Kwi| hgbRxeb ivi, ^vaxbfve Pjvdivi I gZ cKvki, cwievi MVbi, wkvi, AvBbi `wZ mgvb myhvM
jvfi, mwi I agPPvi AwaKvi BZvw`|
L. ivRbwZK AwaKvi : wbevPb fvUvwaKvi, wbevwPZ nIqv Ges mKj cKvi Afve-AwfhvM Ave`bi
gvag cwZKvi cvIqvK ivRbwZK AwaKvi ej| Gme AwaKvi fvMi wewbgq bvMwiKiv iv
cwiPvjbvq civfve AskMnYi myhvM cvq|
`jxq KvR : AwaKvii kwYwefvMi GKwU PvU cZyZ Kie|
Rvovq KvR : mvgvwRK I ivRbwZK AwaKvii cv_K eYbv Kie|
M. A_bwZK AwaKvi : RxebaviY, RxebK DbZ I AMmi Kivi Rb ivc` AwaKviK A_bwZK
AwaKvi ej| hgb- hvMZv Abyhvqx KvR Kivi AwaKvi, bvh gRywi jvfi AwaKvi, AeKvk jvfi
AwaKvi, kwgKmsN MVbi AwaKvi|
Z_ AwaKvi AvBb
RbMYi gwjK AwaKvi ivi Z_ AwaKvi AvBb GKwU hyMvKvix AvBb| evsjv`k RvZxq msm`
KZK MnxZ Z_ AwaKvi AvBbwU 5 Gwcj, 2009 (22 P, 1415) ZvwiL ivcwZi mwZ jvf Ki Ges
G AvBbwU memvaviYi AeMwZi Rb cKvk Kiv nq| G AvBbwU Pvjy nIqvi c~e hme Z_ Mvcb wQj, GLb
16
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
RbMY Zv Rb wbRì AwaKvi hgb fvM KiZ cie, Zgwb mB me cwZvbi KvRi Ici bRi`vwi
vcb Ki Zvì KvRK Aviv wbqgZvwK I mZwb Ki ZyjZ cvie| RbMYi kvmb cwZvq Z_
AwaKvi AvBb AZ iyZc~Y| ZvB GB AvBbwU mKj bvMwiKi Rvbv GKv cqvRb|
Z_ nQ Kvbv KZci MVb, KvVvgv I `vwiK KgKv-msv, hKvbv viK, eB, bKkv, gvbwP,
Pzw, Z_-Dcv, jM ewn, Av`k, wew, `wjj, bgybv, c, cwZe`b, wnmve weeiYx, cK cve,
AvjvKwP, AwWI, wfwWI, AswZ wP, wdj, BjKUwbK cwqvq cyZKZ hKvbv BbygU, hvwKfve
cvVhvM `wjjvw` Ges fwZK MVb I ewk wbwekl Ab hKvbv Z_ej eZy ev Gi cwZwjwc| Ze
kZ _vK h `vwiK bvU wmU ev bvU wmUi cwZwjwc Gi Afy ne bv|
GB AvBbi 2(Q) aviv Abyhvqx Z_ AwaKvi A_ Kvbv KZci wbKU _K Z_ cvwi AwaKvi| AvBbi
weavbvewj mvc KZci wbKU nZ cZK bvMwiKi Z_ jvfi AwaKvi _vKe Ges Kvbv bvMwiKi
Abyivai cwicwZ mswk KZc Z_ mieivn KiZ eva _vKe| Z_ AwaKvi wbwZ Kivi j
cZK KZc hveZxq Z_i ZvwjKv Ges m~wP cyZ Ki hv_vh_fve msiY Ki ivLe|
h-me Z_ cKvk ev c`vb evaZvg~jK bq

Gic Z_ hv - 1| evsjv`ki wbivcv, ALZv I mvefgZi cwZ gwK nZ cvi; 2| ciivbxwZi
Kvbv welq, hvi viv we`wk ivi A_ev AvRvwZK Kvbv msv ev AvwjK Kvbv RvU ev msMVbi mv_
we`gvb mK Dbqb nZ cvi; 3| Kvbv we`wk miKvii wbKU nZ cv Kvbv Mvcbxq Z_; 4| Kvbv
ZZxq ci eywewK mì AwaKvi wZM nZ cvi; 5| Kvbv wekl ew ev msvK jvfevb ev
wZM KiZ cvi; 6| cPwjZ AvBbi cqvM evavM nZ cvi ev Aciva ew cZ cvi; 7| RbMYi
wbivcv wewNZ nZ cvi ev wePvivaxb gvgjvi myz wePviKvh evnZ nZ cvi; 8| Kvbv ewi ewMZ
Rxebi MvcbxqZv yb nZ cvi; 9| Kvbv ewi Rxeb ev kvixwiK wbivcv wec`vcb nZ cvi;
10| AvBb cqvMKvix msvi mnvqZvi Rb Kvbv ew KZK Mvcb c` Kvbv Z_; 11| Av`vjZ
wePvivaxb Kvbv welq Ges hv cKvk Av`vjZ ev UvBeybvji wblavv iqQ A_ev hv cKvk Av`vjZ
Aegvbbvi kvwgj; 12| Z`vaxb Kvbv welq hv cKvk Z`KvRi weN NUvZ cvi; 13| Kvbv Acivai
Z`cwqv Ges Acivaxi MdZvi I kvwK cfvweZ KiZ cvi; 14| AvBb Abymvi Kej GKwU wbw`
mgqi Rb cKvki evaevaKZv iqQ; 15| KkjMZ I evwYwRK KviY Mvcb ivLv evbxq Gic KvwiMwi
ev evwbK MelYvj djvdj; 16| Kvbv q Kvhg m~Y nIqvi c~e ev D welq wmv MnYi c~e
mswk q ev Gi Kvhg msv; 17| RvZxq msmì wekl AwaKvinvwbi KviY nZ cvi; 18| Kvbv
ewi AvBb viv msiwZ Mvcbxq Z_; 19| cixvi ckc ev cixvq c` bî mwKZ AvMvg Z_|
Z_ cvwi Abyiva
Kvbv ew GB AvBbi Aaxb Z_ cvwi Rb mswk `vwqZcv KgKZvi wbKU wjwLZfve ev B-gBj
Abyiva KiZ cvieb| DwjwLZ Abyiva hme welq DjL _vKZ ne, mjv njv- 1| AbyivaKvixi
bvMwiK I bvMwiKZv
17
bvg, wVKvbv, chvR dv bî Ges B-gBj wVKvbv; 2| h Z_i Rb Abyiva Kiv nqQ Zvi wbfyj
Ges eYbv; 3| AbyivaKZ Z_i Aevb wbYqi myweav_ Abvb cqvRbxq cvmwK Z_vewj;
4| Kvb cwZZ Z_ cZ AvMnx Zvi eYbv A_vr cwi`kb Kiv, Abywjwc bIqv, bvU bIqv ev Ab Kvbv
Abygvw`Z cwZ|
Z_ c`vb cwZ
`vwqZcv KgKZv Abyiva cvwi ZvwiL _K AbwaK 20 (wek) Kvhwèmi ga AbyivaKZ Z_ mieivn
Kieb| AbyivaKZ Z_i mv_ GKvwaK Z_ c`vb BDwbU ev KZci mswkZv _vKj AbwaK 30 (wk)
Kvhwèmi ga D AbyivaKZ Z_ mieivn KiZ ne| `vwqZcv KgKZv Kvbv KviY Z_ c`vb
AcviM nj AcviMZvi KviY DjL Ki Ave`b cvwi 10 (`k) Kvhwèmi ga wZwb AbyivaKvixK
AewnZ Kieb|
`jxq KvR : Z_ AwaKvi AvBbi iyZ eYbv Kie|
bvMwiKi KZe
ivi wbKU bvMwiKi hgb AwaKvi iqQ, Abyic ivi cwZI bvMwiKi KZe iqQ| KZe cvjb
eZxZ ay AwaKvi fvM Kiv cZvwkZ bq| wewfb AwaKvi c`vbi gvag iv bvMwiKì wbRi cwZ AbyMZ
I `vwqZkxj Ki Zvj| ivi AwaKvii gvag bvMwiK Rxeb weKwkZ nq| Gi wewbgq ivi cwZ
AbyMZ _vKv, wbqwgZ Ki c`vb Kiv, AvBb gvb Kiv Ges ivc` Abvb `vwqZ cvjb bvMwiKì KZe|
KZei kwYwefvM
AwaKvi fvM KiZ wMq bvMwiKiv hme `vwqZ cvjb Ki, ZvK KZe ej| bvMwiKi KZeK `yfvM
fvM Kiv hvq | h_v- K| bwZK KZe I L| AvBbMZ KZe|
K.
bwZK KZe : bwZK KZe gvbyli weeK Ges mvgvwRK bwZKZv ev bvqeva _K Avm| hgbwbR wkwZ nIqv Ges mvbì wkwZ Kiv, mZZvi mv_ fvU `vb, ivi mev Kiv Ges
wekgvbeZvi mvnvh GwMq AvmvGme KZe bvMwiKì weeK Ges mvgvwRK bwZKZv ev bvqeva
_K mw nIqvq GjvK bwZK KZe ej|
L.
AvBbMZ KZe : ivi AvBb viv AvivwcZ KZeK AvBbMZ KZe ej| ivi cwZ AvbyMZ, AvBb
gvb I Ki c`vb Kiv bvMwiKi AvBbMZ KZe| Gme KZe ivi AvBb viv ^xKZ| bvMwiKì
AvBbMZ KZe AekB cvjb KiZ nq| G KZe cvjb e_ nj kvw cZ nq| AvBbMZ KZe
iv I bvMwiKi KjvYi Rb Acwinvh| wbg KqKwU DjLhvM KZe mK AvjvPbv Kiv njv|
1.
ivi cwZ AvbyMZ : `ki ^vaxbZv I mvefgZ iv Kiv, ivxq g~jbxwZi cwZ kveva c`kb
BZvw` ivi cwZ AvbyMZi cKvk| Abfve ejv hvq, ivi AwZ, msnwZ I mgw jvfi Rb
cqvRbeva wbRi Rxeb DrmM Kivi A_ nQ ivi cwZ AvbyMZ c`kb|
18
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
2.
AvBb gvb Kiv : Avgvì Rxeb, mw, ^vaxbZvi ivKeP nQ AvBb| AvBb mevi Rb mgvbfve
chvR| AvBbi AeZgvb mgvR I Rxeb nq IV AivRKZvc~Y| AvBbwenxb mgvR, iv I bvMwiK
Rxeb wKQzB Kbv Kiv hvq bv| bvMwiK AwaKvi I ^vaxbZv wbwZ Kivi j iv AvBb cYqb Ki|
myZivs bvMwiKì AvBb gvb Kiv KZe|
3.
Ki c`vb Kiv : iv cwiPvjbv KiZ miKvii cPzi A_i cqvRb nq| G Rb miKvi bvMwiKì Dci
cZ I civ Ki Avivc Ki| KvRB wbqwgZ I h_vh_fve Ki c`vb Kiv cZK bvMwiKi KZe|
GKK KvR : AvBbMZ I bwZK KZei cv_K wbYq Kie|
AwaKvi I KZei mK
AwaKvi I KZe k `ywU wfb njI Gì cviwiK mK AZ Nwb| wbg AwaKvi I KZei mK
ewYZ njvc_gZ, AwaKvi fvM Kij KZe cvjb KiZ nq| hgb- fvU`vb bvMwiKi AwaKvi, fvUvwaKvi cqvM
bvMwiKi KZe| GKwU fvM Kij AbwU cvjb KiZ nq| myZivs ejv hvq, AwaKvi fvMi ga KZe
wbwnZ _vK|
wZxqZ, GKRbi AwaKvi ejZ AbRbi KZe wb`k Ki| hgb- Avgvi c_ Pjvi AwaKvi AvQ- Gi
A_ Avwg c_ Pje Ges AbRbKI c_ PjZ è| Avevi, Avwg hLb c_ Pje AbRbI Avgvi c_ Pjvi
myhvM Ki wè| KvRB AwaKvi I KZei mK AZ wbweo|
ZZxqZ, Avgiv ivc` mvgvwRK, ivRbwZK I A_bwZK AwaKvi fvM Kwi| Zvi wewbgq Avgvì KZe
cvjb KiZ nq| hgb- ivi cwZ AbyMZ _vKv, AvBb gvb Kiv, Ki c`vb Kiv BZvw` KZe cvjbi
gvagB Avgiv ivc` AwaKvi fvM Kwi|
PZz_Z, mgvRi m`m wnme Avgiv hgb wkvjvfi AwaKvi fvM Kwi Ges mgvRi KjvY Avgvì
AwRZ wkvK cqvM Ki mgvRi Dbqb Kwi| wkvjvf Avgvì AwaKvi, AwRZ wkv cqvM Kiv KZe|
myZivs ejv hvq, AwaKvi I KZe mgvReva _K Drcw jvf Ki|
g~jZ AwaKvi I KZei mK AZ Nwb| GKwUK ev` w`q AciwU fvM Kiv me bq| ZvB ejv hvq,
AwaKvi KZei gaB wbwnZ|
KvR-weZK : KZe cvjb eZxZ AwaKvi fvM Kiv hvq bv|
19
bvMwiK I bvMwiKZv
Abykxjbx
msw-Di ck
1| mybvMwiK KvK ej|
2| mybvMwiKi AbZg Y AvZmshg eYbv Ki|
3| AvBbMZ AwaKvi KvK ej?
4| AwaKvi I KZei mK Kx?
eYbvg~jK ck
1| bvMwiK I bvMwiKZv Kx? bvMwiKZv ARbi Dcvq eYbv Ki|
2| KZe Kx? KZei kwYwefvMi ZvwjKv cyZ Ki Zv eYbv Ki|
ewbevPwb ck
1| Kvb AwaKviwU bvMwiKi mvgvwRK AwaKvii Afy?
K) mw fvMi
L) fvUvwaKvii
M) gRywi jvfi
N) wbevwPZ nIqvi
2| mgvRf` Kvb AwaKviwUi wfbZv `Lv hvq?

K) mvgvwRK
L) ivRbwZK
M) A_bwZK
N) bwZK
3| AwaKvi fvM KiZ nj cqvRbi.
mwVKfve fvUvwaKvi cqvM
ii. miKvwi KvR mnhvwMZv Kiv

iii. AbK c_ PjZ mvnvh Kiv
wbPi KvbwU mwVK ?
K) i I ii
L) ii I iii
M) i I iii
N) i, ii I iii
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
20
AbyQ`wU co 4 I 5 bs cki Di `vI :

Rbve nvwdRi gvwbKM GKwU w`qvkjvB KviLvbv AvQ| wZwb Zuvi KviLvbvi Avqi Dci cwZ eQi miKvi
wbavwiZ Ki cwikva Kib|
4| Rbve nvwdRi `vwqZwUK Kx ejv hvq?
K) bwZK AwaKvi
L) AvBbMZ AwaKvi
M) bwZK KZe
N) AvBbMZ KZe
5| Rbve nvwdRi D `vwqZwUi mv_ wbPi KvbwU AwaK mKhy?

K) ivi A_bwZK mgw
L) ivi ^vaxbZv iv
M) bvMwiKi mvgvwRK AwaKvi iv
N) bvMwiKi ivRbwZK AwaKvi cwZv
mRbkxj ck
1| K BDwbqb cvq 80% jvK wkwZ| D BDwbqbi wbevPb bvMwiKMY X I Y ewi ga _K
X ewK mr I hvM ej Pqvigvb wbevwPZ Ki| Pqvigvb wbevwPZ nIqvi ci X ewi GjvKvi
GKwU we`vjq GKRb wkK wbqvMi Zuvi fvBqi Qj cv_x njI hvM cv_xK AMvwaKvi
w`q wZwb wbqvM cwqvwU mb Kib|
K. cvq KZ eQi c~e cvPxb wMm bvMwiK aviYvi De nq?
L. Z bvMwiKZv Kx? evLv Ki|
M. K BDwbqbi bvMwiKì ga bvMwiKi Kvb aibi KZe j Kiv hvq-evLv Ki|
N. X ew mybvMwiK-gZvgZ `vI|
2| wchyk PeZx KwDUvi Bwwbqvwis cvm Ki KvbvWv Pj hvb| wZwb KvbvWvi fvlv wkL miKvwi PvKwiZ
hvM`vb Ki mZZvi cwiPq `b| Ave`bi cwZ KvbvWvi miKvi ZvK bvMwiKZ c`vb Ki|
evsjv`k _K KvbvWvq wegvb hvIqvi c_ KvbvWvi AvKvk mxgvi ga Zuvi xi ivj bvg GKwU cy
mvbi Rb nq|
K. evsjv`ki RvZxq msm` KZK MnxZ Z_ AwaKvi AvBbwU KZ ZvwiL
ivcwZi mwZ jvf Ki?
L. bvMwiKi AwaKvi ejZ Kx evSvq? evLv Ki|
M. ivj Kvb `ki bvMwiK ne? evLv Ki|
N. wchyk PeZx Kx ay KvbvWviB bvMwiK? Dii ^c hyw `LvI|
ZZxq Aavq
AvBb, ^vaxbZv I mvg

ivi cwZwU bvMwiK hvZ myL-kvwZ ^vaxbfve emevm KiZ cvi, iv m Rb AvBb cYqb Ki| AvBb
Qvov mgvR mvg cwZv Kiv Ame| AvBbi g~jK_v nQ, AvBbi `wZ mKj mgvb| ivi bvMwiK
wnme Avgvì mKji AvBbi ewk, cKvif` I Drm, ^vaxbZvi îc, cKvif`, msiYi Dcvq,
mvgi aviYv, AvBb, ^vaxbZv I mvgi mK Ges bvMwiK Rxeb AvBbi kvmbi iyZ BZvw` Rvbv GKv
AvekK|
G Aavq cov kl Avgiv
AvBb, ^vaxbZv I mvgi aviYv evLv KiZ cvie|
AvBbi Drm eYbv KiZ cvie|
AvBb, ^vaxbZv I mvgi mK weklY KiZ cvie|
AvBbi kvmbi iyZ weklY KiZ cvie|
AvBbi cwZ AvbyMZ c`kb Ges AvBb gb Pje|
AvBb
AvBb ejZ mgvR ^xKZ Ges iv KZK Abygvw`Z wbqg-KvbybK evSvq, hv gvbyli evwnK AvPiY wbqY
Ki| AvBb gvbyli gji Rb cYqb Kiv nq| AvBbi viv ewi mv_ ewi, ewi mv_ ivi Ges
ivi mv_ ivi mK wbaviY Kiv nq| iv ev mvefg Kvbv KZc KZK AvBb cYqb I cqvM Kiv
nq| AvBb f Kij kvwi weavb AvQ| AvBbi KZjv gwjK ewk j Kiv hvq| wbP Zv AvjvPbv
Kiv njv|
1.
wewae wbqgvewj : AvBb KZjv c_v, ixwZ-bxwZ Ges wbqgKvbybi mgw|
2.
evwnK AvPiYi mv_ hy : AvBb gvbyli evwnK AvPiY I KgKv wbqY Ki| hgb- AvBbweivax
Kvbv KvRi Rb kvw cZ nq| kvwi fq gvbyl Aciva _K weiZ _vK|
3. ivxq Abygv`b I ^xKwZ : mgvRi hme wbqg iv Abygv`b Ki, mjv AvBb cwiYZ nq| Ab
K_vq, AvBbi cQb ivxq KZZ _vK| ivxq Abygv`b I ^xKwZ ewZiK Kvbv wewaweavb AvBb
cwiYZ nq bv|
4. ew^vaxbZvi iK : AvBb ew^vaxbZvi iK wnme KvR Ki| GRb AvBbK ew^vaxbZvi wfw
ejv nq|
5. meRbxb : AvBb meRbxb| mgvRi mKj ew AvBbi `wZ mgvb| RvwZ, ag, eY, Mv, bvix-cyiyl,
abx, `wi` mevi Rb AvBb mgvbfve chvR|
`jxq KvR : RbMYi Kb AvBb gb Pjv DwPZ evLv Kie|
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
22
AvBbi cKvif`
mvaviYZ AvBbK wZb fvM fvM Kiv hvq| hgb- 1| miKvwi AvBb, 2| emiKvwi AvBb I
3| AvRvwZK AvBb|
1. miKvwi AvBb : ewi mv_ ivi mK eRvq ivLvi Rb hme AvBb cYqb I cqvM Kiv nq, ZvK
miKvwi AvBb ej| miKvwi AvBbK Avevi KqKwU fvM fvM Kiv hvq| hgbK. dR`vwi AvBb I `wewa : ivi wePvi wefvMi KvR cwiPvjbvi Rb G aibi AvBb cYqb Kiv nq|
Kvbv KviY ewi AwaKvi f nj G AvBbi mvnvh Zvi AwaKvi ivi eev bIqv nq|
L. ckvmwbK AvBb : ivi kvmb wefvM Ges Gi mv_ mswk eweMi KgKv wbqYi Rb G aibi
AvBb cYqb Kiv nq| G AvBbi gvag wewfb ckvmwbK KvR cwiPvwjZ nq|
M. mvsweavwbK AvBb : G aibi AvBb ivi msweavb DjL _vK| mvsweavwbK AvBbi gvag iv
cwiPvwjZ nq|
2. emiKvwi AvBb : ewi mv_ ewi mK ivi Rb h AvBb cYqb I cqvM Kiv nq, ZvK emiKvwi
AvBb ej| hgb- Pzw I `wjj-msv AvBb| G aibi AvBb mvgvwRK kLjv eRvq ivLZ mnvqK
f~wgKv cvjb|
3.
AvRvwZK AvBb : GK ivi mv_ Ab ivi mK ivi Rb h AvBb cYqb I cqvM Kiv nq,
ZvK AvRvwZK AvBb ej| wewfb iv ciii mv_ Kgb AvPiY Kie, GK iv Ab ivi
bvMwiKì mv_ Kgb eenvi Kie, Kxfve AvRvwZK mgmv mgvavb Kiv ne Zv AvRvwZK AvBbi
gvag wbaviY Kiv nq|
AvBbi Drm
AvBbi Drcw wewfb Drm _K nZ cvi| AvBbi Drmjv wbg ewYZ njv|
1. c_v : `xNKvj hver Kvbv wbqg mgvR PjZ _vKj ZvK c_v ej| iv mwi c~e c_vi gvag
gvbyli AvPiY wbqY nZv| iv mwi ci hme c_v iv KZK Abygv`b jvf Ki, mjv AvBb
cwiYZ nq| hyivRi AbK AvBb c_vi Dci wfw Ki mw nqQ|
2. ag : agxq Abykvmb I agM AvBbi AbZg Drm| mKj agi wKQz Abykvmb iqQ, hv H agi
Abymvixiv gb Pj| Gme Abykvmb mgvRRxebK myì I mykLjfve cwiPvwjZ KiZ mnvqZv Ki|
dj Gme agxq Abykvmbi AbK wKQzB cieZxZ ivi ^xKwZ jvfi gvag AvBb cwiYZ nq|
hgb- gymwjg AvBb, wn`y AvBb cfwZ| Avgvì `k cvwievwiK I mw AvBbi AbKjv
DcwiDwjwLZ `ywU ag _K GmQ|
3. AvBbwe`ì M : Avgiv hLb BsiwR M, Dcbvm wKsev Leii KvMR cwo, AbK kv_ eySZ mgmv
nj BsiwR Awfavb I wekKvli mvnvh wbB| wVK Zgwb, wePviKMY Kvbv gvgjvi wePviKvh mv`b
KiZ wMq AvBbmsv Kvbv mgmvq coj Zv mgvavbi Rb AvBbwekvi`ì wevbmZ Mi
mvnvh wbq Gme AvBb evLv Kib, hv cieZxZ AvBb cwiYZ nq| hgb- AavcK WvBwmi j Ae `v
KbwwUDkb Ges e-vKvbi KgbUwiR Ab `v jR Ae Bsjv|
AvBb, ^vaxbZv I mvg
23
4. wePviKi ivq : Av`vjZ DvwcZ gvgjvi wePvi Kivi Rb cPwjZ AvBb A nj wePviKMY Zvì
cv I wePvieywi Dci wfw Ki H AvBbi eLv `b Ges D gvgjvi ivq `b| cieZxKvj
wePviKMY mme ivq AbymiY Ki wePvi Kib| Gfve wePviKi ivq cieZxZ AvBb cwiYZ nq|
myZivs ejv hvq, wePviKi ivq AvBbi GKwU iyZc~Y Drm|
5.
bvqeva : Av`vjZ Ggb AbK gvgjv DvwcZ nq, hv mgvavbi Rb AbK mgq Kvbv AvBb we`gvb
_vK bv| m Ae_vq wePviKMY Zvì bvqeva ev weeK viv D gvgjvi wePviKvR mv`b Kib
Ges Zv cieZx mgq AvBb cwiYZ nq|
6. AvBbmfv : AvaywbKKvj AvBbi cavb Drm AvBbmfv| RbgZi mv_ mwZ iL wewfb `ki
AvBbmfv bZzb AvBb cYqb Ki Ges cyivZb AvBb mskvab Ki hyMvchvMx Ki Zvj|
GKK KvR : AvBbi Drmi PvU Zwi Kie|
bvMwiK Rxeb AvBbi kvmb

AvBbi kvmbi A_ nQ - KD AvBbi Ea bq, mevB AvBbi Aaxb| AbK_vq AvBbi PvL mevB mgvb|
AvBbi `wZ mKj bvMwiKi mgvb AwaKvi cvwi myhvMK AvBbi kvmb ej| mevi Dci AvBb-Gi A_
AvBbi cvavb| AvBbi `wZ mKj mgvb-Gi A_, RvwZ-ag-eY-wj-ckv wbwekl AvBbi mgvb Avkq
jvf KivK evSvq| Gi dj abx-`wi`, mej-`yej mKj mgvb AwaKvi jvf Ki| AvBbi kvmbi cvavb
_vKj miKvi gZvi Aceenvi _K weiZ _vKe Ges RbMY AvBbi weavb gb Pje|
AvBbi kvmbi iyZ Acwimxg| AvBb bv _vKj mgvR AbvPvi AivRKZv mw nq| AvBbi kvmb
Abycw_Z _vKj bvMwiK ^vaxbZv, MYZ, mvgvwRK g~jeva, mvg wKQzB _vK bv| mvg, ^vaxbZv I gwjK
AwaKvi cwZvi Rb AvBbi kvmb AZvekK|
AvBbi kvmbi viv kvmK I kvwmZi mymK mw nq| miKvi vwqZ jvf Ki Ges iv kvw cwZwZ
nq| Gi Afve Awekvm, Av`vjb I wece Aekvex nq IV| Avi wekLjv, Akvw I nvbvnvwb mgvRi
k wfZK `yej Ki Zzj| mgvR abx-`wi`, mej-`yeji f`vf` cKU AvKvi aviY Ki|
myZivs mvgvwRK mvg, bvMwiK AwaKvi, MYZvwK mgvR I wwZkxj iveevi Rb AvBbi kvmb
Acwinvh| AvBbi kvmb GKwU mf mgvRi gvb`|
`jxq KvR : bvMwiK Rxeb AvBbi kvmb bv _vKj hme mgmv nq, Gi KqKwU DjLhvM mgmv
Zzj ai|
^vaxbZv
mvaviY A_ mvaxbZv ejZ wbRi BQv Abyhvqx hKvbv KvR KivK evSvq| wKy cKZ A_ ^vaxbZv ejZ
G aibi Aeva ^vaxbZvK evSvq bv| KviY, mxgvnxb ^vaxbZv mgvRi wekLjv mw Ki| D`vniYîc,
KvDK BQvgZ mewKQz Kivi ^vaxbZv w`j mgvR Abì wZ nZ cvi, hv GK Akvwc~Y cwiek mw
Kie| ZvB cibxwZZ ^vaxbZv wfb A_ eeZ nq| G A_, Abi KvR nc ev evav mw bv Ki
wbRi BQvbyhvqx wbw` mxgvi ga KvR KivB njv ^vaxbZv| A_vr ^vaxbZv njv Ggb myhvM-myweav I
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
24
cwiek, hLvb KD KviI wZ bv Ki mKjB wbRi AwaKvi fvM Ki| ^vaxbZv ewi ewZ weKvk
mnvqZv Ki Ges AwaKvi fvMi evav AcmviY Ki|
^vaxbZvi wewfb ic
^vaxbZv wewfb aibi nZ cvi| hgb- 1| ewMZ ^vaxbZv 2| mvgvwRK ^vaxbZv 3| ivRbwZK ^vaxbZv
4| A_bwZK ^vaxbZv I 5| RvZxq ^vaxbZv|
1.
ew^vaxbZv : ew^vaxbZv ejZ Ggb ^vaxbZvK evSvq, h ^vaxbZv fvM Kij Abi Kvbv wZ nq
bv| hgb- ag PPv Kiv I cvwievwiK MvcbxqZv iv Kiv| G aibi ^vaxbZv ewi GKv wbR^ welq|
2.
mvgvwRK ^vaxbZv : Rxeb iv, mw fvM I ea ckv MnY Kiv mvgvwRK ^vaxbZvi Af
y | G aibi
^vaxbZv fvMi gvag bvMwiK Rxeb weKwkZ nq| mgvR emevmKvix gvbyli AwaKvi ivi RbB
mvgvwRK ^vaxbZv cqvRb| GB ^vaxbZv Ggbfve fvM KiZ nq, hb Abi Abyic ^vaxbZv yb bv nq|
3. ivRbwZK ^vaxbZv : fvU`vb, wbevwPZ nIqv, we`k AevbKjxb wbivcv jvf BZvw` bvMwiKi
ivRbwZK ^vaxbZv| Gme ^vaxbZvi gvag ew ivxq kvmbKvR AskMnYi myhvM jvf Ki|
MYZvwK ee_vq ivRbwZK ^vaxbZv AZ iyZc~Y|
4.
A_bwZK ^vaxbZv : hvMZv Abyhvqx ckv MnY Ges Dchy cvwikwgK jvf KivK A_bwZK ^vaxbZv
ejv nq| g~jZ Avw_K myweav cvwi Rb bvMwiKiv A_bwZK ^vaxbZv fvM Ki| GB ^vaxbZv bv
_vKj Abvb ^vaxbZv fvM Kiv hvq bv| mgvRi Ab kwYi kvlY _K gy _vKvi Rb A_bwZK
^vaxbZv cqvRb|
5.
RvZxq ^vaxbZv : evsjv`k GKwU ^vaxb iv Ges Ab ivi nc _K gy| evsjv`ki G

AevbK RvZxq ^vaxbZv ev ivxq ^vaxbZv ej| GB ^vaxbZvi dj GKwU iv Ab ivi KZZgy
_vK| cZK ^vaxb iv RvZxq ^vaxbZv fvM Ki|
`jxq KvR : ^vaxbZv ivi Dcvq evLv Kie|
AvBb I ^vaxbZv
AvBb I ^vaxbZvi mK wbq ivwevbxì ga gZweiva iqQ| Zvì AbKB ejb, AvBb I
^vaxbZvi mK Nwb| Avevi Zvì KD KD ejb, AvBb I ^vaxbZv ciiweivax| cKZc AvBb I
^vaxbZvi mK weivax bq eis Nwb| wbg G mK AvjvPbv Kiv njv|
1.
AvBb ^vaxbZvi iK : AvBb ^vaxbZvi iK wnme KvR Ki| hgb- Avgvì evuPvi ^vaxbZv iqQ|
AvBb AvQ ejB Avgiv mKj evuPvi ^vaxbZv fvM KiwQ| Rb jK h_v_B ejQb, hLvb AvBb _vK
bv, mLvb ^vaxbZv _vKZ cvi bv|
2.
AvBb ^vaxbZvi AwffveK : AvBb ^vaxbZvi AwffveK wnme KvR Ki| wcZv-gvZv hgb AwffveK
wnme mvbì mKj wec`-Avc` _K iv Ki wbivc` ivLb, wVK Zgwb AvBb me cKvi weivax
kwK cwZnZ Ki ^vaxbZvK iv Ki|
3.
AvBb ^vaxbZvi kZ : GK GKwU AvBb GKKwU ^vaxbZv| AvBbi wbqY AvQ ej mevB ^vaxbZv fvM
KiZ cvi| DBjvwei gZ, AvBbi wbqY AvQ weavq ^vaxbZv iv cvq|
AvBb, ^vaxbZv I mvg
25
4. AvBb ^vaxbZvK mmvwiZ Ki : AvBb bvMwiKi ^vaxbZv mmvwiZ Ki| myì, kvwgq, myz
Rxeb hvcbi Rb hv cqvRb Zv AvBbi viv mw nq| Gme KvR KiZ wMq hwÌ AvBb ^vaxbZvK
wbqY Ki, wKy eve ^vaxbZv ZvZ mmvwiZ nq|
myZivs ejv hvq, AvBb I ^vaxbZvi mK AZ Nwb| mKj AvBb ^vaxbZvK msiY Ki bv| hgbwnUjvii AvBbi K_v DjL Kiv hvq| KviY, Zvi AvBb gvbeZvweivax wQj| Ze h AvBb RbMYi mwZi
Dci cwZwZ, m AvBb ^vaxbZvi iK, AwffveK, kZ I wfw|
mvg
mvgi A_ mgvb| AZGe kMZ A_ mvg ejZ mgvR mevi mgvb ghv`vK evSvq| wKy mgvR mevB
mgvb bq Ges meB mgvb hvMZv wbq RbMnY Ki bv| cKZ A_ mvg ejZ Ggb GK mvgvwRK
cwiekK evSvq, hLvb RvwZ-ag-eY wbwekl mevB mgvb myhvM-myweav jvf Ki Ges m myhvM-myweav
eenvi Ki mKj wbR wbR `Zvi weKvk NUvZ cvi, hLvb KviI Rb Kvbv wekl myhvM-myweav bB|
g~jZ, mvg ejZ evSvq, c_gZ: Kvbv ew ev kwYi Rb wekl myhvM-myweavi Aemvb, wZxqZ: mKji
Rb chv myhvM-myweavi eev Kiv, ZZxqZ: hvMZv Abyhvqx mgvb myhvM-myweav fvM Kiv|
mvgi wewfb ic
gvbyli wewfbgyLx weKvk mvabi Rb wewfb aibi myhvM-myweav cqvRb| bvMwiK Rxeb wewfb myhvMmyweav fvMi Rb mvgK wewfb fvM fvM Kiv hvq| hgb- 1| mvgvwRK mvg 2| ivRbwZK mvg
3| A_bwZK mvg 4| AvBbMZ mvg 5| ^vfvweK mvg I 6| ewMZ mvg|
1.
mvgvwRK mvg : RvwZ-ag-eY-wj-ckv wbwekl mgvRi mKj m`mi mgvbfve mvgvwRK myhvMmyweav fvM KivK mvgvwRK mvg ej| G Kvbv ew ev kwYK Kvbv wekl myhvM-myweav
Ìqv hve bv|
2. ivRbwZK mvg : ivxq KvR mKji AskMnYi myhvM-myweav _vKvK ivRbwZK mvg ej| bvMwiKiv
ivRbwZK mvgi KviY gZvgZ cKvk, wbevwPZ nIqv Ges fvU Ìqvi AwaKvi fvM Ki|
3. A_bwZK mvg : hvMZv Abyhvqx cZKi KvR Kivi I bvh gRywi cvIqvi myhvMK A_bwZK mvg
ej| eKviZ _K gyw, ea ckv MnY BZvw` A_wZK mvgi Afy|
4. AvBbMZ mvg : RvwZ, ag, eY wbwekl mKji AvBbi `wZ mgvb _vKv Ges webv Aciva MdZvi
I webv wePvi AvUK bv Kivi eevK AvBbMZ mvg ej|
5.
^vfvweK mvg : Gi A_ RbMZfve cZK gvbyl ^vaxb Ges mgvb| wKy eve RbMZfve cZK
gvbyl kvixwiK I gvbwmKfve mgvb nZ cvi bv| G Rb eZgvb ^vfvweK mvgi aviYv cvq APj|
26
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
6.
ewMZ mvg : RvwZ, ag, eY, esk I ghv`v BZvw` wbwekl gvbyl gvbyl Kvbv eeavb bv KivK
ewMZ mvg ej|
GKK KvR : wkv_xiv Kx Kx mvg fvM Ki, Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv cyZ Kie|
mvg I ^vaxbZvi mK
mvg I ^vaxbZvi cviwiK mK wbq ivwevbxì ga `ywU aviYv iqQ| h_v- 1| mvg I ^vaxbZv
cii m~iK Ges 2| mvg I ^vaxbZv cii weivax| G aviYv `ywU evLv Kij Dfqi mwZKvi mK
my nq DVe|
1. cii wbfikxj : mvg I ^vaxbZv cii wbfikxj| mvg Qvov ^vaxbZvi K_v hgb Kbv Kiv hvq bv,
wVK Zgwb ^vaxbZv Qvov mvgi K_v fvev hvq bv| myZivs ejv hvq, GKwU iv hZ mvgwfwK ne
mLvb ^vaxbZv ZZv wbwZ ne|
2.
MYZi wfw : mvg I ^vaxbZv MYZi wfw ic KvR Ki| RbMYi AwaKvi cwZv KiZ hgb
mvgi ìKvi nq, Zgwb ^vaxbZvi cqvRb nq| mvg I ^vaxbZv GKB m weivR bv Kij MYZvwK
AwaKvi fvM Kiv me nZv bv| mvg DuPz-wbPzi f`vf` `~i Ki, Avi ^vaxbZv mKji myhvMmyweavjv fvM Kivi AwaKvi `vb Ki|
cwikl ejv hvq, mvg I ^vaxbZv cii cwic~iK I m~iK| ivRbwZK, mvgvwRK I A_bwZK ^vaxbZv
Qvov ivxq KvR AskMnY, Pjvdiv I RxebaviYi Rb mvgwfwK mgvR MVb Kiv me ne bv| mgvRi
myweavjv mKj wgj mgvbfve fvM KiZ nj ^vaxbZvi cqvRb| ZvB ejv nq h mvg gvbB ^vaxbZv
Ges ^vaxbZv gvbB mvg|
Abykxjbx
msw-Di ck
1| ^vaxbZv Kx?
2| mvg KvK ej?
3| AvBbi cavb Drm AvBb cwil` evLv Ki|
4| RbMY AvBb gvb Ki Kb?
eYbvg~jK ck
1| ^vaxbZvi kwYwefvM evLv Ki|
2| AvBb I ^vaxbZvi mK evLv Ki|
27
AvBb, ^vaxbZv I mvg
ewbevwb ck
1| AvBb mvaviYZ KZ cKvi?
K) 2
L) 3
M) 5
N) 6
2| AvBbi g~j K_v KvbwU?

