4 Techniques of Circuit Analysis Assessment Problems AP 4.1 [a] Redraw the circnit, labeling the reference node and the two node voltages: 4 ag i 5A 602 215Q 22 D 5a v ‘The two node voltage equations are a “16+ 5+ apt = 0 542 = 5+ 2 5 0 Place these equations in standard form: 1 5 i(gtists) + ™(3) = 8 1 Solving, v; = 60 V and v= 10 V; Therefore, iy = (v1 — 02)/5= 10 A [b] risa = —(15 A)u; = —(15 A)(60 V) = 900 W = 900 W(delivered) [ec] pox = (5 A)up = (5 A)(10 V) = 50 W= —50 W(delivered) a14-2 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis AP 4,2 Redraw the circuit, choosing the node voltages and reference node as shown: “90 1 20 2 40 45a 19 122 @sov v ‘The two node voltage equations are: 1 we 4547453 = 0 a a n*6y2 °° 4 ° Pace these equations in standard form 1 = = 45 wf ta) t »( a) mC) + s(behed) <8 Solving, 1) =6V m= 18V To find the voltage », first find the current i through the series-connected 62 and 20 resistors: pomcm 6-18 642 8 BA Using a KVL equation, calculate »: v= %i+m = 2-15) +18=15V AP 4.3 [a] Redraw the circuit, choosing the node voltages and reference node as shown: shown: 4 6a |. 20 | sev) 80 42 5A v ‘The node voltage equations are: 1-80 - ¢ tet gy = te, mt + 2 5+ +3 = 0- Problems 4-3 ‘The dependent source requires the following constraint equation: _ 50-4 ~ 6 Place these equations in standard form: “Erp eG) owe - 2 mG) saGed) #40 = »(3) +m + aa) = * Solving, 1 =32V; m=16V; | =3A Using these values to calculate the power associated with each source: iy Psov =—50i = 150 W Psa = —5(v2) —80 W Psi, = 3ix(v2—11) = —144W [b] All three sources are delivering power to the circuit because the power computed in (a) for each of the sources is negative. AP 4.4 Redraw the circuit and label the reference node and the node at which the node voltage equation will be written: 399 102 vo 200 402 20iy ‘The node voltage equation is Ye Me—10 | vet Win w* i *~ a ~° ‘The constraint equation required by the dependent source is 10 = ve , 10+ 20) 10 30 ia = ton + i900 = Place these equations in standard form:4-4 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis v(a+ptm) + ia(l) =1 +0(i5) + ia(1-3) we Solving, ig =-3.2A and v=24V AP 4.5 Redraw the circuit identifying the three node voltages and the reference node: 250 yk oe <> 4sa@ | 275Q 2100 2.50 12v v Note that the dependent voltage source and the node voltages 0 and vy form a supernode. The v; node voltage equation is ‘The supernode equation is vou uw me tiotast 0 ‘The constraint equation due to the dependent source is ‘The constraint equation due to the supernode is Utin= te Place this set of equations in standard form: ch (+H) + + v(0) + i,(0) = 48 (-3) + + als + (02) = 12 uw (-# + + r(0) + &(1) = 0 24(0) + + m(-1) + il) = 0 Solving this set of equations gives vy = 15 V, v= 10 V, ip = 2A, and v=8V.Problems 4-5 AP 4.6 Redraw the circuit identifying the reference node and the two unknown node voltages. Note that the right-most. node voltage is the sum of the 60 V source and the dependent source voltage. 8g —__s—— ae ae 60+ 6ov © mQ 3Q ¥ The node voltage equation at vy is 1-60 | m , (60+ 6i4) _ 9 2 24 3 ‘The constraint equation due to the dependent source is eee 3 Place these two equations in standard for 1 1 1 n(g+q+5) + i-2) = 90420 (3) + ig(1-2) = 20 Solving, ig=-4A and 4 =48V AP 4.7 [a] Redraw the circuit identifying the three mesh currents: ‘The mesh current equations are: —80+ 5(i1 — iz) + 264 — ts) = 380i + 90(i2 — ig) + 5(i2 ix) = Big + 26(is — in) + 90(is ~ in)46 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis Place these equations in standard form: 3liy — 5é2 263 = 80 —5i; + 125%2—- 980i = 0 —26i; — in + 124is = 0 Solving, =5A; =2A; ip=25A Prov = ~(80)ix = ~(80)(6) Therefore the 80 V source is delivering 400 W to the circuit. {b] psn = (8)i3 = 8(2.5)? = 50 W, so the 80 resistor dissipates 50 W. —400 W AP 48 [a] b=8, n=6, b-n+1=3 [b] Redraw the circuit identifying the three mesh currents: “3Np 149 oo 32 wg ae ‘0 The three mesh-current equations are 25 + 2é1 — ia) + 5a — a5) +10 = 0 —(—30g) + Mig + 3(é2 is) + 2lH2—-k) = 0 Vig — 10+ 5(és — in) +3(ig— ta) = 0 ‘The dependent source constraint equation is 4 = 3(is — i) Place these four equations in standard form: 45 Ti, — 2ig — Bis + Ovg -2iy + 19:2 — Bis + 3uy = 0 —Biy — Big + 9ig + 0g = 10 Oin + Biz — Sig +109 = 0 Solving h=4A; ®=-1A; &=3A; w=RVProblems 4-7 Pés = —(—3u9)ia = 3(12)(—1) = -36 W ‘Thus, the dependent source is delivering 36 W, or absorbing —36 W. AP 4.9 Redraw the circuit identifying the three mesh currents: 22 wo re vt + av) 82, )Osip ‘The mesh current equations are: —25 + (ig — ip) + 8(in-— te) = 0 ip + Blin — i.) + Oly.) = 0 Big + B(ic — ia) + 8(ic— ty) = 0 ‘The dependent source constraint equation is ig = i,. We can substitute this simple expression for i into the third mesh equation and place the equations in standard form: di, — 6iy — Big = 25 —6i, + 16i,-8i, = 0 — Bi, — Bi, + 16, 0 Solving, 4 i=4A; =25A; = 2A ‘Thus, te = Blin ~ (4-2) =16V AP 4,10 Redraw the circuit identifying the mesh currents: R 82 sod >) bn) 4D) dw 448 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis Since there is a current source on the perimeter of the i mesh, we know that, is = —16 A. The remaining two mesh equations are —30 + i: + 2(i1 — 2) +64, = 0 Biz + 5lig + 16) + 4ig + 2Win—-th) = 0 Place these equations in standard form: li —2i = 30 24, +19ig = —80 Solving: iy is ‘The current in the 2 resistor is i ~ i Thus, the 20 resistors dissipates 72 W. Pan = (6)°(2) = 72 W AP 4.11 Redraw the circuit and identify the mesh currents: on, ‘There are current sources on the perimeters of both the é, mesh and the ic mesh, so we know that 2v6 5 ‘The remaining mesh current equation is fp=—10A; = 75 + (ig +10) + 5%, — 0.404) = 0 ‘The dependent source requires the following constraint equation: 1 = Big Blin — 0.404) Place the mesh current equation and the dependent source equation is standard form: Tig—2vp = 85 Sig 3p = 0 Solving: i,=15 A; in ‘Thus, i, = 15 A. 1A; i =10A; 1 =25VProblems 4-9 AP 4.12 Redraw the circuit and identify the mesh currents: 1 “—™ aX 20 ave oN oY Ge : 19 ‘The 2 A current source is shared by the meshes i, and ip. Thus we combine these meshes to form a supermesh and write the following equation: 10 + Lin + 2b — Ge) + (ia = Fe) = 0 The other mesh current equation is 6 + lig + Wie — ta) + Ate — fy) = 0 The supermesh constraint equation is 2 int Place these three equations in standard form: 2ig + diy —4i, = 10 21, Dip + Fig = 6 iin t0ig = 2 Solving, TA; iy=5A; ic =6A Thus, pia =#(1) = (6)°(1) = 36 W AP 4.13 Redraw the circuit and identify the reference node and the node voltage v1: 18 vs 199 20vG) 28 O25 + ‘The node voltage equation is m=20 4 25 Bt 0410 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis Rearranging and solving, n(e+a) 244 "58 * 10, 6 Poa = ~35(2) = —70 W 2. uy =35V ‘Thus the 2 A current source delivers 70 W. AP 4.14 Redraw the circuit and identify the mesh currents: ‘There is a current source on the perimeter of the ig mesh, so is = 4 A. The other two mesh current equations are 128 + A(i1 — 4) +6 iy) +2 = 0 Big + Bin + Glin — in) + 32-4) = 0 ‘The constraint equation due to the dependent source is ig = tg = 4 Substitute the constraint equation into the second mesh equation and place the resulting two mesh equations in standard form: 12%, —6ig = 144 Mi; +14ig = 132 Solving, 4 =9 A; ig =-6 A; ig =4A; i, =9-4=5A U4 = 3(i3 — ig) — 4ig = 10 V aa = —vua(4) = —(10)(4) = —40 W ‘Thus, the 2 A current source delivers 40 W.Problems 4-11 AP 4.15 [a] Redraw the circuit with a helpful voltage and current labeled: 160 azove) 50 ‘Transform the 120 V source in series with the 200 resistor into a 6 A source in parallel with the 200 resistor. Also transform the 60 V source in series with the 5 resistor into a —12 A source in parallel with the 5 resistor. The result is the following circui 160 2NE waD 50F 3a) ONE, 80 Combine the three current sources into a single current source, using KCL, and combine the 200, 52, and 6 resistors in parallel. The resulting circuit is shown on the left. To simplify the circuit further, transform the resulting 30 A source in parallel with the 2.49 resistor into 72 V source in series with the 2.40 resistor. Combine the 2.4 resistor in series with the 1.6 resisor to get a very simple circuit that still maintains the voltage v. The resulting circuit: is on the right. 160 40 =i 30a) v,z24 8 WC 80 Use voltage division in the circuit on the right to calculate v as follows: 8 v= (@D=8V [b] Calculate é in the circuit on the right using Ohm’s law: v4 a7 7844-12 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis Now use i to calculate 1, in the circuit on the left: vy = 6(1.6 +8) = 57.6 V Retnrning back to the original circuit, note that the voltage v, is also the voltage drop across the series combination of the 120 V source and 20 resistor. Use this fact to calculate the current in the 120 V source, iy 120— ve _ 1200-876 _ gig —(120)(3.12) = -374.40 W Thus, the 120 V source delivers 374.4 W. AP 4.16 To find Rr, replace the 72 V source with a short circuit: 120 50 89 202 Rn Note that the 50 and 20 resistors are in parallel, with an equivalent resistance of 5||20 = 40. The equivalent 40 resistance is in series with the 80 resistor for an equivalent resistance of 4 +8 = 12. Finally, the 120 equivalent resistance is in parallel with the 12 resistor, so Rry = 1212 = 62. Use node voltage analysis to find vp,. Begin by redrawing the cireuit and labeling the node voltages: 129 so 4 82m we 209 ‘The node voltage equations are men pete = 0 20 =0Problems 4-13 Place these equations in standard form: oGsge) mC) = 3 n(-3) + on (§+75) = 6 Solving, v1 = 60 V and v7, = 64.8 V. Therefore, the Thévenin equivalent circuit is a 64.8 V source in series with a 6 resistor. AP 4.17 We begin by performing a source transformation, turning the parallel combination of the 15 A source and 89 resistor into a series combination of a 120 V source and an 8 resistor, as shown in the figure on the left. Next, combine the 22, 8 and 102 resistors in series to give an equivalent 200 resistance. Then transform the series combination of the 120 V source and the 200 equivalent resistance into a parallel combination of a 6 A source and a 200 resistor, as shown in the figure on the right. + < 8n 20 a20ve 8 20 200 F120 $ 4 109 Finally, combine the 200 and 120 parallel resistors to give Ry = 20/12 = 7.52. Thus, the Norton equivalent cireuit is the parallel combination of a 6 A source and a 7.52 resistor. AP 4.18 Find the Thévenin equivalent with respect to A, B using source transformations. To begin, convert the series combination of the —36 V source and 12 k® resistor into a parallel combination of a —3 mA source and 12 kQ resistor. The resulting circuit is shown below: 19k DIA F12kQ OiemA F60kQ Now combine the two parallel current sources and the two parallel resistors to give a —3+18= 15 mA source in parallel with a 12 k|j60 k= 10 k® resistor. ‘Then transform the 15 mA source in parallel with the 10 kQ resistor into a 150 V source in series with a 10 k& resistor, and combine this 10 k® resistor in series with the 15 k® resistor. The Thévenin equivalent is thus a 150 V414 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis source in series with a 25 kQ resistor, as seen to the left of the terminals A,B in the cireuit below. 25kQ_ A wt 1sov Yas 2100kQ B Now attach the voltmeter, modeled as a 100 kQ resistor, to the Thévenin equivalent and use voltage division to calculate the meter reading vp: 100,000 125,000 oy (150) = 120 V AP 4.19 Begin by calculating the open cireuit voltage, which is also vrp, from the circuit below: 24, Th 20 zav a 7 Summing the currents away from the node labeled vr, We have Urn Urn — 24 BP +44 Bie 0 Also, using Ohm’s law for the 8 resistor, =” * 8 Substituting the second equation into the first, and solving for vr, yields om =8V. Now calculate Rm. To do this, we use the test source method. Replace the voltage source with a short circuit, the current source with an open circuit,Problems 4-15 and apply the test voltage vr, as shown in the circuit below: 34, 20 Write a KCL equation at the middle node: iy = tg + Big + Up/2 = 4ig + UY/2 Use Ohm’s law to determine i, as a function of vr iz = v1/8 Substitute the second equation into the first equation: ig = A(vr/8) + v4/2 = m1 Thus, Rn opin =19 ‘The Thévenin equivalent is an 8 V source in series with a 1 resistor. AP 4.20 Begin by calculating the open cirenit voltage, which is also vy, using the node voltage method in the cireuit below: 100i, 60 The node voltage equations are v va (urn + 160ia) _ = 4= 60 20 oo orm, Ure , Urn t160ig — 0 ao * 307 » ~~ ° ‘The dependent source constraint equation is vm i=416 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis ‘Substitute the constraint equation into the node voltage equations and put th ‘two equations in standard form: (eta) + Ca) a 1 1 1 5 v(m) tom (@tatn) 0 Solving, v = 172.5 V and vy = 30 V. Now use the test source method to calculate the test current and thus erm. Replace the current source with a short circuit and apply the test source to get the following circuit: 600: Write a KCL equation at the rightmost node: _ op, or, vet 160ig in= ttm ‘The dependent source constraint equation is or n= Substitute the constraint equation into the KCL equation and simplify the right-hand side: pot 7 10 ‘Therefore, R= FE = 100 ‘Thus, the Thévenin equivalent is a 30 V source in series with a 10 resistor. AP 4.21 First find the Thévenin equivalent cirenit. To find vr, create an open cireuit, between nodes a and b and use the node voltage method with the cireuit:Problems 4-17 below: % <> 49 49 I 403% 100v ~ 20v( ‘The node voltage equations vr — (100-404), vry—e tvs) , m= _ 9 a a m= 100 1-20, vom a SR = 0 ‘The dependent source constraint equation is vy = 01 — 20 Place these three equations in standard form: (it) aC) +e) = 8 on (-}) a + %(0) = 30 vrn (0) + ui (1) + ug(-1) = 20 Solving, vr, = 120 V, vy = 80 V, and vg = 60 V, Now create a short circuit between nodes a and b and use the mesh current, method with the circuit below: “yy 42 40 or mine te oov) “2 iboy y ise The mesh current equations are =100 + 4(i — 2) +g +20 = 1g + Aig + (io — ge) + 4(én — th) = -20 — 09 + Aine — iz) = 04-18 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis ‘The dependent source constraint equation is Up = Ali — fee) Place these four equations in standard form: Mi, — 4ig + 0ig +p = 80 —4iy + 12ig — digg 0g = 0 Oi; —4i2 + die — 06 = 20 4iy + 0in Aig —0g = 0 Solving, i = 45 A, iz = 30 A, ine = 40 A, and vg = 20 V. ‘Thus, = um _ 20 Pn= = 32 [a] For maximum power transfer, R= Rm = 30 [b] The Thévenin voltage, vr, = 120 V, splits equally between the Thévenin resistance and the load resistance, 50 Yat = P= 60 ‘Therefore, vBaa _ 60 roux = el = —— = 1200 W Pow Road 3 AP 4.22 Sustituting the value R = 3 into the circuit and identifying three mesh currents we have the circuit below: ‘The mesh current equations are: ~100 + 4(i, — 2) +9420 = 0 0g + dig + (in is) + 4(- 1) = 0 20 — v5 + Alig — in) +3ig = 0Problems 4-19 ‘The dependent source constraint equation is Up = Ath ~ 6s) Place these four equations in standard form: 4iy — fin +0is + = 80 =4i, + 12ig —4ig vg = 0 Oi, — din + Tis — vy = 20 45, +0: —4is—vp = 0 Solving, i = 30 A, iz = 20 A, is = 20 A, and vy = 40 V. fa] proov = —(100)é = —(100)(30) = -3000 W. Thus, the 100 V source is delivering 3000 W. {[b]_Pepoource = delivering 800 W. {c] From Assessment Problem 4.21(b), the power delivered to the load resistor is 1200 W, so the load power is (1200/3800)100 = 31.58% of the combined power generated by the 100 V source and the dependent source. = —800 W. ‘Thus, the dependent source is4-20 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis Problems PA. [al ‘There are six circuit components, five resistors and the current, source. Since the current is known only in the current source, it is unknown in the five resistors. Therefore there are five unknown currents. [b] There are four essential nodes in this circuit, identified by the dark black fel dots in Fig. P4.4. At three of these nodes you can write KCL equations that will be independent of one another. A KCL equation at the fourth node would be dependent on the first three. Therefore there are three independent KCL equations. Sum the currents at any three of the four essential nodes a, b, ¢, and d. Using nodes a, b, and ¢ we get “ig tintin =0 mi tigtis=0 is —ig—ig =0 [4] ‘There are three meshes in this circuit: one on the left with the components ig, Ri, and Rg; one on the top right with components Ry, Ro, and Rg; and one on the bottom right with components Ra, Ry, and Rs. We cannot write a KVL equation for the