K) AvBbi PvL mevB mgvb
L) evwnK AvPiY wbqY Ki
M) ew ^vaxbZvi iK
N) ixwZ bxwZi mv_ mKhy
3| miKvwi AvBb cYqb Kivi Dk

i.
ewi mv_ ewi mK iv Kiv
ii. ewi mv_ ivi mK iv Kiv

iii. wePvi wefvMi KvR cwiPvjbv Kiv|
wbPi KvbwU mwVK ?
K) i I ii
L) ii I iii
M) i I iii
N) i, ii I iii

mwZ evsjv`k K bvgK GKwU Av`vjZi gvag ezZc~Y Aevbi wfwZ gvqvbgvii mv_ mgy`mxgvbv
msv mgmvi gxgvsmv Ki|
4| evsjv`k Kvb AvBbi gvag D mgmvi gxgvsmv Ki?
K) miKvwi
L) emiKvwi
M) mvsweavwbK
N) AvRvwZK
5| D AvBbi mwVK cqvMi dj

K) GK iv Ab ivi mv_ fvjv AvPiY Ki |
L) ivi mv_ ewi mK eRvq _vKe|
M) wewfb iv mwVKfve ckvmb cwiPvjbv Kie|
N) wePvi wefvMi ^vaxbZv iv Kie|
28
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
mRbkxj ck
1| Rbve kvgj wg GKRb msm` m`m| wZwb Zvi GjvKvi BfwUwRs mgmv mgvavbi Rb msm` GKwU
wej Dvcb Kij wejwU KfvU cvk nq| Rbve AK eoqv H `ki DP Av`vjZi cavb| wZwb
GKwU gvgjvq Acivaxi mvRv wbaviYi mgq cPwjZ AvBbi mv_ wgj bv cq Zvi cv I wePvi eywi
Dci wfw Ki mvRv wbaviY Kib|
K. KgbUviR Ab `v jR Ae Bsjv MwU Kvi?
L. AvRvwZK AvBb Kx? evLv Ki
M. Rbve kvgj wg hLvb wej Dvcb Ki Zv AvBbi Kvb aibi Drm? evLv Ki|
N. Rbve AK eoqvi weavb wePvwiK wmv c`vb cwZwU AvBbi GKwU iyZc~Y Drm weklY Ki|
PZz_ Aavq
iv I miKvieev
iv GKwU ivRbwZK cwZvb| Avi miKvi iv MVbi AbZg cavb Dcv`vb| miKvi g~jZ ivi gyLcv
wnme `k cwiPvjbv Ki| iv I miKvi wewfb iKg nZ cvi| ivi mvgvwRK I ivRbwZK Pvwn`vi
wewfbZvi KviY weki wewfb iv wewfb aibi miKvieev Mo DVQ| G Aavq Avgiv wewfb aibi
iv I miKvicwZ mK Rvbe|
G Aavq cov kl Avgiv

wewfb aibi iv I miKvieev eYbv KiZ cvie|

wewfb miKvieevq bvMwiKi Aevb I miKvii m mK evLv KiZ cvie|
MYZ I GKbvqKZi cv_K wbYq KiZ cvie|
MYZvwK AvPiY wkLe I Zv cqvM KiZ Dy ne|
iv I miKvi
iv I miKvi G `ywU AbK mgq mgv_K wnme eenvi Kiv nq| wKy G `ywUi ga gwjK cv_K
AvQ| iv GKwU c~Yv I vqx cwZvb| GwU mvefg ev mevP gZvi AwaKvix| Avi miKvi iv
MVbi PviwU Dcv`vbi (RbmsLv, f~L, miKvi I mvefgZ) ga GKwU Dcv`vb gv| cw_exi me iv
GKB Dcv`vbi mg^q MwVZ njI me iv I miKvieev GK aibi bq| Avevi mgqi cwieZbi mv_
mv_ hKvbv `k iv I miKvii îc cwiewZZ nZ cvi|
ivi aib
wek wewfb aibi iveev j Kiv hvq| wbPi QK ivi wewfb ic j Kwi|
iv
gZvi Drmi wfwZ
A_bxwZi wfwZ
cyuwRev`x
iv
mgvRZvwK
iv
MYZvwK
iv
DivwaKvi m~i wfwZ
ivRZ
GKbvqKZvwK
iv
gZv ebi bxwZi wfwZ
GKKw`K
iv
Dki wfwZ
RbKjvYg~jK iv
hyivxq iv
30
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
A_bxwZi wfwZ iv
mw ev A_bwZK eevi Dci wbqY _vKv bv _vKvi wfwZ iv `yB aibi nq, hgb- cuywRev`x iv
I mgvRZvwK iv|
cuywRev`x iv
cyuwRev`x iv ejZ mB ivK evSvq, hLvb mwi Dci bvMwiKì ewMZ gvwjKvbv ^xKvi Kiv nq|
G miKvieevq Drcv`bi Dcv`vbmg~n (f~wg, kg, g~jab I eevcbv) ewMZ gvwjKvbvq _vK| Gi Ici
miKvii Kvbv wbqY _vK bv| Aeva cwZhvwMZvi gvag Drcv`b I mieivneev cwiPvwjZ nq| G
aibi iv bvMwiKMY mì gvwjKvbv I fvMi ^vaxb| eZgvb weki AwaKvsk ivB cuywRev`x|
mgvRZvwK iv
mgvRZvwK iv ejZ mB aibi ivK eySvq, hv ewgvwjKvbv ^xKvi Ki bv| GZ Drcv`bi
DcKiYjv ivxq gvwjKvbvq _vK| ivxq wbqY Drcv`b I ebi eev bIqv nq| GwU cuywRev`x
ivi wecixZ| mgvRZ ew^vZK ^xKvi Kiv nq bv| G aibi iv GKwUgv `j _vK| MYgvag
ivxq wbqY _vK| weivax gZ cPvii myhvM _vK bv| hgb- Pxb Ges wKDev mgvRZvwK iv|
Rvovq KvR : wkv_xiv cuywRev`x I mgvRZvwK ivi cv_Ki Zzjbvg~jK QK Zwi Kie|
gZvi Drmi wfwZ iv

gZvi gvwjK K? RbMY, bv GKK Kvbv ew ev Mvx? Gi wfwZ ivK Avevi `yfvM fvM Kiv hvq|
h_v : MYZvwK iv I GKbvqKZvwK iv|
MYZvwK iv
h kvmbeeq ivi kvmbgZv mgvRi mKj m`m Z_v RbMYi nvZ b _vK, ZvK MYZvwK iv
ej| GwU Ggb GKwU kvmbeev hLvb kvmbKvh RbMYi mKj AskMnY KiZ cvi Ges mKj wgj
miKvi MVb Ki| GwU RbMYi AskMnY, RbMYi viv Ges RbMYi KjvYv_ cwiPvwjZ GKwU
kvmbeev| MYZvwK iv RbMYi gZcKvk I miKvii mgvjvPbv Kivi myhvM _vK| GZ wbqgZvwK
c_vq A_vr wbevPbi gvag miKvi cwiewZZ nq| GKvwaK ivRbwZK `j _vK| mKji ^v_ivi myhvM
_vK Ges bvMwiKi AwaKvi I AvBbi kvmbi ^xKwZ Ìqv nq| evsjv`k, fviZ, hyiv, hyivR
BZvw`mn cw_exi AwaKvsk `k MYZvwK iveev iqQ|
Rvovq KvR : MYZi ewkjvi PvU/ZvwjKv Zwi Kie|
MYZvwK iveevi Y
MYZi AbK fvjv w`K iqQ| wbP MYZi KqKwU DjLhvM Y AvjvPbv Kiv njv|
1. ew^vaxbZvi ivKeP : MYZvwK iv RbMY ^vaxbfve gZ cKvk KiZ cvi| miKvii mgvjvPbv
iv I miKvieev
31
KiZ cvi| cwZwbwa wbevPbi gvag miKvi cwiPvjbvq AskMnY KiZ cvi| dj ew^vaxbZvi
weKvk NU| bvMwiKi AwaKvi iv nq|
2. `vwqZkxj kvmb : G eevq kvmKMY RbMYi cwZwbwa wnme RbMYi wbKU `vqx _vK| Zviv cieZx
wbevPb Rqx nIqvi Rb Rb^v_g~jK KvR Kivi Pv Ki| dj `k `vwqZkxj kvmb cwZwZ nq|
3. miKvii `Zv ew : MYZ RbMYi Av_vi Dci miKvii vwqZ wbfi Ki| dj RbMYi Avv
jvfi Rb miKvi mZZvi mv_ `vwqZ cvjbi Pv Ki| Gi dj miKvii `Zv ew cvq|
4. mvg I mgAwaKvii cZxK : MYZ mevB mgvb| GZ RvwZ, ag, eY BZvw` wbwekl mevB mgvb myhvM
ev AwaKvi fvM Ki Ges mevB mgvbfve ivi KvR AskMnY KiZ cvi|
5.
bvMwiKi ghv`v ew : MYZvwK iv RbMYi wbevwPZ cwZwbwaivB iv cwiPvjbv Ki| wbevPbi

gvag me bvMwiKi ivi KvR AskMnYi myhvM _vKvq Zviv wbRì iyZ Dcjw KiZ cvi|
GZ Zvì ga `kvZeva mw nq| ewZi weKvk NU I ghv`v ew cvq|
6.
hyw I mwZi Dci cwZwZ : MYZvwK eev RbMYi mwZi Dci cwZwZ| KvRB GZ kw ev
Rvi Ki wKQz Kivi myhvM bB| eis GZ RbMYi BQv Ges hyw cvavb cvq|
7.
ivRbwZK wkv jvf : GZ ivi kvmbKvh AskMnYi myhvM _vKvq bvMwiKMY RwUj ivRbwZK
welq wbq wPv Kivi myhvM cvq| wbevPb AskMnY I ivRbwZK `jjvi ee b Zvì
ivRbwZK mPZbZv ew cvq|
8. wecei mvebv Kg : MYZ bgbxq kvmbeev| RbMY BQ Kij kvwc~Y Dcvq wbqgZvwK
cwZZ miKvi cwieZb KiZ cvi| dj GLvb wecei cqvRb nq bv|
9.
miKvii cwZ GKvZZv ew : MYZ RbMY wbRivB kvmbKvh cwiPvjbv Ki| dj Zviv iv I
miKviK wbRì gb Ki|
MYZvwK eevi ywU

AbK Y _vKv mI MYZi wKQz ywU AvQ| wbP Gjv AvjvPbv Kiv njv|
1. Y ev hvMZvi Pq msLvi Dci iyZ c`vb : MYZ wbevPbi gvag Rq-civRq wbaviY Kiv nq ej
GLvb Y ev hvMZvi Pq msLvi Ici iyZ ewk Ìqv nq| A_vr GZ gv_v MYbv Kiv nq, gavi
wePvi Kiv nq bv|
2. `jxq kvmbeev : G ee_vq wbevPb msLvMwiZv ARbKvix `j miKvi MVb Ki| wbevwPZ `j me
mgq wbRi `ji ^v_i w`K j iL kvmbKvh cwiPvjbv Ki| dj iv MY-Amvl `Lv hvq|
3. eqej I A_i AcPq nq : MYZ wbevPbi gvag miKvi MVb nq| wbevPb cwiPvjbvq cPzi A_i
cqvRb nq| GQvov wbevPbi mgq cv_xiv wbevPwb cPvii Rb cPzi A_ eq Ki| wbevPb RbMYi
mg_b Av`vqi Rb cwZwU `j wjdjU, cvvi, Rbmfv BZvw` Ki cPzi A_ eq Ki| GZ mgq,
m` I A_i AcPq nq|
32
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
4.
Nb Nb bxwZi cwieZb : MYZ Nb Nb miKvi cwieZb nq| MYZ wbevwPZ `j wbw` mgqi Rb
miKvi MVb Ki Ges cwZwU `j Zvì bxwZi wfwZ Kgm~wP cYqb Ki| Kvbv Kvbv
miKvii Kgm~wP cyivcywi evevwqZ nIqvi AvMB Zvì gqv` kl nq hvq| miKvi cwieZbi mv_
mv_ miKvii bxwZI cwieZb nq| dj KLbv KLbv ivi Dbqb evavM nq|
MYZ mdj Kivi Dcvq I MYZvwK AvPiY

MYZ eZgvb hyM cPwjZ kvmb ee_vjvi ga mevrK Ges mePq MnYhvM kvmbeev| wKy Gi
PPv ev evevqbi c_ AbK cwZeKZv AvQ| Gme cwZeKZv `~i Ki MYZi mvdji Rb
cqvRb wkwZ I mPZb RbMvx, A_bwZK mvg I bvqwfwK mgvReev, ` ckvmb Ges Dchy
bZZ| G Qvov AviI cqvRb cigZmwnzZv, AvBbi kvmb, gy I ^vaxb cPvih, GKvwaK ivRbwZK `j
I ivRbwZK mnbkxjZv| Ze mePq ewk hwU cqvRb Zv njv, MYZvwK ivi bvMwiKì MYZvwK
gbvfvevcb nZ ne| ZvìK ewMZ, mvgvwRK I ivxq Rxebi mKj MYZvwK AvPiY KiZ
ne| GRb hv Kiv cqvRb Zv njv
bvMwiKì cigZmwnz nZ ne| mevBK gZ cKvki myhvM w`Z ne| Abi gZK kv KiZ
ne Ges AwaKvski gZvgZK mevi gZvgZ wnme gb bIqvi gvbwmKZv _vKZ ne| wbRi ev
wbR `jxq gZvgZ Rvi Ki Abì Dci Pvwcq Ìqv hve bv|
ewMZ I `jxq ^v_ciZv cwinvi KiZ ne| GwU mKj bvMwiK I ivRbwZK `ji Rb chvR|
Kej weivwaZvi Rb weivwaZv Kij ne bv| `ki gjK cavb w`q KvR KiZ ne|
wbRi AwaKvi Av`vqi cvkvcvwk Abi AwaKviK mvb KiZ ne| wbRi AwaKvi Av`vq hb Abi
AwaKvi fi KviY bv nq, m welq mPZb _vKZ ne|
wewfb m`vq Ges `ji ga mxwZ, mnhvwMZv I mnbkxjZv eRvq ivLZ ne|
ew^vZK kv KiZ ne| mB mv_ bvMwiKì mybvMwiKi Yvewj ARb KiZ ne| bvMwiKì
nZ ne AvZmshgx I weeKevb|
MYZi evnb nQ wbevPb| wbevPb hb myz I wbic nq, mRb bvMwiKì cqvRbxq mnhvwMZv
w`Z ne| AhvM jvK hb wbevwPZ nZ bv cvi, mRb bvMwiKì mPZbfve fvU w`q Dchy
jvKK wbevPb KiZ ne| GZ MYZ kwkvjx ne|
AvBbi kvmb njv MYZi cvY| GRb mevBK AvBb gvbZ ne| AvBbi PvL mevB mgvb| AZGe,
mKji cwZ mgvb AvPiY KiZ ne| A_vr mgvb AwaKvi I myhvM-myweav w`Z ne|
Gme MYZvwK AvPiY kLv I Zv cqvMi gvag MYZK mdj Kivi Rb cwZwU bvMwiKK hZevb nZ
ne|
`jxq KvR : MYZ mycwZvi Rb wkv_xiv wbRiv Kx aibi AvPiY Kie Zvi ZvwjKv Zwi Kie|
iv I miKvieev
33
GKbvqKZvwK iveev
GKbvqKZ GK aibi ^QvPvix kvmbeev| GZ ivi kvmb gZv RbMYi nvZ b bv _K
GKRb ^QvPvix kvmK ev `j ev kwYi nvZ b _vK| GZ bZvB `ji megq gZvi AwaKvix| ZvK
ejv nq GKbvqK ev wWKUUi| GKbvqKZvwK kvmKK mnvqZv Kivi Rb gx ev Dc`v cwil` _vK|
wKy Zviv kvmKi Av`k I wb`k gb Pj| kvmKi Av`kB AvBb| G eevq kvmKi KviI KvQ
Revew`wn _vK bv| GZ GKwUgv ivRbwZK `j _vK| GB `ji bZvB miKvicavb| Zvi BQv Abyhvqx
`j cwiPvwjZ nq Ges Zvi A Abymvixì wbq `j MwVZ nq|
GKbvqKZ MYgvagjv (iwWI, Uwjwfkb, msev`c BZvw`) bZv I Zvi `ji wbqY _vK| Gjv
wbicfve eenvii myhvM Ìqv nq bv| eis miKvwi `ji YKxZb eeZ nq| G miKvieevq
AvBb I wePvi wefvM ^vaxbfve KvR KiZ cvi bv| GKbvqKi BQv Abyhvqx AvBb cYqb I wePviKvh Kiv
nq| GK RvwZ, GK `k, GK bZv GKbvqKZi Av`k| GZ gb Kiv nq, mewKQz ivi Rb, Gi evBi
ev weiy wKQz bq|
Rvovq KvR : GKbvqKZi cavb ewkjvi PvU/QK/ aviYv gvbwP Zwi Kie|
GKbvqKZvwK ivi `vl

GKbvqKZ Pig ^QvPvix eev| Gi `vljv wbgic|
1.
MYZweivax : GKbvqKZ MYZ weivax| GwU ew-^vaxbZvK ^xKvi Ki bv, hv MYZi g~j K_v|
GwU bvMwiKi gwjK AwaKvi Le Ki| dj ewZi weKvk evavM nq|
2.
îvPvix kvmb : GKbvqKZ îvPvix kvmb cwZv Ki| KviY GKbvqKK KviI wbKU Revew`wn
KiZ nq bv| Zvi K_vB AvBb| GZ ewi ^vaxb wPv I gy eyw PPvi myhvM bB| GKbvqKZ
eyZ GKwU îvPvix kvmbeev|
3.
bZZ I ivRbwZK PZbv mwi Aivq : G kvmbee GKK bZvi bZZ Pj ej weK bZZ
Mo DVvi myhvM _vK bv| Avevi ivRbwZK KgKv RbMYi AskMnYi myhvM bv _vKvq ivRbwZK
mPZbZvI Zwi nq bv|
4.
wecei mvebv : G kvmbeevq RbMYi AskMnY bB ej me`v wecei fq _vK| AfixY

weivwaZv I MY-Amvli KviY GKbvqKZ ewk w`b wUKZ cvi bv|
5.
wekkvwi weivax : GKbvqKZ DM RvZxqZveva aviY I jvjb Kiv nq| gZv I gZvi jvf
GKbvqKi ga hyvs`nx gbvfve mw Ki| wnUjvi G aibi gbvfve cvlY Ki mviv cw_exZ
asm WK GbwQjb| G aibi gbvfve AvRvwZK kvwi cwicx|
GKbvqKZvwK eev ewK ivi e`xg~j DrmM Ki| GLvb ew ivi Rb, iv ewi Rb bq|
ZvB eZgvb wek Kvbv iv GKbvqKK mg_b Ki bv|
`jxq KvR : MYZ I GKbvqKZi ga cv_K wbicY Kie|
34
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
gZv ebi bxwZi wfwZ iv

ivi wewfb Aski ga gZv ebi bxwZi wfwZ iv `yB aibi nq| h_v- GKKw`K iv I
hyiv|
GKKw`K iv
GKKw`K iv msweavbi gvag ivi mKj kvmbZvwK gZv K`xq miKvii nvZ b Kiv nq|
dj K` _K `k cwiPvjbv Kiv nq| kvmbKvhi myweavi Rb `kK wewfb c`k ev Aj fvM Ki
wKQz gZv Zvì nvZ AcY Kiv nq| Ze cqvRbeva K`xq miKvi m gZv wdwiq wbZ cvi| G
aibi miKvi eevq cv`wkK ev AvwjK miKvijv Kì wbqY _K Kì GRU wnme KvR
Ki| evsjv`k, hyivR cfwZ GKKw`K ivi D`vniY|
hyiv
h iveevq GKvwaK iv I c`k wgwjZ nq GKwU iv MVb Ki, ZvK hyiv ej| G eevq
K`xq miKvii kvmbKvhi myweavi Rb msweavbi gvag K` I c`k ev Aji ga gZv eb Kiv
nq| hyiv cvkvcvwk AewZ KZjv z` iv GKwZ nq GKwU eo iv MVb Ki ej ivwU
kwkvjx nq| GQvov hyivxq miKvi ivi wewfb GjvKvi m` AvniY Ki GKwU enr A_bxwZ MVbc~eK
ivK DbwZi w`K wbq hZ cvi| ZvB weki mKj hyivB Kg-ewk DbZ| Avgvì cvkeZx `k
fviZI GKwU hyiv|
DivwaKvi m~i wfwZ iv

weki Kvbv Kvbv iv ivcavbMY DivwaKvi m~ ivi kvmbgZv jvf Kib| G aibi
ivee_vK ejv nq ivRZ| ivRZ ivRvi Qj ev gq DivwaKvi m~ ivi ivRv ev ivwb nq
_vKb| ivRZ `yB aibi, h_v- wbizk ivRZ I wbqgZvwK ivRZ|
wbizk ivRZ : G aibi iv ivRv ev ivwb ivi megq gZvi AwaKvix| GZ kvmbee_vq RbMYi
AskMnYi myhvM bB| eZgvb wek G aibi miKvii msLv bMY| mw` Avie wbizk ivRZ we`gvb
iqQ|
wbqgZvwK ivRZ : G aibi ivee_vq ivi ivRv ev ivwb DivwaKvi m~ ev wbqgZvwKfve
ivcavb nb| wKy wZwb mxwgZ gZv fvM Kib| ivi cKZ kvmb gZv _vK RbMYi wbevwPZ
cwZwbwaì nvZ| hyivR (MU weUb) wbqgZvwK ivRZ cPwjZ iqQ|
Rvovq KvR : wbizk I wbqgZvwK ivRZi ga cv_K wbicY Kie|
Dki wfwZ iv
KjvYg~jK iv
h iv RbMYi `bw`b b~bZg Pvwn`v c~iYi Rb KjvYg~jK KvR Ki, ZvKB ejv nq KjvYg~jK iv|
G aibi iv RbMYi gwjK Pvwn`v c~iYi Rb Kgi myhvM mw Ki, eKvi fvZv c`vb Ki, webv LiP
iv I miKvieev
35
wkv I wPwKrmvi eev Ki| KvbvWv, hyivR, myBWb, biIq BZvw` KjvYg~jK ivi D`vniY| G
aibi ivi ewk njv
iv mgvRi gji Rb mvgvwRK wbivcvi eev Rvi`vi Ki| Lv`, e, wkv, wPwKrmv I
evmvbi eev Ki| ivvNvU, GwZgLvbv, mivBLvbv, Lv` fZywK c`vb I Kgms_vbi ee_v
Ki| eKvi fvZv, AemiKvjxb fvZv, cwZex fvZv BZvw` c`vb Ki|
mQjì Dci DPnvi Ki avh Ki I Kg mQjì Dci Kg Ki avh Ki `wi` I `yZì

mvnvh I cybevmbi ee_v Ki|
KlK, kwgK I gRyiì ^v_ivi Rb b~bZg gRywii eev Ki Zvì Rxebhvvi gvb wbqYi
ee_v Ki|
mgevq mwgwZ MVb I kwgK KjvY mwgwZ MVb Ki KlK, kwgK I gRyiì ^v_ msiYi
ee_v Ki|
Rvovq KvR : evsjv`kK KjvYg~jK iv ejv hvq wK bv hywmn AvjvPbv Kie|
miKvii kwYwefvM
miKvii aviYvi Drcwi mgqKvj _K wewfb `vkwbK miKviK wewfbfve fvM KiQb| AvaywbKKvj
miKvii aib wbic|
miKvi
gZv ebi bxwZi wfwZ
GKKw`K miKvi
hyivxq miKvi
AvBb I kvmb wefvMi mKi wfwZ
msm`xq miKvi
ivcwZ kvwmZ miKvi
gZv ebi bxwZi wfwZ miKvii kwYwefvM

K` I c`ki ga gZv ebi bxwZi wfwZ miKvi `yB aibi nZ cvi| h_v - GKKw`K miKvi I
hyivxq miKvi|
GKKw`K miKvi
h kvmbee_vq miKvii mKj gZv K`xq miKvii nvZ b _vK Ges K` _K `ki kvmb
cwiPvwjZ nq, ZvK GKKw`K miKvi ej| GZ K` I c`ki ga gZvi eb Kiv nq bv| G miKvi
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
36
eevq AvwjK miKvii Kvbv ^Z AwZ bB| iv wewfb c`k ev ckvmwbK Aj _vKZ cvi|
Ze Zviv Kì cwZwbwa ev mnvqK wnme KvR Ki| evsjv`k, Rvcvb, hyivR cfwZ `k GKKw`K
miKvi cPwjZ AvQ|
Rvovq KvR : GKKw`K ivi ewkjv w`q GKwU aviYv gvbwP/PvU Zwi Kie|
GKKw`K miKvii Y
GKKw`K miKvii wekl KZjv Y AvQ| hgb1. mnR mvsMVwbK ee_v : GKKw`K miKvii msMVb mij cKwZi| GZ Kì nvZ me gZv b
_vK| K` I c`ki ga gZv ebi Kvbv Svgjv bB| K` Kvbv wmv MnY Kiv nj
mnRB Zv mgM `k evevqb Kiv hvq| G Qvov mviv `k Awfb AvBb, bxwZ I cwiKbv ejer Kiv
nq| dj mvsMVwbK mvgmZv _vK|
2. RvZxq HKi cZxK : GB miKviee_vq ivi wfZi wewfb c`k ev Aj _vKjI Zvì Kvbv
^vqkvmb bB| dj mviv `ki Rb GKB ckvmwbK bxwZ I AvBb cYqb I evevqb Kiv nq,hv
RvZxq msnwZ I ALZv eRvq ivLZ mnvqZv Ki|
3.
wgZewqZv : GKKw`K miKvi ckvmwbK eq Kg| KviY GZ Kej K` miKvi MVb Kiv nq|
GLvb K`xq miKvi mKj wmv MnY Ki Ges Zv avc avc evevqb nq| i i EaZb
KgKZvi cqvRb nq bv ej GZ LiP Kg|
4.
`yZ wmv MnY : Kvbv AvwjK miKvii mv_ civgk ev AvwjK ^v_ weePbvi ìKvi nq bv ej
GKKw`K miKvii c `yZ wmv MnY Kiv hvq| wmv MnY Kvbv RwUjZv Zwi nq bv|
5.
QvU ivi DchvMx : GKKw`K miKvi fMvwjK w`K w`q AcvKZ QvU I Awfb Kwmb
ivi Rb DchvMx| hgbevsjv`k I kxjv|
GKKw`K miKvii ywU

GKKw`K miKvi myweav hgb iqQ, Zgwb KZjv ywUI iqQ| hgb1.
KvRi ewk Pvc : GKKw`K miKvi Kì nvZ mKj gZv b _vKvq K`xq miKvii Dci
KvRi ewk Pvc _vK| miKvii me KvR K`xq miKviK KiZ nq ej ckvmKMY iywUb KvRi
Pvc RbwnZKi KvRi cwZ cqvRbxq mgq w`Z cvi bv|
2.
_vbxq bZZ weKvki AbyK~j bq : G ee_vq K`xqfve gZvi PPv I wmv MnxZ nq| cv`wkK
ev AvwjK chvq RbMYi ivRbwZK cwqvq AskMnYi myhvM _vK bv | dj _vbxq bZZ Mo
DVvi myhvM _vK bv|
3.
_vbxq Dbqb I mgmvi cwZ Aenjv : GKKw`K miKvi mviv `ki Rb Awfb cwiKbv I wmv
bIqv nq| wKy wewfb GjvKvq wfb wfb mgmv _vKZ cvi, hvi cwZ K`xq miKvii c bRi
Ìqv me nq bv| Avevi Ajjv `~i _vKvi KviY K`xq miKvi _vbxq mgmvjv wVKfve
eySZ I mgvavb KiZ cvi bv|
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
37
4. eo ivi Rb AbychvMx : eo ivi Rb GKKw`K miKvi myweavRbK bq| eo iv GK Aji

m AviK Aji fvlv, mswZ, Kw BZvw` Kg-ewk cv_K cwijwZ nq| GB cv_Kjv
GKwZ Ki mewKQz K`xq miKvii c GKv mvgvj Ìqv me bq| iv cwiPvjbvq miKviK
bvbvgyLx mgmvi myLxb nZ nq| dj miKvii cwZ m`n I Awekvm evo| G KviY Ajjvi
wewQb nIqvi ceYZv `Lv w`Z cvi|
5.
Kì ^QvPvwiZv : GZ K`xq miKvii nvZ mg gZv Kw`f~Z nIqvi dj Kì

^QvPvwiZvi mvebv _vK|
hyivxq miKvi
hyiv ejZ mB aibi miKviK eySvq, hLvb GKvwaK iv ev c`k wgj GKwU miKvi MVb Ki| G
aibi miKvi gZv ebi bxwZi Dci cwZwZ| GZ mvsweavwbKfve ivi KZZ I gZvi wKQz Ask
c`k ev AvwjK miKvii Ges RvZxq welqjv K`xq miKvii nvZ _vK| dj cv`wkK I K`xq
Dfq miKviB gwjK gZvi AwaKvix nq Ges ^ ^ ^vaxb I ^Z _K `k cwiPvjbv Ki| A_vr
GZ Z miKvieev _vK| fviZ, gvwKb hyiv, KvbvWv cfwZ `k hyivxq miKvi cwZ iqQ|
Rvovq KvR : hyivxq miKvii ewki ZvwjKv Zwi Kie|
hyivxq miKvii Y
hyivxq miKvii ek wKQz Y AvQ| h_v:
1.
RvZxq HK I AvwjK ^vZi mg^q NUvq : G aibi miKvi AvwjK ^vZ I wfbZv eRvq iL
RvZxq HK Mo Zvj| GZ AvwjK ewk I wfbZvK ^xKwZ w`q mjvK jvjb Kiv nq| G
ee_vq ewPi ga HK Mo IV|
2.
K`xq miKvii KvRi Pvc Kgvq : G miKviee_vq msweavbi gvag K` I c`ki ga gZv
fvM Ki Ìqv nq| dj Kì KvRi Pvc Kg hvq Ges mnRB Kì Dci AwcZ `vwqZ cvjbi
myhvM cvq|
3.
AvwjK mgmv mgvavbi DchvMx : hyivxq ee_vq AvwjK miKvi mnRB Aji mgmvjv
eySZ Ges Zv wPwZ Ki mgvavb KiZ cvi|
4. ivRbwZK PZbv ew I _vbxq bZZi weKvk mnvqK: hyivxq ee_vq RbMY `ywU miKvii cwZ
AvbyMZ `Lvq Ges `ycKvi AvBb I Av`k gb Pj| dj RbMY ivRbwZKfve AwaKZi mPZb
nq IV| G aibi ee_v _vbxq bZZ weKvk LyeB mnvqK|
5.
Kì ^QvPvwiZv jvc cvq: K` I c`ki ga gZv ebi dj K` wbizk gZvi AwaKvix
nZ cvi bv| dj Kì ^QvPvix nIqvi Avkv _vK bv|
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
38
hyivxq miKvii ywU

hyivxq miKvi wbgv ywU `Lv w`Z cvi:
1.
RwUj cKwZi kvmb: hyivxq miKvii MVbcYvwj RwUj cKwZi| G hb miKvii wfZi miKvi|
dj K` I c`ki ga mK wbaviY, gZv eb, AvBb cYqb I cqvM cfwZ welq RwUjZv
`Lv `q|
2. gZvi : GZ gZvi GLwZqvi wbq K`, c`k GgbwK wewfb c`ki ga -msNvZ mw nZ
`Lv hvq|
3. `yej miKvi: gZv ebi dj RvZxq I AvwjK miKvi DfqB `yej Aevq _vK| Riywi Ae_vq
AbK mgq `yZ I ewj wmv bIqv hvq bv| AvwjK miKvii gZvgZi cqvRb nj wmv MnY
`wi nq|
4.
wewQb nIqvi Avk : hyivxq miKvii c`kjv ^Z I ^vqkwvmZ| G KviY myhvM eyS
cqvRb Kvbv Aj ev c`k wewQb nIqvi Pv KiZ cvi|
5.
eqej: GZ Z miKvi KvVvgv _vKvq ckvmbi eq ew cvq|

`jxq KvR : GKKw`K I hyivxq miKvii myweav-Amyweavi Zzjbv Kie|
AvBb I kvmb wefvMi mKi wfwZ miKvii kwYwefvM

AvBb I kvmb wefvM miKvii `ywU iyZc~Y wefvM| G `ywU wefvMi ga mK ev Revew`wnZv bxwZi wfwZ
miKvii `ywU ic iqQ| h_v- msm`xq miKvi I ivcwZ kvwmZ miKvi|
msm`xq miKvi
h miKviee_vq kvmb wefvM I AvBb wefvMi ga mK AZ Nwb Ges kvmb wefvMi _vwqZ I
KvhKvwiZv AvBb wefvMi Dci wbfikxj ZvK gwcwil` kvwmZ miKvi ev msm`xq cwZi miKvi ej|
GZ gwmfvi nvZ `ki kvmb gZv _vK| mvaviY wbevPb msmì msLvMwi Avmb weRqx `j
gwmfv MVb Kib| `ji AvvfvRb ew nb cavbgx| wZwb `ji iyZc~Y m`mì ga _K Abvb
gx wbqvM Kib I Zuvì ga ì eb Kib| gxMY mvaviYZ AvBb cwil` ev msm` m`mì ga
_K gbvbxZ nb| ZvB G miKviK ejv nq msm`xq ev cvjvgUvwi cwZi miKvi| evsjv`k, fviZ,
hyivR, KvbvWv, myBWb, Awjqv cfwZ `k msm`xq cwZi miKvi iqQ|
G aibi miKvi GKRb wbqgZvwK ivcavb _vKb| Ze cavbgxi bZZ gwmfv nq cKZ kvmb
gZvi AwaKvix| G eevq cavbgxi iZ mePq ewk| ivcwZ cavbgxi civgk Qvov KvhZ wKQz
Kib bv|
msm`xq miKvi AvBbmfv mvefg gZvi AwaKvix| cavbgxmn gwmfv Zvì KvRi Rb AvBb
cwilì wbKU `vqx _vK| AvBbmfvi Avv nvivj gwmfvi cZb NU| GQvov gwmfvi Kvbv m`mi
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
39
weiy msm` Abvv Avbj ZvK c`ZvM KiZ nq| G eevq msm` m`mì ga _K gx wbhy
Kivq GKB ewi nvZ AvBb I kvmb gZv _vK|
Rvovq KvR : msm`xq miKvi cwZi ewkjv QK/PvUi mvnvh Dcvcb Kie|
msm`xq miKvii Y
msm`xq ev gwcwil` kvwmZ miKvii hme Y iqQ Zv wbic1.
`vwqZkxj kvmbee_v: msm`xq miKvi `vwqZkxj miKvi| GZ gZvmxb I weivax `j DfqB Zvì
KvRi Rb RbMYi wbKU `vqx _vK|
2.
AvBb I kvmb wefvMi Nwb mK: kvmb wefvMi m`mMY AvBbmfvi m`m nIqvq G miKvi AvBb
I kvmb wefvMi ga ezZc~Y mK _vK|
3. weivax `ji ghv`v: GZ weivax `jK weK miKvi gb Kiv nq| dj RvZxq msKU gZvmxb I
weivax `j GKmv_ Avjvc-AvjvPbvi gvag mgmvi mgvavb KiZ cvi| weivax `j nQ msm`xq
ee_vi AweQ` Ask|
4. mgvjvPbvi myhvM: G miKvi msm` m`mMY wekl Ki weivax `ji m`mMY msm` em miKvii
KvRi mgvjvPbv Kivi myhvM cvq| dj miKvi Zvi KvR mshZ nq I fvjv KvR Kivi Pv Ki|
5. ivRbwZK wkv `q: msm`xq miKvi RbgZi `viv cwiPvwjZ nq| RbgZK AbyK~j ivLvi Rb ZvB
miKvwi I weivax `j memgq Zrci _vK| msm` weZK nq| GZ RbMY ivRbwZKfve mPZb
nq|
msm`xq miKvii wU
msm`xq cwZi miKvii wKQz ywU iqQ| h_v1.
w_wZkxjZvi Afve: msm`xq miKvi Aw_wZkxj nZ cvi| gwmfv AvBbmfvi Av_v nvivj A_ev
msm` msLvMwiZvi nidi nj miKvii cZb NU| G aibi cwiw_wZ `kK Aw_wZkxj Ki
ZzjZ cvi|
2.
gZvi AwefvRb: G aibi miKvi kvmb I AvBb cYqb gZv GKB vb _vK ej gxMY
îvPvix nq DVZ cvi|
3.
AwZ `jxq gbvfve: msm`xq miKvi g~jZ `jxq miKvi| GZ `ji msLvMwiZvi Dci miKvii MVb
I _vwqZ wbfi Ki| dj `jK AZwaK iyZ Ìqv nq| gZvmxb I weivax DfqB `jB Pig `jxq
gbvfve wbq KvR Ki| GQvov `jxq miKvi nIqvq `ji m`mì m
y Kivi Rb gav I hvMZv
weePbv bv Ki AbKK gwmfvq Af
y Kiv nq| dj RvZxq ^v_ evnZ nq|
4.
wmv MnY wej^: GLvb hKvbv welq e AvjvPbv I civgki ci wmv bIqv nq| dj
wmv MnY `wi nq| AbK KvRB mgqgZ Kiv me nq bv|
`jxq KvR : msm`xq miKvii `vl I ywUi ZvwjKv Zwi Kie|
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
40
ivcwZ kvwmZ miKvi

ivcwZ kvwmZ miKvi ejZ mB miKviK eySvq hLvb, kvmb wefvM AvBb wefvMi wbKU `vqx _vK bv|
ivcwZ Zvi cQì ewì wbq gwmfv MVb Kib| ivcwZ I gwmfvi m`mMY AvBbmfvi m`m
bb| gxMY Zvì KvRi Rb ivcwZi KvQ `vqx _vKb| ivcwZi mywi Dci gxì KvhKvj wbfi
Ki| ivcwZ kvwmZ miKvi ivcwZ megq gZvi AwaKvix| wZwbB cKZ kvmK I miKvicavb| wZwb
Kvbv KvR gxì civgk MnY KiZI cvib Avevi bvI KiZ cvib| gvwKb hyiv ivcwZ kvwmZ
miKvi cPwjZ iqQ|
ivcwZ kvwmZ miKvii Y

ivcwZ kvwmZ miKvii Yvewj wbgic:
1.
wwZkxj kvmb: ivcwZ kvwmZ miKvi ivcwZ GKwU wbavwiZ gqvì Rb wbevwPZ nb| G mgq
GKgv Awfksmb (Kvbv mywbw` KviY AcmviY Kiv) Qvov ZvK AcmviY Kiv hvq bv| dj
kvmbee_v w_wZkxj _vK|
2.
`yZ wmv MnY: G ee_vq AvBb wefvMi mv_ civgk bv Ki ivcwZ `yZ wmv wbZ cvib|
dj hy, Riwi Ae_v I Ab Kvbv msKUKvj wmv MnY ivcwZ kvwmZ miKvi cvi`wkZvi
cwiPq `q|
3. ` kvmbee_v: GZ ivcwZ I gxMYK AvBb cYqb wbq ewk gv_v NvgvZ nq bv Ges Zviv AvBb
cwilì KvQ `vqx bb| dj Zviv ckvmwbK welq ewk mgq w`Z cvib, hv ckvmbK ` Ki
Zvj|
4. gZvi ^vZxKiY: GB kvmbee_vq miKvii wZbwU wefvM (kvmb, AvBb I wePvi wefvM) c_Kfve
KvR Ki, Avevi Abw`K GKwU AbwUi mv_ mK eRvq ivL| dj GZ gZvi c_KxKiY I
fvimvg _vK|
5. `jxq gbvfvei Kg cwZdjb: AvBb mfvq wej cvmi msmì m`mì ga fvUvfzwU miKvii
_vwqZi Dci cfve dj bv| dj G ee_vq `jxq gbvfve Kg c`wkZ nq| ivcwZ `ji Pq
RvZxq ^v_i cwZwbwaZ KivK AwaKZi iyZ `b|
ivcwZ kvwmZ miKvii ywU

ivcwZ kvwmZ miKvii wU wbic|
1.
^QvPvix kvmb: ivcwZi nvZ megq KZZ _vKvq Ges kvmb wefvM AvBb wefvMi wbKU `vqx bv
_vKvq ivcwZ ^QvPvix kvmK cwiYZ nZ cvib| hnZz wZwb KviI mv_ civgk KiZ eva bb,
mnZz LvgLqvjx I `vwqZnxb kvmbi Avkv GZ ewk _vK|
2.
wewfb wefvMi ga mymKi Afve: kvmb, AvBb I wePvi wefvMi MVb I gZv Avjv`v nIqvq
ciii ga mnhvwMZvi Afve I ewiZv `Lv `q| G aibi cwiw_wZ miKviK bvRyK Ae_vq
djZ cvi|
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
3.
41
Abgbxq kvmb: ivcwZ kvwmZ miKvi mnR msweavb mskvab Kiv hvq bv| dj kvmbee_v
Abgbxq cKwZi nq| Kv_vI Kvbv cwieZbi cqvRbxqZv `Lv w`j Zv mnR Kiv hvq bv| Avevi
ivcwZK mnR c`PyZ Kiv hvq bv| dj mnR KvwLZ cwieZb NUvbv hvq bv|
G Aavq Avgiv iv I miKvieevi wewfb aib I Gì `vl I Y mK Rvbjvg| cw_exi Kvbv
ivi miKvieev Kej GKwU cwZK aviY Ki bv| eis GKvwaK cwZi mswgkY wewfb iv I
miKvieev Mo DVQ| hgb- AvgwiKv GKwU MYZvwK iv| GLvb iqQ ivcwZ kvwmZ hyivxq
miKvieev| hyivR iqQ msm`xq cwZi Ges wbqgZvwK ivRZ| ivi mvgvwRK I A_bwZK
Aev, RbMYi cZvkv, eve cwiwwZ BZvw` wewfb KviYB GB wewfbZv Mo DV|
`jxq KvR : msm`xq I ivcwZkvwmZ miKvii ga KvbwU Dg m mK AvjvPbv Kie|
`jxq KvR : evsjv`ki miKvieevq miKvii wewfb aibjvi ga KvbjvK aviY Ki
AvjvPbv Kie|
Abykxjbx
msw Di ck
1. iv I miKvii ga cv_K Kx?
2. mwi gvwjKvbvi cuywRev`x I mgvRZvwK ivi ga cv_K jL|
3. Avgiv Kxfve MYZvwK AvPiY KiZ cvwi Zvi cuvPwU D`vniY `vI|
4. GKbvqKZvwK miKvi Kb Kvg bq? c hyw `vI|
eYbvg~jK ck
1. MYZ I GKbvqKZ RbMYi mv_ miKvii mK evLv Ki|
2. GKKw`K I hyivxq miKvii cv_K AvjvPbvc~eK evsjv`k hyivxq miKviee_v ceZb
KZUv hwK AvjvPbv Ki|
cwiKwZ KvR
G Aavq AvjvwPZ miKvi cwZjv Kvb Kvb `k AvQ ev wQj Zvi Dci GKwU Abymvbg~jK
cwZe`b PvU AvKvi Zwi Kie| cwZ Myc Kgc 5wU Ki `ki bvg DjL KiZ ne|
ewbevPwb ck
1| gZvi Drmi wfwZ MwVZ iv eev KvbwU ?
K) mgvRZvwK
L) cyuwRev`x
M) ivRZvwK
N) MYZvwK
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
42
2| ew ^vaxbZvi ivKvix iv eev KvbwU?
K) MYZvwK
L) cyuwRev`x
M) GKbvqKZvwK
N) mgvRZvwK
3| MYZK `vwqZkxj kvmb eev ejv nq| KviY GLvb kvmKMY

i.
RbMYi wbKU `vqx _vK|
ii. Rb ^v_ivi Pv Ki|

iii. mZZvi mv_ `vwqZ cvjb Ki|
wbPi KvbwU mwVK ?
K) i I ii
L) ii I iii
M) i I iii
N) i, ii I iii
wbPi QKwU cheY Ki 4 I 5 bs cki Di `vI :

K `ki miKvi eev
1| mKj kvmbZvwK gZvi AwaKvix
1| X BDwbUi GRU wnme KvR Ki
2| `k cwiPvjbvi wb`kbv c`vb
2| wb`wkZ KvR evevqb Ki
3| wewfb Aj wef Ki gZv eb
3| X BDwbUi wbqY _vK|
X- BDwbU
Y- BDwbU
4| K iv Kvb aibi miKvi eev we`gvb ?

K. hyivxq
L. GKKw`K
M. mgvRZvwK
N. ivRZvwK
5. D miKvi eevq
i.
Y BDwbUwU AvwjK miKvi wnme KvR KiQ|
ii. X BDwbUwU Y BDwbUi gZv wdwiq wbZ cvi |

iii. X BDwbUwU K ivi mKj gZvi Drm |
wbPi KvbwU mwVK ?
K) i I ii
L) ii I ii
M) i I iii
N) i, ii I iii
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
43
mRbkxj ck
1. `yBwU ivi miKvii gZvi aviv :
(K ivi miKvi eevi `ywU BDwbUi KvR)
x ew RbMbi fvU wbevwPZ K ivi cKZ
kvmK| wZwb AvBbmfvi m`m bb| Zvui miKvi
eevq `ji PvBZ RvZxq ^v_ ewk iyZ cvq|
y ewi `j RbMYi mivmwi fvUi gvag

msLvMwiZv jvf Kivq L ivi miKvi MVb
Ki| y ew Ges Zvui `j AvBbmfvq wewfb
`j-gZi cvavb w`q wewfb AvBb cvm Kib|
K. DivwaKvi m~ MwVZ miKvi eevi bvg Kx ?