left mesh because we don’t know the voltage drop across the current source. ‘Therefore, we can write KVL equations for the two meshes on the right, giving a total of two independent KVL equations. ‘Sum the voltages around two independent closed paths, avoiding a path that contains the independent current source since the voltage across the current: source is not known. Using the upper and lower meshes formed by the five resistors gives Ryir + Rsis — Raia = 0 Regis + Reis — Rais = 0Problems 4-21 Ry P42 Ro mM ae R3, Ry Rs + 25i, rev Rosy Ry sma [a] 11 branches, 7 branches with resistors, 2 branches with independent sources, 2 branches with dependent sources {b] ‘The current is unknown in every branch except the one containing the 5 ‘mA current source, so the current is unknown in 10 branches. {c] 11 essential branches each containing a single element. [a] The current is known only in the essential branch containing the current source, and is unknown in the remaining 10 essential branches [e] From the figure there are 5 nodes ~ four identified by rectangular boxes and one identified by a triangle. [f] There are 5 essential nodes, four identified with identified with a triangle [2] A mesh is like a window pane, and as can be seen from the figure there are 7 window panes or meshes. angular boxes and one P43 R, Bi Re Rs [a] As can be seen from the figure, the circuit has 2 separate parts. [b] There are 5 nodes ~ the four black dots and the node betweem the voltage source and the resistor Ry. [c] There are 7 branches, each containing one of the seven circuit components.4-22 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis [d] When a conductor joins the lower nodes of the two separate parts, there is now only a single part in the circuit. There would now be 4 nodes, Decanse the two lower nodes are now joined as a single node. The number of branches remains at 7, where each branch contains one of the seven individual circuit components. P44 [a] From Problem 4.2(d) there are 10 essential branches were the current is unknown, so we need 10 simultaneons equations to describe the circuit. [b] From Problem 4.2(f), there are 5 essential nodes, so we can apply KCL at (5-1) = 4 of these essential nodes. There would also be two dependent source constraint equations. [c] The remaining 4 equations needed to describe the circuit will be derived from KVL equations. [d] We must avoid using the meshes containing current sources, as we have no way of determining the voltage drop across a current source. P45 4 Re 2 “Sip ip Ry R, R3 ighf wb 3 Atnodel: -ig bi +ig=0 Atnode 2: ~in tis tig =0 At node3: igi; ts i = 0 [b] There are many possible solutions. For example, solve the equation at node 1 for fy: ig =i tin Substitute this expression for é, into the equation at node 3: (iti2)——is-=0 80 gig = 0 Multiply this last equation by -1 to get the equation at node 2: -(iz-is—ty)=-0 80 tg tistig=0 P 4.6 Use the lower terminal of the 5 © resistor as the reference node. vo 60 Yo 9 ete tsa Solving, 1) =10VProblems 4-23 P 47 [a] From the solution to Problem 4.5 we know v, = 10 V, therefore Pan = 30, = 30 W . pan (developed) = —30 W [b] The current into the negative terminal of the 60 V source is _ 60-10 = 0 =5A 300 W . Prov (developed) = 300 W [e] pron = (5)?(10) = 250 W Psa = (10)?/5 = 20 W prey = 300 W Ypais = 250 +20 + 30 = 300 W P48 [al 0 4 a=; v= 10V {b] Let v, = voltage drop across 3 A source vz = U9 — (10)(3) = -20 V pax (developed) = (3)(20) = 60 W [e] Let ig = be the current into the positive terminal of the 60 V source i, = (10 - 60)/10 = -5 A Peov (developed) = (5)(60) = 300 W [4] pais = (5)2(10) + (3)?(10) + (10)?/5 = 360 W Spas = 300 + 60 = 360 W (e] v, is independent. of any finite resistance connected in series with the 3 A pe v current; source P49 2442b +4 =0 125 "25424 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis CHECK: _ BP _ Piza = D5 5wW ; ma = 2025) = 169.W _ (907 Pron = “Fay = 32-4 W (90)? = OY Loew Ps1s0 = “3g = 2 pan = (25)(2.4) = 60 W Yas = 5 + 169 + 32.4 + 21.6 + 60 = 288 W Spey = (90)(3.2) = 288 W (CHECKS) b 80 180 400 + + azev viaan 200 ov P 4.10 [a] ¥ Mm 128 ye 48 Bw mim, ve 70 is 20° «10 In standard form, seep enCa) - 2 aCaea(Problems 4-25 240. Jan(-k) = 1 1 1 itpta) = Solving, 0 = 101.24 V; v= 10.66 V;_ vy = -106.57 V 125-1 unm Thus, i = =23.76A i= =15A , 543 ig= FH OBBA is= ts iW 1843. A ise [b] S>Piey = 125%, + 1253 = 5273.09 W LPs i2(1) + (2) + Ba) + &2(6) + #212) + (24) = 5273.09 W4-26 CHAPTER 4, Techniques of Circuit Analysis P42 any sn, 4ave vq 100 yn 5 ¥ u-M4 unm = 29v, — v2 = 288 7), 10%, 90 ee ee 3+ aa ten so —t + 170, = 240 Solving, 1, =100V; v2 = 20V P43 2 Ossv % | Ye Be Gt ee 1) = 20V pan = (20)(2) = 40 W (absorbing) P 4.14 [al aa] 280 + : ea ves00 v, F502 vP2?-8R -|ooy, - 20 ’ 250 m1 1640 we 4 5 tag so 31v; — 2002 + 0vs = 6400 a +128=0 so —2n, +3u)— v5 =—64 2.5 gt te -s=0 80 Ov — vy +303 = 64 Solving,v: = 380V; v2 =269V; v= 111 V, [b] ty = 640 — 380 _ soa q(del) = (640)(52) = 33,280 WP Als Problems 4-27 4 _ foc +30)] , wos, wou [ +50 + 3125 50” 50 Solving, v. =76V; v2 =46V; vs=-2V; igoyv=0A Pan = —4v, = —4(76) = —304 W (del) pia = (1)(-2)=-2 W (del) Psoy = (30)(0) = 0 W Pisa = (0)?(15) = 0 W 2 762 ee = SE gp LOEW (=e)? 31.25 P1250 = Spain = 0 + 231.04 + 28.8 + 46.08 + 0.08 = 306 W Sac = 304+2=306 W (CHECKS)428 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis Ug = Vy +g Ho +n 1 ly + Yo= afer t rete + tH) qlee" [b] » = (250 + 200 — 50) = 100 V te , Yet 5ig , to —80 P4l7 — — — 3+ 509 * a0 + 30 [a] Solving, v, = 50 V Yo + Sia 10 in = (50 — 80)/20 [b] tas = -L5A fas =4.25 A; Big =-7.5.V: pas = (—Bia)(ias) = 31.875 W {c] pax = —3v, = —3(50) = -150 W (del) Psov = 80ig = 80(—1.5) = -120 W (del) pact = 150 + 120 = 270 W CHECK: Proon = 2500/200 = 12.5 W Pron = (80 — 50)?/20 = 900/20 = 45 W ‘Pron = (4.25)*(10) = 180.625 W Pine = 31.875 + 180.625 + 12.5 + 45 = 270 W P 4.18 [a] =i, 250 50 200 + + 52 2il> F100 2 F2000 a ce 3 ~ ~ sis vgsProblems 4-29 mh une - 21, + 7h 4 SI = vy — Aus = io + 99 + 3 so 5v; — 8v, + 403 =0 te) mt _ 200 + 50 so —80, + 13v2 — 403 = 0 toa Bio | 885 80 Ov, — 40, + 290 = 192.5, Vas = Lace Calculate Spier because we don’t know if the dependent sources are developing or absorbing power. Likewise for the independent source. 2igv = —2(—0.65)(—50) = -65 W(dev) 3.7375 W(dev) Pr Pri, = Siv’s = 5(—0.65)(1.15) = Py = ~38.5(1.8) = —69.30 W(dev) Space = 69.3 + 65 + 3.7375 = 138.0375 W CHECK = 2500, 900 | 400 2 a 2 Yas = Foy + a99 + ae + (0.5)%(60) + (1.15)°5 + (1:8)°20) = 138.0375 W <. Lpaev = Pais = 138.0375 W P 419 50 160) sove Li s00 yIsi, v 160 Ve Yo + Ti Y +50 + 35 Solving, v=50V; ig =1A430 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis t= BOC 54 B Prisig = Tigig = —375 W ‘The dependent voltage source delivers 375 W to the cireuit. v1 = 02 5 P 4.20 [a] ~54+ Th + =0 80 4v,—30,+0ig =75 wm | v2, ve U2t Sia arenes = = 60, +1 - 5 30 * 107 30 0 so 6v; + Ll + 5in = 0 ig ==” 50 v1 my — Sig =0 5 +15 =1A Solving, 1 =30V; m=15V; ig9=3A; iy Psig = (~15)(1) = —15 W(del) Psa = —5(30) = -150 W(del) Pace = 165 W {b] Lopate = or + ose + or + (3)°(5) + (1)°(80) = 165 W * Dpaev = Pain = 165 W P42t 8900 ~ We + sony, 490 dy, sovG) 500 G7IS0mA $2000 ‘The two node voltage equations are: 1-50, me wo tt wm = 9 my tm 50 _ 797+ 305 + S00 Place these equations in standard form: 50 80 50 0.75 + a5Problems 4-31 Solving, vy = 34 Thus, v, = v2 — 50 tw = 53.2 V. 53.2 — 50 = 3.2 V. POWER CHEC! ig = (80 ~ 34)/80-+ (50 — 53.2)/800 = 196 m A Psoy = —(50)(0.196) = -9.8 W pon == (50 — 34)?/80 = 3.2 W ‘Peon == (50 — 53.2)?/800 = 12.8 m W Pun = — 34)/40 = 9.216 W Ps == 347/50 = 23.12 W Pron == 53.27/200 = 14.1512 W Pozen = —(53.2)(0.75) = -39.9 W Spas = 3.2 +0128 + 9.216 + 23.12 + 14.1512 = 49.7 W = Spas = 9.8 + 39.9 = 49.7 P 4.22 sov vl — — 80 ate Og 59 22, — 7m = 1120 10 3 wou, 80 10 ~ is 0 so Gv; + 2302 = 960 Solving, 1 =70V; — %=60V = U2 io ~1A ‘Thus, ig =4-32 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis P 4.23 [al 1302 — 405 — Gus + Ovs = 1500 20 + 65 + 004 ~ 305 = 0 =22v9 + Ova + 3704 — Lvs = 2000 aot =o 80 Oty — 205 — v4 + 405 =0 Solving, v2 = 300 V;_ v= 180V; 4 =280V; v5 =160V 500~ v4 _ 500 —280 fg = = a0 sa = (20)2(5) = 2000 W _ ute uM tow = ATH B a 500-300 , 500-280 9 soy ag a 4 11 Psoov = 35,000 WProblems 4-33 70 20m Check: 2. 52 Lt 60 S0KF49 _sagq 7 208 20 so) L239 won an]? say mR 2n on 2p on 30R aoa in SPain = (60)?(4) + (40)?(3) + (80)9(6) + (20)(11) + (10)?2) +(30)?(4) + (10)9(2) + (40)?(4) = 35,000 W P 4.24 [a] i. $900 1 = tyes 350 aaa 5 20 _ T Lina Ou ae: + 1-20 u 54, 1410 Bie + Oa x10 TUX" + OS sca09 9 m=-5V 245 = 35,000 = 1 ee 1045 is = ig tig +i =0 iy = 11-4 — ip = 114104 10=31 mA434 P 4.25 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis Uma $01 = —10, Mima = 1045 =-5 V Pum = —lvnma = —55 mW (del) Dpaev = 20-+ 310 = 330 mW Pose = 25 x 10°} = 25 mW Poas = 0.25 x 10° = 100 mW Posk = 0.5 x 102 = 50 mW Pix =1 10% = 100 mW Sain = 25 + 100 + 50 + 100 + 55 = 330 mW Sais = Vpaew = 330 mW Hy 40 400 e ma wm 7Ea + ‘The two node voltage equations are: -0+2+25% = 0 Dug, %—M = _ 4g 3¢ 2 ' a The constraint equation for the dependent source is w=0, Place these equations in standard form: w(2+3) + ne(-3) + va(0) = 10 L lit 2 24 wey + (549) + (GG) = 7 w(1) + (0) + v(-1l) = 0 Solving, v) = 18 V, ve = 4 V, v4 = 18 V, and vo = 24—% = 20 VP 4.26 P 427 P 4.28 Problems 4-35 y AY om exo es a s0ma\ 8K” F20K0 S4KO. This circuit has a supernode inchides the nodes v,, vp and the 40 V source. ‘The supernode equation is » e ve 0.05 + + 0 tot + 20,000 * 10,000 ~ ‘The supernode constraint equation is tm = 40 Place these two equations in standard form: 1 1 1 a (x0) +m (aim he am) eee w(-l) + (1) = 40 Solving, 1 = 160 V and 1 = 200 V, s0 v = vy = 200 V. fag = 0.05 ~ 5 = 30 mA Paoy = —(40)i49 = —(40)(0.03) = -1.2 W ‘The 40 V source delivers 1.2 W. Place va/5 inside a supernode and use the lower node as a reference. Then 150 my m= va/5 , m1 va/5 10” 30 39 78 ° 134v — 6vg = 3900; vg = 50-0 Solving, 1 =30V; va=20V; 0, =30—v9/5=30-4=26 V _ 235 - 222 7 = 825A p= 30ig = 30(3.25 97.5 V4-36 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis my + Big = 4 vy = U4 — Wig = 222 — 97.5 = 124.5 V vs +04 = 250 Ug = 250 ~ 235 = 15 V 3.2ug = (3.2)(15) = 48 A 250 ~ 124.5 | 250 — 235 pale ed 7] pO TTT A Paso = ~250ig = —250(77.75) = -19,437.5 W(del) ion, — ig + 04/40 + 48 = 0 50.3 A finni, = ig — 222/40 — 48 = 3.25 — 5.55 ~ 48 = Pai, = (30ig)isni, = (97-5)(—50.3) = -4904.25 W(dev) Ps.2vq = (3.2va)(v4) = (48)(222) = 10,656 W(abs) ©. Wopaor = 19,437.5 + 4904.25 = 24,341.75 W ve _ (124.5)? Pron = Ty = yg — = 1550-025 W — 124.5)? pany = 250 = 124.5)? _ 7975.15 W _ (235)? = 2761.25 W 20 pag = (3.25)°(4) = 42.25 W _ (2227 ~ 40 = 1232.10 W Spain = 10,656 + 1550.025 + 7875.125 + 2254 2761.250 + 42.25 + 1232.1 = 24,341.75 W Thus, )“Paev = )>Paisss Agree with analystProblems 4-37 cee supernode te. %s ° 3-125v, 200 a 400 aon an L i + Node equations: % _ +p + 3125va = 0 Constraint equations: vy =20—% 0 — BBig = vs ig = 02/40 Solving, v1 = —20.25 V; m=10V; 03 =-29V Let i, be the current delivered by the 20 V source, then (20.25) 10 = 30.125 A Pp (delivered) = 20(30.125) = 602.5 W P 4.30 From Eq. 4.16, ig =v./(1+8)Re From Eq. 4.17, ip = (v»—Vo)/(1+ 8)Re From Ea. 4.18, Veo(1 + §)RuR2 + VoRi Re ‘2 = TFB)Re [Ria + (1+ B)Re(R + Re) VooRs—Va(Ri+ Rs) __ (VeoR2/(i + Ra)| Vo RiRz + (1+ A)Re(Ri + Ro) [RiRo/(Ri + Fe) + (1+ 6)Re4-38 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circ P 431 [a] ay av 2Q 1.50 40 = 505, — 45i2 64 = —45i1 + 50.52 Solving, i, =9.8 A; i2=10A O2A; ie =-ig=-10A =98A; psi —i [b] If the polarity of the 64 V source is reversed, we have 40 = 50ix — 45i2 45%; + 50.5% -L72A and i; hh =-1LT2A; i << 100 188 ano |, Orv A l2v 4s 4Q 2Q 110 + 12 = 174; — 10i2 — 33 0 = —10i; + 282 — 124g =12 - 70 = ~3i; ~ 12iz + 1Tig Solving, i) =8A; ig=2A; is=-2A Puo = —110%, = ~880 W(del) 12(é, — 4s) = —120 W(del) Pr = 70i3 = —140 W(del) Space = 1140 W P=Problems 4-39 [b] pan = (8)°(4) = 256 W pron = (6)?(10) = 360 W Pion = (—4)*(12) = 192 W pan = (-2°(2) = 8 W Poo = (2)°(6) = 24 W Psa = (10)*(3) = 300 W “Spas = 1140 W P 4.33 [al 80 180 00 rvO aan yt 200 4, 270v ‘The three mesh current, equations are: 128 + Bi, + 48(i,— ic) = 0 18%, + 20(ic — ig) + 48(ic én) = 0 70+ 20(i. — ic) + 10g = 0 Place these equations in standard form: ig(8 +48) + ie(—48) + i6(0) = 128 ig(—48) + i-(18 + 204 48) +%.(-20) = 0 44(0) + ie(—20) + ig(20 + 10) a) Solving, ig=4A; ic =2A; iQ =-1A Now calculate the remaining branch currents: fh = ie =2A fa = ie =3A [b] Peources = Prssv + Prov = —(128)ia + (70)ie = —(128)(4) + (70)(—1) = —512 — 70 = 582 W ‘Thus, the power developed in the circuit is 582 W. Note that the resistors cannot develop power!4-40 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis P 4.34 [a] 240 The three mesh current equations are: 125 + liy + 6(é1 — te) + 24s — és) \ 2 Wig + 12ig ~ is) + Gigi) = 0 125 + 2is — i) + 12s — ig) + 1ég = 0 Place these equations in standard form: (1+ 6+ 2) + ig(—2) + to(—6) 125 in(—6) + ig(—12) + io(24+12+6) = 0 (2) 4 is(2+1241) +%e(-12) = 125 Solving, i, = 23.76 A; iy = 1843 A; ig = 8.66. A Now calculate the remaining branch currents: ig = ig = 533A ig = t-ig=15.10A is = tg—ig=9.77A [b] Peouroes = Ptop + Phottom = —(125)(23.76) — (125)(18.43) = —2970 — 2304 = —5274 W ‘Thus, the power developed in the circuit is 5274 W. Now calculate the power absorbed by the resistors: Prop = (23.76)"(1) = 564.54 W Pa = (5.33)°(2) = 56.82 W Prvot = (18.43)"(1) = 339.66 W Pe = (15.10)"(6) = 368.06 WP 4.35 Problems 4-41 Pro = (9.77)?(12) = 1145.43 W Pos = (8.66)?(24) = 1799.89 W ‘The power absorbed by the resistors is 564.54 + 56.82 + 339.66 + 1368.06 + 1145.43 + 179.89 = 5274 W so the power balances. ‘The three mesh current equations are: —80 + 5(i1 — iz) +70(t: — is) = 0 Sig + 10(i2 — is) +52) = 0 12ig + 70(is — 1) + 10(is~ iz) = 0 Place these equations in standard form: in(5 + 70) + i2(-5) + is(-70) = 80 iy(—5) + in(5 +1045) +ig(-10) = 0 i;(—70) + ig(—10) + is(12+70+4+10) = 0 Solving, )=6 A; =4A; ig =5A Thus, i, =i3 i =1A4-42 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis P 4.36 [al sn ao i en 20 son 2 a a) 20 en Ty 30 10 The four mesh current equations are: —500 + A(i1 ~ #2) + 3 ~ is) 4+ 6( Hs) = 0 Bip + Gig + Qin — is) +M(i2— in) = 0 4ig + (ig — ia) + 3(é3 — 4) +2(ig a) = 0 Big + lig + O(é4 an) + 24-3) = 0 Place these equations in standard form: (4 +346) + in(—4) + in(-3) + i4(-6) = 500 in(—4) +n(5 464244) +is(-2) +440) = 0 in(—8) + to(—2) + s(2 444243) 4%(-2) = 0 in(—6) + in(0) + fs(-2) +4(2+3+4+14+6) = 0 Solving, i;=70A; i =20A; 3 =30A; ig = 40 A The power absorbed by the 5 resistor is ps = i3(5) = (20)?(5) = 2000 W [b] soo = —(500)i1 = —(500)(70) = -35 k WP 4.37 P 4.38 Problems 4-43 30 80 + 31; — 162 — Tig = 0 —16i; + 2Tig = dig = 0 Ti — din + Blis + 24in = 0 Solving, i) = 3.5 A Pan = (3.5)?(8) = 98 W 650) 450 i 250 660 = 30i: — 10iz — 15ig Wig = 10! + 60iz — 5ig 0 = -15i; — 502 + 90is ig = in is Solving) =42A; 2 =27A; ig =22A; ig = 5A 20ig = 100 V4-44 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis Pani, = —100i2 = —100(27) = -2700 W + Pani, (developed) = 2700 W CHECK: ‘Pesov = —660(42) = —27,720 W (dev) *. Paw = 27,720 +2700 = 30,420 W SOPs = (42)2(5) + (22)2(25) + (20)2(15) + (5)°(50)+ (15°(10) = 30,420 W P 439 125) Mesh equations: 2.65ug + 40i; — 15% — 25is = 0 =15i, + 150i — 100g = -125 =25i, — 100i2 + 210i = 125 Constraint equations: vg = 100(i2 — is) Solving, i) =7A; =12A; ig =2A vg = 100(in — és) = 100(1.2— 2) = -80 V Prose, = 2.65, = —1484 WProblems 4-45 ‘Therefore, the dependent source is developing 1484 W. CHECK: Pussy = 125i2 = 150 W (left source) Prssy = —125is = —250 W (right source) Siew = 1484 + 250 = 1734 W sso = (1.2)?(35) = 50.4 W ssn = (2)?(85) = 340 W piso = (7 — 1.2)?(15) = 504.6 W paso = (7 ~ 2)°(25) = 625 W proon = (1.2 — 2)°(100) = 64 W Sain = 50.4 + 340 + 504.6 + 625 + 64 + 150 = 1734 W P 4.40 [a] 10 = 18%, — 16% 0 = ~16i; + 28i2 + din 4= Big Solving, ij=1A; &%=05A; ig =05 A v9 = 16(é1 — fa) = 16(0.5) =8 V [b] paiy = 4ixin = (4)(0.5)(0.5) = 1 W (abs) Pasa (deliver) =-1W4-46 P4dl P 442 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis 600 = 64i; — 40iz ~ 14ig —400 = —40i + 50ig — is 2= is Solving, i: = 2.9 A; 6.16 A; iy=-12A fa] ving = 2(12 - 6.16) + 14(12 + 2.9) = 220.28 V Piva = —120;2a = —12(220.28) = -2643.36 W ‘Therefore, the 12 A source delivers 2643.36 W. [b] psoov = 400(—6.16) = —2464 W 600i; = —600(2.9) = —1740 W Therefore, the total power delivered is 2643.36 + 2464 +1740 = 6847.36 W fe] Spresistorn = (2-9)?(10) + (6.16)?(8) + (9.06)?(40) + (14.9)?(14) + (5.84)?