L. cuywRev`x iv Kx? evLv Ki|
M. K ivi miKvi eev Kvb aibi? evLv Ki|
N. L ivi miKvi eevq RbgZi cvavb j Kiv hvq -DwwUi ^c hyw c`kb Ki|
2| Aivi fMvwjK AvKwZ Lye QvU nIqvq Kw`q miKvi wkv, we`yr, hvMvhvM I Kwl i `yZ
Dbqb mvab Ki| D ivi i i AbK KgKZv-KgPvix bvB ej A_bwZK LiP AbK Kg|
Abw`K B ivi Ajjv AfixY ^vaxb ej AvwjK bZZ MVb Ki vbxq cwilì
gvag wewfb mgmvi mgvavb Ki| dj G ivi miKvii DPii KvRi Pvc AbK Kg hvq|
K. GK `ji kvmb Kvqg nq Kvb iv eevq?
L. DivwaKvii wfwZ MwVZ iv eevwU evLv Ki|
M. A ivi miKvi eevi aibwU evLv Ki|
N. B ivi miKvi eev vbxq bZZi weKvk mnvqK - weklY Ki|
cg Aavq
msweavb
Avgiv iv evm Kwi| iv cwiPvjbvi Rb wKQz wbqg Kvbyb iqQ| Gjv wjwLZ I AwjwLZ AvKvi
wjwce _vK| Gme wbqgvewji mgwK msweavb ej| msweavbi gvag iv cwiPvwjZ nq| msweavbK
ejv nq ivi `cY ev Avqbvî~c| msweavb bvMwiKi AwaKvi I KZe, kvmKi gZv Ges bvMwiK I
kvmKi mK wKic ne Zv myfve wjwce _vK| KvRB ivi cwZwU bvMwiKi msweavb mK
aviYv _vKv cqvRb| G Aavq Avgiv msweavbi aviYv, msweavbi iyZ, msweavb cYqb cwZ, wjwLZAwjwLZ I mycwieZbxq-`ywieZbxq msweavbi ewk, evsjv`ki msweavb Zwii BwZnvm Ges Gi
DjLhvM ewk Ges wewfb mskvabxmg~n m^ Rvbe|
G Aavq cov kl Avgiv
msweavbi aviYv I iyZ evLv KiZ cvie|
wjwLZ I AwjwLZ msweavbi ewk evLv KiZ cvie|
msweavb cYqbi cwZ evLv KiZ cvie|
Dg msweavbi ewk eYbv KiZ cvie|
evsjv`ki msweavb iPbvi BwZnvm eYbv KiZ cvie|
evsjv`ki msweavbi ewk evLv KiZ cvie|
evsjv`ki msweavbi wewfb mskvabx eYbv KiZ cvie|
msweavbi aviYv
msweavb njv iv cwiPvjbvi gwjK `wjj| msweavb Abyhvqx ivi kvmbee_v cwiPvwjZ nq| AvBb,
kvmb I wePvi wefvM Kxfve MwVZ ne, Gì MVb I gZv Kx ne, RbMY ivc` Kx Kx AwaKvi fvM
Kie Ges RbMY I miKvii mK Kgb ne- Gme welq msweavb DjL _vK| A_vr hme wbqgi
gvag iv cwiPvwjZ nq, ZvK msweavb ej| msweavbK ZvB ivi PvwjKvkw ejv nq| ivwevbi
RbK AvwiUj ejb, msweavb njv Ggb GK RxebcwZ, hv iv ^qs eQ wbqQ|
msweavb cYqb cwZ

msweavb cYqbi wewfb cwZ iqQ| Zba DjLhvM cwZMyjv wbg AvjvPbv Kiv njv1.
Abygv`bi gvag : RbMYK mvgvwRK, ivRbZwK I A_bwZK AwaKvi _K ewZ Ki AZxZ cvq
ivB ^QvPvix kvmK wbRi BQvbyhvqx iv cwiPvjbv KiZ| GZ RbMYi ga vf I Amvl
`Lv `q| RbMYK kv Kivi Rb Ges Zvì AwaKviK ^xKwZ Ìqvi Rb GKchvq kvmK
msweavb cYqb Kib| hgb- 1215 mvj Bsjvi ivRv Rb gvMbvKvUv bvg AwaKvi mb` `vb
Kib| GwU wewUk msweavbi GK DjLhvM _vb `Lj Ki AvQ|
msweavb
2.
45
Avjvc-AvjvPbvi gvag : msweavb cYqbi j MwVZ MYcwilì m`mì ga Avjvc-AvjvPbvi

gvag msweavb iwPZ nZ cvi| fviZ, cvwKvb I hyivi msweavb Gfve cYqb Kiv nqQ|
evsjv`ki msweavbI Avjvc-AvjvPbvi gvag MYcwil` KZK 1972 mvj cYxZ nq|
3. wecei viv : kvmK hLb RbMYi ^v_ I KjvY wbwnZ bq Ggb Kvbv KvR Ki A_vr kvmK îvPvix
kvmK cwiYZ nq, ZLb wecei gvag îPvix kvmKi cwieZb NwUq bZzb kvmKMvx kvmb gZv
MnY Ki Ges bZyb msweavb Zwi Ki| ivwkqv, wKDev, Pxbi msweavb G cwZZ Zwi nqQ|
4.
gweeZbi gvag : weeZbi gvag msweavb Mo DVZ cvi| hgb- weUbi msweavb gweeZbi
gvag axi axi jvKvPvi I c_vi wfwZ Mo DVQ| G msweavb Kvbv ew ev cwZvb
KZK cYqb Kiv nq bv, axi axi Mo IV| ZvB ejv nq, wewUk msweavb Zwi nqwb, Mo DVQ|
Rvovq KvR : msweavb cYqbi Kvb cwZ Dg? Zvi KqKwU KviY evLv Kie|
msweavbi kwYwefvM
msweavbi kwYwefvM wbP `Lvbv njv
msweavb
wjwceKiY ev jLvi wfwZ msweavb
wjwLZ
1.
AwjwLZ
mskvabi wfwZ msweavb
mycwieZbxq
`ywieZbxq
jLvi wfwZ msweavbi kwYwefvM : jLvi wfwZ msweavb `yB aibi nZ cvi| h_v: K| wjwLZ
msweavb, L| AwjwLZ msweavb|
K. wjwLZ msweavb : wjwLZ msweavbi AwaKvsk welq `wjj wjwce _vK| hgbevsjv`k, fviZ,
cvwKvb I gvwKb hyivi msweavb wjwLZ|
L.
AwjwLZ msweavb : AwjwLZ msweavbi AwaKvsk wbqg Kvbv `wjj wjwce _vK bv| G aibi msweavb
c_v I ixwZbxwZwfwK, wPivPwiZ wbqg I AvPvi Abyvbi wfwZ G aibi msweavb Mo IV| hgbweUbi msweavb AwjwLZ|
Ze G K_v mZ h, Kvbv msweavbB cyivcywi wjwLZ ev AwjwLZ bq| KvbvwU ewk wjwLZ Avevi KvbvwU
Kg wjwLZ| h msweavb AwaKvsk welq wjwLZ _vK, ZvK ej wjwLZ msweavb| Avi h msweavbi AwaKvsk
welq AwjwLZ _vK, ZvK AwjwLZ msweavb ej|
2. mskvabi wfwZ msweavbi kwYwefvM : mskvabi wfwZ msweavb `yB cKvi| h_v K| mycwieZbxq
msweavb, L| `ywieZbxq msweavb|
46
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
K.
mycwieZbxq msweavb : mycwieZbxq msweavbi Kvbv wbqg mnR cwieZb ev mskvab Kiv hvq| G
msweavb mskvab ev cwieZb KiZ Kvbv RwUjZvi cqvRb nq bv| mvaviY msLvMwiZvq
AvBbmfv Gi hKvbv Ask mskvab KiZ cvi| wewUk msweavb mycwieZbxq msweavb|
L. `ywieZbxq msweavb : `ywieZbxq msweavbi Kvbv wbqg mnR cwieZb ev mskvab Kiv hvq bv, G
msweavb cwieZb ev mskvab KiZ nj RwUj cwZi Avkq wbZ nq| mvaviY msLvMwiZvq
G aibi msweavb cwieZb Kiv hvq bv| cqvRb nq wekl msLvMwiZv, mjb I fvUvfzwUi| gvwKb
hyivi msweavb `ywieZbxq|
wjwLZ msweavbi ewk

wjwLZ msweavbi hme DjLhvM ewk iqQ, mjv wbg ewYZ njv1.
myZv : wjwLZ msweavbi AwaKvsk aviv wjwLZ _vK ej GwU RbMYi wbKU my I evagM nq|
wjwLZ msweavb mvaviYZ mskvab cwZ DjL _vK weavq Lye mnR cwieZb ev mskvab Kiv hvq
bv| wKy mgvR cwZwbqZ cwieZbkxj| wjwLZ msweavb cwiewZZ mgvRi mv_ Zvj wgwjq PjZ cvi
bv| GRb GwU KLbv KLbv cMwZi Aivq wnme KvR Ki| ZvQvov AbK mgq msweavb mskvabi
Rb RbMY wece KiZ eva nq|
2.
w_wZkxjZv : wjwLZ msweavb w_wZkxj weavq kvmK Zvi BQvgZv GwU cwieZb ev mskvab KiZ cvi
bv| ZvB wjwLZ msweavb hKvbv cwiw_wZZ w_wZkxj _vKZ cvi| wjwLZ msweavbi mKj aviv
RbMY I kvmK gb PjZ eva nq|
3.
hyivxq miKviee_vq DchvMx : wjwLZ msweavb hyivxq miKviee_vi Rb DchvMx| G

msweavbi gvag hyivxq miKvieve_vq cv`wkK I K`xq miKvii ga gZv eb Ki Ìqv
nq| msweavb wjwLZ bv nj hyivxq miKviee_vq Gic gZv eb me nZv bv| hgb- fviZ
I gvwKb hyivi AivR I K`xq miKvii ga wjwLZ msweavbi gvag gZv eb Ki Ìqv
nqQ| DjL, wjwLZ msweavb hyivxq miKvii mdjZvi c~ekZ|
4. kvmK I RbMYi mK : wjwLZ msweavb kvmKi gZv Kx ne, RbMY Kx Kx AwaKvi fvM Kie Zvi
DjL _vK| Gi dj kvmK I RbMY wbRì gZv I AwaKvi m^ aviYv jvf KiZ cvi|
`jxq KvR : wjwLZ msweavbi GKwU cavb Y eYbv Kie|
AwjwLZ msweavbi ewk

AwjwLZ msweavbi ewk wbg eYbv Kiv njv|
1.
cMwZi mnvqK : mgvR me`v cMwZi w`K avweZ nq| Avi AwjwLZ msweavb mgvRi cMwZi mv_ Zvj
wgwjq mnR cwieZb Kiv hvq| A_vr GwU mgvRi cwiewZZ cwiw_wZi mv_ mnRB Lvc LvIqvZ
cvi| myZivs AwjwLZ msweavb cMwZi mnvqK| wKy AwaK cwieZbkxjZv Avevi AMMwZi c_
cwZeKZv mwi KiZ cvi|
msweavb
2.
47
Riywi cqvRb mnvqK : AwjwLZ msweavb hnZz mnR cwieZbxq, ZvB Riywi cqvRb wgUvZ AwjwLZ
msweavb AZ KvhKi fwgKv cvjb Ki| Ze Kvbv Kvbv AwjwLZ msweavb Nb Nb cwieZbi
dj Kvbv _vqx bxwZ I Kvhg nvZ bIqv hvq bv| Gi dj miKviee_v Aw_wZkxj nZ cvi|
3.
wecei mvebv Kg : G msweavb mnR cwieZb Kiv hvq| RbMYi Avkv-AvKvv Abyhvqx AwjwLZ
msweavb cwieZb nZ cvi weavq wecei mvebv Kg _vK|
4. wewea : hyivxq miKviee_vq AwjwLZ msweavb DchvMx bq| G msweavbi AwaKvsk welq wjwLZ bv
_vKvq iv cwiPvjbvi welq mK AbKiB my aviYv _vK bv|
Rvovq KvR : wjwLZ I AwjwLZ msweavbi DjLhvM cv_K Zzj aie|
Dg msweavbi ewk
weki mKj ivi Kvbv bv Kvbv msweavb iqQ| h ivi msweavb hZ DbZ, m ivi kvmbee_v
ZZUv Dgfve cwiPvwjZ nq| Dg msweavbi wbgv ewkjv iqQ| Kvbv msweavb G ewkjv
_vKj ZvK Dg msweavb ejv hve1.
my : Dg msweavb AwaKvsk welq wjwLZ _vK| G msweavbi fvlv mnR, mij I cvj nq| G
KviY Dg msweavb mKji wbKU my I evaMg nq|
2. msw : Dg msweavb msw nq| AcqvRbxq I AcvmwK welq Dg msweavb _vb cvq bv| iv
cwiPvjbvi Rb DjLhvM wewa weavbjv G msweavb DjL _vK|
3. gwjK AwaKvi : bvMwiKi gwjK AwaKvi Dg msweavb DjL _vK| Gi dj RbMY Zvi AwaKvi
mK mPZb nq| ZvQvov kvmK ev Ab KD G AwaKvi nc KiZ cvi bv|
4. RbgZi cwZdjb : Dg msweavb RbgZi wfwZ cYxZ nq| G msweavb RbMYi Pvwn`v I AvkvAvKvvi cwZdjb NU| ZvQvov mvgvwRK ixwZ-bxwZ I HwZn G msweavb cwZdwjZ nq|
5.
mylg cKwZi : Dg msweavb mylg cKwZi nq| Gi A_, Dg msweavb mycwieZbxq I `ywieZbxq
msweavbi gvSvgvwS Ae_vb Ki| A_vr GwU Lye mycwieZbxq wKsev Lye ewk `ywieZbxq bq| Gi
dj Dg msweavb mvgvwRK I ivxq cwieZbi m Zvj wgwjq PjZ mg|
6. mskvab cwZ : Dg msweavbi Kvbv avivi mskvab ev cwieZb wbqgZvwK cwZZ nq| A_vr G
msweavb mskvab cwZ DjL _vK| msweavbi Kvb Ask Kxfve mskvab Kiv ne Zv Dg
msweavb DjL _vK|
7.
iv cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ : iv cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ Dg msweavb DjL _vK| hgbevsjv`ki

msweavb iv cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ wnme RvZxqZvev`, mgvRZ, MYZ I agwbicZvK mwbewkZ
Kiv nqQ|
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
48
evsjv`ki msweavb
evsjv`k ^vaxb nIqvi ci 1972 mvj msweavb Zwii Rb 34 m`mwewk Lmov msweavb cYqb KwgwU
MwVZ nq| D KwgwUi mfvcwZ wQjb W. Kvgvj nvmb| G Lmov KwgwUi c_g Awaekb em 1972 mvji
17 Gwcj| G KwgwU AKv cwikg Ki evsjv`ki Lmov msweavb Zwi Ki Ges Zv MYcwil` DvwcZ
nq| 19 Avei _K 4 bfî ch MYcwil` msweavbi Lmov cvV Kiv nq| MYcwil` wewfb m`mi
c-wec gZvgZ `vbi ci Aekl cwigvwRZ nq D msweavb 4 bfî 1972 mvj MYcwil` KZK
MnxZ nq Ges 16 wWmî 1972 _K Zv KvhKi nq|
evsjv`ki msweavbi ewk

evsjv`ki msweavbi DjLhvM ewkmg~n wbg eYbv Kiv njv1.
wjwLZ `wjj : evsjv`ki msweavb GKwU wjwLZ `wjj| Gi 153wU AbyQ` iqQ| GwU 11wU fvM
wef| Gi GKwU cvebvmn PviwU Zdwmj iqQ|
2.
`ywieZbxq : evsjv`ki msweavb `ywieZbxq| KviY, Gi Kvbv wbqg cwieZb ev mskvab KiZ
RvZxq msmì `yB-ZZxqvsk m`mi mwZi cqvRb nq|
3.
iv cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ : RvZxqZvev`, mgvRZ, MYZ I agwbicZvK iv cwiPvjbvi g~jbxwZ

wbaviY Kiv nqQ| iv cwiPvjbvi Gme g~jbxwZi viv AbycvwYZ I cfvweZ nq wewfb KZc
Zvì Kvhg cwiPvjbv Ki|
4.
gwjK AwaKvi : msweavb njv ivi mevP AvBb| evsjv`ki bvMwiK wnme Avgiv Kx Kx AwaKvi
fvM KiZ cvie Zv msweavb DjL _vKvq Gjvi iyZ ew cqQ| hgb- RxebaviYi AwaKvi,
Pjvdivi AwaKvi, evK^vaxbZvi AwaKvi, wPv I weeKi ^vaxbZv, agPPvi AwaKvi, mwi AwaKvi
BZvw`|
5. meRbxb fvUvwaKvi : evsjv`ki msweavb meRbxb fvUvwaKvi c`vb Kvi nq| A_vr RvwZ, ag, eY,
wj, ckv wbwekl 18 eQi eqmi G `ki mKj bvMwiKi fvUvwaKvi jvf Kie|
6.
cRvZvwK : msweavb Abyhvqx evsjv`k GKwU cRvZvwK iv| GLvb mKj gZvi gvwjK RbMY|
RbMYi c wbevwPZ cwZwbwaMY gZv cwiPvjbv Kieb|
7.
msm`xq miKvi : evsjv`ki msweavb msm`xq ev gwcwil` kvwmZ miKviee_v ceZb Kiv nq|
cavbgxi bZZvaxb gwmfvi nvZ kvmbKvh cwiPvjbvi fvi AcY Kiv nq| G miKviee_vq
gwcwil` Zvi KvRi Rb AvBbmfvi wbKU `vqx _vK|
8. GKKw`K iv : evsjv`k GKKw`K iv| GLvb hyivxq ee_vi gZv Kvbv AivR ev
cv`wkK miKvi bB| RvZxq chvq GKwUgv K`xq miKvi viv mgM `k cwiPvwjZ nq|
9.
AvBbmfv : evsjv`ki AvBbmfv GK Kwewk| GwU mvefg AvBb cYqbKvix ms_v| Gi bvg
RvZxq msm`| eZgvb RvZxq msm` 350 Rb m`m wbq MwVZ| msmì gqv` 5 eQi|
10. mevP AvBb : evsjv`ki msweavb ivi mevP AvBb| KviY evsjv`ki msweavbi mv_ `ki
cPwjZ Kvbv AvBbi msNvZ mw nj m msweavb cvavb cve| A_vr hw` Kvbv AvBb
msweavbi mv_ mvgmnxb nq, Zvnj H AvBbi hZLvwb Amvgmc~Y ZZvLvwb evwZj nq hve|
msweavb
49
11. wePvi wefvMi ^vaxbZv : evsjv`ki msweavb GKwU ^vaxb I wbic wePvi wefvMi weavb iqQ|
`jxq KvR : evsjv`ki msweavb Dg msweavb-Gi c hyw c`kb Kie|
evsjv`ki msweavbi mskvabxmg~n

1972 mvj msweavb cYqbi ci _K G ch evsjv`ki msweavb gvU 15 evi mskvab Kiv nqQ|
evsjv`k msweavbi 15wU mskvabxi cavb cavb ewk wbg ewYZ njvmskvabx I mvj
c_g mskvabx
welqe
1971 mvji gywhyi mgqKvigvbeZvweivax, hyvcivaxì wePvii weavb Kiv nq|
RyjvB, 1973
wZxq mskvabx `ki fZi MvjhvM, hyi Avkv wKsev gvbyli Rxebhvvq msKU `Lv w`j
ivcwZK cavbgxi civgkg Riyix Aev NvlYvi gZv Ìqv nq|
mî, 1973
ZZxq mskvabx
eez kL gywReyi ingvb I fviZi cavbgx Bwìv Mvxi ga fviZ-evsjv`ki

mxgv msv h Pzw nq, ZZxq mskvabxZ Zv ea NvlYv Kiv nq|
bfî, 1974 mvj
PZz_ mskvabx
msm`xq miKvieevi cwieZ ivcwZ kvwmZ miKvieevi ceZb Kiv nq|
Rvbyqvwi, 1975
DcivcwZi c` mw Ges mKj ivRbwZK `j wejy Ki GKwUgv RvZxq `j

mw Kiv nq|
cg mskvabx
1975 mvji 15 AvMici mvgwiK miKvi KZK hme wewaweavb cYqb I msweavbi
mskvabx Avbv nqQ, mjv cg mskvabx AvBb ea ej NvlYv Kiv nq|
Gwcj, 1979
ivxq g~jbxwZ cwieZb Kiv nq|

evsjv`ki bvMwiKZv evOvwj _K evsjv`wk Kiv nq|
l mskvabx
DcivcwZi c` jvfRbK bq GB weavb Ki wePvicwZ mvviK ivcwZ c`

wbevPbi eev wbwZ Kiv nq|
RyjvB, 1981 mvj
mg mskvabx
bfî, 1986
1982 mvji 24 gvP _K 1986 mvji bfî ch Rbvij Gikv` hme wewaweavb I mvgvwiK AvBb Rvwi Ges Zvi wfwZ hme KvR mv`b KiwQjb,
mjvK G mskvabxZ eaZv Ìqv nq|
Ag mskvabx
evsjv`ki ivag Bmjvg Ges XvKvi evBi nvBKvUi 6wU e vcb Kiv nq|
Ryb, 1988
beg mskvabx
RbMYi mivmwi fvU DcivcwZ wbevPbi weavb Kiv nq|
RyjvB, 1989
ivcwZ c` Kvbvew cici`yB gqvì AwaK AwawZbv nZ cvivi wbqg Kiv nq|
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
50
mskvabx I mvj
`kg mskvabx
Ryb, 1990
welqe
RvZxq msm` gwnjvì Rb msiwZ 30wU Avmbi mgq AviI 10 eQi ew
Kiv nq|
GKv`k mskvabx Avqx ivcwZ wnme cavb wePvicwZ mvnveyxb Avng`KZK cqvMKZ mKj
Kvhg ea Kiv nq Ges cybivq Zvui cavb wePvicwZc` wdi hvevi weavb Kiv nq|
AvM, 1991
v`k mskvabx
ivcwZ kvwmZ miKvieevi cwieZ msm`xq miKvieev cybtceZb nq|
mî, 1991
DcivcwZi c` wejy|
qv`k mskvabx Aeva I myz wbevPb Abyvbi Rb wb`jxq ZveavqK miKvieev ceZb|
gvP, 1996
PZz`k mskvabx gwnjvìRb 45wU Avmb msiY|
g, 2004
ivcwZ I cavbgxi cwZKwZ miKvwi Awdmmn wbavwiZ cwZvb msiY I c`kbi

weavb Kiv nq|
mycxgKvUi wePviK, wcGmwmi Pqvigvb I m`mì Aemii eqmmxgv ew Kiv nq|
c`k mskvabx
ZveavqK miKvieev wejyKiY|
RyjvB,2011
1972 g~j msweavbi ivxq Pvig~jbxwZ h_v: RvZxqZvev`, MYZ,agwbicZv

I mgvRZ cyb:ceZb Kiv nq|
ivag Bmjvg ivLvi cvkvcvwk mKj agPPvi ^vaxbZv wbwZ Kiv nq|
RvZxq msm` gwnjvì Rb 50wU Avmb msiYi eev Kiv nq|
`jxq KvR : msweavbi PZz_ I v`k mskvabx Abyhvqx ivcwZ I cavbgxi gZv msc Zzj aie|
msweavb
51
Abykxjbx
msw-Di ck
1|
2|
3|
4|
msweavb Kx?
Dg msweavbi ewk my I mswfve eYbv Ki|
evsjv`ki msweavb Zwii BwZnvm jL|
evsjv`ki msweavbi v`k mskvabxi g~j welqeZz jL|
eYbvg~jK ck
1| iv cwiPvjbvq msweavbi iyZ evLv Ki|
2| evsjv`ki msweavbi ewk eYbv Ki|
ewbevPwb ck
1| iv wevbi RbK K ?
K) Rb jK
L) Ruv RvK iykv
M) GvwiUj
N) wU.GBP.wMb
2| evsjv`ki PZz_ mskvabxi cavb ewk Kx ?

K) ivcwZ kvwmZ miKvi eevi ceZb
L) ivxq g~jbxwZi cwieZb
M) msm`xq miKvi eev cyb:ceZb
N) ZveavqK miKvi eev wejyKiY|
3| msweavb cYqb Kivi cqvRb nq

i.
RbMYK kv Kivi Rb|
ii. RbMYi AwaKviK ^xKwZ `qvi Rb|

iii. ^QvPvix kvmK _K ivK iv KiZ|
wbPi KvbwU mwVK ?
K) i I ii
L) ii I iii
M) i I iii
N) i, ii I iii

K ew cwZekx L ewi GKwU Rwg `Lj Ki wbj L ew AvBb cqvMKvix msvi kiYvcb nq|
D msv cPwjZ AvBbi gvag L ewi Rwg ZvK eywSq `q|
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
52
4| msweavbi Kvb ewki cqvMi KviY L Zvi mw diZ cvq?
K) gwjK AwaKvi
L) RbgZi cwZdjb
M) mskvab cwZ
N) mylg cKwZi
5| msweavb D ewk DjL _vKvq RbMY

i.
wbRì AwaKvi fvMi cwZ mPZb nq|
ii. KD Ab Kviv AwaKvi nc KiZ cvi bv|

iii. Zvì Pvwn`v I Avkv-AvKvLvi cwZdjb `LZ cvq|
wbPi KvbwU mwVK ?
K) i I ii
L) ii I iii
M) i I iii
N) i, ii I iii
mRbkxj ck
1| K bvgK mvgvwRK msMVbwU mvgvwRK wPivPwiZ wbqg Kvbyb Abyhvqx cwiPvwjZ nq Ges wbqgjv Kv_vI
wjwce Kiv nqwb| msMVbi gvS Kvb mgmv `Lv w`j Zviv cPwjZ wbqg Abyhvqx Avjvc AvjvPbvi
gvag Zv wbw Ki| cvi L bvgK DP we`vjqi cavb wkK zj cwiPvjbvq myfve
wjwLZ wbqgKvbyb gb zj cwiPvjbv Kib| h Kvb bxwZgvjv Zwi ev wkK wbqvMi mwVK
wmv MnY KiZ mg nb| gvS gvS wjwLZ wbqg Kvbybi evLv wbq mgmv `Lv `q|
K. 1215 mvj Bsjvi ivRv Rb h AwaKvi mb` cYqb KiwQjb Zvi bvg Kx?
L. msweavb cYqb cqvRb Kb? evLv Ki|
M. K msMVbwU cwiPvjbvi wbqgvewj Kvb aibi msweavbi ewki mv_ mvgmc~Y Zv AvjvPbv Ki|
N. K I L cwZvb `ywUi cwiPvjbvi wbqgvewji ga Zzwg KvbwUK Dg ej gb Ki Zvi ^c
hyw c`kb Ki|
2| GKB fvlv, mswZ, A_bwZK gZv Ges agxq wbicZvi wfwZ K ivi msweavb iPbv Kiv
njv| G ivi msweavb ivi mKj KvR RbMYi AskMnY wbwZ Kiv nqQ| D ivi AvBb
mfvq GKwU wej cvmi evcvi AvBb mfvi gvU 210 Rb m`mi ga 140 Rbi mwZ bv _vKvq
wejwU evwZj nq hvq|
K. evsjv`ki msweavb KZ ZvwiL KvhKi nq?
L. AwjwLZ msweavb Kx? evLv Ki|
M. mskvabi wfwZ K ivi msweavb Kvb kwYi? evLv Ki|
N. K ivi msweavb evsjv`ki msweavbi ewki cwZdjb j Kiv hvq weklY Ki|
l Aavq
evsjv`ki miKviee_v
miKvi K_vwU Avgvì Rxebi GKwU LyeB cwiwPZ k| weki me `kB Kvbv bv Kvbv miKviee_v
iqQ| miKvi KvK ej m mK Avgiv PZz_ Aavq RbwQ| g~jZ miKvii viv GKwU `ki
kvmbee_v cwiPvwjZ nq| mKj `k miKvi _vKjI Zv GKiKg bq| G Aavq Avgiv Avgvì `ki
miKvi-cwZ mK Rvbe|
G Aavq cov kl Avgiv
evsjv`k miKvii îc DjL KiZ cvie|
evsjv`ki ivcwZ, cavbgx I gwmfvi gZv I Kvhvewj eYbv KiZ cvie|
evsjv`ki ckvmwbK KvVvgv eYbv KiZ cvie|
evsjv`ki AvBbmfvi MVb, gZv I Kvhvewj eYbv KiZ cvie|
evsjv`ki wePvi wefvMi MVb, gZv I Kvhvewj eYbv KiZ cvie|
evsjv`k miKvii îc

^vaxbZv hy PjvKvjxb 1971 mvji 10 Gwcj c_g evsjv`ki miKvi MwVZ nq| evsjv`k GKwU
MYcRvZvwK iv| GB iv mKj gZvi gvwjK RbMY| G Qvov evsjv`k GKwU GKKw`K ivI| Gi
Kvbv c`k bB| Avgvì `k msm`xq cwZi miKviee_v Pvjy iqQ| G ee_vq ivcwZ ivi
mevP ew| Ze `ki cKZ kvmb gZv cavbgx I Zvi gwcwilì nvZ b|
gwcwil`B GLvb cKZ kvmb gZvi AwaKvix Ges cavbgx njb miKvi cavb| Zuvi bZZ gwcwil`
`ki kvmbKvh cwiPvjbv Ki|
`jxq KvR : wkv_xiv evsjv`k miKvii cavb ewkjv DjL Ki GKwU PvU/aviYv gvbwP Zwi
Kie|
evsjv`k miKvii wewfb wefvM

cw_exi Abvb `ki miKviee_vi gZv evsjv`k miKvii wZbwU wefvM AvQ| mjv nQ : (1) kvmb
wefvM (2) AvBb wefvM I (3) wePvi wefvM| wbP Gì MVb, gZv I Kvhvewj mK Avgiv Rvbe|
kvmb wefvM
kvmb wefvMK wbevnx wefvMI ejv nq _vK| GwU g~jZ ivcwZ, cavbgx I gwcwil` wbq MwVZ|
ivcwZ
evsjv`ki kvmb wefvMi mevQ ew njb ivcwZ| wZwb MYcRvZx evsjv`ki ivcavb| Ze
ivcavb njI wZwb Avmj bvggv cavb| `y-GKwU ewZg Qvov cavbgxi civgkg wZwb ivi mKj
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
54
KvR cwiPvjbv Kib| ivcwZ RvZxq msmì msLvMwi m`mi fvU wbevwPZ nb| Zvi KvhKvj cuvP
eQi| ivcwZ cybwbevwPZ nZ cvib| Ze Kvbv ew `yB gqv` A_vr 10 eQii ewk ivcwZ c`
_vKZ cvib bv| ivcwZi `vwqZ cvjbKvj Zvi weiy Av`vjZ Kvbv AwfhvM Avbv hvq bv| Ze
msweavb jNb ev iyZi Kvbv AwfhvM RvZxq msm` Awfksmbi (AcmviY cwZ) gvag ZvK gqv`
kl nIqvi AvMB AcmviY KiZ cvi|
ivcwZ nZ nj Kvbv ewK AekB evsjv`ki bvMwiK I Kgc 35 eQi eq nZ ne| GQvov
Zuvi RvZxq msmì m`m wbevwPZ nIqvi hvMZv _vKZ ne| hw` KD ivcwZi c` _K AcmvwiZ nb
Zvnj wZwb Avi ivcwZ nZ cvieb bv|
Rvovq KvR : wkv_xiv ivcwZi wbqvM cwZ AvjvPbv Kie I cavb hvMZvjvi ZvwjKv Zwi
Kie|
ivcwZi gZv I KvR

ivcwZ AbK `vwqZ cvjb Kib| Zvi gZv I Kvhg wbgic:
1.
ivcwZ ivi cavb| miKvii mKj kvmbmsv KvR Zvi bvg cwiPvwjZ nq| wZwb cavbgxK
wbqvM Kib| Abvb gx, cwZgx I Dcgxì wbqvM Kib| ivi kxl_vbxq KgKZvì
(gnvwnmve iK, iv`~Z I Abvb DPc`_ KgKZv) wbqvMi `vwqZI ivcwZi| wZwb mvgwiK
evwnbxi cavb| wZb evwnbxi (mbv, wegvb I bevwnbx) cavbì wZwbB wbqvM `b| Ze cavbgx I
cavb wePvicwZ wbqvM Qvov Abvb me KvR wZwb cavbgxi civgk Kib|
2.
ivcwZ wKQz AvBb cYqbmsv KvR Kib| wZwb RvZxq msmì Awaekb Avnvb KiZ, _wMZ
ivLZ I cavbgxi civgk fO w`Z cvib| wZwb msm` fvlY w`Z I evYx cvVvZ cvib| msm`
KZK MnxZ Kvbv wej Zvi mwZ Qvov AvBb cwiYZ nq bv|
3.
ivcwZi mwZ Qvov Kvbv A_ wej msm` Dvcb Kiv hvq bv| Kvbv KviY msm` Kvbv A_
gyi KiZ Amg_ nj ivcwZ 60 w`bi Rb mswk Znwej nZ A_ gyi KiZ cvib|
4.
ivcwZ mywcg KvUi cavb wePvicwZ Ges Zvi civgk Avwcj I nvBKvU wefvMi wePvicwZì wbqvM
Kib| wZwb Kvbv Av`vjZ ev Ab Kvbv KZc KZK `cv ewi mvRv nvm ev gIKzd KiZ
cvib|
5. ivcwZ ivi mKj mvbi Drm| Zvi AbygwZ Qvov `ki Kvbv bvMwiK Ab Kvbv `ki Ìqv
Kvbv mvb ev c`we MnY KiZ cvi bv|
6.
hy ev Ab `k KZK Avv nq ev AfixY MvjhvMi KviY `ki wbivcv ev kvw web

nIqvi Dcg nj ivcwZ Riywi Ae_v NvlYv KiZ cvib| Ze G cavbgxi mwZ
cqvRb nq|
7.
G Qvov ivcwZ AviI AbK `vwqZ cvjb Kib| wZwb RvZxq Abyvb mfvcwZZ Kib| `ki eiY
ewì LZve, c`K I mvbbv c`vb KiZ cvib| wewfb ivxq Pzw, `wjj Zvi wb`k mvw`Z
evsjv`ki miKviee_v
55
nq| wZwb evsjv`k wbhy we`wk K~UbxwZKì wbqvMc MnY Kib| cavbgx, Abvb gx I
wePvicwZì kc_evK cvV Kivb|
KvR - Rvovq : wkv_xiv ivcwZi gZv I KvRi cavb jv wbPi QK wjLe|
kvmb msv gZv I KvR
ivcwZi
gZv
I
KvRi
cavbgx
cavbgx gwcwilì K`we`y Ges miKvicavb| ZvK K` Ki evsjv`ki kvmbKvh cwiPvwjZ nq|
cavbgx I Zvi gwmfv `ki cKZ kvmK| RvZxq msmì msLvMwi `ji Av_vfvRb ewK ivcwZ
miKvii cavbgx wnme wbqvM `b| hgb- MZ wbevPb (2008 mvji) AvIqvgx jxM msm` msLvMwi
Avmb cvq| dj ivcwZ AvIqvgx jxM cavb I msm` msLvMwi m`mì mg_bcy kL nvwmbvK
evsjv`ki cavbgx wnme wbqvM w`qQb| Gi AvM 2001 mvj GKBfve eMg Lvj`v wRqvK `ki
cavbgx Kiv nqwQj| Kvbv `j GKK msLvMwiZv bv cj m ivcwZ wbRi wePvi-weePbv
Abyhvqx RvZxq msmì hKvbv m`mK cavbgx wbqvM Kieb|
cavbgxi KvhKvj cuvP eQi| Ze, Zvi AvM Kvbv KviY msm` Zvi weiy Abv_v Avbj Ges Zv msm`
MnxZ nj cavbgxK c`ZvM KiZ nq| cavbgx ^QvqI c`ZvM KiZ cvib| cavbgx c`ZvM
Kij Zvi gwmfvI fO hvq| ZvB cavbgxK miKvii ejv nq| wZwb GKmv_ msmì bZv,
gwmfvi bZv Ges miKvicavb|
Rvovq KvR : wkv_xiv ivcwZ I cavbgxi wbqvM cwZi cv_K AvjvPbv Kie|
cavbgxi gZv I KvR

cavbgxK ewea KvR mv`b KiZ nq| hgb 1.
msweavb Abyhvqx ivcwZi bvg `ki kvmb cwiPvwjZ njI Avmj cavbgx I Zvi gwmfv `ki
cKZ kvmbgZvi AwaKvix| gwcwilì mnhvwMZvq wZwb kvmbmsv mKj `vwqZ cvjb Kib| Zvi
civgk Abyhvqx ivcwZ gx, ivi DPc`_ KgKZv, we`k iv`~Z BZvw` wbqvM `b|
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
56
2.
cavbgx gwcwilì cavb| ZvK K` Ki gvwcwil` MwVZ nq I Gi KvR cwiPvwjZ nq| wZwb
gwmfvi m`mmsLv wbaviY Kib I gxì ga ì eb Kib| gxì KvR Z`viK Kib|
wewfb gYvjqi KvRi ga mg^q Kib| mKj iyZc~Y welq gxMY cavbgxi civgk I
Abygv`b wbq KvR Kib| wZwb hKvbv gxK Zvi c` _K AcmviY KiZ cvib| gvUK_v ZvK
K` Ki gwmfv MwVZ, cwiPvwjZ I wejy nq|
3.
cavbgxi wb`k I civgk A_gx evsjv`ki evwlK Avq-eqi (RvZxq) evRU cYqb I msm`
Dc_vcb Kib|
4. cavbgx RvZxq msmì GKRb m`m I msm` bZv| wZwb msm` iyZc~Y `vwqZ cvjb Kib| Zvi
bZZ msm` AvBb cYqb Kiv nq| wZwb RvZxq msmì Awaekb Avnvb, _wMZ ev fO w`Z
ivcwZK civgk `b| Gfve wZwb AvBb cYqbmsv iyZc~Y KvR Ki _vKb|
5. ciiv welq wZwb iyZc~Y fzwgKv cvjb Kib| cavbgxi mwZ Qvov Kvbv AvRvwZK Pzw mvw`Z
nZ cvi bv| AvRvwZK mjb wZwb ivi cwZwbwaZ Kib|
6.
`ki Riywi Ae_vq cavbgx gwcwilì wmv Qvov hKvbv wb`k w`Z cvib|
7. cavbgx RvZxq ^v_i iK| RvZxq ^v_ wZwb wewfb mgq eZv I weewZi gvag RbMYK ivxq
Kgm~wP mK AewnZ Kib I RbMYi ga msnwZ ivq KvR Kib|
Rvovq KvR : cavbgxi gZv I Kvhvewji cavb jv wkv_xiv wbPi QK wjLe|
cavbgxi gZv I KvR
evsjv`ki msm`xq cwZi miKviee_v _vKvq cavbgxK K` KiB `k, RvwZ I miKvi cwiPvwjZ
nq| wZwb ivi kvmbee_vi gagwY|
cvbj AvjvPbv: cavbgx ivi kvmbee_vi gagwY welqwUi Ici kwYi 4/5 Rb wkv_x cvbj
AvjvPbv Kie| Ab wkv_xiv be I AvjvPbvq Ask wbe|
`jxq KvR : wkv_xiv `jMZfve ivcwZ I cavbgxi gZv I Kvhi GKwU Zzjbvg~jK QK Zwi
Ki kwYZ Dc_vcb Kie|
gwcwil`
miKvi cwiPvjbvi Rb `k GKwU gwcwil` AvQ| cavbgx Gi bZv| wZwb hic msLK cqvRb gb
Kib, mic msLK gx, cwZgx I DcgxK wbq gwcwil` MVb Kib| gwcwilì gxMY mvaviYZ
evsjv`ki miKviee_v
57
msm` m`mì ga _K wbhy nb| msm` m`m wbevwPZ nIqvi hvM wKy msm` m`m bb Ggb ewI
gx wbhy nZ cvib| Ze Zvi msLv gwcwilì gvU m`m msLvi GK-`kgvski ewk ne bv|
cavbgx gwmfvi m`mì ga `vwqZ eb Kib| gwmfvi m`mMY GKK I h_fve msmì wbKU
`vqx _K `vwqZ cvjb Kib| cavbgx c`ZvM Kij ev Kvbv KviY msm` fO Mj gwmfvI fO
hvq| cavbgx BQ Kij gwmfvi hKvbv gxK cwieZb KiZ cvib| Avevi h Kvbv gx BQ
Kij gwmfv _K c`ZvM KiZ cvib|
gwcwilì gZv I Kvhvewj

gwcwil` `ki kvmbmsv me KvR cwiPvjbv Kivi gZvi AwaKvix| `ki kvmbee_vi Pviw`K
iqQ Gi wbqY| wbP Gi gZv I Kvhvewj mK Rvbe|
1.
gwmfvi m`mMY cavbgxi mnKgx wnme `ki mKj kvmbmsv gZv fvM I Kvh cwiPvjbv
Kib| gxMY wbR wbR gYvjqi `vwqZ cvjb Kib| gwmfvi e_Zvi Rb cavbgxK msmì
wbKU Revew`wn KiZ nq|
2. cavbgxi bZZ gwcwilì wbqwgZ mfv AbywZ nq| G mfvq `ki kvmbmsv mKj welq (hgb
AvBb-ksLjv iv, A_bwZK AMMwZ, e`wkK mK, evwYR, cwZiv, èg~j I Lv` cwiw_wZ
wbqY BZvw`) AvjvwPZ nq Ges Gme welq cqvRbxq bxwZ I wmv MnY Kiv nq|
3.
gwcwil` miKvii wewfb gYvjqi KvRi ga mgbq Ki _vK|
4.
AvBb cYqb ev cyivZb AvBb mskvab Ges RvZxq msm` bZZ Ìqv gwcwilì AbZg cavb KvR|
G Qvov gwcwilì m`mMY wbR wbR wefvM/gYvjqi cqvRb Abyhvqx AvBbi Lmov Zwi Ki
RvZxq msm` KZK Abygv`bi Rb wej AvKvi Dc_vcb Kib Ges Zv cvm Kivbvi Rb KvhKi
f~wgKv cvjb Kib|
5.
cwZeQi miKvi `k cwiPvjbvi Rb evwlK evRU cYqb Ki| A_gxi Zveavb Lmov evRU cYxZ
nq| gwcwilì Abvb m`mMY G welq mnhvwMZv Kib| Lmov evRU msm` Dc_vcb Ki
Abygv`b Kivbv gwcwilì GKwU iyZc~Y KvR|
6.
`ki mvefgZ I wbivcv iv gwcwilì iyZc~Y `vwqZ| `ki cwZiv evwnbx MVbi `vwqZ
gwmfvi| g~jZ gwcwilì wmv Abyhvqx ivcwZ `kiv evwnbxi cavbK wbqvM `b| `ki
wfZi kvw-ksLjv iv I RbMYi wbivcv wbwZ KivI Gi KvR|
7. cavbgxi bZZ gwcwil` e`wkK bxwZ wbaviY Ki| wewfb ivi mv_ Pzw mv`b, K~UbwZK
mK _vcb, AvRvwZK eemv-evwYR cwiPvjbvi `vwqZ gwcwilì| RvZxq ^v_ I ghv`v wVK iL
gwcwil` Gme KvR Ki|
8.
gwcwil` miKvi I RbMYi ga mZzeb wnme KvR Ki| miKvii bxwZ RbMYi KvQ Zzj
ai Ges Hme bxwZi cQb RbMYi mg_b Av`vq Ki|
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
58
Rvovq KvR : gwcwilì gZv I Kvhvewji cavb w`Kjv wkv_xiv wbPi QK wjLe|
gwcwilì gZv I KvR
`jxq KvR : kwYi mKj wkv_xK KqKwU `j fvM Ki ivcwZ, cavbgx I gwcwilì gZv I
Kvhi Dci KzBR/cwZhvwMZv AvqvRb Kieb|
evsjv`ki ckvmwbK KvVvgv

ivi kvmbKvh cwiPvjbvi `vwqZ ckvmbi| ivi wfZi kvw-kLjv iv I ivi mgwi j myz
ckvmbi Kvbv weK bB| ckvmbK ZvB ejv nq ivi `wc| ckvmb GKwU wbw` KvVvgvi wfwZ
cwiPvwjZ nq| wbP evsjv`ki ckvmwbK KvVvgv QKi mvnvh Zzj aiv njv|
evsjv`ki ckvmwbK KvVvgv
K`xq ckvmb
(mwPevjq)
mswk ì/
Awaì
gvV ckvmb
wefvMxq ckvmb
Rjv ckvmb
DcRjv ckvmb
Dcii QK j Kiv hvQ h evsjv`ki ckvmwbK KvVvgv iwfwK| Gi `ywU cavb i AvQ| c_g
iwU njv K`xq ckvmb| evsjv`ki ivxq ckvmbi wZxq iwU njv gvV ckvmb| gvV ckvmbi c_g
avc njv wefvMxq ckvmb| wZxq avc iqQ Rjv ckvmb| Rjvi ci AvQ DcRjv ckvmb| DcRjv
ckvmb GKevi ZYg~j chvq ch weZ|
evsjv`ki miKviee_v
59
`ki me aibi ckvmwbK bxwZ I wmv K`xq chvq MnY Kiv nq| Avi K`xq chvq MnxZ bxwZ
I wmv gvV ckvmbi gvag mviv `k evevwqZ nq| gvV ckvmb g~jZ Kì wbqY cwiPvwjZ
nq _vK|
GQvov cwZ gYvjqi mv_ mshy AvQ wewfb wefvM ev Awaì| Awaìi/ìi cavb njb
gnvcwiPvjK/cwiPvjK| gYvjqi Aaxb AviI AvQ wewfb ^vqkvwmZ ev Avav-^vqkvwmZ ms_v, evW I
Kcvikb| Gme ì I Awdmi Kvbv KvbvwUi KvhKjvc Avevi wefvM, Rjv I DcRjv ch weZ|
ì/Awaìjv mwPevjqi jvBb ms_v wnme wewfb miKvwi KvR evevqb `vwqZ cvjb Ki|
`jxq KvR : wkv_xiv evsjv`ki ckvmwbK KvVvgvi QKwU weklY Kie I DjLhvM ewk wPwZ
Kie|
K`xq ckvmb
mwPevjq K`xq ckvmbi K`we`y| `ki mKj ckvmwbK wmv GLvb MnxZ nq| mwPevjq KqKwU
gYvjq wbq MwVZ| GK GKwU gYvjq GK GKRb gxi Aaxb b| cwZwU gYvjq GKRb mwPe
AvQb| wZwb gYvjqi ckvmwbK cavb Ges gxi cavb civgk`vZv| gYvjqi mKj ckvmwbK gZv
mwPei nvZ| gxi cavb KvR cK cYqb I bxwZ wbaviY| Avi gxK bxwZ wbaviY I kvmbKvh mnvqZv
Kiv Ges Gme bxwZ evevqbi `vwqZ mwPei|
mwPevjqi ckvmwbK KvVvgv

gx
mwPe
wmwbqi mnKvix
mwPe
AwZwi mwPe
mnKvix
mwPe
hyM mwPe
KgKZv
DcmwPe
KgPvix
AwZwi mwPe gYvjqi wZxq cavb ckvmwbK KgKZv| wZwb mwPeK wewfb `vwqZ cvjb mnvqZv Kib|
Kvbv gYvjq mwPe bv _vKj wZwb mwPei `vwqZ cvjb Kib| gYvjqi cwZwU Aby wefvMi Rb
GKRb Ki hyM mwPe _vKb| wZwb mwPeK wewfb KvR mnvqZv Kib| gYvjqi KgPvix Ges Awdm
ee_vcbvi `vwqZ cvjb Kib| gYvjqi GK ev GKvwaK kvLvi `vwqZ _vKb GKRb DcmwPe| wZwb
wewfb welq bxwZ wbaviY hyM mwPe I AwZwi mwPeK civgk `b I mnhvwMZv Kib|
cwZ kvLvq GKRb wmwbqi mnKvix mwPe I GKRb mnKvix mwPe iqQb| iyZc~Y welq DcmwPei mv_
civgk Ki Zviv `vwqZ cvjb Kib| gYvjq AviI wewfb aibi KgKZv I KgPvix iqQb| ZvivI
gYvjqi ckvmwbK Kvh cwiPvjbvq iyZc~Y f~wgKv cvjb Kib|
DjL GKwU gYvjq KZRb AwZwi mwPe, hyM mwPe, DcmwPe Ges wmwbqi mnKvix I mnKvix mwPe
_vKeb Zvi Kvbv mwVK msLv bB| gYvjqi KvRi cwiwa Abyhvqx Zviv mLvb KgiZ _vKb|
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
60
wefvMxq ckvmb
evsjv`k mvZwU wefvM AvQ| cwZwU wefvMi ckvmwbK cavb njb GKRb wefvMxq Kwgkbvi| Kì
cwZwbwa wnme wZwb wefvMi cavb ckvmwbK KgKZvi `vwqZ cvjb Kib| wZwb Zvi KvRi Rb Kì
wbKU `vqx _vKb|
wefvMxq Kwgkbvi Rjv ckvmKì KvR Z`viK Kib| wefvMi Dbqbg~jK KvR evevqb I Zveavb
Kib| f~wg ivR^ Av`vqi ee_v Kib I Lvm Rwgi Z`viK Kib| wZwb wefvMxq Kwgkbviì e`wj
Kib| wefvMi xov Dbqb, wkKjv, mvwnZ I mswZi Dbqb KvR Kib| RbKjvY I mevg~jK KvR
cwiPvjbv Kib| cvKwZK `yhvM wZMì mvnvh I cybevmbi ee_v Kib|
Rjv ckvmb
Rjv ckvmbee_v gvV ev _vbxq ckvmbi GKwU iyZc~Y i| Gi cavb wbevnx KgKZv njb Rjv
ckvmK| `ki me Rjvq GKRb Ki Rjv ckvmK AvQb| wZwb evsjv`k wmwfj mvwfmi GKRb Awf
m`m| ZvK K` Ki Rjvi mKj miKvwi KvR cwiPvwjZ nq| wbP Zvi KvRjv mK Rvbe|
1.
ckvmwbK KvR : Rjv ckvmK K` _K Avmv mKj Av`k-wb`k I wmv evevqb Kib| Rjvi
wewfb Awdmi KvR Z`viK I mg^q Kib| Rjvi wewfb k~b c` jvK wbqvM Kib|
2. ivR^msv I Avw_K KvR : Rjv ckvmK Rjv KvlvMvii iK I cwiPvjK| Rjvi me aibi ivR^
Av`vqi `vwqZ Zvi, m KviY wZwb KvjKUi bvg cwiwPZ| G Qvov wZwb f~wg Dbqb, iwRkb I
ivR^msv weev` gxgvsmv Ki _vKb|
3.
AvBb-kLjv ivmsv KvR : Rjvi ga kvw I kLjv iv I RbMYi Rxebi wbivcv c`vbi
`vwqZ Zvi Dci b| wZwb cywjk ckvmbi mvnvh G `vwqZ cvjb Ki _vKb|
4. Dbqbg~jK KvR : Rjv ckvmK Rjvi mvweK Dbqbi PvweKvwV| Rjvi wewfb Dbqbg~jK KvR (wkv,
Kwl, wk, ivvNvU I hvMvhvMee_i Dbqb BZvw`) evevqbi `vwqZI Zvi| wZwb Rjvq cvKwZK
`yhvM wZMZì mvnvh I cybevmbi ee_v Kib|
5.
_vbxq kvmbmsv KvR : Rjv ckvmK _vbxq ^vqkvwmZ cwZvbjvi (DcRjv cwil`, cimfv,
BDwbqb) KvR Zveavb Kib| wZwb Rjvi Aaxb_ mKj wefvM I ms_vi KvRi mg^q Kib|
Rjv ckvmbi mevP ew wnme wZwb AviI AbK `vwqZ cvjb Kib| wZwb Rjvi msev`c I cKvkbv
wefvMK wbqY Kib| wewfb wRwbmi jvBm `b| Rjvi wewfb welqi Z_ msMn Kib m mK
miKviK AewnZ Kib|
Rjv ckvmKi evcK KvRi Rb ZvK Rjvi g~j ejv nq| wZwb ay Rjv ckvmK bb| wZwb Rjvi
meK, cwiPvjK Ges ezI eU|
DcRjv ckvmb
evsjv`k gvU 485wU ckvmwbK DcRjv AvQ| DcRjvi cavb ckvmK njb DcRjv wbevnx KgKZv|
DcRjvi ckvmwbK KvR Z`viK Kiv Zvi AbZg `vwqZ| GQvov wZwb DcRjvi mKj DbqbKvR Z`viK
evsjv`ki miKviee_v
61
Kib I miKvwi A_i eq Zveavb Kib| wZwb DcRjv Dbqb KwgwUi cavb| cvKwZK `yhvM
wZMì mvnvh I cybevmbi ee_v Kib| `yhvM cwZiva I cwZKvii ee_v Kib| DcRjv wbevnx
KgKZv DcRjv KvlvMvii iK| wewfb mgq miKvi KZK c` Abvb `vwqZI wZwb mv`b Kib|
`jxq KvR : wkv_xiv `jMZfve evsjv`ki ckvmwbK KvVvgvi QK GuK kwYKi `qvj ev evW
Szwjq wè| QKwU `wLq GK GKwU `j GK GKwU i/avc mK AvjvPbv Kie|
evsjv`ki AvBbmfv
MVb
miKvii wZbwU wefvMi ga AvBbmfv AbZg| evsjv`ki AvBbmfvi bvg RvZxq msm`| GwU GK
Kwewk| m`mmsLv 350| Gi ga 300 Avmbi m`mMY RbMYi cZ fvU wbevwPZ nb| evwK
50wU Avmb gwnjvì Rb msiwZ| GjvKvwfwK msiwZ Avmbi gwnjv m`mMY 300wU Avmbi wbevwPZ
msm` m`mì viv wbevwPZ nb| Ze gwnjviv BQ Kij 300 Avmbi hKvbvwUZ mivmwi cwZwZvi
gvagI wbevwPZ nZ cvib|
msm` GKRb wKvi I GKRb WcywU wKvi _vKb| Zviv msm` m`mì fvU wbevwPZ nb| Zvì
KvR msm` Awaekb cwiPvjbv Kiv| msmì KvhKvj cuvP eQi| Gi c~eI ivcwZ cqvRb cavbgxi
civgk msm` fO w`Z cvib| msmì GKwU Awaekb mb nIqvi 60 w`bi ga AviKwU Awaekb
AbywZ nZ nq| gvU m`mmsLvi ga Kgc 60 Rb Dcw_Z _vKj Kvivg nq Ges msm` Awaekb
cwiPvjbv Kiv hvq| cavbgx msmì bZv| AvmbmsLvi w`K w`q wbevPb wZxq _vb ARbKvix `ji
cavb msm` weivax `ji bZv wnme `vwqZ cvjb Kib| wewfb KwgwU MVb Ki msm` Zvi Kvhg
mv`b Ki| msmì AbygwZ Qvov GKbvMvo 90 Kvhwèm msm` Awaekb Abycw_Z _vKj m`mc`
evwZj nq hvq|
cuvP eQi ci ci RvZxq msm` wbevPb AbywZ nq| b~bZg 25 eQi eqmx evsjv`ki hKvbv bvMwiK
msm` m`m wbevwPZ nZ cvib| Ze KD Av`vjZ viv `Dwjqv ev AcKwZ_ NvwlZ nj ev Ab ivi
bvMwiKZ wbj ev Av`vjZ `vlx mve nq Kviv` fvM Kij msm` m`m nIqvi AhvM neb|
KvR : wkv_xiv wbRì ga Dby AvjvPbvi gvag evW RvZxq msmì MVb mK GKwU aviYv
gvbwP cZyZ Kie|
RvZxq msmì gZv I Kvhvewj