(2) Spars = 6847.36 W = ) pia (CHECKS) Psooy = fal 4 9800 18002 2004, AN2005 4 sma, “ \Y zaana YY 8mA Ay - id t 4700Q The mesh current equation for the right mesh is: 3300(é — 0.008) + 650i; + 200(é, — 0.008) = 0 Solving, 10,000 =28 i) =2.8mA Then, ig = i, — 0.008 = —5.2 mAProblems 4-47 {[b] v= (0.008)(980) — (—-0.0052)(3300) = 25 V Pama = ~(25)(0.008) = —200 mW ‘Thus, the 8 mA source delivers 200 mW 200i. = 200(—0.0052) = -1.04 V Pap sour = 200.4% = (—1.04)(0.0028) = -2.912 mW ‘The dependent source delivers 2.912 mW. P 443 90) Mesh equations: Ti + Ui — is) + 2(4 — 2) = 0 90 + (ia in) + 3(é2—is) +165 = 0 Constraint equations: is = 0.50a; vg = in — in) Place these equations in standard form: (7 +142) + io(-2) +ig(-1) +va(0) = 0 iy(—2) + in(2 + 3) + g(—3) + va (0) -75 (0) + ig(0) + i3(1) + va(—0.5) = 0 iy(—2) + in(2) + i3(0) + va(—1) 0 Solving, i) =—9 A; i =—33A; iy =-24A; vg =-48 V Solve the outer loop KVL equation to find ts 947i +0 =0; Ug = 90—7(-9) = 153. V Calculate the power for the sources: Poov = —(90)(—33) = 2970 W Psy = (165)(—33 + 24) = -1485 W Paep source = (153)[0.5(—48)] = —3672 W Thus, the total power developed is 1485 + 3672 = 5157 W.4-48, P 444 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis CHECK: pm = (9)?(7) = 567 W Poo = (24)?(2) = 1152 W psa = (9)°(3) = 243 W pio = (15)°(1) = 225 W +. Spans = 567 + 1152 + 243 + 225 + 2970 = 5157 W (checks!) iy “N , 20 20Q avin Or YV Fina Y ‘Mesh equations 50i1 — 20in — 25ig = 0 —20i1 + 120%, — 301, ~ 100i, = 0 Constraint equations: ig= ini Solving, i1=4A; 9 =5A tgq = 4-11 =0A tm =i =1A tioon = 4— ig = -1 A is = =4A v4, = 100(4 — iz) = -100 V Pan = ~Vanig = ~(—100)(4) = 400 W (abs)Problems 5044 = 30ig = 30%, = 120 V Pooig, = ~30:aé2 = —120(5) = -600 W 4-49 ‘Therefore, the dependent source is developing 600 W, all other elements are absorbing power, and the total power developed is thus 600 W. CHECK: Psa = 16(5) = 80 W Pasa = 0 W Poon = 1(20) = 20 W Pro = 1(100) = 100 W Pan = 400 W Pate = 80 + 0 + 20 + 100 + 400 = 600 W (CHECKS) P 4.45 [a] + 3n 4n Mesh equations: 15 = 30i1 — 25i2 — 2ig =10 = ~25i1 + Bin — és Constraint equations: ig = 120g; vg = 25(i, — 2) Solving, i1=10A; 2 =9A; ig =30A; 0 = 25: V =-20A ing =i — ig = 9-3 pan = (—20)*(2) = 800 W4-50 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis [b] pisy = —15(10) = —150 W(dev) P 4.46 [a] Prov = 1iz = 10(9) = 90 W (abs) Ue = (is — is)2 + (ig — ig)l = —40 - 21 = -61 V Pi.dva = t3¥. = (30)(—61) = —1830 W (dev) YPiey = 1830 + 150 = 1980 W % delivered to 20 = © x 100 = 40.4% 1980 20 5a +e hag a aww + s0ve —™ t —™ 200 & Vy 94g a “Y Mesh equations: 50 + 61 — dip + 914 = 0 Dig — dis + 29in — is = 0 Constraint equations: gsi} = 17g; ta = i Solving, i1=-5 A; =16A; is=17A; vg=-10V Gig = 9(16) = 144 V =h- =A ip =i ty = Uy = 20in = Psov = —50i; = 250 W (absorbing) Poig = —ta(9ig) = —(21)(144) = -3024 W (delivering) 1.Tvgvy = ist» = (17)(—20) = Pu = 340 W (delivering) [b] 3° Paev = 3024 + 340 = 3364 W SoPais = 250 + (—5)?(2) + (21)?(4) + (16)?(5) + (—1)?(20) = 3364 WP4A7 P 4.48 Problems 4-51 20 80 18 + 3i; + Dig — 15 + Gig + 2iy a-h= Solving, i: =—0.6 A; ip=24 A Pray = ~18i; = 10.8 W (diss) Psa = (—0.6)?(3) = 1.08 W (—0.6)?(2) = 0.72 W Pan Pon = (2.4)°(9) = 51.84 W Pon = (2.4)*(6) = 34.56 W aie = 99 W U_ = lig — 15 = 36-15 =21 V Psa = ~3u, = —63 W (dev) Pisy = ~15i2 = —36 W (dev) Lace = 99 W = Y Pais 30 30 100) Y va Y @isv A, A, 20 80 100 + Si; + 15% — 15 =0 Bi, + 15ig = 1154-52 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis ee eee -a= . ir = 70 =35A; ip =65A 9 = Mig — 15 = 97.5 — 15 = 82.5 V Proov = —100i; = —350 W(dev) Pax = ~30, = —247.5 W(dev) Disy = —15in = 97.5 W(dev) Sev = Lpais = 695 W Check: Spa = (3.5)(5) + (6.5)2(15) = 695 W P 4.49 [a] Summing around the supermesh used in the solution to Problem 3.27 gives —(-10) + Si; + 15ig — 15 = 0 =int3 . 4 =—-2 A; ig=1A Prov = 10(—2) = —20 W (del) v= 15ig 15 =0V Pan = 30 = 0 W Pisy = —15ig = -15 W (del) Spaias = (—2)?(5) + (1)?(15) = 35 W Vpaev = 35 W = YoPaise [b] With 3 A current source replaced with a short circuit f=-2A, &=1A SC Paim = (—2)?(8) + (1°15) = 35 W [c] AA source with zero terminal voltage is equivalent to a short circuit carrying 3 A.P 4.50 [a] Problems 4-53 100 200 200 = 85i1 — 25in — 50is 0 =—75i, + 385i +150i3 —_(supermesh) ig — fy = 4.3(4 — in) Solving, )=46A; i =5.7A; ig = 0.97 A BTA; p= =46A 097A; ia -1lA t= 1a ia fe = ty — ig = 3.63 A [b] 10%) + v, + 25(i2 — 1) =0 U_ = —87 - 27.5 = 84.5 V Pasig = —Vo(4.3ig) = ~(—84.5)(4.3)(—1.1) = -399.685 W(dev) Paoov = ~200(4.6) = —920 W(dev) LP = 1319.685 W SoPais = (5-7)?10 + (1.1)?(25) + (0.97)?100 + (4.6)?(10)+ (3.63)?(50) = 1319.685 W *. Pay = Pais = 1319.685 W4-54 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis P 451 [a ign fe 109 360 + | ie + /as amy Sega Y wD Ty, Gus “Nig - Pe” ig { AO(is — ix) + 10(é3 — 2) + 35(i4 — i) + 150 = 0 BBCi — 4) + 10(i2 — ts) + 15ig = 0 Big=is—ig3 tg = ti tg ig=igg = 30A Solving, é, =30 A; i: =8 A; ig =30-24=6A; = 8-24 is ig =8-6=2A; tg=6 A; te=igtig=6+2=8A [b] », = 40i, = 240V; uv, = 150 — 354, = 80 V Psa = ~30v, = —30(240) = —7200 W (gen) Pisig = Wigie = 15(6)(8) = 720 W (diss) Bier Px, §(6)(80) = 1440 W (diss) Prsov = 150ig = 150(6) = 900 W (diss) aon = (6)°(40) = 1440 W (diss) Pion = (—16)?(10) = 2560 W (diss) Pasa = (2)2(35) = 140 W (diss) DY Pron = 7200 W Y Pain = 720 + 1440 + 900 + 1440 + 2560 + 140 = 7200 WProblems 4-55 P 4.52 [a] Both the mesh-current method and the node-voltage method require three equations. The mesh-current method is a bit more intuitive due to the presence of the voltage sources. We choose the mesh-current method, although technically it is a toss-up. (b] 110) 110) 110 = 183i; — 0.22 — 18% 110 = -0.2i; + 110.8ig — 110.5! 0 = 18! ~ 110.52 + 183.125ig Solving, i) =10A; 9 2 =5A; ig =4 A vy = 18(%—%s) = 108 V v2 = 110.5(é~is) = 110.5 V vy = 54.625i3 = 218.5 V [el pm = (é ~is)?(18) = 648 W Pre = (i2—%y)?(110.5) = 110.5 W Pra = 13(54.625) = 874 W [4] S2pacv = 110(é1 + iz) = 1650 W SProaa = 1632.5 W 1632.5 “Taq * 100 = 98.94% % delivered =4.56 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis O10 aioe vgien ae "| Ty gsa.e2s0 wel og nov “2 v0.80 0.10 220 = 128.Ti; — 128.5i2 o= 128.5i; + 183.125%2 Solving, i) =5.71A; ig =4.01 A iim = LTA my = (1.7)(18)=306V vm = (1.7)(110.5) = 187.85 V Note 1; is low and vy is high. Therefore, loads designed for 110 V would not function properly, and could be damaged. P 4.53 110 = (R+0.3)i, ~ 0.2i, ~ Ric 110 = -0.2i, + (R+0.3)i, — Rig *. (R+0.3)ig — 0.2%, — Rig = —O.2in + (R+0.3)iy — Ric (R+0.3)ig — 0.26, = 0.24, + (R+0.3)ip (R+0.5)ig (R+0.5)i, Thus, i,=%, 0 ip =ip—i,=0Problems 4-57 P 4.54 [a] There are three unknown node voltages and only two unknown mesh currents. Use the mesh current method to minimize the number of simultaneous equations. [b] ‘The mesh current equations: 2500(i1 ~ 0.01) + 20004 + 1000(é — ig) = 0 5000(i2 — 0.01) + 1000(i2 — 1) + 1000i2 = 0 Place the equations in standard form: i;(2500 + 2000 + 1000) + i2(—1000) = 25 i (—1000) + in(5000 + 1000 + 1000) Solving, i; =6mA; 2 =8 mA Find the power in the 1 kQ resistor: in =i) —ig=-2mA ix = (—0.002)?(1000) = 4 mW [e] No, the voltage across the 10 A current source is readily available from the mesh currents, and solving two simultaneous mesh-current equations is Jess work than solving three node voltage equations. {[d] v, = 200%; + 1000i2 = 12 +8 = 20 V toma = —(20)(0.01) = -200 m W ‘Thus the 10 mA source develops 200 mW. P 4.55 [a] There are three unknown node voltages and three unknown mesh currents, so the number of simultaneous equations required is the same for both methods. The node voltage method has the advantage of having to solve the three simultaneous equations for one unknown voltage provided the connection at either the top or bottom of the circuit is used as the reference node, Therefore recommend the node voltage method. [b] roma (1) 3 1a4-58 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis ‘The node voltage equations are: an th vs 5000 * "2500 * 1000 =? Me, ete 0.01 + F090 * “2500 2000 = ae 0 1000 * 2000 * 1000 Put the equations in standard form: wee en) Cats) *=Cs) ~° v1 (—g) + (aan + cos + ao) + ( = 0.01 os (~ZG) +™( aa) + (sae + Ta =0 Solving, 1 = 6.67 V;_ v2 = 13.33V;_ v3 = 5.33 V Piom = —(13.33)(0.01) = 133.33 m W ‘Therefore, the 10 mA source is developing 133.33 mW P 4.56 [a] The node voltage method requires summing the currents at two supernodes in terms of four node voltages and using two constraint equations to reduce the system of equations to two unknowns. If the connection at the bottom of the circuit is used as the reference node, then the voltages controlling the dependent sources are node voltages. ‘This makes it easy to formulate the constraint equations. The current in the 10 V source is obtained by summing the currents at either terminal of ‘the souree. ‘The mesh current method requires summing the voltages around the two meshes not containing current sources in terms of four mesh currents. In addition the voltages controlling the dependent sources must be expressed in terms of the mesh currents. Thus the constraint equations are more complicated, and the reduction to two equations and two unknowns involves more algebraic manipulation. The current in the 10 V source is found by subtracting two mesh currents. Because the constraint equations are easier to formulate in the node voltage method, it is the preferred approach.Problems — 4-59 fb] 20 Node voltage equations: ye, sgt et wae M4, Ue -10+ 34444 =0 + P+ ot5 Constraints: nats 4-05 = iss = 10 Solving, 1 =50V; %=40V; vs =-20V; Ue io= aE - pTIBA Prov = —10i, = 180 W Thus, the 10 V source absorbs 180 W. P 4.57 Choose the reference node so that a node voltage is identical to the voltage across the 15 A source; thus: 15a 1 7.2 15a a20v@ 200 aaa 2 gots Since the 15 A source is developing 3750 W, v; must be 250 V. Since v; is known, we can sum the currents away from node 1 to find vg; thus: 250 ap 1s=04-60 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis 50. V Now that we know v2 we sum the currents away from node 2 to find v3; thus: 02 +420 ~ 250 | va ~ 250 72 20 by — Us 40 0 oe ty = 50/3 V ‘Now that we know vs we sum the currents away from node 3 to find ige; thus: vs, Us +50 _ B+ Scie ide = 2A P 4.58 [a] If ig = 0 then v; = vg; therefore, vy — | v1 — 230 5 + 20 ° Solving, 1) = 170 V = 05; 170-155 | 170 te wt 3 Solving, tac = 195 V 230 - 170 by fy = 205170 1H) i= TI 5a 115 = 155 hepa k 95 — 170 or 1A ig=Problems 4-61 _ 185-170 1A fie Pasay = —230ia = —690 W (dev) Pusv = ~115i» = 460 W (abs) Pose = ~Vacie = —195 W (dev) Poon = 12(20) = 180 W Pan = 13(5) = 45 W Pron = #(10) = 160 W Pisa = 3g(15) = 15 W Pose = 12(25) = 25 W Pain = 460 + 180 + 45 + 160 + 15 + 25 = 885 W Spacey = 690 + 195 = 885 W (CHECKS) P 4.59 [a] Apply source transformations to both current: sources to get 13.8 13.84+4.2 00+ 2300+ 1000 ~ >" {b] Ys x 27k GmaY 2.3k 0 1*kO 4.2m ‘The node voltage equations: a, Mot 6 x 10 + 355 + a0 0 42x10 = 04-62 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis Place these equations in standard form: 1 1 1) _ os (Zo + on) + (ayes) = 8x29 1 1 9 (ayo) +» (roan saxo Solving, v1 = -6.9 Vs P 4.60 [a] 20k 3k 5k ro0v #29 Drzgn Gem | samt 1k ty aK0 Ko sma a Drawn F600 | Foun 20k 5k BovG L2mA 60k0 ‘Lok ona) 10K 20K rzov [pe TN 3 gpb] 200 moo= 4% = = vm = 60—(0.007)(4000) = 32 V 32 ig = 0007 BGG Prov = —(100)(6.6 x 10-* Check: Pima = —(60)(12 x 10-*) = —720 mW YPiey = 660 +720 = 1380 mW SOP re = (20,000)(6.6 x 10-8)? + (80,000)(0.4 x 10-8)? + (4000)(7 x 10-9)? 4+-(60,000)(1 x 10-8)? + (15,000)(4 x 10-*)? = 1380 mW P 4.61 [a] First remove the 8 and 802 resistors: Next use a source transformation to convert the 5 A current source and 20.0 resistor: ) « 200 340v sf + 100v ase ¥, 1004-64 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis which simplifies to 30 2aovG vy 2450 o Ve = 9-240) = —135 Vs = ~135 V and i, = —3 A: {b] Return to the original circuit with vp [S adov jo ago | +a | Di sQ + sa@y “F200 Vo 2450 1g9 ; —(340)(7.25) = —2465 W ‘Therefore, the 340 V source is developing 2465 W. vy = 340 + 60i, = 340 — 180 = 160 V vy =v +5(8) = 160 + 40 = 200 V —(5)(200) = —1000 W Psa ‘Therefore the 5 A source is developing 1000 W. [a] Spacv = 2465 + 1000 = 3465 W Dain = (5)°(8) + (8)°(20) + (4.25)?(80) + (3)?(60) = 3465 W o) Dpaies = DPaev P 4.62 [a] Applying a source transformation to each current source yields 50. 40 1917 >i, 400 20vG pal 10%Problems — 4-65 Now combine the 20 V and 10 V sources into a single voltage source and the 5 Q. 4 Q and 1 @ resistors into a single resistor to get 100 4on tov 20 rove Now use a source transformation on each voltage souree, thus 1A 102 @oasaz40on #20 which can be reduced to 125A ea £20 _ (1.2508) yy "0 Bl 1A ae AB. 400 a 50: 20 Sa0v Si, — 40%, = 20 — 10 - 10 =0 40, + 42, = 10 Solving, iy = * =1A=i 60 P 4.63 om = 2(40) = 4.63 vm = F540) = 48 V Rm =8 + 4209 _ 6a4-66 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis: —M—0a 160 sev) |_____» P 4.64 ea B + % 1209 20 + i “F650 v e =0 1 =36V —w—+a om = 01 + (2)(8) = 52 V 60 s2ve Ron = 2+ =o 20) =62 L__ep P 4.65 After making a source transformation the circuit becomes 4sov “ 1500 oa 400 100 + 300v ~ 8n ¥ ay : o> 300 = 48%; — 40i2Problems 4-67 450 = —40i; + 200i. iy = 5.25 A and ip = 12A vpn = 81, + 10iz = 30 V Rey = (408 + 10)][150 = 150 P 4.66 First we make the observation that the &:mA current source and the 20 k® resistor will have no influence on the behavior of the circuit with respect to the terminals a,b. This follows because they are in parallel with an ideal voltage source. Hence our circuit can be simplified to sov or rant Doma 15k 30k @b ‘Therefore the Norton equivalent: is a ena 10k ob P 4.67 [a] First, find the Thévenin equivalent with respect to a,b using a succession of source transformations.4-68 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis #0 ama) 8k 10K2 op roan@) 12kQ: 10K eve {__________ep 2 tm =48V Rr = 6 kDProblems 4-69 P 4.68 [a] Open circuit: 260 vy TBA Ny w=-9 we 3% *79~'8=0 35 V 60, om = 5g? = Short cireuit: vy 100 E 28, B iso * m=15 V eae 20 ig =18-03=15 A —0.3 A is 30 Ron = 024-70 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis fb) 200 250 602 <-Ry 100 Ry = (20 + 10|)60 = 209 (CHECKS) P 4.69 a vm 6.250 0.659 1.7 = ory — 18Rem Solving the above equations for Vin and Rr, yields vr = 12.6, Rm = 50m * Iv=252A, Ry = 50 mO P 4.70 First, find the Thévenin equivalent with respect to Ro.Problems 4-71 60 3a®@ ™ aon D4 Foon R 60 ag 2a R owe 300 + ave wm SR, {| __) Ro ig | Vo | Ro ig | Yo o| 16] of 20) 096 | 192 2 15 30 08 24 6] 133| 8] 50] o6| 30 10 1.2 | 12 || 60 | 0.533 32 15 | 1.067 | 16 | 70| 0.48 | 33.6 P471 9800 oo i, + 54 sé % 100 sea0°%s wo Ye F aon OPEN CIRCUIT Uy = —40ig 40 x 10 = —16 x 10°%, 5 x 10™>u, = —80ip 980i, + 5 x 10-vg = 980i, — 80i, = 900i,4-72 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis So 900i, is the voltage across the 1002 resistor. 900%5, 100 From KCL at the top left node, 540 A = + iy = 10%, _ 540 x 107% = = 54. a 10 Sawa ‘urn = —16 x 10°(54 x 10 SHORT CIRCUIT ing = —40i5 ig — AX 10 54 ° = 1080 08 x 10-6 = 50 pA fgg = —40(50) = —2000 pA = -2 mA 86.4 x 10° = 43.2 k2 86.4 P 4.72 aov' ‘The node voltage equations are:Problems 4-73 v= 40 2000 =0 wom, wos a 5000 50,000 * 10,000 * “20,000 wy, Us a 10,000 * 40,000 In standard form: 1 Solving, % =24V;_ m=-10V; 5 = 280V Van = 9 = 280 V 305g _t Ba) Ea) ro wD fama) fom) FS 4 is ise iy ‘The mesh current: equations are: 40 + 20004; + 20,000(é — iz) = 0 50002 + 50,000(i2 — isc) + 20,000(i2—i1) = 0 50,000 (ise ~ iz) + 10,000(ise ~ 30%) = 0 ‘The constraint equation is: ig=h-b Put these equations in standard form:4-74 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis 41(22,000) + i2(—20,000) + ixe(0) + #4 (0) = 40 (20,000) + in (75,000) + fze(—50,000) +ig(0) = 0 (0) + éa(—50,000) + ,<(60,000) + i4(—300,000) = 0 in(—1) + t2(1) + tae(0) + éa(1) = 0 Solving, f= 136 mA; ia 12.96 mA; iM mA; ig = 640A Fara = 202 20k . P 4.73 [a] Use source transformations to simplify the left side of the circuit. 2.5ka 9.2% asKa S 4b we + psi, 7 vsveR, = - b= 5 1mA Let Ro = Rimeter||10 kQ = 7.5/0.8 = 9.375 kQ (Pat) (10) _ _ (@375)(00) _ we +107 9.375; Rmeter = 0625. 150 kQ. {b] Actual value of ve: 10 = Fee (OO ~ 0924 mA He = 0.8i9(10) = 7.62 V ) x 100 = -1.57% P 4,74 [a] Find the Thévenin equivalent with respect to the terminals of the ammeter. This is most easily done by first finding the Thévenin with respect to the terminals of the 50. resistor. Thévenin voltage: note ig is zero.Problems 4-75 asa /\ aove 1440 802 Ym 400 > orn, Orn, Um —40 30 40 t 240% 16 Solving, urn = 24 V. Short-circuit current: 104, 1449 fing = 2.54 Ging, oe ing = 0.5 A 4 2ave ae - * 29 y & 0A oa “ * ¥ 24 Roa = 79 = 2424-76 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis Rover = 2.4 -2= 0.402 [b] Actual current: 2a * 200 Lace y 24 factual = = 12 A at = = 1 =12 % = = -16.67% % error = —y 16.67% PATS Roy ° + a Ya asy F150 iy = 45/15,000 = 3 mA 45 = vm —0.003Rr, vm = 45+ 0.0032 ig = 25/5000 = 5 mA 25 =vm—0.005Rm, — vm = 25+ 0.005Rr, 45+0.003Rm =25+0.005Rr, 80 Ry = 10k vm = 45 +30 = 75 VProblems 4-77 15 P 476 900Q 1204Q 120ve S et ty + + v, #6002 v, 28009 600 = = (120) = 48 V 1 = 759 120) = 48 py = Uy — v2 = 48 — 47,9042 = 95.8 mV __ (900)(600) , (1204)(800) _ 2,105,800 _ Ran = S509 + goon = agg = 840.642 840.642 on 95 anv 302 b 5. 