RvZxq msmì gZv I Kvhewj wbgic :
1.
evsjv`ki AvBb cYqbi me gZv RvZxq msmì| msm` hKvbv bZzb AvBb cYqb, cPwjZ
AvBbi cwieZb ev mskvab KiZ cvi| Kvbv bZzb AvBb cvm KiZ nj Lmov weji AvKvi Zv
msm` ck Kiv nq| msmì msLvMwi m`mi fvU MnxZ nj wejwU AvBb cwiYZ nq|
62
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
2.
kvmb wefvMK msm` wbqY Ki| cavbgx I gwmfvi m`mMY msmì wbKU `vqx _vKb| Kvbv
KviY msm` cavbgxi cwZ Abv_v Avbj gwmfv fO hvq| gyjZywe cve, wb`v cve, Abv_v
cve, ck wRvmv, msm`xq wewfb KwgwU I msm` mvaviY AvjvPbvi gvag RvZxq msm` kvmb
wefvMi Ici wbqY cwZv Ki| G weivax `ji m`mMY iyZc~Y f~wgKv cvjb Ki _vKb|
3.
RvZxq msm` ivi Znwej ev A_i ivKvix| msmì AbygwZ Qvov Kvbv Ki ev LvRbv AvivcI
Av`vq Kiv hvq bv| msm` cwZeQi RvZxq evRU cvk Ki| A_gx evRUi Lmov msm` Dc_vcb
Kib| msm` m`mMY `xN weZK I AvjvPbvi gvag cqvRbxq mskvabxmn Zv cvm Kib|
4.
RvZxq msmì wePvimsv gZv iqQ| Kvbv msm` m`m Amsm`xq AvPiY Kij wKvi ZvK
ewnvi KiZ cvib| ZvQvov msweavb jNb Kij msm` wKvi, WcywU wKvi, cavbgx, gwmfv I
ivcwZi weiy Abv_v cve AvbZ ev Zvì AcmviY KiZ cvi|
5. msm` msweavb DwjwLZ wbqgi wfwZ msweavb mskvab KiZ cvi| Ze GRb msmì gvU
m`mi Kgc `yB-ZZxqvsk fvUi ìKvi nq|
6.
RvZxq msmì m`mMY msmì wKvi, WcywU wKvi Ges msmì wewfb KwgwUi m`mì wbevwPZ
Kib| msiwZ Avmbi gwnjv m`mMYI msm` m`mì viv wbevwPZ nq _vKb| G Qvov msm`
m`mMY `ki ivcwZK wbevPb Ki _vKb|
evsjv`k msm`xq cwZi miKvi iqQ| G aibi kvmbee_vq msm` mKj RvZxq KgKvi K`we`y|
msm`K A_en I KvhKi KiZ nj cqvRb mr Ges hvMZvmb msm` m`m| wbevPb AviI cqvRb
`vwqZkxj I kwkvjx weivax `j| mr I hvM cv_xMY hvZ msm` m`m wbevwPZ nb, m welq Avgvì
mPZb _vKZ ne| `ki KjvYi Rb Dchy msm` m`m wbevPb Kiv cwZwU bvMwiKi cwe `vwqZ|
KvR - Awfbq : RvZxq msm` wej cvm Kivi cwqvi Ici wkv_xì AskMnY GKwU msm`xq Awaekb
AvqvRb KiZ ne|
`jxq KvR : wkv_xiv `jMZfve RvZxq msmì gZv I Kvhi cavb w`Kjv DjLc~eK GKwU QK
Zwi Ki kwYZ AvjvPbv Kie| GKK `j GKK aibi KvR AvjvPbv Kie|
evsjv`ki wePvi wefvM

evsjv`k miKvii wZbwU wefvMi ga wePvi wefvM AbZg| bvMwiKi gwjK AwaKvi iv, bvqwePvi
wbwZ Kiv, Acivaxi kvwweavb Ges `yejK meji nvZ _K ivi Rb wbic wePvi wefvMi iyZ
Acwimxg| wePvi wefvM AvBbi Abykvmb I `ki msweavbK Azb ivL|
wePvi wefvMi MVb

evsjv`ki wePvi wefvM mywcg KvU, Aab Av`vjZ Ges ckvmwbK UvBeybvj wbq MwVZ|
mywcg KvU
wePvi wefvMi mevP Av`vjZi bvg mywcg KvU| Gi iqQ `ywU wefvM, h_v: Avwcj wefvM I nvBKvU
wefvM| mywcg KvUi GKRb cavb wePvicwZ iqQb, hvK evsjv`ki cavb wePvicwZ ejv nq| cavbgxi
evsjv`ki miKviee_v
63
civgk ivcwZ ZvK wbhy Kib| cZK wefvMi Rb hZRb wePviK cqvRb ZZRb wePviKK wbq
mywcg KvU MwVZ| cavb wePvicwZi mv_ civgkg ivcwZ mywcg KvUi `yB wefvMi wePvicwZì wbqvM
`b| cavb wePvicwZ I Abvb wePvicwZMY wePvi cwiPvjbvi m~Y ^vaxb| mywcg KvUi wePviK nZ
nj ZvK AekB evsjv`ki bvMwiK nZ ne| mywcg KvU Kgc 10 eQi GWfvKU wnme KvR
Kivi AwfZv _vKZ ne A_ev evsjv`k wePvi wefvMxq c` 10 eQi wePviK wnme KvR Kivi AwfZv
_vKZ ne| mywcg KvUi wePviKMY 67 eQi ch ^xq c` KgiZ _vKZ cvib|
Rvovq KvR : wkv_xiv mywcg KvUi MVb AvjvPbv Kie|
mywcg KvUi gZv I Kvhvewj

mywcg KvUi Avwcj wefvM I nvBKvU wefvMi c_K Kvhi GLwZqvi AvQ| G `ywU KvUi gZv I KvR
wbqB mywcg KvU| wbP G mK AvjvPbv Kiv njv|
Avwcj wefvMi gZv I KvR

Avwcj wefvM nvBKvU wefvMi ivq, wWw ev `v`ki weiy Avwcj MnY Ki bvwbi ee_v KiZ
cvi|
ivcwZ AvBbi Kvbv evLv PvBj Avwcj wefvM G welq ivcwZK civgk w`q _vK|
bvqwePvii ^v_ Kvbv ewK Av`vjZi mvgb nvwRi nZ I `wjjc ck Kivi Av`k Rvwi KiZ
cvi|
Avwcj wefvM KZK NvwlZ AvBb nvBKvU wefvMi Rb AekB cvjbxq|
Gfve mywcg KvUi Avwcj wefvMi AvBbi evLv, bvqwePvi msiY I civgk `vb Kivi iyZc~Y
f~wgKv cvjb Ki|
nvBKvU wefvMi gZv I KvR

bvMwiKi gwjK AwaKvi ivi Rb wblavv Rvwi KiZ cvi|
Kvbv ewK gwjK AwaKvii cwicx Kvbv KvR Kiv _K weiZ ivLZ cvi A_ev G aibi
Kvbv KvR KivK eAvBwb NvlYv KiZ cvi|
Aab Kvbv Av`vjZi gvgjvq msweavbi evLvRwbZ RwUjZv `Lv w`j D gvgjv nvBKvU _vbvi
Ki gxgvsmv KiZ cvi|
Aab Av`vjZi ivqi weiy Avwcj MnY Ki|
mKj Aab Av`vjZi Kvhwewa cYqb I cwiPvjbv Ki|
Avwcj wefvM I nvBKvU wefvM wgj mywcg KvU mevP Av`vjZ wnme `ki msweavb I gwjK AwaKvi
iv Ki Ges bvqwePvi wbwZ Ki|
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
64
`jxq KvR : Avwcj wefvM I nvBKvU wefvMi KvRi Zzjbv Kie|

Aab Av`vjZ : mywcg KvUi Aaxb evsjv`ki cwZwU Rjvq wePvi wefvMi Aab Av`vjZ AvQ|
Aab Av`vjZjv dR`vwi I Ìqvwb gvgjv cwiPvjbv Ki|
Rjv RRi Av`vjZ : Rjv Av`vjZi cavb Rjv RR| Zvi KvR mnvqZvi Rb AvQb AwZwi Rjv RR
I mve-RR| GB Av`vjZ Rjv chvq Ìqvwb (RwgRgvmsv, FYPzw BZvw`) I dR`vwi (msNvZ,
msNlmsv) gvgjv cwiPvjbv Ki|
mve RR Av`vjZ I mnKvix RR Av`vjZ : Rjv RRi Av`vjZi Aaxb cZK Rjvq mve RR I mnKvix
RR Av`vjZ AvQ| Gjv Rjv RR Av`vjZK gvgjv cwiPvjbvq mnvqZv Ki| GQvov wewfb gvgjvI
cwiPvjbv Ki _vK|
Mvg Av`vjZ : evsjv`ki wePviee_vi mewbg Av`vjZ njv Mvg Av`vjZ| GwU BDwbqb chvq Avew_Z|
BDwbqb cwilì Pqvigvb I wee`gvb `yB Myci `yRb Ki gvU cuvPRb m`m wbq Mvg Av`vjZ MwVZ|
hme gvgjv _vbxq chvq wePvi Kiv me, g~jZ mjvi wePvi GLvb Kiv nq| QvULvUv dR`vwi
gvgjvi wePvi G Av`vjZ Kiv nq _vK|
Abykxjbx
msw Di ck
1| ivcwZ I cavbgxi wbqvMcwZi cv_K wjL|
2| gwcwilì MVb AvjvPbv Ki|
3| cavbgxK miKvii ejv nq Kb?
4| msm` Kxfve evRU cvm nq?
eYbvg~jK ck
1| evsjv`ki miKvicwZ Kvb aibi? G mK Avgvì Rvbv DwPZ Kb?
2| wbPi wZbwU ivcwZ, cavbgxi gZv I KvRi Zzjbv Ki|
kvmbmsv gZv I KvR
AvBb cYqbmsv gZv I KvR
Riywi Ae_vq gZv I KvR
evsjv`ki miKviee_v
65
cK KvR
1) wkv_xiv `jMZfve MYgvag _K MZ KqK gvm ivcwZ I cavbgx KZK mvw`Z Kvhi ZvwjKv
Zwi Kie Ges KvbwU Kvb aibi KvRi Afy Zv DjL Kie|
2) wkv_xiv `jMZfve RvZxq msmì GK ev GKvwaK Awaekb wUwfZ cheY Kie A_ev cwKvq
coe Ges wbPi welqjv wbq GKwU cwZe`b Zwi Kie|
msm` Awaekb K Kxfve cwiPvjbv Kib?
msm` Awaekbi AvjvPbvq AskMnYKvix KqKRb m`mi bvg|
msm` AvjvwPZ `yB/GKwU welq mK msw eYbv|
Awaekb Kvbv wej cvm nq _vKj Zvi bvg |
3) cK KvR
wkv_xiv IqemvBU ev ccwKv _K 5wU gYvjqi bvg I 3wU Ki KvRi ZvwjKv Zwi Kie|
wkv_xiv gvV Rwici gvag wbR DcRjv/Rjv chvqi gvV ckvmb KZK mvw`Z KvRi ZvwjKv
Zwi Ki kwYZ Dc_vcb Kie|
ewbevPwb ck
1| eZgvb evsjv`k KqwU wefvM AvQ ?
K) 4
L) 5
M) 6
N) 7
2| evsjv`k eZgvb Kvb cwZi miKvi eev Pvjy iqQ ?

K) GKbvqKZvwK
L) hyivxq
M) msm`xq
N) ivcwZ kvwmZ
wbPi AbyQ`wU co Ges 3 I 4bs cki DIi `vI

QvU wigv evevi mv_ wUwfi Lei `LwQj| m `Ljv `yRb evw cvkvcvwk `vuwoq nvZ eB wbq GKRb
cvV KiQb, AbRb b b ejQb| wigv evevK wRm Kij evev ejjb, kvmb wefvMi mevP
mvwbZ ew wePvi wefvMi cavbK kc_ evK cvV KivQb|
3| wigvi evev kvmb wefvMi mevP mvwbZ ewi viv KvK evSvjb ?
K) cavbgxK
L) ivcwZK
M) mwPeK
N) gnvcwiPvjKK
66
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
4| whwb kvmb wefvMi mevP mvwbZ ew wZwbi.
msm` m`mì viv wbevwPZ nqQb
ii. cvuP eQii Rb `vwqZcv nqQb

ii. wZwb `ki cKZ kvmb gZvi AwaKvix
wbPi KvbwU mwVK ?
K) i I ii
L) ii I iii
M) i I iii
N) i, ii I iii
wbPi AbyQ`wU co Ges 5 I 6 bs cki Di `vI

Rbve wicb K GjvKvi GKRb RbcwZwbwa wnme GjvKvi GKwU Rbmfvq fvlY w`wQjb| wZwb Zvi
fvlY GjvKvi RbMYi `vwe -`vIqv mg~n h_vvb wej AvKvi ck Kivi cwZkywZ `b|
5| Rbve wicb K GjvKvi Kvb RbcwZwbwa ?
K) BDwbqb cwil` Pqvigvb
L) DcRjv Pqvigb
M) cimfvi Pqvigvb
N) msm` m`m
6| Rbve wicbi mePq iyZc~Y KvR KvbwU ?

K) AvBb cYqb Kiv
L) Abvv vcb Kiv
M) Awaekb g~jZexi NvlYv Ìqv
N) evRU cvk Kiv
mRbkxj ck
A AvBb cYqb Ki
1|
B
kvmbKvh cwiPvjbv Ki
bvq wePvi wbwZ Ki
K. kvmb wefvMi Aci bvg Kx ?

L. wefvMxq ckvmb ejZ Kx evSvq ?
M. A wPwZ vbwU miKvii h wefvMK wb`k KiQ Zvi KvR evLv Ki|
N. evsjv`k B wPwZ wefvM A wPwZ wefvM viv wbqwZ, Zzwg Kx Gi mv_ GKgZ ? gZvgZ `vI |
evsjv`ki miKviee_v
67
2| Rbve K GKRb cavb ckvmwbK KgKZv wnme PMvg wefvMi GKwU Rjvq GKwU Ljvi gvV Ges
wkKjv GKvWgxi `ywU bZzb feb wbgvY miKvwi mnvqZv c`vb Kib| Abw`K Rbve L vbxq
DcRjv ckvmbi cavb KgKZv wnme H Rjvi Av`k KlKì gvS exR, mvi, KxUbvkK Jla
weZiYi eev Kib Ges Rwgi ivR^ mwVKfve Av`vq Kib| Rbve L Zvi mKj KvRi Rb
Rbve K Gi wbKU Revew`wn Kib|
K) hyKvjxb mgq evsjv`ki c_g miKvi MwVZ nq Ke?
L) ckvmbK ivi `wc ejv nq Kb eywSq wjL ?
M) Rbve K Kvb ckvmbi cavb KgKZv wnme `vwqZ cvjb Kib ? evLv Ki|
N) Rbve L mswk KgKZv wnme DxcK ewYZ KvRjv QvovI Aviv AbK iyZc~Y KvR Kib|
Zvgvi gZvgZ `vI|
mg Aavq

MYZvwK kvmbeevq ivRbwZK `j Acwinvh| AvaywbK MYZvwK kvmbeev g~jZ ivRbwZK `jiB
kvmb| RbMYi fvUi gvag MwVZ miKvi nQ MYZvwK miKvi| Avi ivRbwZK `j Qvov GB MYZvwK
miKvi MVb me bq| G Aavq cvVi gvag Avgiv ivRbwZK `j Kx, MYZi mv_ ivRbwZK `j I
wbevPbi mK, wbevPb Kwgkb Kx BZvw` mK Rvbe|
G Aavq cvVi gvag Avgiv
ivRbwZK `ji aviYv I ewk evLv KiZ cvie|
MYZi weKvk ivRbwZK `ji f~wgKv weklY KiZ cvie|
evsjv`ki cavb cavb ivRbwZK `ji eYbv w`Z cvie|
MYZ I wbevPbi mK wbicY KiZ cvie|
evsjv`ki wbevPb Kwgkbi MVb, gZv I Kvhvewj eYbv KiZ cvie|
ivRbwZK `j
ivRbwZK `j nQ GKwU `ki RbMvxi mB Ask hviv GKwU Av`k ev wKQz bxwZ ev Kgm~wPi wfwZ
ivxq mgmv mgvavb msMwVZ nq| ivRbwZK `ji cavb j nQ gZvq wMq `ji bxwZ I Av`k
Abyhvqx `k cwiPvjbv Ges wbevPwb Kgm~wP evevqb Kiv| ivRbwZK `j mKj ag-eY, bvix-cyiyl, kwYckv wbwekl mKji ^v_ KvR Ki| MYZvwK eevi GKwU AbZg ewk nQ Av`k I
Kgm~wPwfwK ivRbwZK `ji DcwwZ| wek Ggb `kI AvQ hLvb ivRbwZK `ji AwZ bB|
hgb- mw` Avie| mLvb ivRcwievi Ges Gi cwil`B mKj ivRbwZK wmv MnY Ki _vK| Avevi
Kv_vI ev AvBb Ki ivRbwZK `j wbwl Kiv nq, hgb : 2005 mvj ch AvwdKv gnv`ki DMvvq
miKvi KZK ivRbwZK `j wbwl wQj|
ivRbwZK `ji ewk

msNe Rbmgw : ivRbwZK `j nQ KZjv bxwZ I Av`ki wfwZ msMwVZ GKwU Rbmgw|
gZv jvf : ivRbwZK `ji cavb j wbqgZvwK cwZZ ivgZv jvfi gvag miKvi MVb Kiv|
mywbw` Av`k I Kgm~wP : cZK ivRbwZK `ji GKwU Av`k I mywbw` Kgm~wP _vK| Av`ki w`K _K
Kvbv `j agwfwK Avevi Kvbv `j agwbic nq| Abw`K A_bxwZi iciLv weePbvqI `j wfb nZ
cvi| hgb- mgvRZvwK `j|
69
cvwZvwbK KvVvgv I bZZ : cZK ivRbwZK `ji GKwU cvwZvwbK KvVvgv _vK| K` _K vbxq
chvq ch `ji kvLv weZ _vK| GQvov cZK `ji K`xq Ges vbxq chvq wewfb KwgwU _vK|
Ze K`xq bZZ viv `j cwiPvwjZ nq|
wbevPbmsv KvR : AvaywbK ivRbwZK eev Z_v MYZvwK A_ev GKbvqKZvwK miKvieevq wbevPb
GKwU iyZc~Y welq| GKbvqKZvwK miKvieevi Pq MYZvwK miKvieevq wbevPbi iyZ
AwaKZi| G mKj wbevPb AskMnYi cwZ, cv_x gbvbqb, wbevPb `jxq Kgm~wP cYqb, wbevPwb cPvi I
fvU msMn `ji Ges `jxq Kgxì viv mvw`Z nq _vK|
ivRbwZK `ji f~wgKv

bZZ Zwi : ivRbwZK `ji whwb cavb wZwbB njb `ji bZv| `ji bZZ hgb RvZxq chvq _vK,
Zgwb vbxq chvqI _vK| Avevi AvRK hviv vbxq chvqi bZv, AvMvgxZ Zviv h RvZxq chvqi bZv
nZ cvieb bv, Zv bq| evsjv`k miKvii cavbgx Zvi `ji bZv| GB bZv Zwii KvRwU Ki ivRbwZK
`j I RbMY|
miKvi MVb : ivRbwZK `ji cavb KvR nQ miKvi MVb Kiv| MYZvwK eevq wbevPb h `j
msLvMwiZv cvq mB `jB miKvi MVb Ki|
RbgZ MVb : ivRbwZK `ji GKwU AbZg KvR nQ Zvi Av`k I Kgm~wPi c RbgZ MVb Kiv| GB
RbgZ MVb ivRbwZK `j wewfb mfv, wgwQj I MYhvMvhvMi Kgm~wP MnY Ki|
ivRbwZK wkv`vb : ivRbwZK `ji KvR nQ RbMYK Zvì ^v_mswk welq mPZb Kiv| wbevPbi
mgq ivRbwZK `jjv Zvì `jxq Kgm~wP evLv Ki Ges Abvb `ji KvRi mgvjvPbv Ki| RbMY
wewfb `ji gZvgZ, AvjvPbv-mgvjvPbv BZvw` _K iv cwiPvjbvi AbK welq RvbZ cvi Gfve
mvaviY RbMY ivRbwZK wkvq wkwZ nq IV|
MVbg~jK weivwaZv : ivRbwZK `jjvi ga wbevPb weRqx `j miKvi MVb Ki Ges wZxq msLvMwi
`j AvBbmfvq weivax `j wnme f~wgKv cvjb Ki| miKvii Kvbv Kvhg fyj nj weivax `ji cavb
KvR nQ MVbg~jK mgvjvPbvi gvag miKvii fyjywU awiq Ìqv|
mvgvwRK HK cwZv : GKwU mgvR wewfb ag, eY I kwYi gvbyl _vK| Zvì ^v_ cii _K Avjv`v|
GB Avjv`v Avjv`v ^v_ GKwZ Ki Zv GKwU Kgm~wPZ cwiYZ Kiv ivRbwZK `ji AbZg KvR|
ivRbwZK `j wbevwPZ nq gZvq hvIqvi Rb RbMYi mg_b Pvq| hKvbv `j gZvq wMq Zvì
Kgm~wP evevqbi j bxwZ cYqb Ki| GB bxwZ evevqbi Dci mvgvwRK HK wbfi Ki|
GKK KvR : ivRbwZK `ji Kvb KvRjv RbMYi gb Avkvi mvi Ki Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv cZzZ
Kie|
70
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
evsjv`ki cavb ivRbwZK `jmg~n

GKwU `ki `jeev viv ay m `ki ivRbwZK `ji DcwwZ evSvq bv| eis `jeevq `ji
msLv, MVb, miKvii m `ji mK BZvw` evSvq| `ki msweavb Abyhvqx cZK bvMwiKi
^vaxbfve gZvgZ cKvk I msMVb ev mwgwZ Kivi AwaKvi iqQ| Gi cwZdjb wnme Avgiv evsjv`k
e`jxq eev we`gvb `LZ cvB| eZgvb evsjv`k AbKjv ivRbwZK `j iqQ| Gjvi ga
AvIqvgx jxM, we.Gbwc RvZxq cvwU, RvZxq mgvRZvwK `j, evsjv`ki IqvKvm cvwU, evsjv`ki
KwgDwb cvwU, evsjv`k RvgvqvZ Bmjvgx DjLhvM| wbP evsjv`ki DjLhvM ivRbwZK `jjvi
msw aviYv Ìqv njv|
evsjv`k AvIqvgx jxM
AvIqvgx jxM G `ki mePq cyivZb I eng `j| 1949 mvji 23 Ryb XvKvq AvIqvgx gymjxg jxM bvg
`jwU cwZwZ nq| cieZxZ mKji KvQ MnYhvM nIqvi Rb 1955 mvj `ji bvg _K gymjxg
kwU ev` Ìqv nq| evOvwj RvZxqZvev`, MYZ, agwbicZv I kvlYgy mgvR wewbgvY AvIqvgx jxMi
g~jbxwZ| RwZi RbK eey kL gywReyi ingvbi bZZ GB `j cvwKvb 1970 mvji mvaviY wbevPb
msLvMwi Avmb jvf Ki| AvIqvgx jxMi bZZ 1971 mvj Avgvì gnvb gywhy cwiPvwjZ nq| Gi
ga w`q ^vaxb mvefg evsjv`k ivi Rb nq|
evsjv`k RvZxqZvev`x `j (weGbwc)
evsjv`k RvZxqZvev`x `j `ki Ab AviKwU eng ivRbwZK `j| Rbvij wRqvDi ingvb 1978
mvji 1 mî GB `jwU cwZv Kib| evsjv`k RvZxqZvev`x `ji Av`k ev g~jbxwZ nQ- Bmjvwg
g~jeva wekvm, evsjv`wk RvZxqZvev`, MYZ I gyevRvi A_bxwZ|
RvZxq cvwU
RvZxq cvwU `ki ZZxq enr `j| 1986 mvji 1 Rvbyqvwi Rbvij mvBb gyn` Gikvì bZZ GB
`jwU cwZwZ nq| RvZxq cvwUi NvlYvc (1) ^vaxbZv I mvefgZ, (2) Bmjvwg Av`k I mKj agi
^vaxbZv, (3) evsjv`wk RvZxqZvev`, (4) MYZ Ges (5) mvgvwRK cMwZ Z_v A_bwZK gyw GB
cuvPwUK `ji Av`k wnme MnY Kiv nq|
RvgvqvZ Bmjvgx evsjv`k
RvgvqvZ Bmjvgx GKwU agwfwK ivRbwZK `j| 1941 mvj wewUk fviZ gvIjvbv Aveyj Avjv gI`y`xi
bZZ G `ji cwZv| ZLb Gi bvg wQj RvgvqvZ Bmjvgx wn`| cvwKvb cwZvi ci Gi bvg nq
RvgvqvZ Bmjvgx cvwKvb| ^vaxb evsjv`k 1979 mvji g gvm RvgvqvZ Bmjvgx evsjv`k-Gi
AvZcKvk NU|
71
RvZxq mgvRZvwK `j (Rvm`)

gywhy-Di ^vaxb evsjv`k 1972 mvji 31 Avei RvZxq mgvRZvwK `j (Rvm`) cwZwZ nq|
Rvm` mgvRZvwK Av`k wekvmx|
evsjv`ki KwgDwb cvwU (wmwcwe)
fviZ I cvwKvbi KwgDwb cvwUi avivq evsjv`ki KwgDwb cvwUi Rb| G`k KwgDwb
Av`vjbi cw_Kr KgiW gwb wms (gZz 1990) wQjb KwgDwb cvwUi cvYcyiyl|
evsjv`ki IqvKvm cvwU
G`ki eav wef Pxbcx KwgDwbì KqKwU Ask wgwjZ nq evsjv`ki IqvKvm cvwU MVb Ki|
1980 mvj G `ji AvZcKvk|
MYZi weKvk ivRbwZK `j

MYZ gvbB nQ ivRbwZK `ji DcwwZ| MYZi mdjZvi Rb ivRbwZK `ji iyZ Acwimxg|
Kbbv ivRbwZK `jB RbMYi gZvgZK mymsMwVZ Ki Ges RbMYi ga ivRbwZK PZbvi weKvk NUvq|
ivRbwZK `j Gi m`m I bZvìK MYZvwK AvPvi-AvPiY Af nZ kLvq| hgb- `jxq wmv
MnYi mgq `ji bZv I KgxìK myhvM Ìqv nq Ges Abi gZi cwZ mnbkxj nZ kLvq|
RbMYi ^v_weivax miKviK AcmviY Ki ivRbwZK `j MYZvwK miKvi cwZvi Rb Av`vjb Ki|
1990 mvj evsjv`ki ivRbwZK `jjv Rb^v_weivax mvgwiK miKviK nwUq MYZvwK kvmb cwZv
Ki| 1991 mvj `ki mKj ivRbwZK `ji HKgZi gvag AveviI msm`xq MYZvwK miKvi cybt
cwZwZ nq|
MYZvwK kvmbeevq wbw` mgq Ai gZvi cwieZb nq| myz I wbic wbevPbi gvag MYZvwK
kvmbeevq miKvi MVb Kiv nq| ivRbwZK `ji AskMnYv Qvov G wbevPb me bq|
GKK KvR : wkv_xiv MYZvwK eevq ivRbwZK `ji f~wgKv QK/avibv PvUi gvag Zzj aie|
wbevPb
wbevPb nQ RbcwZwbwa evQvBqi cwZ| vbxq chvq _K RvZxq chvq ch fvUvwaKvi cv mKj
bvMwiK fvU w`q cwZwbwa evQvB Ki| cwZwbwa evQvBqi cwqvK wbevPb ej| hviv fvU `q, Zvì
wbevPK ev fvUvi ej| wbevPKi mgwK wbevPKgjx ejv nq| myz wbevPb MYZvwK kvmb cwZi
AbZg kZ| G Qvov mvgwiK kvmb I GK ewKw`K kvmbeevqI KLbv KLbv wbevPb AbywZ nZ
`Lv hvq|
72
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
MYZvwK kvmbeevq wbevPbi iyZ Acwimxg| wbevPbi gvagB RbgZ cKvk cvq| wbevPbi gvagB
fvUviMY GKvwaK cwZwbwaì ga _K hvM GKRbK fvU w`q wbevwPZ Ki| h `j ewk fvU cvq, Zviv
miKvi MVb Ki| wbevPKgjx miKvi I RbMYi ga mZze wnme KvR Ki| MYZvwK kvmbeevq
wbevPb miKviK RbMYi KvQ Revew`wn KiZ eva Ki| GKwU `j wbevwPZ nq mwVKfve RbMYi Rb
KvR bv Kij cieZx wbevPb RbMY mB `jK Avi wbevwPZ Ki bv| DbZ MYZvwK `k GwU hgb mwZ,
Zgwbfve AbybZ `ki I mwZ| eUb 2010 mvji wbevPb jevi cvwUK mwiq m `ki RbMY
KbRvifwUf cvwUK fvU `q| Zgwb, evsjv`ki 2001 mvj AvIqvgx jxMi cwieZ weGbwcK Ges
2008 mvj weGbwcK mwiq AvIqvgx jxMK G `ki RbMY gZvq emvq| GfveB wbevPb RbMYi mv_
kvmKkwYi hvMvhvMi gvag wnme KvR Ki| RbMY wbevPbi gvag kvmKkwYi cwZ GKwU wbw` mgq
ch mg_b AevnZ ivL| evsjv`k ^vaxbZvi ci 1973 mvj _K 2008 ch 35 eQi 14 evi mvaviY
wbevPb AbywZ nqQ| Gi ga 2 evi wQj MYfvU, 3 evi ivcwZ Ges 9 evi msm` wbevPb|
wbevPbi cKvif`
wbevPb `yB cKvi| hgb- cZ wbevPb I civ wbevPb|
cZ wbevPb : RbMY hLb mivmwi fvU w`q cwZwbwa wbevPb Ki ZvK cZ wbevPb ejv nq| hgbevsjv`ki msm` m`mMY RbMYi cZ fvU wbevwPZ nb|
civ wbevPb : RbMY fvUi gvag RbcwZwbwa ev GKwU gaeZx msv wbevwPZ Kib| GB
RbcwZwbwaMY fvU w`q hLb ivcwZ ev msmì msiwZ Avmbi m`m wbevPb Kib, ZvK ejv nq
civ wbevPb| hgbevsjv`ki ivcwZ msm` m`mì fvU wbevwPZ nb| Avevi gvwKb hyivi
ivcwZ gaeZx msv viv wbevwPZ nb|
GKK KvR : MYZvwK eevq wbevPKgjx iyZc~Y Kb Zvi KqKwU KviY wjwce Kie|
wbevPbi cwZ
wbevPbi cwZ ejZ evSvq Kxfve fvU c`vb Ki cv_x evQvB Kiv nq| eZgvb fvU c`vbi `ywU cwZ
iqQ| (K) cKvk fvU`vb cwZ I (L) Mvcb fvU`vb cwZ| cKvk fvU`vb cwZZ fvUviMY wbR
wbR cQì ewK mKji mvgb cKvk fvU `q| GZ fvUviiv cKvk nuv awb ev nvZ Zzj mg_b
`vb Ki| Abw`K Mvcb fvU`vb cwZZ fvUviMY Mvcb evjUc cQ`KZ ewK bvgi cvk
wbavwiZ wP GK ev wmj w`q fvU c`vb Ki| eZgvb G cwZ meRb^xKZ|
GK ew GK fvU
wbevPbcwZi ga AviKwU iyZc~Y cwZ nQ GK ew, GK fvU cwZ| GK ew, GK fvU
eZgvb me MnxZ bxwZ| G cwZZ GKwU Avmbi Rb hKvbv msLK cv_x cwZwZv KiZ cvib|
GKRb fvUvi Kej Zvi cQì cv_xK GKwU fvU wèb| cwZx cv_xì ga whwb ewk fvU cveb
wZwb wbevwPZ neb|
73
GKK KvR : wbevPbcwZi ewkjv c_Kfve QKi gvag Zzj aie|
wbevPb Kwgkb
MYZvwK cwZvb wbgvYi c~e kZ nQ KvhKi wbevPbeev| AbK_vq, wbevPbi Ici RbMYi Avv|
myz I wbic wbevPbeev nQ MYZi ivKeP| Avi GB myz I wbic wbevPb Abyvbi `vwqZ
wbevPb Kwgkbi|
MVb
MYcRvZx evsjv`ki msweavbi 118 AbyQì AvIZvq wbevPb Kwgkb MwVZ| GwU mvsweavwbKfve
MwVZ GKwU cwZvb| cavb wbevPb Kwgkbvi I AbwaK PviRb Kwgkbvimn gvU cuvPRb wbq wbevPb Kwgkb
MwVZ ne| GìK ivcwZ wbqvM `b| wbevPb Kwgkbi mfvq cavb wbevPb Kwgkbvi mfvcwZi KvR
Kib| cavb wbevPb Kwgkbvi I Abvb Kwgkbvii gqv` Zvì Kvhfvi MnYi ZvwiL nZ cuvP eQi|
wbevPb Kwgkbi `vwqZ cvjb mnvqZv Kiv miKvi I Abvb KZci KZe| wbevPb Kwgkb msweavb
ewYZ wb`kbvewj QvovI `ki wbevPwb AvBb viv cwiPvwjZ nq|
wbevPb Kwgkbi Kvhvw` mb Kivi Rb wbR^ mwPevjq iqQ| myz I wbic wbevPb Abyvb Ges
wbevwPZ RbcwZwbwa wbq msm` cwZvi Rb wbevPb Kwgkbi ^vaxbZv I wbicZv LyeB Riywi| wbevPb
Kwgkb Gi Rbej I Avw_K gZvi Rb miKvii Ici wbfikxj| ZvB Rbej I A_msv evcvi wbevPb
Kwgkbi ^vaxbZv _vKv GKv AvekK|
gZv I Kvhvewj
MYcRvZx evsjv`ki msweavbi AbyQ` 119-G wbevPb Kwgkbi `vwqZ ewYZ nqQ| wbevPb Kwgkbi
`vwqZ njv ivcwZ I msm` wbevPb cwiPvjbv, wbevPbi Rb fvUvi ZvwjKv cZKiY, fvUviì
cwiPqc c`vb, AvBb KZK wbavwiZ Abvb wbevPb (Gi ga mKj vbxq miKvi cwil` hgb- BDwbqb
cwil`, cimfv, wmwU Kcvikb, DcRjv cwil`, Rjv cwil`, cveZ Rjv cwil`) cwiPvjbv Ges
AvbylwK Kvhvwì myz mv`b| GQvov wbevPb cv_xì gbvbqbc evQvBKiY, `j mwKZ bxwZgvjv I
wbevPb cwiPvjbvmsv bxwZgvjv cYqb KivI wbevPb Kwgkbi KvR| GQvov wbevPb Kwgkbi GKwU
iyZc~Y KvR nQ wbevPwb GjvKvi mxgvbv wbaviY Kiv| hgbevsjv`ki RvZxq msm` wbevPb 300wU
wbevPwb GjvKv iqQ| mLvb _K RbMYi cZ fvU msm` m`mMY wbevwPZ nb| fMvwjK AvqZb I
fvUvi msLvi wfwZ wbevPwb GjvKv wbavwiZ nq| fMvwjK GjvKvwfwK 300 Avmb QvovI evsjv`ki
RvZxq msm` Aviv 50wU msiwZ Avmb iqQ| Gjv gwnjvì Rb wbw`| Zviv RbMYi mivmwi
fvU wbevwPZ 300 msm` m`m KZK civfve wbevwPZ nb|
`jxq KvR : myz I wbic wbevPb Abyvb wbevPb Kwgkbi f~wgKv AZ iyZc~Y G welq Kvm
weZKi AvqvRb Kie|
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
74
Abykxjbx
msw Di ck
1| ivRbwZK `j KvK ej?
2| ivRbwZK `ji ewk AvjvPbv Ki|
3| Aeva I wbic wbevPb wKfve MYZvwK miKvi MVb mnvqZv Ki?
4| wbevPb Kwgkbi MVb AvjvPbv Ki|
eYbvg~jK ck
1| Avgvì wbevPb eev weklY Ki| Gi zwU ei Ki Zv mgvavbi civgk `vI|
ewbevPwb ck
1| RvZxq msm` gwnjvì Rb msiwZ Avmb KZwU?
K) 13
L) 50
M) 300
N) 350
2| ivRbwZK `ji cavb KvR KvbwU?