3 fg = 228 x10 110.08pA 0.87064 x 1034-78 | CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis P 4.77 Vin = 0, since circuit contains no independent sources. 60 100 wy ts. eS 104, * mF v, $2.50 vy @1a b Wi 10 vp 2 In standard form: 1 1 1 1 n(ptagtia) te(-p) tia -0 n(-%) +or(S+ » (-5) +e Gy vi(L) + vr(-1) + fa(12) = 0 Solving, vy =2V; vp =8 V; ig =0.5 A ~ Rm= =82Problems 4-79 P 4.78 Vix =0 since there are no independent sources in the circuit. ‘To find Rr, we first find Ryy da ou - on 50) + + 50 250. s00F v ¥, 1 je.si, a = ay - ° bt » Lor, ra = 95770 enioee = 080 160 + 65iq = Ser 5 10 oes = 26 ig = GE, 65g = 2.6ur 16y; + 2.6uy = Sup my = 0.15er _ er, Ur 0.15uP ~ 35 10 50 ip a 2 = 50/6.25 =80 = Raw uy Rry = 12+8 = 2004-80 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis P 4.79 We begin by finding the Thévenin equivalent with respect to Rp. After making a couple of source transformations the circuit simplifies to 80+ 60iz _ Tag} TA Vin = 40iz — 601, = —20i, = —20 V Using the test-source method to find the Thévenin resistance gives y jx a] 600 rn 30 aoa * @1a 60ix 200 oN ° Use the node voltage method: ‘Thus our problem is reduced to analyzing the circuit shown below.Problems 4-81 son zovG 4 (wm) ® ~ 400R, FE + 100R, +2500 1.52 — 250R, + 3750 = 0 *. Ro = 16.679; Ry = 1500 P 4.80 [a] Find the Thévenin equivalent with respect to the terminals of R,. Open cirenit, voltage: an 2 ‘The mesh current equations are: 480 + 6(i1 — fa) +40(é — fs) +4, = 0 Ain + Biz — is) + Oli — in) =0 Wig + Lis + 40(is — 1) + 8(is — be) = 0 ‘The dependent source constraint equation is: ip=t1—in Place these equations in standard form: (6 + 40 + 4) + i2(—6) + is(—40) + ig(0) = —480 in(—6) + i2(4 +8 +6) + i(—8) + ig(0) =o in(—40) + in(—-8) + i(8 + 2+ 40) + i(-20) = ix(-1) + t2(1) + (0) + ip) 54-82 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis Solving, i, =-99.6 A; ig=-78A; ig =-1008 A; ig =-216A Van = 40(é — ig) = 48 V Short-cireuit current 4n , 9» as 6n tel _ agovG) 400 1 an ‘The mesh current, cquations are: 480 + G(in — in) + 4a =0 4in + 8(2 — i) + Oli) = 0 Wig +2ig + 8(is— 2) = 0 ‘The dependent source constraint equation is: ig=i-te Place these equations in standard form: in(6 +4) +42(—6) + 15(0) + ig(0) a) iy(-6) + i2(4 +8 +6) +%5(—8) +i9(0) = 0 (0) + in(—8) + ig(8 +2) + ig(-20) = 0 in(-1) + fa(4) + 9(0) + ig(1) =0 Solving, i) =—92A; ig=—73.33A; ig =-96 A; ig = 18.67 A Vay _ 48 qa ia fee =t—ig=4A; R= seve 2av 2120 Ry = Ry = 120 2 (D] Prax = Ty = 48 WProblems 4-83 P 481 [a] 7 6kQ 1.25k0 10kQ vm = 18, orm — 50 6000” 10,000 Solving, vm = 30 V ° aka 1.25k0 2k 10k — Fm ° Ren = 1250 + 10,000]](2000 + 4000) = 5 kQ Ro = Brn = 5 kX [b] oan 5kQ aovG 5KA ° Prax = (3 x 10~%)?(5000) = 45 m W4-84 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis P 4.82 Write KCL equations at each of the labeled nodes, place them in standard form, and solve: vs 4kQ % 1.25kQ 10kQ ty oma) 2kQ 7 5K Qsav mn ae Atu: -9x108+ 5% 4 4B 9 2000 * 4000 mom, 50, eg Ate “G000 * 10,000 * 6250 Standard form: e (-aa) ee "\~qo00/ **® \ 4000 * 70,000 * 6250, Caleulator solution: v1 = 18.25 V ty = 18.75 V Calculate currents: Calculate power delivered by the sources: Poma = (9 x 10°%)v, = (9 x 10-) (18.25) = 164.25 mW soy = i2(50) = (3.125 x 10~*)(50) = 156.25 mWProblems 4-85 Péclivered = 164.25 + 156.25 = 320.5 mW From Problem 4.81, Poe = 45 mW % delivered to Ry: = 14.04% ea 3 P 4.83 [a] From the solution of Problem 4.72 we have Rry = 20 k® and Vin = 280 V. Therefore Ro = Rey = 20 kD (140)? _ tb] P= 25,000 = 980 mW Ie] anv U8 uy an 2000 * da 000 00 MY ve | = 5000 * 50,000 * 10,000 ig +30 = 0 a ML 10,000 ,000 ~ *a + 25,000 o ‘The dependent source constraint equation is: er "a= 30,000 Place these equations in standard form: 1 1 1 1 40 (0) + (0) (sa 20,000 ain) +™(- 5000) + sl ) + 40) = 5696 1 1 1 1 » (-gq5) + (aias+ aim aim) a(- sntoo) #800) =04-86 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis on (sata) + v4(0) +05(0) + ia(1) =0 30,000 Solving, v1 =184V; m=—31V; v=140V; in =920nA Cale he power: 4 ig = Spqg = 108 mA Psy = —(40)(10.8 x 10-%) = ~432 mW Péep source = (U2 ~ vs)(30ia) = —4719.6 mW VPaev = 432 + 4719.6 = 5151.6 mW % delivered = 100 = 19.02% P 4.84 [a] From the solution to Problem 4.70 we have [b) 2 20 15 10 0 Ro(®) | Po(W) | Ro(®) | Po(W) 0 0 20 | 18.432 2] 45 30} 19.2 6| 10.67 50. 18 10] 14.4 60 | 17.067 15 | 17.067 70 | 16.128 pot) 5 Ro) 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 [ce] Ro= 309, — P, (max) = 19.2 WProblems 4-87 P 4.85 Find the Thévenin equivalent with respect to the terminals of Ry. Open circuit voltage: 0 be 50 ~N 20 30 +i 46.00) 19 ~ Y baw © GY (46.8 — 42.4) = in — igi 0 = ~2ig + 10iy — Sie tc Solving, i = 74.8 A ory = Sig = 374 V Short circuit current: 2.5va; va = 2(ia — is) -5¥y ag 50 id 20 3n +> : 19 46.8) a ae daze de 46.8 — 42.4 = Big — ise — ic -5Vq4-88 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis 0 = ~2ig + Bing — Bie fe =2.5ua; Va = Ata ~ tee) Solving, ic=6.8A; ig=8A; i=6 A; va=24V Roy = Ura/izc = 374/6.8 = 55 Ro = 552 With R, equal to 552 the circuit becomes 550 + uy 46.80) ue oN, 25% a G2. av 46.8 — 42.4 = Big — Lip — 2.5(2)(éa — tv) ig=2.5va; va = 2(ia — tn) 187 + Bi, — 3(2.5)(2)(ia — ts) + is — Bia = 0 Solving, i, =59 A; i= 40.8 A vq = 2(69 — 40.80) = 36.4 V ig=91AProblems 4-89 ‘Thus we have 550 ag 2 pp + 187v - 27.40 52 202 30 —> 18.20 350.20 46 .8v~ 32a 19 * as sa TOeaw v_ = 42.4 — 32 — 150.6 = -140.20 V Y Pew = 46.8(59) + 42.4(32) + 140.20(91) = 16,876.20 W CHECK: Pia = (18.2)%(2) + (60.2)°(8) + (32)°() +187(3.4) + 187(37.4) = 16,876.20 W — (95)(8.4)7(100) _ % delivered = TE erga = 377% P 4.86 [a] We begin by finding the Thévenin equivalent with respect to the terminals of Ro. Open circuit voltage 200) ~ Doo —200 = 254 — lia — 20ig4-90 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis = iy + Bin — Dig + Mig 100 = —20i; — 2ig + 25%3 ig =~ iy Solving, )=-25A; 2 =375A; vin = 20(é, — és) = 20(-7.5) = -150 V Now find the short-circuit current. Note with the short circuit from a to b that ig is zero, hence 14i4 is also zer0. 200 = Bi — Lin + Oia 0 = —1iy + Bin — 2ig 100 = Oi — iz + Sig Solving, i: =0A; p= 20A Rm = (—150)/(—60) = 2.52 30a, 250 180v@ Iv 2250 + . For maximum power transfer Ry = Rry = 2.Problems 4-91 P 4.87 From the solution of Problem 4.86 we know that when R, is 2.59, the voltage actoss R, is 75 V, positive at the lower terminal. Therefore our problem reduces to the analysis of the following circuit. In constructing the cirenit we have used the fact that ia is 3.75 A, and hence 14i, is 52.5 V. $2.5V —33.75 + a “ vy $52.5 = v2 Solving, 11 = —115 V; ig = 2 aos A in T8410 a5 4 n= BSB e350 figg = ~6.25 — 12.5 18.75 A Proov = —200i,, = —4250 W(dev) Prooy = —100ig, = —1250 W(dev) Pas = 52.5igg = 984.375 W(dev) <. Sopaer = 4250 + 1250 + 984.375 = 6484.375 W 2250 6484.375 . 34.7% of developed power is delivered to load - % delivered (100) = 34.7%4-92 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis P 4.88 [a] Open circuit voltage Node voltage equation: my -100 | m—1ig | um z+ Constraint equations 100-t may , 4 Solving, v» = 90 V=vm; %1 =90 V; Short circuit enrrent: 20 4a Sh + My ia= a = 0; aoove 100 =v ig a Solving, 4) =80V=va; ia =10 A ng = HE 4-0q = 20480 = 100A vm 90 _ Fp 7092 Ry = Ry = 0.90 Rm{b] Problems 4-93 ° 090 + sove asy 30.90 ey — (457 = Fae = 2250 W — 20 a0 2 50a +t ; 59 va 1o0ve Tt i 4sv 134 osn + 1-100, 1 —13ig | 1-45 7 + 3 ta 79 ig = 00 a3 Solving, 0. =85V; ig =7.5A; vg = — w= 85-45 =40V thoy = ta =7.5 A Prov (dev) = 100(7.5) = 750 W ig = va/4 = 40/4 = 10 A =25A ay = iy — ig 10-75 Pisig (dev) = (97.5)(2.5) = 243.75 W Pog (dev) = (45)(40) = 1800 W SpPaiey = 750 + 243.75 + 1800 = 2793.75 W 2250 roa.7s * 100 = 80.54% % delivered =4-94 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis P 4.89 [a] First find the Thévenin equivalent with respect to Re. Open circuit voltage: ig = 0; 50ig = 0 oo 100 v1 = 210 V; Van = 280 — vg = 280 — 14 = 266 V Short circuit current vw 280, Foo t a0 + a0 + zoo + 95125(280) = 0 va = 280 V Ug + 50ig = v1 280 564+.0.050 "5 * 30Problems 4-95 v= —968 V; 0 = —588 V fig = fe = 56+ 0.05(—968) = 7.6 A Ron = Viu/ine = 266/7.6 = 359 . Ro = 352 . 360 26 as3v F 350. . = (133)?/35 = 505.4 W v1, t= 280 | m— 133 | 7 2) 00 + 70 + 30 + 700 + 0.5125(280 — 133) = 0 + B0ig= 01; iy = 188/35 =3.8 A ‘Therefore, vy = —189 V and v2 = _ ean ia oats acorn 379 V; thus, tg Pasov (dev) = (280)(76.3) = 21,364 W P 4.90 [a] Since 0 < R, < oo maximum power will be delivered to the 6 Q resistor when Ry = 0. 2 wy p= = 50 w4-96 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis P 491 [a] 75 V source acting alone: ee 0) at + TVG v' F200 129 ¥ Re = 20||20 = 109 1 5+i07°4 v! = (6)(10) = 50 V 6 A source acting alone 6m © 3 80 + v" F200 120 5|)20 = 49 448=120 12/112 = 62 Hence our circuit reduces to: eA It follows that of = 6(6) = 36 V andProblems 4-97 iti, 70 = 20%, + 04, ,_70-% 2 ~ 20"°* io 2, u wy, U ae ,_13, 70 gg 2H) + 7G -35 or = Be ee 2" 2 13, 70 3220 _ 1610 70-4( Fe - ) ova agp V = 34255 V 50-V source acting alone:4.98 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis A 40 oie = 350 e vgf2a ove paw -|- 490 ¥ i Thus, vf = -4(Bor + ) n 1610 _ 200 Hence, v=0' tu" =~ FpP 4.93 45 V source acting alone: Problems 4-99 5Q 202 Sos asve 402 1s 302 fog = 45/40 = 1.125 A 10 V source acting alone: 5a 102 toe 409 Oiov 150 309 ji 10 30 * 40+ 40/3 160 8 A current source acting alone: 5Q 10 sa 5Q Soa 3.15Q 402 1s 202 5 15a [33 8A aA 2-0 fiat + toa + tos 1.125 —0.125+6=7A4-100 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis P 4.94 Voltage source acting alone: 'e S 5kQ ig + ave 20k v.. Yor 20 1 = 33.6 V Current source acting alone: Sho S 5kQ de + 20KQ 02 = Up = Voi + oo = 33.6 — 5.6 = 28 VProblems 4-101 P 4.95 Voltage source acting alone: 180 180 = 90 * w+ 10025 ~* fot va = (3)(20) (3) =48V Current: sonrce acting alone: 402 LE 7.54 200 1 1S 2 B 20 * ig 00 Vga 802 250 v % %— wt +a % MB 1% 4 25° 20 7 40 Solving, va = —184 V = v02; Us 80 V Vo = Upt + Yon = 48 — 184 = —136 V iot + ig = 5-3 =2DA4-102 | CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis P 4.96 4.5 A source: 1.82 4.5) 2a 140 2100 2150 14 Q|LON|}15Q = 4.20 120 @ 4.20 wy 4.2(20) _ Ha Aer a 50 V source: 1.82 102 1.82 120 1a 3150 sev) — > F120 4.29 sm — 4.2(-5) _ f= = 1167 A 1.5 44.67 —1167=2A easeProblems 4-103 P 4.97 [a] By hypothesis # + if = 1.5 mA. 10m —9——_ 2k . 10K 18kQ ° at m — 492) = 10! <1 ma; 54+1=25 mA i= 10) = 1 mA; 154+1=2.5 m {b] With all three sources in the circuit write a single node voltage equation. % , %—20 -5-10= +S" 5-100 y= 45V % 5s fo = 7g = 2.5 mA P 4.98 [a] Ray a ° A Ym eov 200 - 75-60 Rom4-104 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis P 4.99 [al ef) (era + vera Ov, wQ ~ | (Lexa vm, vm ter *R*IE-2)~° oe — ° ar RT OL r(L — 2) _ MRL + 2R(v2 — 01) ORL OrLx — Brat [b] Let D = RL + 2rLa — 2ra? (RL+ 2rLex — 2rx?)R(vy — v4) — [vy RL+ eR — 4))2r(L — 22) De =0 when numerator is zero. a7 ‘The numerator simplifies to 2b 0; RL (v2 — 11) ay Lg 4 AT = 0 @—9) (v2 — ma) Solving for the roots of the quadratic yields ty Youve ae - or} {-» yom eo -»r %=1200V, 41 = 1000 V, L=16km 5x 10° O/m; R=3.92 _ 16,000 v2—% 1200-1000 — 80; vv =1.2 x 10° Ry 3.9(—200)* _ 5 arb — "= Tox To-ya6 x 1H) ~ 0-975 * 10 = 80{—1000 + VT2 x 10 — 0.0975 x 10°} = 80{—1000 + 1050} = 80(50) = 4000 mProblems 4-105 (qd) wRL + R(vy — )0 RL + WL — Or: (1000)(3.9)(16 x 10%) + 3.9(200)(4000) (96,000) + 10 x 10-F(76,000)(4000) — 10 x 10-8(76 x 10°) = 975V nin P 4.100 fa] In studying the circuit, in Fig. P4.100 we note it contains six meshes and six essential nodes. Further study shows that by replacing the parallel resistors with their equivalent valnes the circuit reduces to four meshes and four essential nodes as shown in the following diagram. ‘The node Voltage approach will require solving three node Voltage equations along with equations involving vq and ig. ‘The mesh-current approach will require writing one supermesh equation plus three constraint equations involving the three current sources. Thus. at the outset we know the supermesh equation can be reduced to a single unknown current. Since we are interested in the power developed by the 16 V source, we will retain the mesh eurrent # and eliminate the mesh currents ig, fe And ig. The supermesh is denoted by the dashed line in the following figure. po--=---- = av | | hea, [230 +) 20 it 4 [b] Summing the voltages around the supermesh yields Buy + jet fis 16 + Di, + Aig — ig) + Vie = 0 Note that vy = 2i,/3; make that substitution and multiply the equation by 12: -96 (3) + Gig + Bip, — 192 + Diy, + 24 (ie — ig) + 125 = 0 ot Dig — B2iy, + 3%, 24ig = 1924-106 P 4.101 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis Now note: tq = Qin; and iz = te — tg so. tg = Aiea) 1 Big = Die Now use the following constraints: jaime and ‘Therefore i, = dig — diy Finally, ig-ig =2 In standard form: Gig — Bi, + 36%, — diy = 192 Oi, + Oi, + 21, — 3ig = 0 lig + diy, — dig + Oia = 0 li, + Oi, — li, + Oig = 2 Solving, i, =33.6 V; i, = 23.2 V; i= 31.6 V; i, = 21.067 V Prov = —16ip = —16(23.2) = -371.2 W ‘Therefore, the 16 V source deliveres 371.2 W of power. 30g 82 52 a ha N2\ 2a tig 29 60 S 5A, 30 asv Aty: MOM MisoP 4.102 At ns Also, v2 Solving, At vs Problems 4-107 Also, 1; = v2 — 11 = 5 V Solving, v5 = 8 V *. pan = 2(v5 — v4) = 40 W 1101 110) 0,22 0,2 2 0.32 0.32 + e 0.20 0.20 110 = 27.5ig — 0.3% — 27ie —0.3ig + 36.5i5 — —2ig + 54.5i¢ — 0.3ig — 2Tie —36ip — 0.3ic + 72.5iq — 36ig 0 = —27i, — 36ig + Blig Solving, ia ig = 14.39 A; So, 9.19 A; 17.36 A; ig = 15.275 A; ig = 1149 A4-108 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis P 4.103 12 2 19 10: » 2Q wa 240 ——— 10 ) 20 ia 10: 4 ra 10; 52 hig — lip — lig — lig — lig ig + Bip — lig + Oia + Oie Vig — Lip + Big ~ lig + Oie Lig + Oi — Lie + Big — lie 0 = lig + Oig + Oic — lig + Bie A calculator solution yields ig = 775 A ig = 22.5 A; iy = 12.5 As ig = 12.5 A; ig = 22.5 A =0A lem CHECK: Spans = 1(77.5 — 12.5)? + 1(77.5 — 22.5)? + 1(77.5 ~ 22.5)? + 1(77.5 — 12.5)? +1(12.5)? + 5(12.5)? + 1(12.5 — 22.5)? + 2(22.5)? + 1(22.5 — 22.5)? +2(22.5)? + 1(22.5 — 12.5)? + 5(12.5)? + 1(12.5)? = 4225 + 3025 + 3025 + 4225 + 156.25 + 781.25 +100 + 1012.5 + 1012.5 + 100 + 781.25 + 156.25 = 18,000 W Yen = 240iq = 240(77.5) = 18,000 W (CHECKS)P 4.104 P 4.105 Problems 4-109 duy _ —PilRo(Rs + Ra) + RsRa diy, (Ri + Ra)(Ra + Ra) + RaRe dy PuRaRy dlgg (Ry + Ra)(Ra + Ra) + RsRa doe =RiRsRy Ig, © (Ri + Ra)(Rs + Ra) + Rg Ra dey RaRa(Ra + Ra) diz (Ri + Re)(Ra + Ra) + RaRa From the solution to Problem 4.104 we have ie —25(5(125) +3750) _ 175 diy, 30(125) +3 ~ py V/A = ~14.5833 V/A and 12.5 V/A By hypothesis, AJj, = 11—12=-1A 175. 175 Any = (-F5)(-1) = Fp = 14.5833 V Thus, 1 = 25 + 14.5833 = 39.5833 V Also, Av, = (-12.5)(-1) = 12.5 V ‘Thus, v2 = 90 + 12.5 = 102.5 V ‘The PSpice solution is vy = 39.5830 V and % = 102.5000 V ‘These values are in agreement with our predicted values.4-110 CHAPTER 4. Techniques of Circuit Analysis P 4.106 From the solution to Problem 4.104 we have dey __(25)(50)(75) Gyq 30(125) + 3750 — ao and dvs __(50)(75)(80)__ ag yy yg 30(125) + By hypothesis, Aljg = 17-16 =1A Av, = (12.5)(1) = 12.5 V ‘Thus, v = 25 + 12.5 = 37.5 V Also, Avy = (15)(1) = 15 V Thus, v = 90+ 15 = 105 V ‘The PSpice solution is v, = 37.5 V and v= 105 V ‘These values are in agreement with our predicted values. P 4.107 From the solutions to Problems 4.104 — 4.106 we have dv 175 doy dig = ag WSs dig = BS VIA du . den dig 7 PS V/A: aig V/A By hypothesis, Aly =11-12=-1A Al =17-16=1A ‘Therefore, Au = oe + 12.5 = 27.0833 VProblems 4-111 Av; = 12.5 +15 = 27.5 V Hence vy = 25 + 27.0833 = 52.0833 V v2 = 90427.5 = 117.5 V ‘The PSpice solution is 1, = 52.0830 V and w= 1175 V These values are in agreement with our predicted values. P 4.108 By hypothesis, AR, = 27.5 - 25 = 2.52 AR; = 45-5 = 0.59 ARs = 35-50 =59 AR, = 67.5 -75 = -7.52 So ‘Av, = 0.5833(2.5) — 5.417(—0.5) + 0.45(5) + 0.2(—7.5) = 4.9168 V 0, = 25 + 4.9168 = 29.9168 V Avy = 0.5(2.5) + 6.5(—0.5) + 0.54(5) + 0.24(—7.5) = -1.1V . 0 = 90-11 = 889 V ‘The PSpice solution is, vy = 29.6710 V and ‘v2 = 88.5260 V Note our predicted values are within a fraction of a volt of the actual values.