K) wbevPbi gvag gZv MnY Kiv
L) `jxq Av`k I Kgm~wPi c RbgZ MVb
M) MVbg~jK weivwaZvi gvag miKvii fzjwU aiv
N) wewfb `ji ^v_ GK Ki ivRbwZK Kgm~wP wi Kiv
QKwU cheY Ki 3 I 4 bs cki Di `vI
MYZ K `ji f~wgKv
hvMbZvi DP
c` DbxZKiY
wbqgZvwK Dcvq
miKvi MVb
Kgxì ivRbwZK
wkv `vb
MVbg~jK weivwaZv
75
3| MYZi weKvk cqvRb

i.
`jxq wmv Kgxì gZvgZK cvavb Ìqv
ii. miKvii wewfb KvR weivax `ji MVbg~jK mgvjvPbv

iii. wbic wbevPbi gvag ivxq gZvi cwieZb
wbPi KvbwU mwVK ?
K) i I ii
L) ii I iii
M) i I iii
N) i, ii I iii
4| K `ji QKi f~wgKvjv cvjb KiZ mnR ne

K) ivRZvwK miKvi
L) GKbvqKZvwK eevq
M) mgvRZvwK kvmb
N) msm`xq miKvi
mRbkxj ck
1| evsjv`ki RvZxq wbevPb K I L ew XvKvi GKwU Avmb _K cwZhvwMZv Ki| Zuviv fvUviì
evwoZ evwoZ wMq Kzkj wewbgq Kib| GQvovI wbevPbx GjvKvi wewfb vb wgwUs, wgwQj Kgm~wP
cvjb Kib| wbevPb fvUviMY L ewK mr, hvM gb Ki fvU w`q Rqhy Ki|
K. Kvb kvmb eevq ivRbwZK `j Acwinvh?
L. ivRbwZK `ji cavb j Kx? evLv Ki|
M. L ew Kvb cwZZ wbevwPZ nb? evLv Ki|
N. wbevPb K I L ewi KvRjvi ga w`q ivRbwZK `ji GKwU AbZg KvRi cwZdjb
NUQ Dii ^c hyw c`kb Ki|
Ag Aavq

ivi kvmbeevi myz cwiPvjbvi Rb K`xq ckvmbi cvkvcvwk vbxq kvmbeev Mo IV| vbxq
chvqi mgmv mgvavbi Rb ZYg~j chvq GB aibi miKvi Mo IV| evsjv`ki GB aibi vbxq
miKvieev we`gvb| vbxq miKvieevq RbMY ivi kvmbKvh cZfve AskMnYi myhvM cvq|
ZvB vbxq kvmb MYZvwK miKvieevi Acwinvh Ask| G Aavq Avgiv vbxq miKvieevi MVb,
gZv I KvR mK Rvbe|
evsjv`ki vbxq miKvieevi MVb, gZv I Kvhvewj eYbv KiZ cvie|
evsjv`ki vbxq miKvieevi wewfb ii cviwiK mK weklY KiZ cvie|
bvMwiKZvi weKvk vbxq miKvii iyZ weklY KiZ cvie|
bvMwiK myhvM-myweav c`vbi vbxq miKvii iyZ eYbv KiZ cvie|
vbxq miKvi
vbxq miKvi nQ ivi GjvKvK wef Ki z`Zi cwimi cwZwZ miKvieev| K`xq miKvii
mv_ mKi Dci wfw Ki vbxq miKvii ic `yB aibi nq| c_gZ, vbxq ckvmb hLvb ckvmK
mivmwi K`xq miKvi wbqvM `q Ges K`xq miKvii wb`k evevqbB Gi cavb KvR| miKvii
ckvmwbK KgKZv wefvM, Rjv, DcRjv Ges BDwbqb chvq mwPe miKvi KZK wbhy nb| wZxqZ, vbxq
^vqkvwmZ miKvi ejZ eywS Ggb aibi miKvieev hv QvU QvU GjvKvq vbxq cqvRb gUvevi Rb
RbMYi wbevwPZ cwZwbwaì viv MwVZ I AvBbi gvag gZvcv msv| Avgvì `k BDwbqb
cwil`, Rjv cwil`, DcRjv, cimfv I wmwU Kcvikb vbxq ^vqkvwmZ miKvii D`vniY| vbxq
ckvmb Avevi vbxq ^vqkvwmZ miKvii mnhvMx wnme KvR Ki|
vbxq miKvii iyZ

wewUk ivRbwZK `vkwbK Rb zqvU wgji gZ, vbxq miKvi miKvwi I ivRbwZK KgKv RbMYi
AskMnYi myhvM mw Ki Ges G welq bvMwiKìK mPZb Ki| vbxq miKvi vbxq chvq
bvMwiKìK h_vh_fve wewfb mev c`vb KiZ cvi| vbxq ckvmKì c mwVKfve vbxq
RbMYi ^v_ wPwZ Kiv, Zvì wewfb welq h_v_ vb jvf Ges vbxq Dbqbmsv welq aviYv
jvf me nq|
77
evsjv`ki vbxq miKvieevi îc

evsjv`ki vbxq miKvieevi `xN BwZnvm iqQ| gyNj Avgj _K iy nq wewUk kvmb ch bvbv
AvBwb msvii ga w`q G`k vbxq miKvii kvmb-KvVvgv ic jvf Ki| cvwKvwb kvmb AvgjI Gi
cKwZ AcwiewZZ _vK| 1971 mvj ^vaxb evsjv`ki Afz`qi ci bZzb ivi mewKQzB Xj mvRvbvi
cqvRb nq| bZzb iv 1972-Gi msweavb vbxq miKvieevi Dci wekl iyZvivc Kiv nq|
evsjv`k eZgvb wZb iwewk vbxq miKvi KvVvgv j Kiv hvq| h_v BDwbqb cwil`, _vbv/DcRjv
cwil` I Rjv cwil`| GQvov knijvZ cimfv, 10wU eo kni wmwU Kcvikb, cveZ PMvg AvwjK
cwil` I wZb cveZ Rjvq (LvMovQwo, evìeb, ivvgvwU) vbxq Rjv cwil` iqQ| DwjwLZ wZb
ii ga BDwbqb cwil`KB wbPi w`K mePq KvhKi BDwbU ej gb Kiv nq _vK|
Mvg ev Gi wbKUeZx nQ BDwbqb I DcRjv cwil`| kni GjvKvq iqQ cimfv, Rjv cwil` I wmwU
Kcvikb| GQvov cveZ GjvKvi Rb wekl vbxq miKvii eev iqQ|
vbxq miKvi gYvjqi Aaxb
MvgwfwK vbxq miKvi
kniwfwK vbxq miKvi
cveZ PMvgwelqK gYvjqi Aaxb

cveZ PMvg AvwjK cwil`
Rjv cwil` (61)
wmwU Kcvikb (10)
1| evìevb cvnvwo Rjv cwil`
DcRjv cwil` (485)
cimfv (314)
2| ivOvgvwU cvnvwo Rjv cwil`
BDwbqb cwil` 4498
3| LvMovQwo cvnvwo Rjv cwil`

4| DcRjv cwil`- 25
5| BDwbqb cwil`- 118
evsjv`k cwZwU vbxq miKvieevq gwnjvì cwZwbwaZi Dci iyZ Avivc Kiv nqQ|
Gevi Avgiv wewfb vbxq miKvi mK Rvbe|
BDwbqb cwil`
MVb
Mo 10-15wU Mvg wbq GKwU BDwbqb cwil` MwVZ| Gi GKRb wbevwPZ Pqvigvb, bqRb wbevwPZ mvaviY
m`m I wZbRb wbevwPZ gwnjv m`m (msiwZ Avmb) iqQ| GKwU BDwbqb 9wU IqvW wef| cZK
IqvW _K GKRb Ki 9wU IqvW _K 9 Rb mvaviY m`m RbMYi cZ fvU wbevwPZ nb|
78
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
gwnjv m`mMY cwZ 3 IqvW 1 Rb-GB wfwZ cyiyl I gwnjv mKji mivmwi fvU wbevwPZ nb| BDwbqb
cwil` GKRb eZbfy mwPe _vK| BDwbqb cwilì KvhKvj 5 eQi| Ze gqv` c~wZi c~eI `yBZZxqvsk m`mi Abvv fvUi gvag Pqvigvb I Ab hKvbv m`mK AcmviY Kiv hvq| evsjv`k
megvU 4,498wU BDwbqb cwil` iqQ|
Kvhvewj
BDwbqb cwil` MvgxY Rxeb Lye iyZc~Y f~wgKv cvjb Ki| MvgxY mgmv `~ixKiY, MYmPZbZv ew I
`vwqZkxj bZZ Zwi Kivi j BDwbqb cwil` AbK KvR Ki| wbg mjv AvjvPbv Kiv njv|
1.
BDwbqb cwil` ivvNvU, mZz, KvjfvU wbgvY I iYveY Ges ivvi avi eivcY Ki|
2. Kwl Dbqbi Rb BDwbqb cwil` DbZgvbi exR, mvi I KxUbvkK mieivn I AwaK Lv` Drcv`b
Drmvn c`vb Ki|
3. grm Pvl, ccvjb I cm` Dbqbi Rb cqvRbxq eev MnY Ki|
4. Rb^v ivi Rb BDwbqb cwil` cwiek cwivi-cwiQb ivLvi eev Ki| gqjv AveRbv djv,
cvYx RevB, Mevw` ci Mvmj, gqjv Kvco-Pvco avqv BZvw` wbqY Ki|
5.
cv_wgK wPwKrmvi Rb `vZe nvmcvZvj cwZv Ki|
6. BDwbqb cwil` RbmsLv wbqY MYmPZbZv Zwi Ki Ges RbmsLv wbqYi Rb cqvRbxq DcKiY
A LiP mnR cvIqvi eev Ki|
79
7. wkv wevii I wbiiZv `~ixKiYi Rb BDwbqb cwil` `wi` I gavex wkv_xì ew c`vb, eq
wkv`vb K` I jvBewi vcb BZvw` Ki|
8. RbMYi A_bwZK Dbqbi Rb KzwUi wk vcb I mgevq Av`vjb cwiPvjbv Ki Ges G evcvi
RbMYK DrmvwnZ Ki|
9. BDwbqb cwil` wbR Awdmi eq wbevni Rb wewfb aibi Ki avq I Av`vq Ki Ges wewfb aibi
ivR^ msMn miKviK mnvqZv Ki|
10. BDwbqb cwil` Rb-gZz I weevn iwRvi iYveY Ki|
11. ebv I Abvb cvKwZK `yhvMi mgq BDwbqb cwil` `ytì mvnvq I cybevmbi eev Ki|
12. BDwbqb cwil` MvgxY Rxebi wewfb weiva wbwi eev Ki| mevP cuvP (05) nvRvi UvKv `vwei
Ìqvwb I QvULvUv dR`vwi gvgjvi wePvi BDwbqb cwil` KiZ cvi|
Avqi Drm
BDwbqb cwilì Avqi Drm :
K. evwoNi, `vjvb-KvVvi Dci Ki
L. Mvg cywjk iU
M. Rb, weevn I fvRi Dci wd
N. wmbgv, w_qUvi, hvv, mvKvm, gjv BZvwì Dci Ki
O. hvbevnbi Dci Ki
P. jvBm, cviwgU wd
Q. Rb^v_ wekl KjvYKi KvRi Rb wd
R. nvU evRvi, Rjgnvj, dwiNvU BRviv I Uvj msMn
S. miKvi KZK c` eiv/Aby`vb BZvw`|
GKK KvR : Zvgvi wbKUeZx _vbxq miKvi _K weMZ wZb gvm Zzwg ev Zvgvi cwievi h mev cqQ
Zvi Ici GKwU cwZe`b Zwi Ki|
`jMZ KvR : 1. kni I MvgwfwK _vbxq miKvii GKwU ZvwjKv Zwi Ki|
2. BDwbqb cwilì Avqi Drmi GKwU ZvwjKv Zwi Ki|
DcRjv cwil`
Avgvì `k _vbv/DcRjv GKwU iyZc~Y ckvmwbK i|
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
80
MVb
RbMYi cZ fvU wbevwPZ GKRb Pqvigvb, `yRb fvBm Pqvigvb (Gì ga GKRb neb gwnjv)
Ges DcRjvi AvIZvaxb BDwbqb cwil`mg~ni Pqvigvbe`, cimfvi (hw` _vK) Pqvigvb Ges wZbRb
gwnjv m`mi mg^q DcRjv cwil` MwVZ nq| 2009 mvji DcRjv cwil` AvBb Abyhvqx msm`
m`mìK cwilì civgkKi f~wgKv c`vb Kiv nqQ| Pqvigvb DcRjvi fvUviì cZ fvU
wbevwPZ neb|
BDwbqb cwil` I cimfv (hw` _vK) Pqvigvbe` c`vwaKvi ej Gi m`m neb| BDwbqb cwil` I
cimfvi (hw` _vK) wbevwPZ gwnjv m`mì fvU Zvì ga _K wZbRb gwnjv m`m wbevwPZ neb|
DcRjv cwilì Rb 3 m`mi GKwU Pqvigvb cvbj _vKe, hvi AZ GKRb gwnjv neb| DcRjv
wbevnx Awdmvi (BDGbI) cwilì wbevnx KgKZv ev mwPei `vwqZ cvjb Kieb| cwilì KvhKvj ne 5
eQi| eZgvb evsjv`k 485wU DcRjv iqQ|
Kvhvewj :
DcRjv cwilì KvRjv wbP AvjvPbv Kiv njv|
1.
BDwbqb cwilì Dbqb Kvhgi mg^q mvab Ki|
2. hvMvhvM I fZ AeKvVvgv Dbqbi Rb AvtBDwbqb mshvMKvix ivv wbgvY, givgZ I iYveY Ki|

3.
81
gwnjv I wk Dbqb, mgvRKjvY, hye, xov I mvswZK Dbqb mnvqZv `vb Ki|
4. Kwl Dbqbi j c cvjb, grm Pvl, ebR m` Dbqb I mP cK MnYmn wewfb Dbqb Kvhg
MnY Ki|
5.
bvix I wk wbhvZb cwZiva RbgZ MVb Ki| bvix I wk wbhvZb cwZiva cqvRbxq eev
MnY Ki|
6.
cvKwZK cwiek msiY I Dbqbi j mvgvwRK ebvqb Kvhg MnY Ki|
7. z` I KzwUi wk vcb I weKvki Rb Kvhg MnY Ki|

8. wkv cmvii Rb RbgZ Zwi Ges gvawgK I gv`vmv wkv Kvhgi gvb Dbqbi Rb mswk
cwZvbjvi Kvhg Z`viK Ki|
9.
wbivc` Lvevi cvwb mieivn I cqvwbvkb eevi Dbqb wbwZ Ki|
10. DcRjv AvBbkLjv cwiwwZi Dbqbmn cywjk wefvMi Kvhg AvjvPbv Ki|
11. AvZKgmsvb mw I `vwi` wegvPbi j Kgm~wP MnY Ki|
12. miKvi KZK c` Abvb Kvhg mv`b Ki|
Avqi Drm
DcRjv cwil` KZK avhKZ Ki, iBU, Uvj, wd Ges miKvi I Abvb Drm _K cv A_ ev Aby`vb
BZvw` wbq DcRjv cwilì Znwej MwVZ ne|
GKK KvR : BDwbqb cwil` I DcRjv cwilì cv_Kmg~ni GKwU ZvwjKv cZzZ Ki|
`jxq KvR : DcRjv cwilì Kvhvewji GKwU ZvwjKv Zwi Ki|
Rjv cwil`
Rjv cwilì Pqvigvb Rjvi RbMY viv mivmwi wbevPbi weavb ivLv nq| Rjv cwilì mfvcwZ GKRb
cwZgxi ghv`v cvb Ges Rjv ckvmKK Zvi Aaxb cavb wbevnx Kiv nq| msm` m`m GB cwil`
civgkKi f~wgKv cvjb Kib| Ze eZgvb miKvi Rjv cwil` wbevwPZ Pqvigvbi e`j GKRb Ki
ckvmK wbqvM w`qQb| ckvmKi c` ghv`v GLbI miKvwi cvcb viv wbavwiZ nqwb|
82
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
MVb
2000 mvji Rjv cwil` AvBb Abyhvqx Rjv cwil` MwVZ ne GKRb Pqvigvb, cbiRb m`m Ges msiwZ
Avmb 5 Rb gwnjv m`mìK wbq| Giv mevB civfve wbevwPZ neb GKwU wbw` Rjvi Aaxb wmwU
Kcvikbi gqi, Kwgkbvie`, BDwc Pqvigvb Ges m`mì fvU| GB cwilì gqv` ne cuvP eQi|
Kvhvewj
2000 mvj RvZxq msm` Rjv cwil` AvBb cvk nq| GB AvBbi Aaxb Rjv cwil`K 12wU evaZvg~jK
Ges 68wU HwQK Kvhvewji `vwqZ Ìqv nq| Rjv cwilì DjLhvM KvRi ga iqQ cwiKbv Ges
Dbqb| wk Ges evwYRi Dbqb, miKvwi nvmcvZvj Zveavb, cvwievwiK wKwbK, wkvcwZvb| mB mv_
AvtRjv moK cK cZKiY Ges Pjgvb cywjwk KgKvi Zveavb, AvBb-kLjv cwiwwZ Dbqb
mnvqZv, mvm `gb mycvwik Ges DcRjv KgKvi Z`viK| Rjv cwil` 5 eQi gqvw` Dbqb cwiKbv
Zwi Kie Ges vbxq miKvi I cjx Dbqb gYvjqi gvag cwiKbv Kwgkb cvVve|
Avqi Drm
Rjv cwil` AvBb 1998 Abyhvqx Rjv cwil`K 8wU LvZi Avqi Drm wK mjv Ìqv nq| GB Drmjv
QvovI Rjv cwilì Rb Rwg nvi Kii 1 kZvsk Ges 5 kZvsk f~wg Ki ivLvi eev Kiv| GQvov
nvU-evRvi, dwi NvU Ges Rjgnvj _K ewaZ cwigvY wjRi A_ Rjv cwil` cve| Ze MVbZ hfve
ejv AvQ, Rjv cwil` m~Y mfve GLbv KvhKi bq|
83
cimfv
Mvg hgb BDwbqb cwil`, Zgwb knii Rb iqQ cimfv| eZgvb evsjv`k 314wU cimfv iqQ|
MVb
vbxq miKvi (cimfv) AvBb 2009 Abyhvqx cimfv MwVZ ne GKRb gqi, miKvwi MRU cvcb viv
wbavwiZ msLK IqvWi mgvbmsLK KvDwji Ges Kej gwnjvì Rb msiwZ wbavwiZ msLK
KvDwjii mg^q| GB mKj c`B RbMYi viv cZ fvU wbevwPZ nIqvi weavb ivLv nqQ|
Kvhvewj:
cimfv knii RbMYi vbxq mgmvi mgvavb Ges Dbqbg~jK KvRi `vwqZ cvjb Ki| GB `vwqZ cvjb
KiZ wMq cimfvK AbKjv KvR KiZ nq| DjLhvM KvRjv wbg AvjvPbv Kiv njv|
1. ci GjvKvq wkv wevii Rb wkvcwZvb vcb, wkvcwZvb Dbqbi Rb Aby`vb c`vb, nvj
wbgvY, gavex I `wi` wkv_xì ew c`vb, eq wkv K` I bk we`vjq vcb, cvVvMvi vcb
Kiv BZvw` KvR Ki|
2. cimfv knii Rb^vivg~jK Kvhvw` mb Ki| Rb^v ivi Rb ivvNvU, cyKzi, b`gv I
Wvweb wbgvY Ki| msvgK I gnvgvix evwa cwZiva I cwZlaK `vbi eev Ki| nvmcvZvj,
gvZm`b, wkm`b, cwievi cwiKbv K` wbgvY I cwiPvjbvi eev Ki|
84
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
3. gZ`n mrKvii Rb Mvivb, kkvb BZvw` wbgvY I iYveY Ki| Abv_ I `ytì Rb
GwZgLvbv I Avkg wbgvY Ki|
4. RbMYi Rb wbivc` LvIqvi cvwbi eev Ges Ave cvwb wbvkbi eev Ki|
5. ci GjvKvi RbMYi Rxeb I mw ivi Rb cimfv bkcnix wbqvM Ki| Acivag~jK I
wecbK Ljv I ckv wbqY Ki|
6. cimfv GjvKvi cwiek Dbqb I m`h eabi Rb ivvi avi eivcY I eb msiY Ki|
RbMYi webv`bi Rb cvK I D`vb wbgvY, wgjbvqZb vcb Ges Dby cvY msiY Ki|
7. ci GjvKvq Mevw` c I nuvm-gyiwM cvjb, Lvgvi vcb, Mevw` c I nuvm-gyiwMi wPwKrmvi eev Kiv,
Mevw` c wew I iwRwKiY, wecbK c AvUK I nZv, ci gZ`n AcmviY BZvw` KvR Ki|
8. Lv` fRvj cwZiva, cPv I fRvj Lvevi wew e cqvRbxq eev MnY Ki| gv`KRvZxq Lv`
I cvbxq Aeva wew ei Rb Gme è cZ, q-weq Ges mieivni Dci wewawbla Avivc
Ki| wewawbla jNbKvixK kvw `q|
9. cwiKwZ kni Movi Rb cimfv evwoNi wbgvYi AbygwZ `q| Abbygvw`Z I eAvBwb wbgvY fO
`q|
10. mycwiKwZ myì kni Mov Ges cwieki fvimvg ivi Rb cimfv gnvcwiKbv MnY I evevqb
Ki|
11. cimfv hvbevnb PjvPj wbqY Ki Ges gvUiMvwo Qvov Abvb hvbevnbi jvBm c`vb Ki|
12. cvKwZK `yhvMi mgq cimfv `yMZì mvnvh, mev Ges vYi eev Ki|
13. cimfv kvwc~Y cwiek ivi Rb mvm `gb I kvw-kLjv fKvixi weiy eev MnY Ki|
14. cimfv mevP cuvP nvRvi UvKv g~j RwoZ Ìqvwb I QvULvUv dR`vwi gvgjvi wePvi KiZ cvi|
GRb gqi I PviRb KvDwjii mg^q Av`vjZ MVb Kiv nq|
Avqi Drm
wewfb Drm _K cv A_ w`q cimfv Zvi eqfvi wbevn Ki _vK| Gi ga DjLhvM nQ Nievwo,
`vKvbcvU, we`yr, cvwb I Abvb mev Ges webv`bg~jK welqi Dci avh Ki, gvKU fvov, nvU-evRvi I
LqvNvU BRviv, jvBm-cviwgU, hvbevnb iwRkb wd, miKvwi eiv BZvw`|
wmwU Kcvikb
evsjv`ki cavb kniK K` Ki wmwU Kcvikbjv Mo DVQ| evsjv`ki gvU 10wU wmwU
Kcvikb iqQ| Gjv njv XvKvq `yBwU (XvKv Di I XvKv `wY), PMvg, Kzwgjv, ivRkvnx, Lyjbv,
ewikvj, wmjU, bvivqYM I iscyi|
85
MVb
cZK wmwU Kcvikb miKvwi cvcb viv wbavwiZ msLK IqvW wef _vK| GKRb gqi, wbavwiZ
IqvWi mgvb msLK KvDwji Ges wbavwiZ IqvWi GK-ZZxqvsk msLK msiwZ Avmbi gwnjv
KvDwji wbq wmwU Kcvikb MwVZ nq| gqi I KvDwjiMY RbMYi mivmwi fvU wbevwPZ nb Ges
msiwZ Avmbi gwnjv KvDwjiMY wbevwPZ nb KvDwjiì fvU| wmwU Kcvikbi gqi cwZgxi
ghv`v fvM Kib| wmwU Kcvikbi gqv` 5 (cuvP) eQi|
Kvhvewj:
gnvbMi GjvKvi kvw-kLjv iv, wewfb mgmvi mgvavb Ges Dbqbi Rb wmwU Kcvikb wewfb iyZc~Y
KvR mv`b Ki _vK| wbP Zv AvjvPbv Kiv njv|
1. wmwU Kcvikb gnvbMixi ivvNvU wbgvY I iYveY Ki| gvUiMvwo, evm, UvK Qvov Abvb
hvbevnbi jvBm c`vb Ki Ges ivvq hvbevnb PjvPj wbqY Ki|
2. Rb^v ivi Rb wmwU Kcvikb bvjv-b`gv, ivvNvU AvevwmK GjvKv cwivi-cwiQb ivL| gqjv
AveRbv djvi Rb Wvweb wbgvY, wewfb vb kPvMvi, ^vmZ cvqLvbv BZvw` wbgvY Ki|
GQvov nvmcvZvj, gvZm`b, wkm`b, cwievi cwiKbv K` wbgvY I cwiPvjbv Ki|
3. RbmvaviYi Rb wbivc` LvIqvi cvwb mieivn, K~c I bjK~c Lbb Ges Ave cvwb wbvkbi eev Ki|
86
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
4. wmwU Kcvikb gnvbMi GjvKvq cPv-evwm I fRvj Lv`è weq I mieivni weiy eev MnY
Ki| Lv` I cvbxq mieivn wbqY Ki| Lv` I cvbxq cZ, Avg`vwb I wbqYi jvBm
c`vb Ki|
5. gnvbMi GjvKvq Mevw` c I nuvm-gyiwM wPwKrmv K` vcb, Mevw` c iwRwKiY, wecbK c
AvUK I nZv, ci gZ`n AcmviY, nuvm-gyiwMi Lvgvi vcb BZvw` KvR Ki|
6. gnvbMixi Mwie-`ytLx gvbylK mvnvh Kiv, Abv_ Avkg I RbKjvY K` vcb, wfvew I cwZZvew
iva I cybevmb, RyqvLjv, gv`Kvmw I AmvgvwRK KvR cwZivai eev Ki|
7. cvKwZK `yhvM gvKvejvq wmwU Kcvikb wZMZì mvnvh I cybevmbi eev Ki|
8. gnvbMixi wbiiZv `~ixKiYi Rb eq wkv K`, bk we`vjq vcb Ki| wkv wevii Rb
bZzb wkvcwZb vcb, wkvcwZvb Aby`vb c`vb, nvj wbgvY, ew c`vb, cvVvMvi wbgvY I
cwiPvjbv BZvw` KvR Ki|
9. mvswZK Dbqbi Rb wmwU Kcvikb wgjbvqZb, AvU-Mvjvwi, Z_K`, Rv`yNi, gyg BZvw`
wbgvY Ki|
10. gnvbMii cwieki Dbqb I m`h eabi Rb wmwU Kcvikb ivvi cvk I Dby vb eivcY
I eb msiY Ki| RbmvaviYi AeKvk hvcbi Rb D`vb wbgvY Ki|
11. wmwU Kcvikb gnvbMi GjvKvq Nievwo wbgvYi AbygwZ c`vb Ki| Abbygvw`Z Nievwomn mKj
vcbv fO `q Ges Aea `Lj`vi DQì eev Ki|
12. wmwU Kcvikb Rb-gZz wbeb Ki|
13. gnvbMixi kvw-kLjv eRvq ivLvi Rb wmwU Kcvikb QvULvUv wePviKvR mv`b Ki| weev`
gxgvsmv I gnjvq kvw ivi Rb kvwix wbqvM Ki| gnvbMixZ Pzwi-WvKvwZ, nvBRvKiva I
mvm `gb cqvRbxq eev MnY Ki|
14. mevcwi gnvbMixi mvweK Dbqbi Rb wmwU Kcvikb Dbqb cwiKbv MnY I evevqb Ki|
Avqi Drm
K. wmwU Kcvikb KZK AvivwcZ hKvbv Ki, DcKi, Uvj I wdm BZvw`;
L. Kcvikbi Dci b Ges ZrKZK cwiPvwjZ mKj mw nZ cv Avq ev gybvdv;
M. miKvi ev Abvb KZci wbKU nZ cv Aby`vb;
N. vbxq KZc ev Ab Kvbv cwZvb ev ewwekl KZK c` `vb;
O. Kcvikbi Dci b me Uv nZ cv Avq;
87
P. Kcvikbi A_ wewbqvM nZ cv gybvdv;

Q. Abvb Drm nZ cv A_;
R. AvBbi Aaxb A_` _K cv A_ BZvw`|
GKK KvR : wmwU Kcvikbi wewfb Kii Drmi GKwU ZvwjKv cZyZ Ki|
cveZ PMvg Aj wekl vbxq miKvieev

cveZ PMvg Aj wekl vbxq miKvieev Mo IVvi cvcU Abvb vbxq miKvi _K Avjv`v|
HwZnvwmKfve cveZ PMvgi y` bMvxi mswZ I Rxebhvcb cwZ evOvwjì Pq wQj m~Y
Avjv`v| G Avjv`v cwiPq cwZvi Rb Zviv `xNw`b ai msMvg Ki AvmwQj| Zvì `vwei djB 1997
mvji 2 wWmî kvwPzw mvw`Z nq| GB Pzwi gvag G Aj wfb cKwZi vbxq miKvi KvVvgv Mo
DVQ|
cveZ Rjv cwil`

cveZ PMvg wewfb z` RbMvx AaywlZ GKwU Aj| GQvov g~javivi evOvwjivI mLvb emevm
Ki| Gme Aj iqQ wewfb mgmv, hv mgvavb cqvRb wewfb c`c| G Aji Dbqbi Rb
cqvRb wekl aibi eev| ivOvgvwU, LvMovQwo I evìevb G wZb cveZ Rjvq wZbwU wekl
aibi Rjv vbxq miKvi cwil` ceZb Kiv nq| c~e cwilì gqv` wQj 3 eQi| eZgvb Zv
evwoq 5 eQi Kiv nqQ|
MVb-KvVvgv I cKwZ
cZKwU Rjv cwil` 1 Rb Pqvigvb, 30 Rb mvaviY m`m Ges 3 Rb gwnjv m`mmn megvU 34 Rb
m`m wbq MwVZ ne| Gì mKj RbMYi cZ fvU wbevwPZ neb| m`mì ga cvnvwo I evOvwj
Dfq ci cwZwbwa _vKe| RbmsLvi AbycvZ Abyhvqx Kvi msLv KZ Zv wbavwiZ ne| Aciw`K, gwnjv
Avmb eZxZ cvnvwoì Rb wiRvf Avmb wewfb y` bMvx ga eb ne| 3 Rb gwnjv m`mi ga 2
Rb neb y` bMvxi Ges 1 Rb neb y` bMvxi evBii ev evOvwj| Pqvigvb AekB y` bMvxi ga
_K neb| m`mì AvmbmsLv `ymc`vqi ga fvM Ki Ìqv njI fvU`vb ne mKji wfwZ|
msiwZ wiRvf Avmb QvovI Ab Avmb gwnjviv wbevPb cv_x nZ cvie| GKRb miKvwi KgKZv cwilì
mwPei `vwqZ cvjb Kieb| cwilì KvhKvj ne 5 eQi|
`jxq KvR : cveZ PMvgi wekl vbxq miKvi cwZi mv_ `ki Abvb vbxq miKvii
cv_Ki Ici GKwU cvvi Zwi Ki|
88
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
Kvhvewj
cveZ Rjv cwilì Kvhvewj wbgic :
1. vbxq cywjk I Rjvi AvBb-kLjv msiY, Zveavb I DbwZ mvab|
2. Rjvi vbxq KZcmg~ni Dbqbg~jK KgKvi mg^q mvab I evevqb mnhvwMZv `vb|
3. wkvi Dbqb I wevi Ges cqvRbxq myhvM-myweav mw|
4. ^viv, Rb^v Dbqb I cwievi cwiKbv Kgm~wP evevqb|
5. Kwl I eb Dbqb I iYveY|
6. ccvjb|
7. grm m` Dbqb|
8. mgevq Av`vjb Drmvn c`vb|
9. vbxq wk, eemv I evwYRi cmvi|
10. Abv_ I `ytì Rb Avkq K` wbgvYmn Abvb mgvRKjvYg~jK KgKv|
11. y` bMvxi mswZ msiY I Gi weKvk mvab| wov I Ljvayjvi AvqvRb I Dbqb|
12. hvMvhvMeevi DbwZ mvab|
13. cvwb mieivn I mPeevi Dbqb|
14. f~wg I f~wg eevcbv|
15. cwiek msiY I Dbqb|
16. vbxq chUbwki Dbqb|
17. y` bMvxi ixwZbxwZ, c_vi AvjvK cvnvwo RbMvxi weivai wePvi I gxgvsmv|
Avqi Drm
cwilì Avqi Drmi ga wbg DwjwLZ welqvewj Afy
K. vei mw nvii Dci avh Kii Ask|
L. f~wg I `vjvb KvVvi Dci nvws Ki|
M. ivv, cyj I dwii Dci Uvj|
N. hvbevnbi iwRkb wd|
O. cY q-weqi Dci Ki|
P. wk cwZvbi Dci nvws Ki|
Q. mvgvwRK wePvii wd|
R. jUvwii Dci Ki|
89
S. wPwebv`bg~jK Kgi Dci Ki|

T. ebR mì Dci iqvjwUi Askwekl|
U. LwbR m` A^lY ev Dvjbi Dk miKvi KZK c` AbygwZc ev cvv m~ cv iqvjwUi
Askwekl|
V. miKvi KZK cwil`K c` gZvej AvivwcZ Kvbv Ki BZvw`|
cveZ PMvg AvwjK cwil`

wZbwU cveZ Rjvq Kvhg mg^q mvabi j H wZb Rjvaxb mgM GjvKvRyo GKwU AvwjK cwil` AvQ|
MVb
1 Rb Pqvigvb, 12 Rb y` bMvxi m`m, 6 Rb y` bMvxi evBii ev evOvwj m`m, 2 Rb y`
bMvxi gwnjv m`m, 1 Rb y` bMvxi evBii ev evOvwj gwnjv m`m Ges wZb cveZ Rjv cwilì 3
Pqvigvbmn megvU 25 Rb m`m wbq AvwjK cwil` MwVZ ne| Pqvigvb AekB y` bMvxi neb
Ges wZwb cwZgxi ghv`v fvM Kieb| 12 Rb y` bMvxi m`mi ga 5 Rb PvKgv y` bMvxi, 3
Rb gvigv, 2 Rb wcyiv, 1 Rb gyis I ZbPv Ges 1 Rb jymvB, evg, cvsLv, Lygx, PK I wLqvs y`
bMvxi Afy neb| 6 Rb y` bMvxi m`mi ga cwZwU cveZ Rjv nZ 2 Rb Ki _vKeb| 2
Rb y` bMvxi gwnjv m`mi ga 1 Rb PvKgv Ges Aci Rb Abvb y` bMvxi ga mxgve _vKe|
y` bMvxi evBii ev evOvwj gwnjv m`m wZb cveZ Rjvi evOvwj gwnjvMYi ga _K neb| wZb
cveZ Rjv cwilì PqvigvbMY eZxZ AvwjK cwilì Pqvigvb I Ab mKj m`m Rjv
cwil`mg~ni m`mMY KZK civfve wbevwPZ neb| wZb cveZ Rjvi PqvigvbMY c`vwaKvi ej Gi
m`m neb Ges Zvì fvUvwaKvi _vKe| GKRb miKvwi KgKZv cwilì wbevnx KgKZv wnme KvR
Kieb| AvwjK cwilì gqv` ne 5 eQi|
Kvhvewj
cveZ PMvg AvwjK cwilì Kvhvewj ne wbgic
1. wZb cveZ Rjv cwilì Aaxb cwiPvwjZ mKj Dbqb KgKvmn Gì AvIZvaxb Ges Gì Dci
AwcZ welqvwì mvweK Zveavb I mg^q|
2. cimfvmn vbxq cwil`mg~n Zveavb I Zvì KgKvi mg^q mvab|
3. cveZ PMvg Dbqb evWi Kvhvewji mvweK Zveavb|
4. cveZ Rjvmg~ni mvaviY ckvmb, AvBb-kLjv I Dbqbi Zveavb I mg^q|
5. y` bMvxi ixwZbxwZ, c_v BZvw` Ges mvgvwRK wePvi Zveavb I mgybZ ivLv|
6. RvZxq wkbxwZi m mwZ iL cveZ Aj fvix wk vcb jvBm c`vb|
7. `yhvM eevcbv I vY Kvhg cwiPvjbv Ges GbwRIì Kvhvewji mg^q mvab|
90
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
Avqi Drm
cwZ A_eQi iy nIqvi c~e cwil` H eQii mve Avq I eq-m^wjZ weeiYx ev evRU cYqb I
Abygv`b Kie| wbgv Drm nZ cv A_ wbq AvwjK cwilì Znwej MwVZ ne
K. cveZ Rjv cwilì Znwej nZ cv A_, hvi cwigvY mgq mgq miKvi wbaviY Kie|
L. cwilì Dci b Ges ZrKZK cwiPvwjZ mKj mw _K cv A_ ev gybvdv|
M. miKvi ev Abvb KZci FY I Aby`vb|
N. Kvbv cwZvb ev ew KZK c` Aby`vb|
O. cwilì A_ wewbqvM _K AwRZ gybvdv|
P. cwil` KZK cv hKvbv A_|
Q. miKvii wb`k cwilì Dci b Abvb Avqi Drm _K cv A_ BZvw`|
miKvii m cveZ Rjv I AvwjK cwilì mK

MYcRvZx evsjv`ki msweavbi AvIZvq wekl eev wnme cveZ Rjv cwil` I AvwjK cwil` MVb
Kiv nqQ| Dfq cwil`K AvBb Abyhvqx wbw` gZv I KZZ c`vb Kiv nqQ| D`vniYîc, Rjv
cwilì wbqY I AvIZvaxb Kvbv cKvii Rwg, cvnvo I ebvj cwilì mwnZ AvjvPbv I Dnvi mwZ
ewZiK miKvi KZK AwaMnY I nvi Kiv hvBe bv| AvBb cYqb-msv evcvi ejv nqQ, miKvi
AvwjK cwil` ev cveZ PMvg mK Kvbv AvBb cYqbi D`vM MnY Kwij cwil` I mswk cveZ
Rjv cwilì mwnZ AvjvPbvg Ges cwilì civgk weePbvg AvBb cYqbi Rb cqvRbxq c`c
MnY Kwie| Rjv I AvwjK cwil` AvBbi ev Kvbv wewa-weavbi m Amvgmc~Y nq bv, Gic wewa
cYqb KiZ cvie| hvnvK, AvBb cYqbi gZv miKvii nvZ b| Aci w`K, miKvi cqvRb `Lv
w`j Rjv cwilì KvRKgi evcvi wb`k c`vb ev Abykvmb Ges MRU Av`k viv AvwjK cwil`
evwZj NvlYv ch KiZ cvie|
bvMwiKZv weKvk vbxq miKvi

evsjv`k kni I MvgxY bvMwiKì mv_ vbxq miKvii hvMvhvM wewUk kvmbvgj _KB cwZwZ
nqQ| bvMwiKZvi weKvk vbxq miKvi iyZc~Y fwgKv cvjb Ki AvmQ| wbP Zv AvjvPbv Kiv njv|
1)
bvMwiK mev c`vb vbxq miKvi : mKj kwYi gvbyl Zvì bvbv cqvRb vbxq miKvi ì
hvMvhvM Ki| hgb- wkv_xì wcZvi Avqi mb`c mZvwqZKiY Ges Rbwbebi mvwUwdKU
Zvjvi cqvRb BDwbqb cwil` Awdm hZ nq| BDwbqb cwil`, cimfv bvMwiKìK wbw`
mgqmxgvi ga mev c`vb wbwZ Kivi weeiY cKvk Ki, hv bvMwiK mb` bvg cwiwPZ|
bvMwiK mev mnRjf Kivi Rb vbxq chvq miKvi eZgvb B-Mfvb Pvjyi D`vM MnY Kiv
nqQ| Gi dj ejv hvq, Ni em gvbyl wewfb welq cqvRbxq Z_ `yZ MwZZ jvf KiZ cvie|
91
vbxq miKvii bZzb GB mshvRb GK hyMvKvix NUbv| G eev bvMwiK AwaKvi ARb c~ei Pq
ewk mnvqK ne|
2.
vbxq kvmb RbMYi AskMnY : Mvg vbxq miKvii f~wgKv Mvgi gvbylìK miKvii mv_
mshy Ki| BDwbqb cwil` MvgxY weev` mgvavb mwq f~wgKv ivL|
3.
weev` wbw : hKvbv weev` wbwi Rb BDwbqb cwil` AvqvwRZ mvwjk ev AbvbyvwbK wbwi
eev ek iyZc~Y| G miKvi cwZwZ Mvg Av`vjZ MvgxY RbMYi weev` wbwZ AviI
KvhKi f~wgKv ivLZ mg ne ej Avkv Kiv hvq| Gi dj Mvgi Mwie gvbyl kni Gm wePvii
Rb nqivwbi ^xKvi nIqv _K iv cve|
Km 1 : awbqv BDwbqbi 4 bs IqvWi Aveyj Kvjvg I Zvi fvwZRv Rwgmsv weev` Rwoq co Ges
GB SMov KqK eQi ai PjZ _vK| BDwbqb cwilì bZZ mvwjki gvag GB mgmv mgvavb
Kiv nq| hw` Aveyj Kvjvg GB gvgjv wbq Rjv chvq hZ, Zvnj Zvi AbK A_ I mgq b nZv|
GB AcPqi nvZ _K Aveyj Kvjvg iv cj|
bvixi gZvqb
evsjv`ki gvU RbmsLvi AaK njv bvix| mgvRi AaK AskK AwaKvi ewZ iL Kvb mgvR DbwZ
jvf KiZ cvibv| ZvB eZgvb mviv wek bvixi gZvqbK AMvwaKvi w`Q| cwievi, mgvR I RvZxq
bvixi Ask MnY, gZvgZ cKvk I wmv MnYi gZvB bvixi gZvqb| bvixi A_bwZK, ivRbwZK,
mvgvwRK, mvswZK mKj bvix cyiyli AwaKvii mgZv eRvq ivLZ ne| Gi iyZ Dcjw Ki
1948 mvj gvbevwaKvii meRbxb NvlYvc Ges RvwZmsN bvix Dbqb wKQy c`c MnY Ki| 1951
mvj AvRvwZK kg msv (ILO) KZK GKB aiYi KvRi Rb bvix I cyiyl kwgKi Rb GKB eZb `vb
Ges 1952 mvj bvixi ivRbwZK AwaKvii K_v NvlYv Ki| hvi dj wbevPb bvix fvU `vb I cwZwZv
KiZ cvib| 1960 mvj bvixì Kg msvb I ckvi elg wejvc mb` c`vb Kiv nq hv 1979
mvji wWmî gvm RvwZmsNi mvaviY cwil` MnxZ nq| evsjv`kmn gvU 132wU `k eZgvb G mb`
mg_b KiQ|
vbxq miKvi bvixi AskMnY AvMi hKvbv mgqi Zzjbvq ew cqQ| bvixiv BDwbqb cwil` _K
iy Ki DcRjv cwil`, cimfv, wmwU Kcvikb me wbevPb Rqjvf Ki bvMwiK wnme vbxq
miKvii wmv MnYK cfvweZ KiZ mg nQ|
DjL, 1997 mvji cYxZ AvBb Abyhvqx evsjv`k 4,484wU BDwbqb cwil` 13,452wU bvix m`m c`
mw Kiv nq| GB AvBbi gvag cwZwU BDwbqb cwil` 3wU Ki msiwZ bvix Avmbi eev ivLv nq,
hviv mivmwi RbMYi fvU wbevwPZ| vbxq miKvii Abvb iI bvixi AskMnYi eev Kiv nqQ|
92
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
msLvjNyi AwaKvi cwZv

GLb agxq, wj cv_K ev RvwZMZ cwiPq bvMwiK AwaKvi ARb Avi Kvbv cwZeKZv bq| cveZ wZb
Rjvq wekl aibi vbxq miKvieev cwZvi ga w`q H Aj emevmKvix 13wU y` bMvxi bvMwiK
AwaKvi cwZvi c_ myMg Kiv nqQ|
Gi dj H Aji y` bMvxi wkv-`xv Ges Abvb mvgvwRK, mvswZK KgKvi ga w`q evOvwj
bvMwiKì mv_ GKB ghv`vq cwZwZ nqQ|
msweavbi c`k mskvabxZ (RyjvB 2011) cvnvwo RbMvxi ^Z cwiPqK ^xKwZ w`q Zvì bvMwiK
AwaKvii ghv`v AviI kwkvjx Kiv nqQ|
fvUvwaKvi PPv
RvZxq chvq hgb bvMwiKiv fvUvwaKvi fvM Ki _vK, Zgwb vbxq chvqI bvMwiKi GB AwaKvi fvM
Ki| vbxq miKvi wbevPb RbMYi fvU c`vbi nvi RvZxq wbevPbi PqI ewk| GB wbevPb fvU
w`q gvbyl Zvì vbxq miKvi cwZwbwa wbevPb Ki| RvZxqfve wbevwPZ RbcwZwbwaì _K vbxq
chvq wbevwPZ cwZwbwai cv_K nQ ZvìK gvbyl ewk KvQ cvq| KviY Zviv vbxq RbMYi KvQvKvwQ
_vK| dj vbxq bvMwiKiv Zvì Revew`wn KiZ eva KiZ cvi| wekl Ki BDwbqb cwilì
GwU AwaKZi mwZ| Aci w`K, kni GjvKvq cimfv/wmwU Kcvikb Ki c`vb Ki gvbyl Zvì bvMwiK
`vwqZ cvjb Ki| wewbgq Zviv bvbv bvMwiK myhvM-myweav fvM Ki|
Abykxjbx
msw Di ck
1| vbxq BDwbqb cwilì MVb AvjvPbv Ki|
2| cimfvi DjLhvM KvRjv AvjvPbv Ki|
3| bvixi gZvqb ejZ Kx evSvq?
4| wmwU Kcvikbi Avqi Drmjv Kx Kx?
eYbvg~jK ck
1| bvMwiKZv weKvk vbxq miKvii fwgKv AvjvPbv Ki|
93
ewbevPwb ck
1. evsjv`k gvU BDwbqb cwilì msLv Ki ?
K) 118
L) 460
M) 483
N) 4498
2. Wvweb wbgvb cimfvi Kvb aibi KvR ?

K) Dbqbg~jK
L) Rb^vg~jK
M) kvwc~Y cwiek iv msv
N) m`h iv msv
3. bvMwiK mev c`vbi Rb ^vaxb miKvi

i.
Avqi mb` c mZvwqZ Ki
ii. Rb wbeb mb` c`vb Ki

iii. bvMwiK mb` c`vb Ki
wbPi KvbwU mwVK ?
K) i I ii
L) ii I iii
M) i I iii
N) i, ii I iii
wbPi AbyQ`wU co 4 I 5 bs cki Di `vI |

Rbve ivk` GKwU vbxq chvqi miKvi cavb| wZwb cuPv evwm I fRvj Lv`è weq I mieivni
weiy eev MnYi Rb gnvbMii nvUj I iziUjvZ Awfhvb Pvjvb Ges cqvRbxq eev
MnY Kib|
4| Rbve ivk` Kvb vbxq miKvii cavb ?
K) wmwU Kcvikb
L)
Rjv cwil`
M) DcRjv cwil`
N)
cimfv
5| D miKvi iyZc~Y nIqvi KviY Gi dj cavbZ

K) ivRbwZK KgKv RbMYi AskMnbi myhvM mw nq
L) RbMYi ga bvMwiK mPZbZv ew cvq
M) vbxq chvq bvMwiK mev wbwZ Kiv nq
N) wkvi nvi ew cvq|
94
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
mRbkxj ck
1| Rbve igRvb Avjx GKwU DcRjv knii vbxq miKvii cavb| wZwb K`xq miKvii cwZwbwa
wnme RbMYi Pvwn`v c~iYi Rb Nievwo, `vKvbcvU, nvUevRvi, hvbevnb BZvw` _K A_ msMn
Ki gnjvi gvo gvo Wvweb wbgvY, b`gv I cyKzi cwivi Ki gkvi Jla wQuUvb| KqKwU
gvZm`b vcb Ki webvg~j wk I cm~wZ gvqì mev c`vbi eev Kib|
K. eZgvbi evsjv`k wmwU Kcvikbi msLv KZ?
L. cvVvMvi vcb cimfvi Kvb aibi KvR-evLv Ki|
M. Rbve igRvb Avjxi KvRjvi g~j Dk Kx? evLv Ki|
N. AbyQ` DjwLZ KvRjv wK Rbve igRvb Avjxi GjvKvi Dbqbi Rb h_Zvgvi gZvgZ `vI|
2| eMg Kvgiyb bvnvi RvZxq msm` wbevPb Zvi GjvKv _K RbMYi fvU wbevwPZ nIqvi ci c_g
wZwb vbxq I RvZxq wbevPb msiwZ Avmb QvovI Abvb Avmb bvixì cwZhvwMZv Kivi Rb
AbycvwYZ Kib| ci wZwb GKwU bvix wkv K` cwZv Kib| mLvb bvixì mjvB wkv euvk I
eZi KvR, nvm-gyiwM cvjb I KwDUvi cwkY`vbi eev Kib| wZwb wkwZ gqìK
miKvwi emiKvwi PvKwimn h Kvb ckvq AskMnY Dy Kib|
K. 1997 mvj cYxZ AvBb BDwbqb cwil` KZwU bvix m`mc` mw Kiv nqQ?
L. bvixi gZvqb ejZ Kx evSvq? evLv Ki|
M. eMg Kvgiyb bvnvii c_g KvRwU bvixi Kvb aibi gZvqbK wb`k KiQ? evLv Ki|
N. bvix wkv K` MnxZ c`cmg~n bvixì ^vej^x Ki Zzje| ^c hyw `vI|
beg Aavq

c~eeZx AavqjvZ bvMwiKZv I cibxwZi mK, bvMwiKZvi aviYv, mybvMwiKi bvewj, bvMwiKi mv_
miKvi I ivi mK m^ AvjvPbv Kiv nqQ| Gme aviYv eenvi Ki eZgvb Aavq Avgiv bvMwiK
Rxeb bvbvwea mgmvewj Ges mgvavbi Dcvq mK AvjvPbv Kie|
Avgvì bvMwiK Rxebi cavb mgmvjv wPwZ KiZ cvie|
RbmsLv mgmvi KviY I Gi cfve Ges mgvavbi Dcvq weklY KiZ cvie|
wbiiZvi KviY, cfve I mgvavbi Dcvq eYbv KiZ cvie|
Lv`wbivcvRwbZ msKUi KviY I cwZKvii Dcvq evLv KiZ cvie|
cwiekMZ `yhvMi aviYv eYbv KiZ cvie|
cwiekMZ `yhvM gvKvejvi Dcvq eYbv KiZ cvie|
mvm I Rxevì Drm, mgvR Rxeb Gi cfve Ges Zv wbimbi Dcvq evLv KiZ cvie|
bvix wbhvZbi KviY I cwZKvii Dcvq eYbv KiZ cvie|
bvMwiK mgmv mgvavb bvMwiKi f~wgKv wbYq KiZ cvie|
Avgiv mevB Rbm~ A_ev AvBbMZfve evsjv`ki bvMwiK| bvMwiK wnme Avgiv KDev kni A_ev KDev
Mvg evm Kwi| Rb _K gZz ch Avgvì Aevb nq c_g cwievi Zvici mgvR, Zvici iv| Gme
RvqMvq emevm KiZ wMq Avgiv wewfb aibi myhvM-myweavi cvkvcvwk bvbviKg Amyweav ev mgmvi myLxb
nq _vwK| bvMwiK Rxebi G aibi wKQz mgmv I Zvi cwZKvi mK wbP AvjvPbv Kiv njv|
1. RbmsLv mgmv I cwZKvi

RbmsLv mgmv Kx?
gvbyli Rbnvi gZznviK Qvwoq Mj Ges GB Rbnvi mì ewK Qvwoq Mj RbmsLv GKwU `ki
mgmvq cwiYZ nq| KviY, evowZ RbmsLvi PvIqv-cvIqv mxwgZ m` w`q c~iY Kiv me nq bv| KD
KD Avevi cw_exZ Akvw, zav-`vwi`, eY elg, ^v BZvw` mgmvi Zzjbvq RbmsLv ew mgmvK
mvgvb wnme weePbv Kib| Kvbv Kvbv Aj Avevi RbmsLvi ewB cqvRb, Kbbv Drcv`b KgKv
cwiPvjbvi Rb kwgKi ìKvi nq| AviKwU gZ Abymvi, ay RbmsLv ewB me me mgmvi Rb `vqx
bq| fwelr eskaiì ^v_i K_v weePbv Ki wek RbmsLvi eZgvb ewi nvi Kgvbv cqvRb iqQ|
96
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
evsjv`ki RbmsLv mgmvi wP

AwaK RbmsLv evsjv`ki bvMwiK Rxebi GKwU AbZg cavb mgmv| AwaK RbmsLvi KviY kni I
Mvg Rxebhvcb KKi nq coQ| kni RbmsLvi Pvwn`v Abyhvqx we`yr, cvwb I Mvm mieivn Kiv me
nQ bv| cwZwbqZ we`yZi jvW kwWs, cvwbi Achv mieivni KviY bvMwiK Rxeb KKi nq coQ|
Mvg AwaK Kgmsvbi myhvM bv _vKvq mLvbKvi eKvi gvbyl kni cvwo w`Q| MvgI AwaK
RbmsLvRwbZ KviY chv Lvevii Afve `Lv `q, Dchy wkvi myhvM _vK bv, Acyw Ges wPwKrmvi
Afve cwZwbqZ cwijwZ nq| GQvov Avgvì `k RbmsLvi ewi dj Avev`x RwgZ Ges ebf~wg KU
emwZ Mo DVQ| AwZwi RbmsLvi dj Lvj-wej fivU nq hvQ| GZme mgmv _vKv mI evsjv`k
we`k Rbkw ivwb Ki cPzi e`wkK gy`v Avq Kivi gvag GB mgmvK mvebvq cwiYZ KiQ| wK
gvU RbmsLvi Zzjbvq Zv GLbv h_ bq|
RbmsLvi w`K _K evsjv`k cw_exZ 8g Ges Gwkqvi `kjvi ga 5g vb Aevb KiQ| G`ki
AvqZb gv 1,47,570 eM wKjvwgUvi| evsjv`ki eZgvb RbmsLv cvq 15 KvwU Ges RbmsLv ewi nvi
1.37| evsjv`k cwZ eM wKjvwgUvi RvqMvq 1100 gvbyl evm Ki, hLvb Pxb 1.4 wewjqb jvKmsLv
_vKv mI cwZ eM wKjvwgUvi 140 Rb jvK evm Ki Avi fviZ 1.2 wewjqb jvKmsLv mI cwZ eM
wKjvwgUvi 362 Rb evm Ki|
evsjv`k RbmsLv ewi KviY

Rjevqyi cfve : evsjv`k Mxgj AewZ| ZvB G`ki Rjevqy D| evsjv`k D Rjevqyi cfve
GLvbKvi Qjgqiv AcvKZ Kg eqm mvevjK nq I mvb aviYgZvi AwaKvix nq| dj GLvb
RbmsLv ewi nvi ewk|
evjweevn I eweevn : weevn Avgvì `k GKwU agxq KZe ej gb Kiv nq| G KZeevai Zvobvq
wekl Ki evev-gv ZvovZvwo Zvì Qjgqì weq w`Z Zrci nb| dj evjweevn Avgvì mgvR
evcKfve cPwjZ| Kg eqm weq nIqvi KviY Zvì mvb-mwZi msLv ew cvq| GQvov Kvbv Kvbv
RvqMvq `Lv hvq, GKRb cyiyl GKvwaK weq Ki| wekl Ki A Avqi cwievijvZ G ceYZv ewk
_vK| Gfve evjweevn I eweevni dj evsjv`ki RbmsLv `yZ ew cvQ|
`vwi` : Avgvì `ki AwaKvsk gvbyl `wi`| `wi` gvbyli Rxebi gvbI Kg| Zviv cwievii m`mì
fiY cvlYi Kvbv my`~icmvix wPv Ki bv| Abw`K fwelZi wPvq Zviv mvb Rb`vb Ki| dj
^vnxb RbmsLv `yZ ew cvQ|
Av_-mvgvwRK wbivcv : Avgvì `ki AwaKvsk jvK gb Kib h, cy mvb e wcZvgvZvK mvgvwRK
I A_bwZK wbivcv w`Z mg| AwaK wbivcvi Avkvq Zviv GKvwaK cy mvb Kvgbv Kib| dj
RbmsLv ew cvq|
bvMwiK mgmv I Avgvì KiYxqv
97
wkvi Afve : Awkv I AZvi KviY Qjgqì e, wkv, wPwKrmv, evmvb m^ wPvfvebv bv
KiB Avgvì `ki gvbyl AwaK mvb Rb w`q _vK| dj RbmsLv `yZ ew cvQ|
mvgvwRK `wfw : Avgvì `ki AwaKvsk eve-gv Qjgq eo nj weq bv w`j KLb, Kv_vq, Kvb
mvgwRK Aciva Ki eme GB fq fxZ _vK| GB fq Ges mgvRi PvL nq nIqvi Avkvq Zviv `yZ
Qjgqì weq w`q wec` GovZ Pv Ki| GZ Ki RbmsLv AwaK nvi eo hvQ|
Rbkvmbi Afve : QvU cwievi myLx cwieviGic mPZbZvi Afve Avgvì `k ewk| ZvQvov cwievi
cwiKbvi myweavwì Afve _vKvq Ges G evcvi mPZb bv nIqvi KviY RbmsLv ew cvQ|
RbmsLv mgmv mgvavbi Dcvq : miKvwi I emiKvwi D`vM

`yZ RbmsLv ewi dj evsjv`k ewea mgmvi mw nqQ| G evcK RbmsLvK Rbm` cwiYZ
KiZ bv cvij `k fqvbK cwiwwZi mw ne| RbmsLv mgmv mgvavbi Rb wbgv eevw` MnY
Kiv hZ cvi|
RbmsLvi cybeb : evsjv`ki me RbmsLvi Aevb GKB iKg bq| KvRB hLvb RbmsLvi NbZ Lye
ewk mLvb _K A NbZ GjvKvq RbmsLv mwiq bIqvi gvag RbmsLv cybeb KiZ ne| GZ
RbMYi Kgmsvb ne Avi Rxebhvvi gvbI eo hve|
Rbkw ivwb : Avgvì `k kwgKi gRywi Kg| KviY, kwgKi AvwaK we`gvb| wecyj RbmsLvK ^
chywi cwkY I Kgg kwgKì cwkY w`q gacvP, `~icvP, AvwdKv I cvvZi DbZ `k ciYi
eev wbZ ne| GZ e`wkK gy`vq Avq evoe Avi eKviZ `~i ne| Rbkw gYvjqK G evcvi
D`vMx nZ ne|
Kgmsvb ew I Avq cybeb : RbmsLv mgmv mgvavbi Rb RbMYi Rxebgvb ew KiZ ne|
RbMYi Rxebgvb ZLbB ew cve hLb Kgmsvbi myhvM Zix ne, Zvì Avq ew cve| hviv abx
Zvì Dci AwaK nvi Ki avh Ki Av`vqKZ Kii UvKv w`q Dbqbg~jK KgKv evevqb KiZ ne|
gvbylK KvR w`Z cvij Ges Afve _K gy KiZ cvij Zviv wbRiv AvZmPZb ne Ges `vq`vwqZ
eySZ cvie|
wkvi cmvi : wkv gvbylK mPZb Ki| wkwZ RbMvx Rxebhvvi gvb Dbqb mP _vK| QvU
cwievii cwZ AvK nq wkwZ cwievi RbmsLv ewi nvi Kwgq Avb|
A_bwZK Dbqb : Kwli Dbqb, wki Dbqb, DbZ evRvi mw Ges DbZ hvMvhvMeev Mo Zvjvi
gvag A_bwZK DbwZ Zivw^Z KiZ ne| DP djbkxj dmj Avev`, GKB RwgZ GKvwaK dmj Pvlvev`
KiZ ne| KuvPvgvj Zwi Ki wk Mo ZzjZ ne| KzwUi wki Zwi gvjvgvj w`q enr wk Mo ZzjZ
ne| KwlRvZ è I wkRvZ è hvZ bvhg~j I mnR wew Kiv hvq Zvi Rb evRvi Ges
hvMvhvMeevi DbwZ KiZ ne| Gme KiZ mg nj RbmsLv mgmv bv nq Rbm` cwiYZ ne|
98
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
RbmsLv wbqY I cwievi cwiKbv : DP Rbnvi iva Ki RbmsLv wbqY KiZ ne| GKwU mvb Kvg,
`ywU h_-GB vMvbK KvhKi KiZ ne| G evcvi bvMwiK mPZbZv I miKvii `vq-`vwqZ ewk|
bvMwiKe`K fveZ ne h AwaK mvb Rb Ìqvi ga Kvbv KwZZ bB| ZvB Zvì cwievi cwiKbv
Kvhg MnY KiZ ne| Aci w`K miKviK cwievi cwiKbv Kvhg Rvi`vi KiZ ne| cwievi
cwiKbv gYvjqK AwaK nvi gvVKgx wbqvM KiZ ne| RbwbqYi Jlac mnRjf KiZ ne Ges
RbmsLv wbqYi mev Ìqvi Rb chv cwigvY wKwbK Mo ZzjZ ne| ZvQvov RbwbqY I cwievi
cwiKbv mK evcK cPvii gvag MYmPZbZv ew cve|
RbmsLvbxwZ MnY : 1976 mvji RbmsLvbxwZK AviI msvi Ki 2004 mvj miKvi bZzb
RbmsLvbxwZ MnY Ki| GB bxwZi AvIZvq miKvi RbmsLv wbqY wewfb D`vM MnY Ki| Gjvi ga
DjLhvM nQ- mKji Rb cwievi cwiKbvmn mvb Drcv`b mwKZ ^vmev mnRjf Kiv Ges Gi
cvcZv wbwZ Kiv| cvkvcvwk wKkvi-wKkvixì mPZb Kivi Rb RbwbqY mK Z_, Dc`k I mev
c`vbi eev Kiv; MYgvagK eenvi Ki RbwbqYi Kzdj mK gvbylK mPZb Kiv; bvix-cyiyli
mgZv Ges bvixi gZv wbwZ Kivi j mnvqZv Kiv| RbmsLvbxwZi Gme w`K evevqb KiZ ne|
myweavewZì RbmsLv wbqY DyKiY
wewfb miKvwi I emiKvwi D`vM MnYi gvag RbmsLv Kvhgi mevewZ GjvKvmg~n mevi
gvb DbZ KiZ ne Ges Mwie I `ytìK RbmsLv wbqY Dy KiZ ne| RbmsLv wbqY
Kvhg evevqb miKvwi I emiKvwi wPwKrmKMYK GKmv_ KvR KiZ ne| z`FYi eenvii
gvag gwnjvì Nii evBi Gb bZzb ckv MnYi gvag ZvìK AwaK mvb Drcv`b Kiv _K
weiZ _vKvi myhvM mw KiZ ne|
RbmsLv mgmv mgvavb bvMwiK wnme Avgvì KiYxq

evsjv`k mvgvwRK I A_bwZK Dbqbi Rb RbmsLv wbqY Riywi| mPZb bvMwiK wnme RbmsLv
mgmv mgvavb f~wgKv ivLv mKji bvMwiK `vwqZ| c_gZ, RbmsLv ewi Kzdj mK bvMwiK wnme
Avgiv wbRiv mPZb nZ cvwi Ges AbKI mPZb KiZ cvwi| wZxqZ, Avgvì ev cwZekx cwievi
Kvbv wbii wk ev ew _vKj ZvìK Avgiv wkvi myhvM w`q DrmvwnZ KiZ cvwi, hvZ m
Rbm` nq Mo DVZ cvi| mì Zzjbvq AwaK RbmsLv hgb GKwU cwievii Rb Awfkvc, Zgwb
Zv RvwZi RbI evSv| Abw`K, RbmsLv h cwigvY AvQ ZvìK h_v_ wkvi gvag ` KiZ cvij
Zv RvwZi Rb m` cwiYZ ne|
2. Lv`wbivcv
Lv`wbivcv Kx?
Lv`wbivcv ejZ Kej Lv` cvwK evSvq bv| Lvì cvcZv, Lv` q Kivi gZv Ges Lvì cyw
GB wZbwU welqKB evSvbv nq| Aek evsjv`ki Lv` hnZz Lv`kmi, wekl Ki PvDji cvavb
iqQ, mnZz PvDji mieivn Ges g~ji wwZkxjZvB Lv`wbivcv ARbi g~j welq|
99
evsjv`k Lv`wbivcvnxbZvi cKwZ

eZgvb evsjv`ki cvq AaK RbmsLv Lv`wfwK `vwiì wkKvi| gv_vwcQy `wbK cqvRbxq 2,122
wKjv Kvjwi MnY Kivi Rb chv Lvevi Kbvi m` Zvì KvQ bB| Lv` Kvjwi NvUwZ QvovI GB
`wi` RbMvxi Lv` mylg bq| Zvì cwZ ejvi Lv`B kmi cvavb iqQ| Zviv cwZw`b h Kvjwi MnY
Ki, Zvi 80 kZvskB Avm km nZ, hvi ga PvDjB cavb| Pwe, Zj Ges cvwUbhy Lv` Zviv mvgvbB
MnY Ki| GB aibi mgZvnxb Lvì eo wkKvi nQ bvix I wkiv| cyiyli Zzjbvq bvix wkì cywKi
Lvì cqvRb iqQ|
Lv`wbivcvnxbZvi KviY
Lv`wbivcvnxbZvi cavb KviY nQKg Lv` Drcv`b : `k kvKmewR, dj, Wvj, ZjexR, gvQ, gvsm, wWg, `ya BZvwì Drcv`b Kg, Abw`K
RbMYi ^ Avq, Zvì kmRvZxq Lvevii Dci wbfikxjZv BZvw` G ^ Drcv`bi Ici bwZevPK cfve
dj| dj `Lv `q Lv`wbivcvnxbZv|
RbMYi Kg Avq : gv_vwcQz RbMYi Avq Kg Mj ZLb Zvì c cqvRb Abyhvqx Lv` Kbv me nq
bv| dj `Lv `q Lvì wbivcvnxbZv|
cyw vbi Afve : RbMYi GKwU DjLhvM Aski ga cyw vbi Afve iqQ| Avi GB vbi
Afvei KviY Zviv mwVK ^v DchvMx Lv` eQ wbZ cvi bv|
mvcwZKKvj evsjv`ki Lv` jfZv DjLhvMfve ew cqQ| evsjv`k Lv`kmi Drcv`b ew
Ges Avg`vwb DfqiB Ae`vb iqQ GB Lv` jfZvq| wKy GB evowZ Lv` evsjv`ki h AaK RbMvx
`xNKvj ai `vwi`mxgvi wbP evm KiQ Ges Lv`wbivcvnxbZvq fyMQ, ZvìK Lv`wbivcv w`Z
cviwb| KviY Zvì bv AvQ wbR Drcvw`Z chv dmj Ges bv AvQ Zvì Lv` q Kivi Rb chv A_
I Abvb m`| `yhvMi mgq h vY weZiY Kiv nq Zv GB RbMvxK mvgwMKfve Lv`wbivcv c`vb
Ki| wKy mwU Zvì `xNKvjxb Lv`wbivcv c`vb KiZ cviwb|
Lv`wbivcv ARb miKvwi D`vM

Lv`wbivcv ARb ìKvi nq GKwU mwVK Lv`bxwZ| `vwi` wbimbi gvag Lv`wbivcv weavbB
evsjv`ki Lv`bxwZi mePq eo Pvj| miKvi KZK km gRy` Riywi Aevq Lv`kmi b~bZg
mieivnK wbwZ ivL| cvKwZK `yhvM Z_v ebv Ges Ab Kvbv KviY Lv`NvUwZ `Lv w`j GZ
`wi` kwY mePq AvNvZcv nq| Avi GB msKU gvKvejvq miKvi mvgvwRK wbivcv c`vbi Kgm~wP
MnY Ki| mvgvwRK wbivcv Kgm~wPi gvU eqi 95 kZvsk eq nq Lv` weZiY Kgm~wPjvZ hvi
100
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
j nQ vY c`vb Kiv Ges wkv, ^v, Avq DcvRbKvix `Zv, AeKvVvgv BZvw` myweav cZ bvbv
AmgZv `~i Kiv| gvU RbmsLvi h Ask Lv` mvnvh Kgm~wPjvZ Ask bq, Zvì chvjvPbv Kij
`Lv MQ, Vulnerable Group Development (VGD), Food For Education Ges
Vulnerable Group Feeding (VGF) GB wZbwU Kgm~wP Lye fvjvfve cKZ `wi`ì Aevi
Dbqb f~wgKv ivLQ|
Lv`wbivcv ARbi Dcvq

Lv`wbivcv wbwZ KiZ cqvRb Lv` Drcv`b, jfZv, qgZv ew BZvw`| cw_exi AbK `k
hgb : Pxb, fviZ, wmvcyi Ges AvwdKvi wewfb `k Rwg AwaMnY Ki Lv` Drcv`b evovbvi
cwiKbv KiQ, hv Avgvì `kI KiZ cvi| RvZxq chvq Lv` jfZv evRvii KvhKvwiZv,
AeKvVvgv, AfixY Lv` Drcv`b FZyewP, evRvii `Zv Ges miKvwi Lv` weZiY eevi Dci
wbfi Ki| Avi Mni Lv`wbivcv wbfi Ki Lv` Drcv`b ev cvw Ges evRvi GB Lvì
mnRjfZvi Dci| Lv` Drcv`b ewZ KlKK mnRkZ FY w`j KlK GB FY eenvi Ki AwaKZi
Drcv`b ewi Pv Kie|
`jxq KvR : mKji cwievii Lv`wbivcv ARbi AwfZv wewbgqi gvag Lv`wbivcv mK
KZjv mycvwik Zzj aie Ges `jbZv Zv kwYZ Dc_vcb Kie|
ay Lv` mieivn Avi fvMB ^vKi Ges Drcv`bkxj RvwZ Dcnvi w`Z cvi bv| GRb Lvì Y Ges
wbivcv wbwZ Kiv ìKvi| GQvov Lvì fRvj Lvì wbivcvi GKwU weivU cwZeKZv| gvbe^vi
RbI Zv wZKi| cPwjZ AvBb eenvi Ki Ges mvgvwRK mPZbZv mwi gvag miKvi KZK Lv`
fRvj wbqY Kiv LyeB Riywi nq coQ|
Lv`wbivcv ARb bvMwiK wnme Avgvì KiYxq

2000 mvj ch evsjv`k Pig `vwi`mxgvi wbP evm KiZ 44 kZvsk gvbyl| 2005 mvj Zv Kg ùvovq
40 kZvsk| GB nZ`wi` gvbyl Lvì b~bZg Pvwn`v c~iY KiZ cvi bv| bvMwiK wnme Lv`wbivcv
ARbi Rb Avgvì mKji `vwqZ iqQ| Lv`wbivcv mK Avgiv fvjvfve Rb Zv wbwZ KiZ
wbRiv D`vM wbZ cvwi| evwoi Avkcvk Lvwj RvqMvq Avgiv bvbv iKg km Pvl Ki kmi Pvwn`v gUvZ
cvwi| ewMZfve Avgiv cZKB Lv`vfvm mK mPZb nq wbRi Lv`wbivcv wbwZ KiZ cvwi|
mvm
mvm Kx?
mvmi g~j K_v ej cqvM ev ej cqvMi fxwZ c`kb Ki Kvbv Dkmvab ev Kvhvvii Pv Kiv|
GUv hgb `KwZKvixiv ev mgvRweivaxiv KiZ cvi, Zgwb mgM iv Z_v mgM weki cUf~wgZI Ggb
Pv nZ cvi| mvm mgvR hyM hyM ai PjQ| mvmi cavb Drmjv cii cvq DjL Kiv njv|
bvMwiK mgmv I Avgvì KiYxqv
101
Kvbv j ARb mwnsm Kgcv MnY A_ev mwnsmZv eenvii gwK|
ewZ kwYi gvbevwaKvi ivi Rb mwnsm Ges Abvb Pigcx KgKv cwiPvjbv|
mwnsmZvi j wbixn gvbyli Rxeb I mwi wZmvab A_ev ivxq cwZvbK AvgYi j
wnme cwZv Kiv|
AwaKvi Av`vq AvBbMZ weavb I kvwc~Y mgvavbi Dcvq _vKv mI mwnsm Kgcv eenvi Kiv|
mvmi aib
Acivax Pi viv msMwVZ mvm
Acivax Pi viv mvmx KgKv cwiPvwjZ nq| GB Acivax P msMwVZfve mvm Pvjvq| Gì GK kxl
bZv _vK, h jvKPzi Avovj _K wbRi wbqvwRZ jvK viv gvbyl Lyb, Puv`vevwR BZvw` KgKv Ki
_vK| GQvov bvbvfve gvbyli gb AvZ mw Ki|
ivRbwZK mvm
Kvbv Kvbv ivRbwZK `j, msMVb ev Mvxwekl ivRbxwZi bvg mvmx KgKv Aej^b Ki| agi bvg
Gì KvDK KvDK mvmx KgKv Pvwjq hZ `Lv hvq| kwY msMvgi bvgI Kvbv Kvbv `j ev
msMVb mwnsm ZrciZvq wj nq| Avevi `ki cwZwZ ivRbwZK `ji QQvqvqI KLbv KLbv mvmx
KgKv cwiPvwjZ nZ `Lv hvq|
Av`kwfwK mvm
Kvbv Mvx Zvì mywbw` Av`k cwZvi j mvmi c_ eQ wbZ cvi| GKmgq kwY ky LZgi
bvg Avgvì `k AbK ivRbwZK nZv nqQ| agxq Rwev` ay gymjgvb bq, wn`y, wLvb Ges
Bw`ì gaI KvhKi iqQ| agxq RwMvxjv mwnsm cvq mvaviY gvbyl nZv I ivxq cwZvbi
wZ mvab Ki _vK| Gme nQ agi bvg Pov agweivax KvR|
ivxq mvm
AbK mgq iv bvbv ARynvZ mvmx cv Aej^b Ki cwZvb ev RbMvxi Ici `gb-cxob Pvjvq| Gic
Aev njv ivxq mvm| hgb : BmivBj iv cvjvBbi RbMYi Ici wewfb mgq G aibi ZrciZv
Pvwjq AvmQ| ivi Afi msLjNy ev wfb RbMvxi IciI Gic AvgY cwiPvwjZ nZ `Lv hvq|
mvmi KviY : mvm `ywU KviY msNwUZ nq, K) mvaviY KviY, L) ewnt_ KviY|
mvaviY KviY
A_bwZK elg
Kvbv mgvR mì Amg eb _vKj GKkwYi jvK AwaK abx nq Ges Ab kwY AwaKZi `wi` nq| G
Aev ewZì gb vfi mw Ki| dj wbg Avqi cwievi yav wbew, `vwi` I eKviZ KvwUq
102
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
IVvi Rb cwievii KD KD A mgqi ga ewk UvKv DcvRbi Rb Acivax KgKv wj nq|

GQvov eKviZ Avgvì `k GKwU mvgvwRK evwa| hvi bwZevPK cfve co mgvRi Kgg hyemgvRi Dci|
Gi dj hyemgvR AbwZK mvmx KgKv Rwoq wbRì fvM wbgvY Avw_Kfve ^vej^x nZ Dy nq|
msKxY ivRbwZK mswZ
GKwU `ki ivRbbwZK mswZZ hw` ^v_ciZv cej _vK Ges ivRbxwZ hw` nq ew^v_ Dvii
nvwZqvi, Zvnj mB ivRbwZK mswZZ mvmi Rb A^vfvweK bq| KviY, ew^v_ Av`vqi RbB
mvmxìK jvjb-cvjb KiZ nq|
mykvmbi Afve
AcivaxK LyuR ei Ki kvw c`vbi eev Kiv AvBb-k~Ljv ivKvix evwnbx I ckvmbi `vwqZ| wKy
ckvmwbK `yejZv Ges ivRbwZK Pvci KviY ckvmb AbK mgq bxie f~wgKv cvjb Ki| GQvov AvBb
cqvMKvix msvi KvVvgvMZ `yejZv iqQ| hgb : `yej cwkY, cyibv A, cywjk I RbmsLvi
fvimvgnxb AbycvZ, hv mvm `gb AvBb-cqvMKvix msvi f~wgKvK `yej Ki| Gme KviY AbK `yej
mvmxivI kw c`kb mg nq| ZvQvov DbZ cwkY bv cvIqvi KviY AbK mgq we`gvb Mvq`v
msvjv viv mgKvjxb mvmev` gvKvejv Kiv me nq bv|
ewnt KviY
mvmx KgKv hgb AfixY Bb KvR Ki, Zgwb Gi cQb evBii BbI _vKZ cvi| Aea
Ai hvMvb, Aea Ai mnRjfZvI mvmx KgKvi cQb KvR Ki ej aviYv Kiv nq|
mvm cwZiva I cwZKvii Dcvq

evsjv`k mvm GKwU mvgvwRK evwa| GK hgb cwZiva Kiv hvq, Zgwb wbivgqI Kiv hZ cvi| mvm
hvZ Rb wbZ bv cvi Ges mvmxiv hvZ bvMwiKì Rvbgvji wbivcv wewNZ KiZ bv cvi m Rb
wbgv eevw` MnY Kiv AvekK|
mvmweivax AvBb cYqb : mvm `gbi j mvmxì weiy KVvi AvBb cYqb Kiv AekK| hviv
cKvk AvBb-kLjv f Ki bvMwiKì Rvbgvji wZ mvab KiQ, ZvìK Kvbvfve gv Kiv hvq
bv| mvm `gbi Rb Pig kvwi eev Kij mvm AbKUv _K Kg hve Avkv Kiv hvq|
cywjk ckvmbi cybMVb : mvm cwZivai Rb cywjk evwnbxK AvaywbK A I hcvwZZ mwZ KiZ
ne Ges hyMvchvMx cwkY w`Z ne| ZvQvov Avgvì `k cywjk I RbmsLvi AbycvZ evcK eeavb
we`gvb| GLvb cvq 1400 gvbyli Rb GKRb cywjk KgKZv| G Aevi wbimb nIqv evbxq| cywjki
msLv, cywjk duvwo, _vbvi msLv ew Kiv cqvRb|
103
Kgmsvb ew I eKvi fvZv c`vb : `k KzwUi wk, en`vqZb wk I KjKviLvbv vcb, mKj
k~bc` c~iY I bZzb bZzb Kg Zwi KiZ ne| eKviZ `~ixKiY me nj mvmx KgZrciZv
AbKvsk nvm cve| eKviZ `~ixKiYi Rb AMmi `ki gZv bv njI b~bZg Rxebgvb eRvq ivLvi
gZv eKvi fvZv Ìqvi eev Kiv ìKvi| mvgvwRK wbivcv wnme eKvi fvZv Dg eev|
meRbxb wkv I g~jevai RvMiY : mevi Rb wkvi myhvMi gvag bvMwiKì ga mvgvwRK I bwZK
eva RvMZ KiZ ne| G Dk we`vjq Ges wewfb wkv Kgm~wPZ bwZK wkvi eev Kiv hvq| GZ
mvmg~jK KvhKjvc cwZiva I cwZKvi me ne|
ivRbwZK `j mvmxì Avkq bv Ìqv : ivRbwZK `j Kvbv mvmxK Avkq Ìqv hve bv| Kvbv
`j mvmxì g`` w`j ev Avkq w`j m `ji iwRkb evwZj KiZ ne| Ggb `ji Kvbv m`mK
wbevPb AskMnY KiZ Ìqv ne bv, G gg msm` AvBb Zwi KiZ cvi|
ckvmwbK KVviZv : mvm `gb, Nyl I `ybxwZ e, ^RbcxwZ iva Ges KVvi ckvmwbK c`c MnY KiZ
ne| ^vaxb I wbicfve cywjk ckvmb I mvaviY ckvmb hvZ KvR KiZ cvi Zv wbwZ KiZ ne|
MYmPZbZv : RbMYi mPZb cwZiva mvm `gb LyeB KvhKi fwgKv ivLZ cvi| RbMY mPZbfve
mvmi weiy mvPvi I msNe nj mvm ejvsk nvm cve|
bvMwiK wnme Avgvì KiYxq
bvMwiK wnme Avgiv mvmx ZrciZv mK mPZb nZ cvwi| mvmx KgKvi Lvivc w`Kjv mKI
Avgiv Rvbe| mvmx ZrciZv iva Avgiv AvBb-kLjv evwnbxK mnvqZv Kie|
`jxq KvR : `j wef nq mvmi `ywU eo KviY DjL Kie Ges Gi dj mgvR Kx Kx wZ nZ
cvi Zv LvZvq wjL kwYZ Dc_vcb Kie|
`jxq KvR : mvmx ZrciZv Kxfve gvKvejv Kiv hvq, Zvi Dci GKwU ZvwjKv Zix Ki Ges
kwYZ Szwjq ivLe|
4. cwiekMZ `yhvM
Avgvì Pvicvki b`-b`x, Lvj-wej, cvnvo-ceZ, MvQ-cvjv G mewKQz wbqB Avgvì cwiek| my
cvKwZK cwiek AevnZ ivLv Avgvì wwZkxj Dbqb I ^vKi Rxebhvcbi cavb wfw| gvbyli
KgKv hLb cwieki GB ^vfvweK AevK web Ki, ZLbB cwieki `yhvM mw nq|
cwiekMZ `yhvMi KviY

cwiekK wNiB gvbyl eo DVQ| Avevi gvbyli KviY Kvbv bv Kvbvfve cwZwbqZB cwiek `~wlZ
nQ| wk Dbqbi gvag A_bwZK Dbqb GwMq wbZ GKi ci GK MvQ-cvjv KU, eb DRvo Ki gvbyl
wk-KviLvbv Mo ZzjQ| Gi dj cwieki wewfb Dcv`vb hgb : gvwU, evqy, cvwb `~wlZ nQ| bMii
104
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
wk-KviLvbvjv RjvaviK K` Ki Mo IV| wk-KviLvbvi AcwikvwaZ eR b`gvi cvwbZ djvq Zv

b`xZ wgk cvwb `~wlZ KiQ| GQvov RwgZ mvi I KxUbvkK eenvii djI cvwb `~wlZ nQ| `~lYi
KviY GLb XvKvi eywoMv b`x RweK `wKvY _K gZ| kxZjv, ZzivM I evjy bÌ gB GKB
cwiYwZi w`K AMmi nQ| XvKvi evBi b`-b`xjvi AevI GKB iKg| PMvg KYdzjx b`x gvivZK
`~lYi wkKvi| gywMi ajkix b`xi cvk cwZwZ wmgU KviLvbvjvi `~lY m GjvKvi cvwb, Rwg I
evqy welv nq coQ|
cwiek wechqi AviK `v njv ebvj nvm I Gi Aeq| hgb : BUi fvUvi Rvjvwb wnmve,
evmvevwoi ib KvR Rvjvwb wnme, feb wbgvY I Nii Rvbvjv-ìRvi Rb Ges Avmevec Zwi BZvw`
KvR evcK nvi KvVi eenvi nQ| GQvov cvnvwo Aj eb I j asm Ki Ryg Pvl cKwZ cwieki
Rb gwK nq ùvwoqQ| GKwU `ki fvimvg ivi Rb m `ki AvqZbi 25 fvM eb _vKv cqvRb|
A_P Avgvì `ki ebAji cwiwa `ki gvU AvqZbi 20 kZvsk _K nvm cq 6 kZvsk cuQQ|
hUzKz eb Aewk AvQ, ZvI wewfb gwKi myLxb|
wZKi w`K
ebi msKvPb, Rjvavijvi AwaMnY I `~lYi dj `ki RxeewP gvivZKfve nvm cqQ| `kxq
cRvwZi km, gvQ, MvQ, Dw` cfwZ AvR mevZK gwKi myLxb| cwiek Av`vjbi Pvc miKvi cwjw_b
evM eenvii Ici wblavv Avivc KijI Zv cvqB gvbv nQ bv| Z`ycwi wewfb cYi gvoK wnme
c-vwKi eenvi gB ew cvQ| dj kni, GgbwK Mvg eR wnme c-vwK I RweKfve AcPbkxj
Abvb mvgMxi cwigvY evoQ| gv GKevi eenvihvM DcKiYi eenvi ew cvIqvi dj wPwKrmveRi
cwigvY `yZ nvi evoQ Ges Gi ga AbK welv I ZRwq Dcv`vb _K hvQ| c_K I myz AcmviY
eev bv _vKvi dj Gme eR mvaviY eRi m hy nQ Ges cwiekK welv KiQ|
Gw`K Rjevqy cwieZb evsjv`ki AwZi Rb GK eo gwK wnme Avwef~Z nqQ| wewfbfve Rjevqy
cwieZb evsjv`kK Avv KiQ Ges Kie| Zvi ga AbZg njv, mgy`ci DPZv evovi KviY
jeYvZvi cmvi, b`xcevni PigfvevcbZv ew, cvKwZK `yhvM ew I ivM gnvgvixi cmvi| NbemwZi
KviY Rjevqy cwieZbi Gme cfvei dj evsjv`ki KvwU KvwU gvbyli evnviv I RxweKvnviv nIqvi
Avkv ew cvQ| G cwiwwZ evsjv`kK mvgwMKfve AwwZkxj Ki w`Z cvi| Zv cwZekx `k,
GgbwK cyiv weki RbB GKw`b wecì KviY nq DVZ cvi| m KviY `xNgqvw` `wKvY _K
Rjevqy cwieZbB evsjv`ki Rb AvR mePq eo Pvj nq ùvwoqQ| GB Pvj gvKvwejvi Rb
mevBK mgwMZfve mPZb nZ ne|
cwiekMZ `yhvM gvKvwejvq miKvwi I emiKvwi D`vM

eZ, evsjv`ki Dbqb cwiek msiY Riywi| ewk RbmsLvi KviY cwiek`~lY viv Avv gvbyli
msLv wecyjfve ew cqQ| ^ AvqZb I RbmsLvi DP NbZi KviY evsjv`ki Rb Gme mgmv
cKU AvKvi aviY KiQ| Gme fqven cwiwwZ _K cwivYi Rb hme c`c MnY Kiv cqvRb, Zv
wbg DjL Kiv njv|
105
AcwiKwZfve Mo IVv KjKviLvbv e NvlYv Kiv|
gvbyli emwZ iqQ Ggb GjvKvq wk-KviLvbv vcbi AbygwZ bv Ìqv|
h wkjv cwiek`~lYi Rb mevwaK `vqx, mjv wPwZ Ki Gi ga cwiek`~lYi Rb mevwaK

wZKviK wkjv e NvlYv Kiv|
wk-kwgKì cqvRbxq wkv`vb I cwkYi eev Kiv|
hLvb-mLvb gqjv AveRbv bv djv|
ebvqb ew Kiv Ges G welq mKjK DrmvwnZ Kiv|
evcK mvgvwRK ebvqb Kgm~wP MnY Kiv Ges eivcY Av`vjb Rvi`vi Kiv|
cvnvo KvUv wbqY Kiv|
cwjw_b evM eenvi wbwl Ges G msv AvBbi h_vh_ cqvM evevqb Kiv|
c-vwKi eenvi e Kiv|
BUi fvUvq Rvjvwb KvV cvovbv e KiZ KvhKi c`c bIqv|
^vwewa mK RbMYK mPZb Ki Zvjv, hvZ Zviv cwieki weic cfve mK mPZb _vK|
AwaK gvvq mvi I KxUbvkK eenvi e Ki Remvi eenvi DrmvwnZ Kiv|
cwiek ivi Av`vjb RbMYK DrmvwnZ I AskMnY ivwR Kivbv|
wZKviK Dcv`vbjvi cwigvc Kivi Rb wekl `j MVb Ki Zvì gvag cqvRbxq eev MnY Kiv|

bvMwiK wnme cwiek msiY Avgvì `vwqZ iqQ| Avgvì DwPZ Abvqfve Kvbv MvQ bv KvUv|
cwiek msiY Avgvì DwPZ AvwObvq MvQ jvMvbv| cwjw_bi evM Avkcvki Wb bv djv| wbRiv
msMwVZ nq mgvRi gvbylK cwiek`~lYi Kzdj mK mPZb Kiv|
`jxq KvR : Zvgvi evmv-evwoi Pvicvki b`x I Lvj-wej `~lYgy ivLZ Kx Kx c`c wbe Zv wjL
kwYZ Dc_vcb Kie|
`jxq KvR : cwiek`~lY iva `jMZfve Zvgiv Kx f~wgKv ivLZ cvi, Zvi GKwU ZvwjKv cZyZ Ki|
5. wbiiZv
wbiiZv evsjv`ki GKwU AbZg bvMwiK mgmv| jLvcov bv Rvbvi KviY wbii ew iv I
mgvRi DcKvi Avm bv eis mgvRi evSv îc| evsjv`ki AwaKvsk jvKB Mvg evm Ki| wbii
viv mB ewK eySvq, hvi Kvbv Ai vb bB, GgbwK whwb Zvi bvg ch wjLZ cvib bv| Mvgi e
jvKB wbii|
106
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
wbiiZv cwiwwZ
miKvii cv_wgK Ges MYwkv gYvjq 1997 mvj m~Y mviZv Av`vjb (Total Literacy
Movement) iy Ki| m~Y mviZv Av`vjbi gvag cv_wgK I MYwkv gYvjq 2014 mvji ga
`k _K wbiiZv `~i Kivi ivRbwZK wmv MnY Ki|
`wi` kwYi ga wbiiZvi nvi LyeB ewk| Gi g~j KviY Zvì A_bwZK Aev| `wi` kwYi mvbiv
gavex nIqv mI jLvcov KiZ cvi bv| AbK `wi` wkv_x UvKvi Afve DPZi wWwM bIqv ch
cuQZ cvi bv| Gi gaI eZgvb abvX ew A_ev emiKvwi evsK A_ev msv A_ mvnvh w`q `wi`
A_P gavex wkv_xì jLvcov AevnZ ivLZ Ae`vb ivLQ|
wbiiZv `~ixKiY : miKvi I bvMwiKi KiYxq

wbiiZv RvZxq mgmv| GK gvKvwejv Kiv mevi `vwqZ| wbiiZvi Awfkvc _K `kK iv KiZ nj
miKvi I bvMwiKi f~wgKv mgvb iyZc~Y| `ki cvq AaK RbmsLv wbii| GB wekvj wbii
RbmgwK Aivbmb Kiv GKv miKvii c me bq| wkwZ mKj gvbylK G `vwqZ wbZ ne|
Avi hviv wbii, Zvì wbRìKI jLvcov wkLZ AvMnx nZ ne| mKj mwwjZfve G mgmvi
mgvavb KiZ cvij RvZxq Dbqb ARb Kiv me ne|
wecyj cwigvY gvbylK Aivbmb Kivi Rb miKvi I bvMwiKe`K hme KvhKi c`c wbZ ne,
mjv AvjvPbv Kiv njv|
Z_ msMn
wbii gvbyli mwVK msLv I Aevb wbaviY KiZ ne| G wewfb GjvKv I Aevbf` cPwjZ
ckvi Aev wbYq KiZ ne| miKvi cK MnY I Uvdvm MVb Ki G KvRwU KiZ cvi| mwVK Z_
Ìqvi Rb bvMwiKì ^Zt~Zfve GwMq AvmZ ne|
eq wkv
Mvg Mvg eq wkv I Lvì wewbgq wkv`vb miKviK wekl Kgm~wP wbZ ne A_ev emiKvwi
cwZvbK (GbwRI) wbqvwRZ KiZ ne| G evcvi Avgvì wkwZ eKviìI KvR jvMvbv hZ cvi|
KggyLx wkv
AvbyvwbK wkvi cwieZ ckvwfwK wkvi Rb eB iPbv Kiv cqvRb| ay AvbyvwbK wkv wbii
eqì Lye GKUv KvR Avme bv| wKQzw`b ci Zviv Zvì wkv fyj hZ cvi| KggyLx wkv`vb
Ki cZK ckvi m wbiiì cwiwPZ Ki ZzjZ ne| Zvnj Zviv AwRZ wkv I Aivb
mnR fzje bv|
107
wkvi Rb FY I Aby`vb c_v PvjyKiY

miKvwi I emiKvwi chvq wbiiZv `~ixKiYi Rb Aby`vb I ew c`vbi eev wbZ ne| hwÌ
wbiiì wkv AvbyvwbK bq, ZeyI ZvìK ew I Dcew w`j Zviv wkv MnY AvMnx ne| Gic FY,
Aby`vb, ew I Dcew c`vb Kiv GKv miKvii c me bq| G Avgvì wkwZ I m`kvjxì
GwMq AvmZ ne| RbMY I ivi Dbqbi Rb e`vbZvi gbvfve wbq mevBK GwMq AvmZ ne|
wkv evsK PvjyKiY

wbiiZv `~ixKiYi Rb wkv evsK Pvjy Kiv hZ cvi| Gic evsK ay wbiiì FY è bv eis
cv_wgK wkv _K iy Ki gvawgK I DP chvq wkvFY c`vb Kie| wkv_x Si cov e KiZ nj
Avw_K mnvqZv cqvRb| G wkv evsK GKwU DjLhvM c`c nZ cvi| miKvi AvwiK nj
Gic evsK cwZv I Pvjy Kiv me|
bvMwiKì AskMnY
wbiiZv `~ixKiYi Rb mgvRi meii gvbylK KvR jvMvZ ne| wkv DcKiY _K iy Ki wkv
cwZvb vcbi evcvi bvMwiKì AskMnYK DrmvwnZ KiZ ne| G evcvi `ki ek KqwU GbwRI
hgb evK, ^wbfi evsjv`k, cwkKv, Kqvi, wmWv, BDmc cfwZ wbijmfve KvR Ki hvQ| miKvi I
bvMwiKì AskMnYi gvag wbiiZv `~i Kiv me nj RvZxq AMMwZi k wfZ iwPZ ne|
Aivbmb gvbyl ckvwfwK wkv ARbi gvag RbkwZ cwiYZ ne|
wbiiZv `~ixKiY ewMZfve Avgiv Avgvì evmvq KD wbii _K _vKj ZvK Aivb w`Z cvwi|
A_ev ezì mv_ wgj Avgiv wbiiZv `~ixKiY Kve Mo ZzjZ cvwi| Avgiv `wi` Qjgqì
^Qvkgi wfwZ cv_wgK Aivb w`Z cvwi| bvMwiK wnme Avgvì GB KvR RvwZ MVb iyZc~Y
f~wgKv ivLe| Kbbv wkvB GKwU RvwZi giy`|
6. bvix wbhvZb : KviY I cwZKvi

bvix wbhvZb Kx?
eBwRs NvlYv Abyhvqx, bvix wbhvZb ejZ Ggb hKvbv KvR ev AvPiYK evSvq, hv bvixi weiy msNwUZ
nq Ges hv bvixi kvixwiK I gvbwmK wZ mvab Ki| GQvov, Kvbv wZ mvabi gwK, Rvic~eK A_ev
LvgLqvwjfve mgvR A_ev ewMZ Rxeb bvixi ^vaxbZv niY bvix wbhvZbi Afy|
Kbvwki Rb
KBm 1 : XvKvi mUvj ivWi Awaevmx Avqkvi eqm 35 eQi| weqi GK eQi ci Zvi GKwU Kbvwki
Rb nqwQj| wkwUi eZgvb eqm 5 eQi| cymvbi Avkvq BZvga Avqkv ^vgxi BQvq `yBevi MfeZx
nqwQj| cwZeviB Wvvwi cixvi gvag Mf mvb Qj bv gq Rvbvi gvag MfcvZ Kivbv nq|
eZgvb m AveviI MfeZx| Gevi m cymvbi gv ne RvbZ ci Zvi ^vgx LyeB Lywk|
108
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
Kbvwkì Dcv
KBm 2 : RMbv_ wekwe`vjqi A_bxwZ wefvM co gxbv| kke _KB m wQj Lye gavex| Zvi GK eQii
eo fvB ZviB mv_ GK Kvm coZ| gxbvi eo fvB wewfb Kvm wkKì KvQ KvwPs KijI ZvK KLbv
G aibi myhvM Ìqv nqwb| GBPGmwm cvm Kivi ci gxbv wmjU gwWKj I Zvi fvB gqgbwmsn
gwWKj fwZi myhvM cqwQj| gxbvi evev Zvi QjK gqgbwmsn gwWKj fwZ KivjI gxbvK LiPi
ARynvZ `wLq RMbv_ wekwe`vjq coZ eva KiQ| AvRb Wvvi nIqvi ^c cvwievwiK ebvi KviY
AsKziB web nq MQ gxbvi|
hZzK
KBm 3 : beg kwYi Qvx gwRbviv Mvg emevm Ki| gwRbvi evev cZK Rwg _K h dmj cvq Zv w`q
cwievii LiP gUvq| Pvi fvBevbi cwievi gwRbv gavex nIqv mI Zvi evev ZvK GK gyw` `vKvb`vii
mv_ weq `q| wKy Zvi ^vgx gb w`q `vKvb`vwi Ki bv ej `vKvb jvKmvb nZ _vK| weqi wKQzw`b
ci _K gwRbvi ^vgx ZvK Zvi evevi KvQ _K UvKv wbq Avmvi Rb ejZ _vK| eQi `yB ci m we`k
hve ej Ges gwRbvK evevi evwo _K Rwg eP `yB j UvKv Gb Ìqvi Rb Pvc `q| GZ Zvi
kievwoi mevB ^vgxi m Zvj wgwjq UvKv wbq Avmvi Rb ejZ _vK| G wbq cvqB ^vgxi evwoi jvKi
m gwRbvi weiva PjZ _vK| Gci nVvr GKw`b gwRbvK Zvi kvevi Ni gZ Aevq cvIqv hvq|
evsjv`k bvix wbhvZbi cavb KviY

bvixi Dci cyiyli AvwacZ ev cyiylZ GKwU mvswZK `wfw, hv mgvRi cyiyliv hyM hyM ai aviY I
wekvm Ki GmQ| GB `wfwi KviY cyiyliv bvixK gb Ki Aejv A_vr wbRK iv KiZ Ag|
bvixi vb nQ msmvii Pnwi ga| GKB `wfwi KviY cyiyliv bvixì gvbyl wnme ghv`v w`Z
Aenjv KiQ| bvixi kvixwiK MVbK cyuwR Ki Zvi Ici PvwjqQ kvixwiK wbhvZb| evsjv`ki wkwZ
bvixì Aev wKQzUv DbZ njI mvgwMKfve bvixiv GLbv AenwjZ I wbhvwZZ|
A_bwZK ^vaxbZvi Afve
A_bwZK AvZwbfikxjZv bvixi AevbK mgvR I cwievi k Ki| wKy Avgvì `k AwaKvsk bvix
GLbv ^vgxi Avqi Dci wbfikxj| dj, msmvii Kvbv KbvKvUv, LiP Kiv ev kL c~iYi Rb bvixì
AwaKvsk cwievii evev, fvB I ^vgxi wmvi Dci wbfi KiZ nq|
mPZbZvi Afve
Avgvì `k AwaKvsk cwieviB `wi`| `wi` cwievi bvixiv wkvi Avjv _K ewZ| dj m Zvi AwaKvi
mK _vK AmPZb| Avi GB myhvM ^vgx, AvZxq^Rb GgbwK mgvR bvixi Dci gvbwmK I kvixwiK
wbhvZb Ki _vK|
109
bvix wbhvZb iva Kibxq

AvBbi KVvi cqvM
bvix wbhvZb iva we`gvb AvBbi KVvi evevqb ìKvi| AvBbi ga hw` Kvbv `yejZv _K _vK Ze
Zv mskvab Ki AvBbK AviI kwkvjx Kiv miKvii iy`vwqZ| cqvRb bvix wbhvZb iva wekl
Av`vjZ vcb Ki bvix wbhvZbKvixì kvw w`Z ne|
cvVcyKi gvag mPZbZv ew
zj-KjRi cvVcyK bvix wbhvZbweivax ee iyZmnKvi Dcvcb KiZ ne| GB ee hvZ
wekl Ki Qjiv Dcjw KiZ I eySZ cvi, m welq KvmB wbwZ KiZ ne| Qv-Qvxì gvS
bvUK, KweZv, Avew, Mvb G mei ga w`q bvix wbhvZbi evcvi mPZbZv evovZ ne|
GKwU Qj I GKwU gqi kvixwiK MVb wfb, Ze cZKi PvIqv-cvIqvi AvKvLv Awfb| Gme welq
gv_vq iL GKwU gq ev bvixi m gvbweK AvPiY Kiv DwPZ| hvi hv cvc Zv _K KvDK ewZ Kiv
DwPZ bq| mevBK gvbyl wnme Zvi hvMZv Abyhvqx AwaKvi c`vb Ges KZe I `vwqZ cvjbi evcvi
wkvg~jK welq cvVeBq Af~ KiZ ne|
bvixiv msMwVZ njB Kej Zviv Zvì AwaKvi Av`vq AwaKZi mg ne| GKRb mPZb bvix Zvi
AwaKvi Av`vq hgb f~wgKv ivLZ cvie, Zgwb cwievi Zvi `vwqZ I KZe mKI mPZb ne| bvix
wbhvZbKvixì weiy msMwVZ cwZev` Mo ZzjZ Zv mnvqZv Kie|
AvBwb mnvqZv
`wi` bvixì c AwaKvsk mgq Zvì Ici wbhvZbi wePvi Av`vjZ cvIqv me nq bv| KviY,
wePviKvh GKwU eqej cwqv| ZvB, `wi` bvixìK iv A_ev emiKvwi msv KZK AvBwb mnvqZv
w`Z GwMq AvmZ ne|

bvix wbhvZb iva Avgvì `vwqZ nQ bvixìK gvbyl wnme c~Y ghv`v Ìqv| Zvì cwZ Avgvì
KLbv Ak-xj fvlv ev BwZ Kiv DwPZ bq| Avgvì gb me`v GB aviYv ivLZ ne h bvix-cyiyl gvbyl
wnme mevB mgvb| gvbyl wnme bvixK Aev Kiv gvb nQ Avgvi gv ev evbK Acgvb I Amvb Kiv|
110
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
Abykxjbx
msw Di ck
1| evsjv`k RbmsLv ewi KviYmg~n DjL Ki|
2| RbmsLv mgm mgvavb Kx Kx c`c MnY Kiv hvq?
3| Lv` wbivcv ejZ Kx evSvq?
4| cwiekMZ `yhvMi KviYjv eYbv Ki|
eYbvg~jK ck
1| Lv` wbivcv ARb Avgì KiYxq AvjvPbv Ki|
2| bvix wbhvZbi KviY Kx? bvix wbhvZb iva Kx Kx c`c MnY Kiv hvq?
ewbevPwb ck
1| wwZkxj Dbqb I ^vKi Rxeb hvcbi cavb wfw KvbwU?
K) ckvmwbK KVviZv
L) wbiiZvi nvi Kgvbv
M) KggyLx wkvi eev
N) my cvKwZK cwiek
2| myweav ewZì RbmsLv wbqb DyKibi i.
mevewZ GjvKvmg~n mevi gvb evovZ ne|
ii. bZzb ckv MnYi gvag mvb Drcv`b _K weiZ ivLZ ne|
iii. Lv` wbivcv wbwZ KiZ ne|
wbPi KvbwU mwVK ?
K) i I iii
L) ii I iii
M) i I ii
N) i, ii I iii

Avwidvì AvU fvBevbi msmvi Ges wm_xiv 2 fvB evb| Avwidvì cwievi cvqB Lvevii Afve `Lv
`q Ges msmvi Akvw jM _vK| Avwidvi fvB evbiv covbvi fvjv myhvM cvq bv| cvi wm_x
I Zvi fvB fvjvfve covjLvi myhvM cvQ Ges Zvì msmvi me`v ^QjZv weivR KiQ|
3| Avwidvì Aev g~jZ Kvb mgmvK wPwZ KiQ?
K) RbmsLv
L) wbiiZv
M) `wi`Zv
N) mPZbZvi Afve
111
4| D mgmv mgvavbK Kvb c`cwU mec_g MnY Kiv DwPZ ?

K) DP Rbnvi iva
L) RbmsLvi cybeUb
M) Rbkw ivwb
N) Avq cybeUb
mRbkxj ck
1| mywg evev gvqi Lye Avìi gq| `wi`Zvi KviY m jLvcov KiZ cviwb Ges 18 eQi eqmB ZvK
weq Ìqv nq| c_gZ, weqi mgq ^vgxK h UvKv-cqmv Ìqvi K_v wQj Zv bv w`Z cvivq
kievwoi jvKRb Zvi mv_ Lvivc AvPiY KiZ _vK| G Aevi cwZ mywg mjvBi KvR Ki
GK chvq cwievii ^QjZv wdwiq Avbj Zuvi ^vgx Zvi cwZ BwZevPK gbvfve cvlY Kib|
K. eZgvb evsjv`k RbmsLv ewi nvi KZ ?
L. Lv` wbivcv Kx? evLv Ki|
M. mywgi Rxeb c_g mgmvwU Kvb mvgvwRK mgmvK wPwZ Ki? evLv Ki|
N. mywgi gZv bvixì G aibi mgmv _K iv KiZ DxcK ewYZ Zvi KvRwU h_ cfve
djZ cvi weklY Ki|
2| Rwjj mvne Uxi ZzivM b`xi cvk 10 weNv Rwg q Ki ZvZ wKQz Ask 1wU BUi fvUv cZ Kib
Avi evwK Ask avb Pvl Kib| AwaK djbi Avkvq wZwb RwgZ cPzi cwigvY mvi I KxUbvkK eenvi
Kib| BUi fvUvi eR c`v_ Ges ewi cvwbi mv_ mvi I KxUbvkK ayq ZzivM b`xZ coQ|
K. bZzb RbmsLv bxwZ MnxZ nq KZ mvj?
L. ivRbwZK mvm Kx? evLv Ki|
M. Rwji mvnei KgKvi dj cwiek Kx aibi wechq mw nQ-evLv Ki|
N. D mgmv mgvavbi Rb ay miKvwi D`vMKB Zzwg wK h_ ej gb Ki?
Dii ^c hyw `vI|
`kg Aavq
^vaxb evsjv`ki Afy`q bvMwiK PZbv

c~ei AavqjvZ Avgiv mgvR, miKvi I iv bvMwiKi AwaKvi I KZe Ges bvMwiK Rxebi wewfb
mgmv I Zvi mgvavb mK RbwQ| G Aavq Avgiv ^vaxb evsjv`k cwZvq G `ki bvMwiKì f~wgKv
BwZnvm _K Rvbe|
evsjv`ki ^vaxbZv msMvg, fvlv Av`vjb, gywhyi PZbv I Av`k Ges Amvc`vwqK g~jeva RvbZ
I evLv KiZ cvie|
`kcgi iyZ evLv I Dcjw KiZ cvie|
evsjv`ki ^vaxbZv msMvgi cUf~wg

AvR Avgiv ^vaxb evsjv`ki bvMwiK| 1971 mvj ^vaxb nIqvi AvM Avgiv wQjvg cvwKvbi bvMwiK|
RbmsLvq msLvMwi (56 kZvsk) nIqv mI m mgq c~eevsjvi (eZgvb evsjv`k) gvbyl bvMwiK wnme
ivRbwZK, A_bwZK Ges mvswZK AwaKvi fvMi mgvb myhvM _K ewZ nq| evsjv`k ^vaxb
nIqvi KviY GLb evOvwjiv ^vaxbfve Zvì bvMwiK AwaKvi fvM KiZ cviQ|
cvwKvwb kvmbi (1947-1971) AvM evsjv`ki GB Aj ZzwK, AvdMvb, gyNj Ges cwikl wewUk
kvmbi (1757-1947) Aaxb wQj|
wewUk kvmb Avgj BsiwR wkv ceZbi dj G`k cvvZ wkvq wkwZ GKkwYi bZZ Zwi nq| GB
bZZ ivRbxwZ, msMVb, mgvR-msvi, PvKwi, fvlv-mvwnZ-mswZ, wkv BZvw` weKvkjvf Ki|
wewUk kvmbi Avi GKwU iyZc~Y w`K nQ 1861 mvj _K iy Ki MnxZ wewfb kvmbZvwK msvi| Gi
c_ ai chvqg RbMY fvUi AwaKvi jvf Ki| GmeB wQj H mgq bvMwiK AwaKvi I mPZbZv ewi
DjLhvM AMMwZ|
1940 mvji jvnvi cve

wewUk kvmb AvgjB Awef fviZ msLvMwi wn`yì cvkvcvwk gymwjg RbMvxi gaI ^kvmbi PZbv
RvMZ nq| Avi G gymwjg ^v_i cwZwbwaZ Ki 1906 mvj cwZwZ nq gymwjg jxM| gymwjg jxM
bZv gvnv` Avjx wRbvni Kw_Z GKwU Zi wfwZ fviZi gymjgvbìK GKwU ^Z RvwZ wnme
NvlYv Kib| Zvi G Zi bvg nQ wRvwZ Z| hvi dj cieZxKvj gymjgvb RbmvaviYi ga Avjv`v
Avevmf~wgi wPv RvMZ nq|
GB wPvavivi AvjvKB 1940 mvji 23 gvP cvvei jvnvi AbywZ gymwjg jxMi evwlK KvDwj
Awaekb evsjvi gyLgx G. K. dRjyj nK Dcgnv`ki gymjgvbì ^v_-m^wjZ GKwU cve ck
113
Kib| wRbvni mfvcwZZ mfvq cvewU MnxZ nq| GB cveB HwZnvwmK jvnvi cve ev cvwKvb
cve bvg cwiwPZ|
jvnvi cvei g~j ee ev ewk wQj wbgic
1. fMvwjK w`K _K msjM GjvKvjvK c_K Aj ej MY KiZ ne|
2. Gme Aji fMvwjK mxgvbv cqvRbgZ cwieZb Ki fviZeli Di-cwg I c~evji h mKj
vb gymjgvbiv msLvMwi, mLvb ^vaxb ivmg~n cwZv KiZ ne|
3. G mg ^vaxb ivi AivR ne mvefg I ^vqkvwmZ|
4. fviZi I beMwVZ gymwjg ivi msLvjNy mc`vqi mvswZK, kvmbZvwK I Abvb AwaKvi I ^v_
msiYi KvhKi eev Kiv ne|
5. `ki hKvbv fwelr kvmbZvwK cwiKbvq D welqjvK gwjK bxwZ wnme MnY KiZ ne|
jvnvi cvei Kv_vI cvwKvb K_vwU wQj bv, hwÌ G cve cvwKvb cve bvg cwiwPwZ jvf Ki|
jvnvi cve KvhZ fviZi gymwjg msLvMwi `ywU Aj `ywU c_K iv MVbi wPv Kiv nq| fMvwjK
Aevb weePbvqI Zv-B nIqvi K_v|
1946 mvj wRbvni bZZ w`wj gymjxg jwRmjUim Kbfbkb-G gymjgvbì GKvwaK iv-cwiKbvK
ev` w`q GK cvwKvb cwiKbv MnY Kiv nq| m Abyhvqx 1947 mvji 14 AvM fviZ wef nq `ywU
^vaxb iv icvwiZ nq| fviZ Dcgnv`ki gymwjg msLvMwi Di-cwgvj I c~evj wbq mw nq
cvwKvb I evwK Ask wbq fviZ BDwbqb|
1940 mvji jvnvi cve I wRbvni wRvwZ Z cvwKvb mwi g~jwfw wQj| Gi Ici wfw Ki
1947 mvj cvwKvb ivi De njI Gi KvVvgvMZ Pwi wgj wQj bv| c~e I cwg cvwKvb wbq
MwVZ cvwKvb ivi `yB Ask GK nvRvii AwaK gvBj fviZxq f~L viv wef wQj| ivi msLvMwi
evOvwjì fvlv-mswZ, BwZnvm-HwZn, cvkvK-cwiQ`, Lv`vfvm wQj cwg cvwKvwbì Pq m~Y
Avjv`v| cwg cvwKvwb wekl Ki cvvweiv gb KiZ, Zvì c~e cyiyliv fviZeli evBi _K AvMZ
Ges Zvì agwbZ iqQ AwfRvZi i| GB aibi gvbwmKZvi KviY cwg cvwKvwbiv evOvwj
gymjgvbì wbPz RvZi gvbyl wnme `LZ|
eZ c~e evsjvq cwg cvwKvwb kvmKMvx GK aibi AfixY elgg~jK kvmb cwZv KiwQj| GB
kvmbKvj evOvwjì Aev wQj AbKUv wbR `k cievmxi gZv| c~e evsjvi evOvwjì Ici cwg
cvwKvwb kvmKMvxi elgg~jK AvPiYi c_g ewntcKvk NU ivfvlv ck| msLvMwi evOvwjì fvlv
evsjvi cwieZ cwg cvwKvwb kvmKMvx Zvì fvlv D`yK GKgv ivfvlv wnmve evOvwjì Ici
Pvwcq w`Z PqwQj|
114
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
fvlv Av`vjb (1948-1952)

gvZfvlvi AwaKvi iyZc~Y bvMwiK AwaKvi| cvwKvbi kZKiv 56 Rbi gvZfvlv wQj evsjv; D`y Kvbv
AjiB gvZfvlv wQj bv| A_P D`yK ivfvlv wnmve Pvwcq Ìqvi cPv Pvjvbv nq| AMYZvwKfve
D`yK ivfvlv wnme Pvwcq Ìqvi cPvi weiy evOvwjì h Av`vjb iy nq, Zv-B fvlv Av`vjb
bvg cwiwPZ| 1947 mvji wWmî gvm KivwPZ AbywZ wkv mjb D`yK cvwKvbi ivfvlv Kivi
cve MnY Kiv nj c~e evsjvq ivRbwZK bZZ, eywRxex I Qv bZZi mg^q ivfvlv msMvg cwil`
MwVZ nq| Zvì `vwe wQj evsjvK cvwKZvbi AbZg ivfvlv Kiv| h KviY Avgiv `wL, 1948 mvji
23 deyqvwi cvwKvb MYcwil` Kzwgjvi axi`bv_ ` D`y I BsiwRi cvkvcvwk evsjvK cwilì
eenvwiK fvlv wnme MnYi `vwe c_g AvbyvwbKfve Dvcb Kib| wKy iy _KB cvwKvbi
kvmKMvx evsjvK ivfvlv wnme MnY KiZ mZ wQj bv|
K`xq knx` wgbvi
fvlv Av`vjbi c_g ce 1948 mvji 11 gvP Qviv evsjv fvlv `vwe wèm cvjb Ki| H w`b
agNU cvjbi Kgm~wP NvlYv Kiv nqwQj| cavbZ XvKv wekwe`vjq AaqbiZ c~e cvwKvb
QvjxMi (cwZv 4Vv Rvbyqvwi 1948) bZe` G Av`vjbi AMfvM wQj| 11 gvP
mUvwiqUi myL wcKwUsiZ Aevq eez kL gywReyi ingvb, bvRgyj nK, Awj Avnv`mn
Mvi nb|
mvaviY
gymjxg
mKvj
AbK
115
fvlv Av`vjbi G ce 1948 mvji 21 gvP XvKvq c_g mdi Gm imKvm gq`vb (eZgvb mvnivIqv`x
D`vb) cvwKvbi cwZvZv wRbvn NvlYv Kib, D`y Ges GKgv D`yB ne cvwKvbi ivfvlv| H
NvlYvi ZvrwYK cwZev` nq| cwZev`Kvixì ga eez wQjb AbZg| Av`vjbi m~Pbv I Zv
msMwVZ KiZ wZwb KvhZ bZvbxq f~wgKv cvjb Kib| h KviY ZuvK GKvwaKevi Mvi eiY KiZ
nq| wRbvni XvKv mdi Avmvi c~e c~e evsjvi gyLgx LvRv bvwRgyxbi m Qv bZeì ga GKwU
8-`dv Pzw ^vwiZ nq| GB PzwZ evsjv fvlvK AbZg ivfvlv wnme ghv`v Ìqvi welq D`vM
MnYi wmv nq| 24 gvP XvKv wekwe`vjqi KvRb nj wekwe`vjq Qvì mgveZb Abyvb wRbvn
fvlvmsv Zvi c~e NvlYvi cybivew Kib| mLvbI cwZev` DPvwiZ nq| evsjvK cvwKvbi AbZg
ivfvlv Kivi evcvi QvmgvRi m ^vwiZ Pzw m~Y f Ki 1952 mvji 26 Rvbyqvwi XvKvi cb
gq`vb LvRv bvwRgyxb D`yK cvwKvbi GKgv ivfvlv Kivi bZzb NvlYv `b| Zvi G NvlYvK K`
Ki iy nq fvlv Av`vjbi wZxq ev P~ov ce| KvRx Mvjvg gvneyeK AvnvqK Ki me`jxq ivfvlv
msMvg cwil` MVb Kiv nq| Gi c~e Avyj gwZbK AvnevqK Ki MwVZ nq XvKv wekwe`vjq ivfvlv
msMvg KwgwU| LvRv bvwRgyxb KZK D`yK GKgv ivfvlv Kivi bZzb NvlYv Ìqvi m m c~e
evsjvi QvmgvR wez nq IV| eez kL gywReyi ingvb I gwnDwb Avng` ivfvlv evsjv Ges
ivRe`xì gywi `vweZ e`x Aevq 16 deyqvwi _K AvgiY Abkb iy Kib, hv Av`vjb bZzb gvv
hy Ki| 21 deyqvwi QvmgvRi c _K mgM c~e evsjvq mvaviY agNU I wevf mgvek cvjbi
Kgm~wP NvlYv Kiv nq|
miKvi KZK 21 deyqvwii AvMi w`b XvKv kni 144
aviv Rvwi Ki mfv-mgvek wbwl Kiv nq| c~e NvwlZ
Kgm~wP Abyhvqx Qviv GKzk deyqvwii w`b 144 aviv
Dcv Ki mgvek Abyvb I wgwQj ei Ki| wgwQj
cywjk wj Pvjvq| wjZ knx` nb mvjvg, eiKZ,
Revimn AviI AbK| cvwKvwb kvmKMvx evsjvK
AbZg ivfvlv wnme gb wbZ eva nq| 1956
mvji msweavb Zv ^xKZ nq| evOvwjivB cw_exZ
GKgv RvwZ, hviv fvlvi `vweZ Rxeb w`qQ|
BDwbvi wmv Abyhvqx RvwZmsN (17 bfî 1999)
21 deyqvwiK AvRvwZK gvZfvlv wèm wnme
^xKwZ `q| eZgvb Avgvì knx` wèm AvRvwZK
gvZfvlv wèm wnme weki me D`&hvwcZ nQ|
1954 mvji 21 deyqvwi XvKvq eez I

gIjvbv fvmvbxi cfvZdwi
agwfwK RvZxq cwiPqi wfwZ cvwKvb mwi ci fvlv Av`vjb AvZ`vbi ga w`q agxq cwiPqi
evBi fvlvi wfwZ evOvwjiv GK RvwZmvi cwiPq cwiwPZ nq| AZGe, fvlv Av`vjb evsjvi gvbyli
wbRì AwaKvii PZbvi RvqMvwU Zwi Ki| GZ RvZxq gywi AvKvv AviI eMevb nq|
116
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
1954 mvji wbevPb

1954 mvji gvP gvm c~e evsjvi cv`wkK cwilì wbevPb AbywZ nq| cv`wkK cwilì gvU Avmb
msLv wQj 309| 1953 mvji bfî gvm AvIqvgx jxMmn mggbv KwZcq `j wbq gZvmxb gymwjg jxM
miKvii weiy hydU bvg GKwU wbevPwb RvU MwVZ nq| fvlv Av`vjbi ci 1954 mvji wbevPb
hydUi weRq c~e evsjvi bvMwiKì ivRbwZK PZbvK Aviv ew Ki|
wbevPbi cvvj hydU meii fvUviì AvK KiZ 21 `dvwewk GKwU Kgm~wP MnY Ki, hLvb
evOvwj bvMwiKì ivRbwZK, A_bwZK, mvgvwRK I mvswZK AwaKvii w`Kjv Zzj aiv nq| evsjvK
cvwKvbi AbZg ivfvlv wnme ^xKwZ `vb, fvlvknx`ì iY knx` wgbvi wbgvY, f~wgnxb KlKì
ga D Rwg weZiY, cvU eemv RvZxqKiY, jvnvi cve Abyhvqx c~e evsjvi Rb c~Y ^vqkvmb 21 `dv
Kgm~wPZ Afy wQj| Gme `vwe wQj c~e evsjvi RbMYi bvMwiK AwaKvi cwZvi mv_ mivmwi mwKZ|
GB wbevPb hydU 237wU gymwjg Avmbi ga 223wU Avmb Rqjvf Ki| Abw`K, cvwKvb Av`vjb
bZZ`vbKvix `j gymwjg jxM gv 9wU Avmb cvq|
1954 mvj wbevPb Rqjvfi ci ki evsjv GK dRjyj nKK gyLgx Ki hydU gwmfv MVb Kiv
nq| cvwKvwb kvmKMvx hydUi nvZ gymwjg jxMi kvPbxq civRq gbcvY gb wbZ cviwb| gv
56 w`bi ga hydU gwmfv eiLv Kiv nq Ges c~e evsjvq Mfbii kvmb Kvqg Kiv nq|
`xN 9 eQi ci 1956 mvj cvwKvbi Rb GKwU msweavb cYqb me nq| GZ evOvwjì KwZcq `vwe
wekl Ki evsjvK ivi AbZg fvlv wnme ^xKwZ Ìqv nq| Ze ewk w`b H msweavb KvhKi nqwb|
1958 mvji 7 Avei Rbvij Bvì gxRv KZK Zv evwZj NvwlZ nq| wZwb mviv `k mvgwiK AvBb
Rvwi Kib| Gi wZb mvni ga Bvì gxRvK mwiq Rbvij AvBqye Lvb gZv `Lj Kib| wZwb
meRbxb fvUvwaKvi wfwK cwgv MYZi aviYv cZvLvb Ki gwjK MYZi aviYv ceZb Kib|
1959 mvji 26 Avei Rbvij AvBqye Lvb Zvi gwjK MYZ Av`k NvlYv Kib| gwjK MYZ
eevaxb cvwKvbi Dfq Ask _K 40,000 (Pwjk nvRvi) Ki gvU 80,000 (Avwk nvRvi) BDwbqb
KvDwj m`m wbq `ki wbevPKgjx MwVZ nq| Gì viv ivi cwmWU, RvZxq I cv`wkK cwilì
m`me` wbevPbi weavb Kiv nq| GB cwZZ civ wbevPb cwZ mw Ki bvMwiKìK cZ
fvUi AwaKvi _K ewZ Kiv nq|
gwjK MYZi gvag civ wbevPbcwZi KviY c~eevsjvi Rbwcq ivRbwZK bZZ wbevwPZ nIqvi
myhvM nvivq| Dci, AvBqye miKvi Kvjv AvBb Rvwi Ki Rbwcq ivRbxwZKì wbevPb AskMnY Kiv
_K weiZ ivLb| AvBqye kvmb AvgjB evOvwjì ga ewk Ki Avjv`v RvwZMZ cwiPqi cKvk NU|
1962 mvj Rbvij AvBqye Lvb wbR^ avb-aviYvwbfi GKwU bZzb kvmbZ `b| ZvZ msm`xq miKvi
Ges cv`wkK ^vqkvmbi aviv ev` w`q ivcwZ kvwmZ miKvi cwZv Kiv nq| ivcwZK GB eevi
K`we`yZ iL Amxg gZvai GK ewi kvmb cwZv Kiv nq|
117
1958 mvj cvwKvbi gZv `Lj Kivi ci _K 1962 mvji Ryb ch Rbvij AvBqye Lvbi bZZ
mvgwiK kvmb envj _vK| wZwb GKUvbv 44 gvm mvgwiK AvBb viv `k cwiPvjbv Kib| ivRbwZK `j I
Gi ZrciZv, mKj mfv-mgvek m~Y wbwl NvlYv Kib| cvwKvbi Rbwcq ivRbwZK bZv nvmb
knx` mvnivIqv`xmn gvU 78 Rb ivRbxwZKK Kvjv AvBbi AvIZvq GKwU wbw` mgq ch Kvbvic
wbevPb AskMnY Kiv _K weiZ ivLb|
1962 mvj kixd wkv Kwgkb wicvU 6 kwY _K wWwM ch BsiwR cvV evaZvg~jK, D`yK RbMYi
fvlvq cwiYZ Kiv Ges GKB mv_ RvZxq fvlvi Rb GKwU mvaviY eYgvjv ceZbi Pv Ges m
Aviwei MnYhvMZv weePbv, ivgvb eYgvjvi mvnvh cvwKvwb fvlvmg~nK jLv, wkv LiP wkv_xì
enb Kiv, wWwM KvmK wZb eQi gqvw` Kiv BZvw` mycvwik Kiv nq| Qviv GB wicvU cZvLvb Ki
Av`vjb bvg|
AvBqyei mvgwiK kvmb PjvKvjxb ivRbwZK KgKv m~Y wbwl _vK| ZLb Kvbv Kvbv msev`c
wekl Ki `wbK BdvK mvgwiK kvmbi weiy cksmbxq I ewj f~wgKv cvjb AeZxY nq| m m
Gme cwKvi Kiva KiZ c`c MnxZ nq| 1959 mvji mî gvm c~e evsjvi mePq Rbwcq
`wbK BdvK cwKvi mv`K I gvwjK Zdvj nvmb Iid gvwbK wgqvK Mvi Kiv nq| Gici
1962 I 1966 mvjI `yBevi ZuvK Mvi Kiv nq|
cvwKvbi iyZ A_bwZK `yB Aski ga c~e evsjvi Aev wQj AcvKZ fvjv| wKy GB Aev
ewk w`b wUK _vKwb| gv^q `yB Aski ga elg mw Ges eeavbi gvv ew cZ _vK|
cvwKvbi `Z A_bwZK Dbqbi Rbvij AvBqye wewfb bxwZ MnY Kib| GB bxwZ AvwjK
elgi cwigvY bv Kwgq eis Zv Aviv evwoq `q| 1968 mvji Gwcj gvm cvwKvb cvwbs Kwgkbi
cavb A_bxwZwe` gvneyeyj nK Z_ cKvk Kib h `ki kZKiv 66 fvM wk, 79 fvM exgv Ges 80 fvM
evsK m` gv 22wU cwievii nvZ (hvi ga 1wU ev` evwK me cwg cvwKvwb) K`xf~Z| Rbvij
AvBqye Lvbi GK `kKi kvmb Avgj wecyj cwigvY e`wkK mvnvh cvIqv hvq| Gi wmsnfvM cwg
cvwKvb LiP nq| cvwKvbi c~e Aski cuywR cwg Ask cvPvi nq hvq|
6 `dv Kgm~wP
1966 mvji 5-6 deyqvwi cwg cvwKvbi jvnvi weivax `ji GK Kbfbkb AbywZ nq| H
Kbfbkb AvIqvgx jxMi c _K eez kL gywReyi ingvb Zuvi HwZnvwmK 6 `dv Kgm~wP Dvcb
Kib| 6 `dv Kgm~wP wQj msc wbgic
`dv-1: jvnvi cvei wfwZ cvwKvb ne GKwU dWvikb ev hyiv| meRbxb fvUvwaKvii wfwZ
cZfve wbevwPZ AvBb cwilì cvavbmn msm`xq cwZi miKvi MVbi eev _vKZ ne|
`dv-2: e`wkK mK I cwZiv Qvov mKj welq Aiv ev c`ki nvZ b _vKe| DwjwLZ `ywU welq
b _vKe K`xq ev hyivxq miKvii nvZ|
118
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
`dv-3: cvwKvbi `ywU Aji Rb c_K A_P Aeva wewbgqhvM gy`veevi ceZb KiZ ne| A_ev
mgM `k GKwU gy`veev _vKe, Ze m c~e cvwKvb _K cwg cvwKvb g~jab cvPvi
ivai KvhKi eev MnY KiZ ne| GRb GKwU dWvij evsKi Aaxb KvhKix eev
_vKZ ne|
`dv-4: Aiv ev c`kjvi Ki ev avh Kivi gZv _vKe| Ze eq wbevni Rb K`xq miKvi
Gi GKwU Ask cve|
`dv-5: cvwKvbi `yB Aji e`wkK gy`v ARbi c_K wnmve ivLv ne| AwRZ e`wkK gy`v ^ ^
Aji ev Aivi wbqY _vKe| GQvov K`xq miKvii e`wkK bxwZi m mvgm iL
we`k evwYR cwZwbwa ciY Ges hKvbv Pzw mv`b KiZ cvie|
`dv-6: wbR^ wbivcv wbwZ Kivi Rb Aivmg~n cvivwgwjwkqv ev AvavmvgwiK evwnbx Mo ZzjZ
cvie|
eez kL gywReyi ingvb KZK DcvwcZ 6 `dv Kgm~wP wQj evOvwji RvZxq gywi mb` ev gvMbvKvUv|
KvhZ GB 6 `dvi ga w`q cvwKvwb avPi elgg~jK iveevK fO evOvwji RvZxq-gyw ev ^vaxbZv
ARbi j wi nq| Rbvij AvBqye 6 `dvK wewQbZvev`x, eni evsjv cwZvi Kgm~wP wnme
AvLvwqZ Kib Ges Zv bmvr KiZ hKvbv aibi kw cqvMi gwK `b|
6 `dvi msMvgK e_ Ki Ìqvi j 1968 mvji Rvbyqvwi gvm AvBqye miKvi eez kL gywReyi
ingvbK GK bî Avmvgx Ki 35 Rb evOvwj mvgwiK-emvgwiK ewi weiy iv`vwnZvg~jK GKwU gvgjv
`vqi Ki, hv HwZnvwmK AvMiZjv gvgjv bvg cwiwPZ| Gi AvbyvwbK bvg wQj iv ebvg kL gywReyi
ingvb I Abvb| GB gvgjvi AvIZvq eez I 6 `dvcx Abvb AvIqvgx jxM bZe`K `xN mgq e`x
Aevq Kviv Afi KvUvZ nq| dj evOvwji ^vwaKvi Av`vjbi bZZfvi mPZb QvmgvRi Ici
wMq eZvq| 1969 mvji Rvbyqvwi gvmi c_g w`K c~e cvwKvb QvjxM, c~e cvwKvb Qv BDwbqb (gbb
I gwZqv Dfq Myc), miKvwi Qv msMVb RvZxq Qv dWvikbi `vjb Myc Ges XvKv wekwe`vjqi Qv
msm` (WvKmy) HKe nq AvBqyeweivax g, K`xq Qv msMvg cwil` MVb Ki| WvKmyi ZrKvjxb mnmfvcwZ Abjelx QvbZv Zvdvqj Avng` Gi mfvcwZ wbevwPZ nb| eez NvwlZ 6 `dv Kgm~wPi cwZ
mevZK mg_bmn Qv msMvg cwil` Zvì 11 `dv Kgm~wP NvlYv Ki|
Qv msMvg cwil` RvZxq ivRbxwZi iyZc~Y welqmg~n Af~ Ki 11 `dv wfwK GKwU Kgm~wP MnY Ki|
GB Kgm~wP c~e evsjvi gvbyli RvZxq gywi ev ^vaxbZvi jK GwMq bIqvi HwZnvwmK f~wgKv
cvjb Ki| Qv msMvg cwil` AvMiZjv gvgjv cZvnvi Ges eezmn mKj ivRe`xi gywi `vweZ
`kevcx Qv Av`vjb iy Ki| eyZ 1968 mvji bfî gvm _K 1969 mvji gvP ch cuvP gvm mgM
c~e evsjvq MYwe`vn `Lv `q| GKB mgq cwg cvwKvbI AvBqye-weivax Qv Av`vjb Mo IV|
6 `dv I 11 `dvi wfwZ c~e evsjvi mKj kwYi gvbyli ga GKwU my`p bvMwiK HK Mo DVvi wfw
Zwi nq| AvMiZjv gvgjv cZvnvii `vweZ Qv Av`vjb AviI Zxe AvKvi aviY Ki| msNwUZ nq
119
69 Gi MYAfyvb| MY-Afyvbi P~ov chvq 1969 mvji 25 gvP Rbvij AvBqye Lvb gZv _K we`vq
wbZ eva nb| AvMiZjv gvgjvweivax MY-Afyvb ^vaxb evsjv`ki De HwZnvwmK f~wgKv cvjb Ki|
Ebmii MY-Afyvb
gwjK MYZ, AvMiZjv gvgjv I AvBqye kvnxi wbhvZbi weiy cvwKvbi Dfq Ask 1969 mvj GK `yev i
MY-Av`vjb iy nq| QvmgvRi 11 `dv Kgmw~ PZ wkvi myhvM ew, AvwjK ^vqkvmb, cveqì
fvUvwaKvi, evK-^vaxbZv, enr wk RvZxqKiY, KlK-kwgKi myhvM-myweav ew, wbic ciivbxwZ, Riywi
wbivcv AvBb cZvnvi, ivRe`xì gyw cfw Z `vwe Af
y wQj| cwg cvwKvb GK BDwbU evwZj Ges c~e
cvwKvbi ^vwaKvi cwZvi Rb mKj weivax `j HKe nq| G mgq cwg cvwKvb cywjki wjZ
KqKRb Qv wbnZ nq| G nZvi cwZev` mviv `k iy nq MY-Av`vjb| weivax `jjv MYZvwK msMvg
cwil` (DAC) MVb Ki| iy nq `kevcx Zxe Qv MY-Av`vjb|
AvBqye Lvbi c`ZvM, 1962 mvji msweavb evwZj, GK ew GK fvUi wfwZ msm`xq MYZ cwZv,
AvMiZjv gvgjv cZvnvi cfwZ `vweZ `kevcx Mo IVv Av`vjb MY-Afyvb ic bq| Av`vjbi fq
fxZ nq AvBqye Lvb AvMiZj gvgjv cZvnvi Kib| e`x Aev _K gywjvfi ci 23 deyqvwi 1969
mvj XvKvq imKvm gq`vb (eZgvb mvnivIqv`x D`vb) GK wekvj Qv-RbZvi mfvq evOvwjì
Awemsevw`Z bZv kL gywReK eez DcvwaZ f~wlZ Kiv nq| 1969 mvji 25 gvP AvBqye Lvb
mbvevwnbxi cavb Rbvij Bqvwnqv Lvbi nvZ gZv nvi Ki ivRbxwZ _K wZwb we`vq MnY Kib|
gZvmxb nq mbvevwnbx cavb Rbvij Bqvwnqv Lvb DfzZ ivRbwZK msKU mgvavb KZjv iyZc~Y
eev MnY Kib| ivRbwZK `ji KvhKjvci Dci wewawbla Zzj bIqvi NvlYv `b| cvwKvb c_g
mvavivY wbevPb Abyvbi j wZwb KwZcq kvmbZvwK c`c NvlYv Kib| Gi ga GK ew, GK
fvU, cZK c`ki Rb RvZxq cwil` RbmsLvi wfwZ AvmbmsLv ebbxwZ wQj AbZg| RvZxq
cwilì AvmbmsLv ne 313, hvi ga 13wU ne msiwZ gwnjv Avmb| cZK c`ki Rb mevwaK
^vqkvmbi weavb ivLv nq| wbevwPZ cwZwbwa KZK msweavb cYqbi Rb mevP 120 w`b avh Kiv nq|
cYxZ msweavb ivcwZ KZK Abygvw`Z nIqv AvekKxq Kiv nq|
1970-Gi wbevPb I djvdj

1970 mvji wbevPbB wQj cvwKvb ivi c_g mvaviY wbevPb| cveq Ges agwbwekl mKji
fvUvwaKvii wfwZ G wbevPb AbywZ nq| G wbevPb `y`dvq h_vg 7 wWmî 1970 Ges 17 Rvbyqvwi
1971 mvj AbywZ nq|
wbevPb AskMnYKvix DjLhvM ivRbwZK `jjv nQ- AvIqvgx jxM, cvwKvb wccjm cvwU (wcwcwc),
bvkbvj AvIqvgx cvwU-bvc (Iqvjx Lvb), gymwjg jxMi wewfb Myc, RvgvqvZ-B-Bmjvgx, RwgqZ Djvgv-BBmjvg, RwgqZ Djvgv-B-cvwKvb, wbRvg-B-Bmjvg, cvwKvb WgvwUK cvwU (wcwWwc) BZvw`| Gi
ga cavb `ywU `j nQ, c~e evsjvq eezi bZZvaxb AvIqvgx jxM Ges cwg cvwKvb RyjwdKvi Avjx
fyvi bZZvaxb cvwKvb wccjm cvwU|
120
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
1970 mvji mvaviY wbevPb AvIqvgx jxMi wbevPwb Bmy wQj evOvwj RvwZi gywi mb` 6 `dv| Aciw`K,
RyjwdKvi Avjx fyvi cvwKvb wccjm cvwUi wbevPwb vMvb wQj- Bmjvg Avgvì wekvm, MYZ Avgvì
iveev Ges mgvRZ Avgvì A_bxwZ| wccjm cvwUi cPviYvi g~j welqe wQj- kwkvjx K`,
Bmjvgx mgvRZ Ges AevnZ fviZ weivwaZv|
Abw`K gymwjg jxM I Abvb Bmjvgcx `j ev Myc Zvì wbevPwb cPvi cvwKvb wccjm cvwUi gZv
Bmjvgx msweavb, kwkvjx K` Ges fviZ weivwaZvi Dci iyZ Avivc Ki|
wbevPwb djvdj
cvwKvb RvZxq cwil` 1970 mvji wbevPbi djvdj wbPi mviwYZ DcvwcZ njv|
1970 mvji mvaviY wbevPbi (RvZxq cwil`) `jwfwK djvdj
mvaviY Avmb
msiwZ
DcRvZxq
c~e cwKvb cwg cwKvb gwnjv Avmb GjvKvi Avmb
AvIqvgx jxM
160
7
wccjm& cvwU
83
5
gymjxg jxM (KvBqyg)
9
gymjxgm jxM (KvDwj)
7
bvc (Iqvjx)
6
1
gymjxM jxM (Kbfbkb)
2
RvgvZ-B-Bmjvgx
4
RwgqZ Djvgv-B-cvwKvb
7
ivRbwZK `ji bvg
RwgqZ Djvgv-B-Bmjvg
wc.wW.wc.
^Z wb`jxq
megvU
cv gvU
Avmb msLv
167
88
9
7
7
2
4
7
1
1
162
6
131
13
7
7
1
14
313
c~e cvwKvb cv`wkK AvBb mfvi wbevPwb djvdj

ivRbwZK `ji bvg
mvaviY Avmb
gwnjv Avmb
gvU Avmb
AvIqvgx jxM
wc.wW.wc
bvc (Iqvjx)
RvgvZ-B-Bmjvgx
bRvg Bmjvg
^Z wb`jxq
288
2
1
1
1
7
10
-
298
2
1
1
1
7
megvU
300
10
310
121
1970 mvji mvaviY wbevPb Aeva, myz I kvwc~Y cwiek AbywZ nq| wbevPwb djvdj `Lv hvq, AvIqvgx
jxM c~e evsjvq RvZxq cwilì 162wU GjvKvwfwK Avmbi ga 160wU Avmb jvf Ki| RvZxq cwil`
c~e evsjvi Rb msiwZ 7wU gwnjv Avmbmn megvU 313 m`mwewk RvZxq cwil` AvIqvgx jxMi Avmb
msLv ùvovq 167wU| c~e evsjvi cv`wkK cwilì gvU 300wU GjvKvwfwK Avmbi ga AvIqvgx jxM
288wU jvf Ki| Ab 12wU Avmbi 9wUZ ^Z cv_x, 2wUZ cvwKvb WgvwUK cvwU Ges GKwUZ
RvgvqvZ-B-Bmjvgx Rqjvf Ki| cv`wkK cwil` gwnjvì Rb msiwZ 10wU Avmbmn AvIqvgx jxMi
`jxq Avmb msLv ùvovq 298wU|
Aci w`K, RvZxq cwil` cwg cvwKvbi Rb eivKZ 138wU GjvKvwfwK Avmbi ga 83wU Avmb
RyjwdKvi Avjx fyvi cvwKvb wccjm& cvwU Rqjvf Ki| evwK 55wU Avmbi 9wUZ gymwjg jxM (KvBDg
Lvb), 7wUZ gymwjg jxM (KvDwj), 7wUZ RwgqZ Djvgvq-B-Bmjvg, 6wUZ bvkbvj AvIqvgx cvwU-bvc
(Iqvjx Lvb), 7wUZ RwgqZ Djvgvq-B-Bmjvg, 4wUZ RvgvqvZ-B-Bmjvgx, 2wUZ gymwjg jxM (Kbfbkb)
Ges 13wUZ wb`jxq cv_xMY Rqjvf Kib|
cwg cvwKvbi Rb msiwZ 6wU gwnjv Avmbi 5wUZ cvwKvb wccjm cvwU Ges 1wUZ bvkbvj
AvIqvgx cvwU-bvc (Iqvjx Lvb) Rqjvf Ki| gwnjv Avmbmn cvwKvb wccjm cvwUi gvU AvmbmsLv
ùvovq 88wU|
1970 mvji mvaviY wbevPb AvIqvgx jxM GKK msLvMwi `j wnme Avwef~Z nj cvwKvwb kvmKMvxi
ga gZv nvivbvi fxwZ Qwoq co| AvIqvgx jxMi msLvMwiZv ARbi ga w`q evOvwjì ivxq
KZZ ARb Ges 6 `dv wfwK msweavb cYqbi welqwU wbwZ nq, hvi KvbvwUB cvwKvwb mvgwiKemvgwiK Avgjv kvmKMvxi KvQ MnYhvM wQj bv| dj wbevPbi djvdj cKvki AeewnZ ci iy nq
bZzb cvmv` loh| mvgwiK-emvgwiK Avgjv kvmKMvxi G cvmv` loh cvwKvb wccjm cvwUi bZv
RyjwdKvi Avjx fyv mwqfve hy nb|
cvwKvwb mvgwiK Rvv GKw`K msKU wbimbi bvg XvKvq msLvMwi `ji bZv eez kL gywReyi
ingvbi m AvjvPbv Pvwjq hvwQj, Abw`K cwg cvwKvb _K mb I A Avbv nwQj| 1970 mvji
wbevPb evOvwji weRqK Zviv gbcvY MnY KiZ cviwb| 6 `dv ck eezi Abo-Abgbxq Aevb Zvì
wePwjZ Ki| ZvB Zviv D~Z msKUi mvgwiK mgvavb gbwi Ki cwZi Rb 25 gvP ch mgq bq|
1971 mvji 3 gvP cwmWU Bqvwnqv Lvb cvwKvb RvZxq cwilì Awaekb Avnvb KiwQjb| wbevPbi
ci msLvMwi `j AvIqvgx jxMi bZv eez kL gywReyi ingvbK wZwb cvwKvbi fvex cavbgx
wnmeI AvLvwqZ KiwQjb| wKy GmeB wQj jvK `Lvbv| fZi fZi loh PjwQj Kxfve
wbevPbi ivq evbPvj Kiv hvq|
AmnhvM Av`vjb
1 gvP 1971 cwmWU Bqvwnqv Lvb KZK
cvwKvb RvZxq cwilì Awaekb Awbw`Kvji Rb wMZ NvlYv
Kiv nq| Gi cwZev` eez kL gywReyi ingvb 2 gvP XvKvq Ges 3 gvP mgM c~e evsjvq niZvji WvK `b|
KvhZ 1 gvP _KB cvwKvwb kvmbi weiy AmnhvM Av`vjb iy nq| 2 gvP ivZ Kvdy Rvwi Kiv nq|
QvRbZv Kvdy f Ki| mbvevwnbx wj Pvjvq| cwZw`b kZkZ jvK nZvnZ nq| cwZev`-cwZiva RM
122
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
DV evsjv`k| Dvb NU evOvwj RvwZi| eey kL gywReyi ingvb G RvwZi RbK| Rq evsjv G RvwZi
gywi awb| Pvwiw`K we`vn Avi MMbwe`vix vMvb: exi evOvwj A ai, evsjv`k ^vaxb Ki|
1971 mvji 2 gvP XvKv wekwe`vjqi eUZjvq Qv-RbZvi mgvek ^vaxb evsjv`ki cZvKv Dvjb,
3 gvP cbi Rbmfvq eezi DcwwZZ QvmgvRi ^vaxb evsjv`ki BkZnvi cvV, ^vaxb
evsjv`k K`xq Qv msMvg cwil` MVb, 23 gvP cvwKvb cRvZ wèm c~e evsjvi me cvwKvwb
cZvKvi cwieZ ^vaxb evsjv`ki cZvKv Dvjb evOvwji RvZxq Dvbi ^vi enb Ki|
1971 mvji 2 gvP _K 25 gvP ch eez kL gywReyi ingvbi Avnvb mviv evsjvq mevZK AmnhvM
cvwjZ nq| c~e evsjvi mKj miKvwi-emiKvwi Awdm, mUvwiqU, ^vqkvwmZ cwZvb, nvBKvU, cywjk
ckvmb, evsK-exgv, eemv-evwYR, cwienb BZvw` cvwKvb miKvii wb`k m~Y AMvn Ki eez kL
gywReyi ingvbi wb`k cwiPvwjZ nq|
1971 mvji 7 gvP evOvwji RvZxq Rxeb GK AweiYxq w`b| Gw`b XvKvi imKvm gq`vb (eZgvb
mvnivIqv`x D`vb) j RbZvi ^Zt~Z mgvek eez kL gywReyi ingvb RvwZi Dk GK iyZc~Y
fvlY `b| GB fvlY wZwb NvlYv `b
wP: eezi mvZB gvPi HwZnvwmK fvlY
123
Ni Ni `yM Mo Zvj| Zvgvì hv wKQz AvQ ZvB wbq kyi gvKvejv KiZ ne| i hLb w`qwQ i
Aviv è| G `ki gvbylK gy Ki Qvoe, BbkvAvjvn| ... Gevii msMvg Avgvì gywi msMvg, Gevii
msMvg ^vaxbZvi msMvg| Rq evsjv|
1971 mvji 15 gvP Bqvwnqv Lvb XvKvq Avmb| wZwb eez kL gywReyi ingvbK AvjvPbvq emvi Abyiva
Rvbvb| 16 gvP _K AvjvPbv iy nq| wccjm cvwUi bZv RyjwdKvi Avjx fyvmn cwg cvwKvbi
KqKRb bZv AvjvPbvq AskMnY Kib|
wKy cvwKvwb kvmKPi g~j Dk wQj
AvjvPbvi bvg mgqcY Kiv Ges
cvwKvb _K mb I im` Avg`vwb Ki
evOvwj RvwZi ^vaxbZv msMvgK wPiZi
Ki Ìqv| 23 gvP cvwKvb
cRvZ wèm eezi Avnvb
evsjv`ki Ni Ni cvwKvbi cZvKvi
j ^vaxb evsjvi RvZxq cZvKv Dvjb
Kiv nq| 24 gvP AvIqvgx jxM bZe`
msKU mgvavbi j kl Pv Kib|
wKy 25 gvP Bqvwnqv Lvb Kvbv iKg
NvlYv bv w`qB m`jej XvKv ZvM Kib
ivqi evRvi eafwgZ eywRxex nZvi `k
Ges H ivZB cvwKvb mbvevwnbxK
wbi evOvwjì Ici Suvwcq covi wb`k `b| Zviv XvKvmn Abvb kniI nvRvi nvRvi wbixn, wbi
evOvwjK wbggfve nZv Ki| GB ivZK BwZnvm Kvjivw wnme AwfwnZ Kiv nq|
25 gvPi GB KvjivwZB A_vr 26 gvPi c_g cni eez ^vaxbZvi NvlYv Kib Ges IqvijmhvM
Zv cvwVq `b| eezi NvlYvevYx kvbvgvB PMvgmn `ki wewfb Rjvq cwZiva Mo Zvjv nq| iy
nq cvwKvwb mbvì m evOvwj, Avbmvi I mvaviY gvbyli GK Amg jovB hv evsjv`ki BwZnvm gnvb
gywhy bvg cwiwPZ| AvbygvwbK ivZ 1Uv 30 wgwbU (gaivZ) eez kL gywReyi ingvbK MdZvi Ki
Mvcb cwg cvwKvb wbq hvq|
^vaxbZvi NvlYv
ivZ 1Uv 30 wgwbU MdZvi nIqvi c~e gyZ A_vr 26 gvPi c_g cni eez kL gywReyi ingvb
evsjv`ki ^vaxbZvi NvlYv `b| NvlYvwU wQj BsiwRZ, hvZ wekevmx NvlYvwU eySZ cvib| ^vaxbZv
NvlYvi evsjv Abyev` : BnvB nqZ Avgvi kl evZv, AvR nBZ evsjv`k ^vaxb| Avwg evsjv`ki RbMYK
Avnevb RvbvBZwQ h, h hLvb AvQ, hvnvi hv wKQz AvQ, ZvB wbq iyL ùvovI, mekw w`q nvbv`vi
evwnbxK cwZiva Kiv| cvwKvwb `Lj`vi evwnbxi kl mbwUK evsjvi gvwU nBZ weZvwoZ bv Kiv ch
Ges Pov weRq ARb bv Kiv ch jovB Pvwjq hvI (evsjv`k MRU, msweavbi c`k mskvabx,
3 RyjvB 2011)| ^vaxbZvi G NvlYv evsjv`ki mKj vb Z`vwbb BwcAvi Gi UvwgUvi, UwjMvg I
124
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
UwjwcUvii gvag cPvi Kiv nq| eeyi ^vaxbZvi NvlYv 26 gvP `ycyi PMvgi AvIqvgx jxM bZv
Gg. G. nvbvb PMvgi eZvi K` _K GKevi Ges mvq KvjyiNvU eZvi e` _K wZxqevi cPvi
Kib| eey kL gywReyi invgvbi ^vaxbZv NvlYv Ges Gi cwZ evOvwj mvgwiK, Avav mvgwiK I
emvgwiK evwnbxi mg_b I AskMnYi Lei ^vaxbZKvgx RbMY DxweZ nq|
1971 mvji gywhy I ^vaxbZv jvf

1971 mvji 10 Gwcj gywRebMi (gnicyi Rjvi e`bv_Zjvi AvgKvbb) AvIqvgx jxMi wbevwPZ
MYcwZwbwaiv ^vaxbZvi NvlYvci Av`kbvgv Rvwi Kib Ges GKwU miKvi MVb Kib hv gywRe bMi miKvi
bvg cwiwPZ nq| 17 Gwcj wbevwPZ MYcwZwbwaì wbq MwVZ evsjv`ki miKvi kc_ MnY Ki| gywRe bMi
miKvi MwVZ nevi ci `ki RbMY `j `j gywevwnbxZ hvM`vb Ki Ges gywhy AskMnY KiZ _vK|
AfixY cwZiva I Mwijv AvgY

cvwKvwb evwnbx AwMmshvM I Aweivg MvjelY Ki XvKv kni AvgY iy Ki| ivZi AKvi Nyg
bvMwiKì nZv Kiv nq| XvKv wekwe`vjqi Riyj nK nj, mwjgyjvn gymwjg nj, RMbv_ nj Ges
wekwe`vjqi wkKì evmMn nvgjv Ki AbKK nZv Kiv nq| Bqvwnqvi eei evwnbx evsjv`k
wbwePvi MYnZv Ki, bvix wbhvZb, AwMmshvM, jyb cfwZ RNbZg Aciva wj nq| Zvì AvgY
_K euvPvi Rb j j bi-bvix cwZekx `k fviZ Avkq bq| wKy evOvwj Qv, hyeK I ZiyYiv Mvcb
msNe nq cwkY MnY Ki `ki wfZi _K Mwijv cwZZ Ges myLhy cvKevwnbxK chy`
KiZ iy Ki| `ki gvbyl exi gywhvvì Lv`, e I Avkq w`q mnhvwMZv Ki| dj cvKevwnbx
g Aeiy nq co|
gywhy msMVb I cwiPvjbv

gywhyi cv_wgK chvq cvwKvwbì weiy cwZiva Av`vjb PjwQj AcwiKwZ I Awebfve|
gywRebMi miKvi MwVZ nIqvi ci _K gywhy msMwVZfve cwiPvwjZ nZ _vK|
ZrKvjxb BwcAvii evOvwj m`m Ges cvwKvb mbvevwnbxi evOvwj mwbK I Awdmviì mg^q wbqwgZ
mbv evUvwjqb MVb Kiv nq| wbqwgZ mbv evUvwjqb wbq ci K-dvm, Gm-dvm I RW-dvm bvg wZbwU
weMW MwVZ nq| mbvm`m I Abvb gywhvviv gywevwnbx ev gywdR bvg cwiwPwZ jvf Ki| KLbv
Giv Mwijv bvgI cwiPq jvf Ki| GB evwnbxi m`miv gywhy AZ iyZc~Y f~wgKv cvjb Kib| Zviv
`ki Afi cvwKvwb evwnbxi weiy Mwijv hy AskMnY Ki Ges Zvì Mvq`v kvLv cvwKvwb
evwnbxi MwZwewa I bvbv KgKvi msev` gywevwnbxK mieivn KiZ| Mwijvì ga Qv I KlKì
msLv wQj mePq ewk|
gywRebMi miKvi mgM evsjv`kK GMviwU mi wef Ki Ges cwZwU mii `vwqZ GKKRb Kgvvii
nvZ b Ki| mii Kgvviì Aaxb wbqwgZ evwnbxi cvkvcvwk AwbqwgZ Mwijv hvviv wbqvwRZ wQj|
DjL, `k bî mii Kvbv AvwjK mxgvbv wQj bv| GwU MwVZ nqwQj b-Kgvviì wbq| cPwjZ
125
Kvq`vq hyi cvkvcvwk Mwijvhyi iYKkj MnY Ki gywevwnbx nvbv`vi evwnbxK ch`y Ki dj|
gvMZ hy RbwewQb cvwKvwb nvbv`vi evwnbx gk nxbej I nZvk nq co|
cvwKvbi mvgwiK kvmK cwmWU Bqvwnqv Lvb evsjv`ki ^vaxbZv hyK cvK-fviZi hy wnme
`Lvbvi Rb fviZi Ici wegvb AvgY Pvjvq| 3 wWmî cvwKvb miKvi fviZi weiy hy NvlYv
Ki| wKy Zvì mKj Pv e_ nq hvq| 4 wWmî fviZi jvKmfv evsjv`kK ^xKwZ `vbi wmv
MnY Ki| D wmv gvZveK fviZ miKvi 6 wWmî evsjv`kK ^xKwZ `vb Ki| Gmgq evsjv`ki
gywevwnbx I fviZi wbqwgZ mbvevwnbxi mg^q GKwU h_ Kgv MVb Kiv nq| GB h_ Kgv Rj, j
I AvKvkc_ cej AvgY Pvjvq| dj gv KqK w`bi hy cvKevwnbx m~Y wea I civwRZ nq|
Aekl 1971 mvji 16 wWmî nvbv`vi cvKevwnbxi AwabvqK Rbvij wbqvRx 93,000 (wZivbeB nvRvi)
cvwKvb mb, wecyj cwigvY im` I AvMqvmn imKvm gq`vb AvbyvwbKfve AvZmgcY Ki| weki
gvbwP ii Ai wjwLZ nq ^vaxb I mvefg evsjv`ki bvg|
wP : weRq ARbi ci gywmbv I mvaviY gvbyli Avb`-Djvm

9 gvmi gywhy bvix-cyiyl, wn`y-gymwjg, wk-e wbwekl 30 j evOvwj cvY nvivq Ges 2 j 76
nvRvi gv-evbi mgnvwb NU| Mvgi ci Mvg cywoq QviLvi Ki Ìqv nq| 1 KvwU gvbyl `k ZvM Ki
fviZ Avkq wbZ eva nq| GB gyw msMvg weRq ARbi gvag 1971 mvji 16 wWmî wek gvbwP
evsjv`k GKwU ^vaxb mvefg iv wnme Avwef~Z nq| gywhy weRq ARbi c~e gyn~Z cvwKvb
nvbv`vi evwnbxi G `kxq `vmiiv `ki k eywRxexì AbKK ivqi evRvi I wgicyi eaf~wgZ wbq
126
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
bksmfve nZv Ki| Awef cvwKvb msLvMwi nIqvi ciI wZxq kwYi bvMwiK wnme weewPZ c~e
evsjvi evOvwjiv Gevi ^vaxb evsjv`k ^vaxb bvMwiK wnme AvZcKvk Ki|
gywhyi PZbv I Av`k

evsjv`k mkm gywhyi gvag ^vaxbZvcv ZZxq weki c_g `k| m hy vqx nq bq gvm| AbK i
Avi ZvMi wewbgq Avgiv Avgvì ^vaxbZv jvf Kwi| ^vaxbZvi ci ci cYxZ Avgvì `ki msweavbi
PviwU g~jbxwZi ga gywhyi PZbv I Av`k AZ mwVKfve cwie| bxwZjv nQ MYZ, mgvRZ,
agwbicZv I RvZxqZvev`| MYZi Rb evOvwjiv `xN msMvg KiQ| evsjv`kK mwZKvi GKwU
MYZvwK iv cwiYZ Kiv wQj Zvì ^c| mecKvi kvlY I elg _K gywjvf wQj Zvì Aci GKwU
j I Av`k| cvwKvb ivi iy _KB evOvwjiv kvmKMvxi ivRbxwZZ agi eenvi, Ab K_vq
mvc`vwqKZvi weiy msMvg KiQ| ag hvi hvi, iv ne mevi G PZbv-Av`k wbq Zviv gywhy
KiQ| Avgvì ^vaxbZv msMvgi g~j wQj ^Z RvwZmvi PZbv, hvK Avgiv ewj evOvwj RvZxqZvev`|
GKwU ^Z RvwZi Rb ^vaxb ivi AvekK nq| Avi evOvwj RvwZmvi ga Avgvì wbR^ fL, fvlvmvwnZ, Amvc`vwqK ev mwnz mswZ, BwZnvm-HwZnMZ PZbv wbwnZ iqQ| ivxq gZv ev gvwjKvbvi
gaI Avgvì gywhyi PZbv-Av`k e| cvwKvb Avgj iv wQj cwg cvwKvbwfwK mvgwiKemvgwiK Avgjv I myweavfvMx Mvxi GKwU cwZvb| Avgvì `ki meii RbMY gywhy KiQ|
ivi gvwjKI Zviv mKj| ZvB Avgvì msweavb NvlYv Kiv nqQ cRvZi mKj gZvi gvwjK
RbMY (AbyQ` 7)| GKwU myLx-mg DbZ iv wnme evsjv`kK Mo ZvjvB AvR Avgvì `vwqZ|
Abykxjbx
msw Di ck
1| jvnvi cvei ewk AvjvPbv Ki|
2| c~e cvwKvbi RbMbi cwZ ZrKvjxb cvwKvb miKvii elgg~jK AvPiY DjL Ki|
3| 1970 mvji wbevPbi djvdj AvjvPbv Ki|
4| gywhyi msMVb I cwiPvjbv mK msc AvjvPbv Ki|
eYbvg~jK ck
1| 6 `dv Kgm~wP wQj evOvwj RvwZi gywi mb` AvjvPbv Ki|
127
ewbevPwb ck
1| wRvwZ Z K NvlYv Kib?
K) G. K. dRjyj nK
L) gnvZv Mvx
M)
N)
gvnv` Avjx wRbvn
nvmb knx` mvnivIqv`x
2| hydU wbPi Kvb `vex Dvcb Kivi cwZkywZ w`q evOvwjì AvK KiwQj?
K) cvwKvbK GKwU dWvikb Kiv
L) c`kjvi avh Kivi gZv `qv
M) c~e evsjvq c~Y ^vqZkvmb cwZv Kiv
N) mKj ivRe`xi gyw Ìqv
3| hydU MwVZ nevi cQbi KviY njv, gymjxg jxMi.
evOvwjì AvvfvRb nZ cviwb
ii. G`kevmxi me AwaKvi Ko bq

iii. D`yK ivfvlv Kivi K_v ej
wbPi KvbwU mwVK ?
K) i I ii
L) i I iii
M) ii I iii
N) i, ii I iii

K ew `xN 20 eQi BDivci GKwU `k _vKvi ci wbR Mvg iccyi wdi Avmb| GKw`b Mvgi
GKwU mvgvwRK Abyvb wZwb mvivY D `ki fvlv ejZ _vKj Mvgi gvbyl ZvK `ki fvlv
ejvi Rb Abyiva Kib|
4| iccyi Mvgi gvbyli Rxeb BwZnvmi Kvb Av`vjbi cfve jYxq?
K) fvlv
L) AmnhvM
M) Qq `dv
N) GMvi `dv
5| D Av`vjbi dj evOvwji Rxeb cavbZ

K) RvZxq PZbvi mw nq
L) agxq wPv ew cvq
M) ivRbwZK PZbvi mw nq
N) cZ fvUi AwaKvi _K ewZ nq
128
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
mRbkxj ck
1|
K. AvRvwZK gvZfvlv wèm KLb cvwjZ nq?

L.
wRvwZ Z Kx? evLv Ki|
M. Dcii QwewU Avgvì Kvb Av`vjbi mv_ m- evLv Ki|

N. Qwei jvKjvi PZbvB ^vaxb mvefg evsjv`ki Rb w`Z mg nqDwwUi ^c hyw c`kb Ki|
2| wkwki GKwU KviLvbvq PvKwi KiZ| gywhyi mgq Zvi KviLvbvi AbKB hy hvM`vb Ki| Zvì
`Lv`wL GKw`b m evwo _K cvwjq GKwU evwnbxi Aaxb cwkY wbq gywhy AskMnY Ki|
evbevwoqvq cvwKvwb mbvì weiy AskMnYKvj wji AvNvZ Zvi GKwU cv nvivq| hy kl
wdi Gm m Zvi PvKwi Ges cwievi wKQzB wdi cvqwb|
K. Qq `dv Kgm~wP K Dvcb Kib?
L. Mwijv hy Kx? evLv Ki|
M. wkwki gywhy Kvb evwnbxi m`m wQj? evLv Ki|
N. wkwki I Zvi mxiv G`ki k mvb-g~jvqb Ki|
GKv`k Aavq

Avgvì cw_ex bvgi G MnwUZ AbKjv `k AvQ| `kjv weki mvZwU gnv`ki wewfb Aj
Qwoq AvQ| ^vaxb I mvefg gZvi AwaKvix njI `kjvi c GKv Pjv me bq| Gi Rb cqvRb
cviwiK mnhvwMZv, mcxwZ I eyZ, hv wek kvw I Gme `ki Dbqbi Rb Acwinvh| wewfb `ki
ga mnhvwMZvi G cqvRb _K wek Mo DVQ wewfb mnhvwMZvg~jK msMVb| hgb: mvK, Bmjvwg
mjb msv, KgbIqj_ I RvwZmsN BZvw`| G Aavq Gme iyZc~Y AvRvwZK I AvwjK msMVb Ges
evsjv`ki mv_ Gmei mK welq Avgiv Rvbe|
RvwZmsNi mvaviY cwilì Awaekb
G Aavq cov kl Avgiv
mvKi MVb, Dk Ges evsjv`ki mv_ Gi mK weklY KiZ cvie|
RvwZmsNi MVb I Dk eYbv KiZ cvie|
RvwZmsN I evsjv`ki mK eYbv KiZ cvie|
RvwZmsNi kvwiv wgkb evsjv`ki f~wgKv evLv KiZ cvie|
KgbIqj_i MVb, Dk Ges evsjv`ki mv_ Gi mK eYbv KiZ cvie|
IAvBwmi MVb, Dk Ges evsjv`ki mv_ Gi mK eYbv KiZ cvie|
130
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
mvK (SAARC)
mvKi cyiv bvg `wY Gkxq AvwjK mnhvwMZv msv (South Asian Association for Regional
Cooperation)| iyZ GwU `wY Gwkqvi mvZwU Dbqbkxj iv wbq MwVZ nq| cieZxZ AvdMvwbZvb
Gi m`mfz nq| m`m ivjvi cviwiK mnhvwMZvi wfwZ Zvì A_bwZK, mvgvwRK, mvswZK I
ivRbwZK AMMwZ mvabi j GwU cwZwZ nqQ| mvK GKwU AvwjK Dbqb msv|
MVb
1985 mvji 8 wWmi ZvwiL XvKvq mvKi c_g mjb Abyvbi ga w`q Gi hvv iy nq | eZgvb
Gi m`m ivi msLv AvUwU| ivjv njv- evsjv`k, fyUvb, gvjxc, bcvj, fviZ, cvwKvb, kxjv
I AvdMvwbvb|
mvKi cvwZvwbK KvVvgvZ cuvPwU i AvQ| Gjv njv- 1) iv I miKvi cavbì kxl mjb
2) ciivgxì mjb 3) vws KwgwU, 4) UKwbKvj KwgwU Ges 5) mvK mwPevjq| Gjvi gvag
mvKi wewfb KgKv mv`b Kiv nq _vK|
mvK mwPevjq bcvji ivRavbx KvVgyyZ AewZ| Gi cavbK ejv nq mUvwi Rbvij| cwZeQi
mvKfy `kjvi cavbì wbq mvK kxl mjb AbywZ nq| mvK `wY Gwkqvi `kjvi cvq 150
KvwU RbMYi Avkv-AvKvvi cZxK|
mvKi cZxK
mvK mwPevjq
mvK MVbi j I Dk
`wY Gwkqvi Dbqbkxj `kjv wewfb mgmvq RRwiZ| `vwi`, wbiiZv, Acyw, RbmsLvi AvwaK,
cvKwZK `yhvM BZvw` Gme `ki `xNw`bi mgmv| cviwiK mnhvwMZvi gvag Gme mgmv `~ixKiY I
cviwiK Dbqbi jK GwMq wbZ mvK MwVZ nq| GQvovI mvK MVbi Aviv KZjv mywbw` Dk
AvQ| Gjv wbg Rb wbB|
1| mvKfy `kjvi RbMYi Rxebhvvi gvbvbqb Kiv;
2| G Aji A_bwZK Dbqb, mvgvwRK Dbqb I mswZi weKvk wbwZ Kiv;
131
3| `wY Gwkqvi `kjvK RvZxqfve AvZwbfikxj Ki Zvjvi Rb cqvRbxq c`c MnY Kiv;
4| G Aji ivjvi mvaviY ^v_ mnvbyf~wZ I mnhvwMZv ew Kiv;
5| wewfb AvRvwZK msvi mv_ mnhvwMZvi mK vcb;
6| Abvb AvwjK mnhvwMZv msvi mv_ mK Dbqb Ki mvKi j evevqb D`vMx nIqv;
7| mvKfy `kjvi ga weivRgvb weiva I mgmv `~i Ki cviwiK mgSvZv mw Kiv;
8| `kjvi mvefgZ I fMvwjK ALZvi bxwZ gb Pjv; Ges
9| Ab `ki AfixY welq nc bv Kiv|
`jxq KvR : wkv_xiv mvK MVbi Dk weklY Kie|
mvKi mv_ evsjv`ki mK

mvKi mv_ evsjv`ki iqQ wbweo mK| evsjv`ki cqvZ cwmWU Rbvij wRqvDi ingvb c_g
mvK MVbi D`vM bb| wKy Zuvi Rxekvq Zv evevwqZ nqwb| cieZxZ 1985 mvj ZrKvjxb cwmWU
Rbvij mBb gyn` Gikvì D`vM XvKvq AvbyvwbKfve mvKi KvR iy nq|
mvKi D`vv wnme evsjv`k mvKi wewfb KgKv ewj I iyZc~Y f~wgKv cvjb KiQ| mvKi m`m
wnme mvKfz `kjvi ga eemv-evwYRi mmviY I fvimvg iv, AvwjK weiva wbw Ges
cwZekx `kjvi ga we`gvb msKU mgvavb evsjv`k AevnZ cPv Pvwjq hvQ| GQvov m`m
`kjvZ gvbecvPvi iva, mvm `gb, cwiek msiY, hvMvhvM I chywi Dbqb, ivM-evwa I `vwi`
`~ixKiY BZvw` Kgm~wP evevqb evsjv`k AwKvie| Gme cviwiK mnhvwMZvi bvbv aibi
h_ Kgm~wP MnY Kiv nqQ| Gjv evevqbi gvag mvKi AMhvvK Zivw^Z Kivi Rb evsjv`k me
aibi mnhvwMZv Ki hvQ|
`jxq KvR : wkv_xiv wbRì AwfZv _K mvK mwKZ 2/1wU DjLhvM NUbv `ji m`mì
mv_ AvjvPbv Kie I kwYZ Dc_vcb Kie|
RvwZmsN
Avgiv Rvwb, gv 25 eQii eeavb cw_exZ `ywU wekhy msNwUZ nqQ| c_gwU wQj 1914-1918 mvj
ch Ges wZxqwU 1939-1945 mvj ch| weki wewfb `k Gme hy Rwoq cowQj| wekhy `ywU wQj
gvbemfZvi AMhvvq weivU evav| mRb hyi cvkvcvwk wekevcx PjQ kvw vcbi cPv| ZvB c_g
wekhyi ci wekkvw cwZvi Rb 1920 mvj MwVZ nqwQj RvwZcy ev wjM Ae bkbm| wKy wewfb
132
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
`ki ^v_i msNvZi KviY G msvwU vwqZ jvf Kiwb| dj 1939 mvj wZxq wekhy cw_exK Mvm
Ki| G hy wewfb `ki evcK wZ nq| AvYweK evgvi AvNvZ Rvcvbi `ywU kni (wnivwkgv I
bvMvmvwK) m~Y wea nq| gviv hvq KqK KvwU gvbyl|
wZxq wekhyi asmjxjv `L wekevmx kswKZ I nZevK nq hvq| Zvì gb wewfb `ki ga kvw
cwZvi AvKvv `vbv eva| GQvov Zviv Abyfe Ki, gvbeKjvYi Rb hyK cwinvi KiZ ne|
`kjvi cviwiK mnhvwMZvi gvag wek kvw I mgw wbq AvmZ ne| dj 1941 mvj _K wek
bZe` RvwZmsN cwZvi cPv nvZ bq| ZrKvjxb wewUk cavbgx DBbb PvwPj Ges hyivi
cwmWU w_IWi iyRfi D`vM Ges wewfb `ki bZeì mv_ `xN Avjvc-AvjvPbvi djkywZZ
1945 mvji 24 Avei hyivi mvbdvwmKv kni RvwZmsN cwZv jvf Ki| Gfve wZxq wekhyi
asmjxjv-cieZx wekevcx kvw cwZvi cZvkvq RvwZmsNi Rb |
DBbb PvwPj
w_IWi iyRf
iyZ RvwZmsNi m`mmsLv wQj 50| eZgvb Gi m`m msLv 193| hyivi wbDBqK Gi mì ì
AewZ| RvwZmsNi gnvmwPe nQb Gi cavb ckvmwbK KgKZv| biIqi Awaevmx wUMfwj wQjb
RvwZmsNi c_g gnvmwPe| eZgvb gnvmwPei bvg evb wK gyb| wZwb `wY Kvwiqvi Awaevmx| RvwZmsNi
cZvKvwU nvjKv bxj iOi| gvSLvb mv`v Rwgbi ga weki evKvi gvbwP iqQ| Gi `ycvk `ywU RjcvB
cvZvi Svo w`q ewZ|
133
RvwZmsNi mì ì
RvwZmsNi cZxK
RvwZmsNi iqQ wewfb Dbqbg~jK msv| RvwZmsNi wewfb Dbqbg~jK msvi ga BDwbmd,
BDbv, wek ^v msv, wek Lv` msv, wek gvbevwaKvi Kwgkb BZvw` DjLhvM|
`jxq KvR : wkv_xiv RvwZmsN MVbi cUf~wg AvjvPbv Ki msc Gi cqvRbxqZv wjLe|
RvwZmsNi Dk
wekkvw I mnhvwMZvi gnvb j cwZwZ RvwZmsNi Dkjv njv1.
kvwi cwZ gwK I AvgYvZK KvhKjvc cwZiva Ki wek kvw, kLjv I wbivcv wbwZ Kiv;
2. mKj gvbyli mgvb AwaKvii cwZ mvb c`kbi gvag weki mKj ivi ga mxwZ I eyZc~Y
cwiek mw Kiv;
3. A_bwZK, mvgvwRK, mvswZK I gvbemevg~jK mgmvi mgvavb AvRvwZK mnhvwMZv Mo Zvjv;
4. RvwZ, ag, eY, fvlv I bvix-cyiyl wbwekl mKji ^vaxbZv I gwjK AwaKvii cwZ mvb I kveva
Mo Zvjv; Ges
5.
AvRvwZK AvBbi mvnvh AvRvwZK weevì gxgvsmv Kiv|
RvwZ msNi MVb :

GLb Avgiv RvwZmsNi wewfb msv ev kvLvi MVb I Kvhvewj AvjvPbv Kie|
RvwZmsN gvU QqwU msv ev kvLv AvQ| Gjv njv:
RvwZmsN
mvaviY
cwil`
wbivcv
cwil`
A_bwZK I
mvgvwRK
cwil`
AwQ cwil`
AvRv wZK
Av`vjZ
1. mvaviY cwil`
mvaviY cwil` RvwZmsNi AvBbmfvi gZv| wekkvw I mnhvwMZv ivq Gi f~wgKv iyZc~Y|
RvwZmsN
mwPevjq
134
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
MVb
RvwZmsNi mKj m`m iv mvaviY cwilì m`m| mvaviYZ eQi GKevi G cwilì Awaekb em| Ze
wbivcv cwilì Abyiva wekl Awaekb emZ cvi| cZK Awaekbi iyZ m`mì fvU cwilì
GKRb mfvcwZ wbevwPZ nb| mvaviY cwil` cZK m`m ivi GKwUgv fvU `vbi AwaKvi AvQ|
Kvhvewj
mvaviY cwil` AvRvwZK kvw I wbivcvmn gvbevwaKvimsv welq AvjvPbv Ki| GQvov RvwZmsNi
gnvmwPe wbqvM, bZyb m`m MnY, evRU cvm, m`m ivi Puv`vi cwigvY wbaviY, wewfb msvi m`m
wbevPb, wbivcv cwilì Avqx m`m wbevPb BZvw` iyZc~Y KvR G cwil` mv`b Ki _vK|
2. wbivcv cwil`
RvwZmsNi mePq iyZc~Y I kwkvjx kvLv| GwU RvwZmsNi kvmb wefvM îc|
MVb
wbivcv cwil` gvU 15wU m`m iv wbq MwVZ| Gi ga cuvPwU vqx m`m| evwK 10wU Avqx m`m|
vqx m`m iv njv- hyivR, hyiv, ivwkqv, dv I Pxb| Giv enr ckw bvg cwiwPZ| Avqx
m`miv cwZ `yeQii Rb wbevwPZ nq|
Kvhvewj
wek kvw I wbivcv ivi g~j `vwqZ wbivcv cwilì| G cwil` Avjvc AvjvPbvi gvag AvRvwZK
weiva gxgvsmvi Pv Ki| AvMvmx ivi weiy A_bwZK I KzUbwZK Aeiva Avivc KiZ cvi| G
Pv e_ nj mvgwiK kw cqvM Kivi gZv ivL| ZvQvov wbivcv cwil` kvw cwZv I hy ei Rb
Kv_vI RvwZmsN kvwix evwnbx gvZvqb KiZ cvi| gvUK_v, AvRvwZK kvw I mxwZ ivi j
cqvRbxq mKj KvR G msvwU Ki _vK|
3. A_bwZK I mvgvwRK cwil`

wekK A_bwZK I mvgvwRK GwMq wbq hvIqvi Rb G cwil` MwVZ nqQ| weki Dbqb Gi
f~wgKv iyZc~Y|
MVb
GwU gvU 54Rb m`m wbq MwVZ| eQi Kgc wZbevi Gi Awaekb nq| cZK m`mi GKwU Ki
fvU `vbi AwaKvi AvQ| msLvMwii fvU hKvbv wmv MnxZ nq|
Kvhvewj
G cwil` m`m ivjvi gvbyli Rxebhvvi gvbvbqb, eKvi mgmvi mgvavb, Lv`, Kwl I wkvi cmvi,
wPwKrmv I cybevmb, gwjK gvbevwaKvi KvhKi Kiv BZvw` wewfb aibi KjvYg~jK KvR Ki| GQvov
wewfb RbKjvYg~jK welq mvaviY cwil` mycvwik ciY Kiv G cwilì AbZg `vwqZ|
135
4. AwQ cwil`
weki hme Rbcì c_K mv AvQ wKy ^vaxbZv I mvefgZ bB Ges Ab ivi Zveavb cwiPvwjZ
nq, ZvK AwQ GjvKv ej| Gme GjvKvi Zveavbi `vwqZ RvwZmsNi AwQ cwilì|
MVb
AwQ GjvKvi Dci kvmb gZvi AwaKvix RvwZmsNi m`m iv, wbivcv cwilì vqx m`m I wbevwPZ
Abvb m`mì wbq AwQ cwil` MwVZ| Gi Kvbv mywbw` msLv bB| AwQ GjvKvi msLvi Dci wfw Ki
Gi m`m msLv wbaviY Kiv nq|
Kvhvewj
AwQ cwilì gvag RvwZmsN weki AbybZ Aji Zveavbi `vwqZ bq| AwQfy Aji DbwZ Ges
GjvKvi Awaevmxì wkv c`vb I mPZbZv mwi gvag ^vqkvmb I ^vaxbZvi Rb Dchy Ki Mo
ZvjvB nQ AwQ cwilì `vwqZ| GQvov AwQ GjvKvq kvw I wbivcv wbwZ Kiv, AwQ GjvKvi RbMYi
Ave`b I AwfhvM chvjvPbv Ki eev bIqv Ges AwQ GjvKv cwi`kbi gvag eve Aev `Lv I
cwZe`b ck Kiv AwQ cwilì KvR|
5. AvRvwZK Av`vjZ
wekkvw cwZv I msiYi Rb wewfb `ki ga weev` gxgvsmvi j AvRvwZK Av`vjZ MVb Kiv
nqQ| Gi mì ì b`vijvi w` nM kni AewZ|
MVb
GwU RvwZmsNi wePvivjq| cbiRb (15) wePviK wbq G Av`vjZ MwVZ| wePviKì KvhKvj bq eQi|
mvaviY I wbivcv cwil` wgj AvRvwZK Av`vjZi wePviKì wbqvM Ki|
Kvhvewj
RvwZmsNi hKvbv m`m iv Ab Kvbv ivi weiy AwfhvM Gb weiva gxgvsmvi Rb AvRvwZK
Av`vjZ wePvi cv_bv KiZ cvi| Av`vjZ Zvi wePviKvh viv wekkvw iv Ki| RvwZmsN mbì Afy
Kvbv welq wbq gvgjv nj Ges RvwZmsNi m`m ivjvi ga mvw`Z Kvbv Pzw wbq weiva `Lv
w`jI AvRvwZK Av`vjZ Zv gxgvsmv Ki| GQvov mvaviY I wbivcv cwil` Kvbv AvBbi evLv PvBj Zv
w`q _vK|
6. RvwZmsN mwPevjq
mwPevjq RvwZmsNi ckvmwbK wefvM| wekkvw, mnhvwMZv I hvMvhvMmsv hveZxq KvR G kvLvi gvag
mvw`Z nq|
136
cibxwZ I bvMwiKZv
MVb
RvwZmsN gnvmwPe, KqKRb DcmwPe, Aab mwPe Ges Abvb KgKZv I KgPvixì wbq G wefvM
MwVZ| Gi cavb KgKZv njb gnvmwPe| mvaviY cwil` KZK wZwb cuvP eQii Rb wbevwPZ nb|
Kvhvewj
mwPevjq RvwZmsNi ckvmwbK KvR cwiPvjbv Ki| mwPevjqi gnvmwPeK K` Ki Gi hveZxq KvR
AvewZZ nq _vK| wZwb mvaviY cwil`, wbivcv cwil`, A_bwZK I mvgvwRK cwil` Ges AwQ cwilì
gnvmwPe wnme KvR Kib| AvRvwZK Av`vjZ Qvov mKj kvLvq jvK wbqvMi `vwqZI Zvi| mKj kvLvi
Awaekb Abyvbi `vwqZ Zvi| GQvov RvwZmsNi evRU Zwi, m`m ivi KvQ _K Pvu`v Av`vq, wewfb
kvLvi mfv Avnvb, wewfb Dbqb KgKv chvjvPbv I cwZe`b Zwi, AwQ GjvKvi wicvU Zwi BZvw` KvR
Zvi wb`kbvq mvw`Z nq _vK| mvaviY I wbivcv cwilì wmv KvhKi Kivi `vwqZ Zvi|
RvwZmsNi wb`k AgvbKvix ivi weiy wZwb hKvbv eev MnYi mycvwik KiZ cvib| gnvmwPe
Avmj RvwZmsNi cavb wbevnx KgKZv| mwPevjqi Abvbì mnhvwMZvq wZwb G evcK KgKv mv`b
Ki _vKb|
`jxq KvR : wkv_xiv RvwZmsNi wewfb kvLvi KvRi PvU Zwi Ki kwYZ Dc_vcb Kie|
RvwZmsNi mv_ evsjv`ki mK

evsjv`k 1974 mvj RvwZmsNi m`mc` jvf Ki| RbjM _KB evsjv`k RvwZmsNi bxwZ I Av`ki
cwZ Avvkxj iqQ| evsjv`k wewfb mgq Zvi bvbv mgmv gvKvejvq RvwZmsNi mnhvwMZv cqQ|
Avevi RvwZmsNi wewfb KgKv evevqb evsjv`k iyZc~Y f~wgKv cvjb Ki AvmQ| KvhZ Avgvì
gywhyi mgq _KB RvwZmsNi mv_ evsjv`ki Mfxi I `Zvc~Y mK Mo DVQ | wbP Gi
KqKwU iyZc~Y w`K Zzj aiv njv|
1971 mvj gywhyi mgq fviZ AvkqMnYKvix cvq GK KvwU evsjv`wk kiYv_xK RvwZmsN Lv`,
e, evmvb, wPwKrmv BZvw` gvbweK mvnvh w`q euP _vKvi myhvM Ki w`qwQj| ^vaxbZv-cieZx
mgq hywea evsjv`ki cybMVbI RvwZmsN mvnvh-mnhvwMZv KiwQj|
RvwZmsNi m`mc` jvfi ci RvwZmsNi wewfb KgKv evsjv`ki f~wgKv wQj cksmbxq| dj
evsjv`k AwZ A w`bi ga RvwZmsNi AwaKvsk m`mi AvvfvRb nq DV| evsjv`k G ch
`yevi wbivcv cwilì Avqx m`mc` jvf Ki, hv `ki Rb GK weij mvb| GQvov evsjv`k
RvwZmsNi Abvb cwilì m`m wbevwPZ nqQ|
137
RvwZmsNi wewfb Dbqb msvjv evsjv`ki mvgvwRK, ivRbwZK, A_bwZK I mvswZK Dbqbi
j AKwg ezi gZv KvR Ki hvQ| Gme msv wkv, mv, Lv` I cyw, hvMvhvM, wk gZy
nvm, RbmsLv wbqY, ivRbwZK wwZkxjZv ARb, wevb, Kw I mswZi Dbqb, cvKwZK `yhvM I
Gi qwZ gvKvejv BZvw` evsjv`kK AMMwZ ARb h_ mvnvh KiQ| RvwZmsN Avgvì
fvlv I knx` wèm 21 deyqvwiK AvRvwZK gvZfvlv wèm wnme NvlYv w`q evsjv fvlvK mevP
ghv`vi Avmb DbxZ KiQ| RvwZmsNi Gme KgKv evsjv`ki mv_ RvwZmsNi mKK AviI
Nwb KiQ|
1991 mvj wgqvbgvi nZ jvL jvL ivwnv kiYv_x evsjv`k cek Kivq GK fqven cwiwwZi mw
nq| RvwZmsN I Gi wewfb msv evsjv`kK wecyjfve mvnvh Kivq evsjv`k m mgmv KvwUq
DVZ mg nq| GQvov `xNw`b ai wgqvbgvii mv_ evsjv`ki mgy`mxgv wbq weiva wQj, hv wbq
evsjv`k RvwZmsNi AvRvwZK Av`vjZ gvgjv Ki| 2012 mvj AvRvwZK Av`vjZi GK ivq G
weivai wbw nq Ges GK wekvj mgy`mxgvi Dci evsjv`ki AwaKvi cwZwZ nq|
Gfve RvwZmsN evsjv`ki Nwb ez wnme Avgvì `kK mvnvh Ki hvQ| evsjv`kI RvwZmsN
mbì cwZ m~Y Avvkxj _K Gi wewfb Awaekb hvM`vb Ki Ges MnxZ wmv evevqb
mwq f~wgKv cvjb Ki| RvwZmsNi wmvi cwZ kvkxj _K evsjv`k weki wewfb `k
RvwZmsN mbvevwnbxZ mbvm`m cvwVq wek kvw ivq mwq f~wgKv cvjb KiQ|
`jxq KvR : RvwZmsNi mv_ evsjv`ki mKi DjLhvM ARb I Ae`vbi c_K PvU Zwi
Kie|
wek kvwix evwnbxZ evsjv`ki f~wgKv

evsjv`k RvwZmsN kvwix evwnbxi AbZg m`m `k| iy _KB evsjv`k RvwZmsN kvwix evwnbxi
KgKv mg_b RvbvQ I mwq f~wgKv cvjb Ki AvmQ| mec_g 1988 mvj evsjv`k kvwix evwnbxZ
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