Welcome to the CD-ROM edition of the Pressure Vessel Handbook.

Click on the arrow buttons on the tool bar above to page through the book. Pages which were blank in the print version of the Pressure Vessel Handbook have had substitute pages inserted in order to retain the book's page numbering. To jump to a section from the table of contents, click your mouse on the section title.

WARNING!
This document is copyright 1997 by Pressure Vessels Inc., and may not be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means electronic, mechanical, recording or otherwise, without prior written permission. It is intended for single user use. Information about site licenses and network use may be obtained by contacting: Pressure Vessels Incorporated P.O. Box 35365 Tulsa, OK 74153 USA www.pressure-vessel.com

This PDF format document was created using Adobe Acrobat. See Acrobat Reader Help for more information on the use of this product. Adobe, the Adobe logo, Acrobat, the Acrobat logo, Acrobat Capture, Acrobat Exchange, Distiller, and PageMaker are trade-marks of Adobe Systems Incorporated. 1996 Adobe Systems Incorporated. All rights reserved.

This CD-ROM was produced by:

7322 Ohms Lane Minneapolis, MN 55439 612-835-6164 1-800-862-6164

P H
T

E e d

n i

t t i

o h

withforeword by

Professor of Chemical Engineering University of Tulsa Tulsa, Oklahoma

PRESSURE VESSEL PUBLISHING, INC.

P.O. Box 35365 Tulsa, OK 74153

FOREWORD

Engineers who design equipment for the chemical process industry are sooner or later confronted with the design of pressure vessels and mounting requirements for them. This is very often a frustrating experience for anyone who has not kept up with current literature in the field of code requirements and design equations. First he must familiarize himself with the latest version of the applicable code. Then he must search the literature for techniques used in design to meet these codes. Finally he must select material properties and dimensional data from various handbooks and company catalogs for use in the design equations. Mr. Megyesy has recognized this problem. For several years he

has been accumulating data on code requirements and calculational methods. He has been presenting this information first in the form of his Calculation Form Sheets and now has put it all together in one place in the Pressure Vessel Handbook. I believe that this fills a real need in the pressure vessel industry and that readers will find it extremely useful.

Paul Buthod

PREFACE This reference book is prepared for the purpose of making formulas, technicaldata, designand construction methods readily available for the designer, detailer, Iayoutmen and others dealing with pressure vessels. Practical men in this industry often have difficulty finding the required data and solutions, these being scattered throughout extensive literature or advanced studies. The authors aim was to bring together all of the above material under one cover and present it in a convenient form. The design procedures and formulas of the ASME Code for Pressure Vessels, Section VIII Division I have been utilized as well as those generally accepted sources which are not covered by this Code. From among the alternative construction methods described by the Code the author has selected those which are most frequently used in practice. In order to provide the greatest serviceability with this Handbook, rarely occurring loadings, special construction methods or materials have been excluded from its scope. Due to the same reason this Handbook deals only with vessels constructed from ferrous material by welding, since the vast majority of the pressure vessels are in this category. A large part of this book was taken from the works of others, with some of the material placed in different arrangement, and some unchanged. The author wishes to acknowledge his indebtedness to Professor S4ndor Kalinszky, J&os Bodor, Lasz16F61egyhiizyand J6zsef Gyorii for their material and valuable suggestions, to the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and to the publishers, who generously permitted the author to include material from their publications.

The authorwishesalso to thank all those who helpedto improvethis

new edition by their suggestions and corrections. Suggestions and criticism concerning some errors which may remain in spite of all precautions shall be greatly appreciated. They contribute to the further improvement of this Handbook. Eugene F. Megyesy

CONTENTS
PART I Design and Construction of Pressure Vessels .................................... 11

PART II

Geometry and Layout of Pressure Vessels ...................................... 257

PART III

Measures and Weights .................................................................... 321

PART IV

Design of Steel Structures .............................................................. 447

PARTV

Miscellaneous ................................................................................. 465

PART L DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION OF PRESSURE VESSEL

1. VesselsUnderinternalPressure_~__~~_~~~~~~~..~ .~~~~ti~ti~~~~. 15 StressesinCylindricalShel~Definitions,Formulas, Pressureof Fluid, Pressure-TemperatureRatings of American Standard ,CarbonSteelPipe Flanges.
2. Vessels Under External Pressure .......................................................... Definitions, Formulas, Minimum Required TicknessofCylindricalSheH,ChafiforDeteminingThicknessofCylindrical and SphericalVesselsunderExternal PressurewhenConstructedof Carbon Steel, Design ofTall Towers .......................................................................... Wind Load, Weight of Vessel, Seismic Load, Vibration, Eccentric Load, Elastic Stability, Deflection, Combination of Stresses, Design of Skirt Support, Design of Anchor Bolts (approximate method), Design of Base Ring (approximate method), Design of Anchor Bold and Base Ring, Anchor Bolt Chair for Tall Towers. Vessel Suppotis ..................................................................................... Stresses in Large Horizontal Vessels Supported by Two Saddles, Stresses in Vessels on Leg Support, Stresses in Vessels Due to Lug support. 31

3.

52

4.

86

5.

Openings ............................................................................................... 122 Inspection Openings, Openings without Reinforcing Pad, Opening with Reinforcing Pad, Extension of Openings, Reinforcement of Openings, Strength of Attachments, Joining Openings to Vessels, Length of Couplings and Pipes for Openings. Nozzle Loads ........................................................................................ 153 Reinforcement at the Junction of Cone to Cylinder .............................. 159 Welding of Pressure Vessels ................................................................. 170 Welded Joints, But Welded Joint of Plates of Unequal Thicknesses, Application of Welding Symbols. Regulations, Specifications ................................................................... 181 Code Rules Related to Various Services, Code Rules Related to Various Plate Thicknesses of Vessel, Tanks and Vessels Containing Flammable and Combustible Liquids, Properties of Materials, Description of Materials, Specification for The Design and Fabrication of Pressure Vessels, Fabrication Tolerances.

6. 7. 8.

9.

10. Materials of Foreign Countries ............................................................. 194 11. Welded Tanks ....................................................................................... 204

13. Rectangular Tanks ................................................................................ 212 14. Corrosion .............................................................................................. 221 ti..~..~..~..u..~ 232 15. Miscellaneous ... ... .... .. . . . ..~...o..o...u,mv..u.mv..~..u... Fabricating Capacities, Pipe and Tube Bending, Pipe Engagemerit, Drill Sizes for Pipe Taps, Bend Allowances, Lengthof Stud Bolts, Pressure Vessel Detailing, Preferred Locations, CommonErrors,LiRingAttachments, SafeLoadsforRopesand Chains, Transportation ofVessels. 16. Painting Steel Surfaces ..~...o..o...~....a...~. U.V......O... 247

1NREFERENCESTHROUGHOUTTHISBOOK"CODE"sTANDSF0RASME O O C MI E EC H T AEYNN I GC I F AN BL E O E AR I S ) L (AMERICAN S

N E R P R E VS S E CU S R S S O EE E V C D RL T II F U EO C O L N I N SO E T R I US C T IR O N O P R E VS ES S U D SR I F EE V1 LI A S SA , I M O E N SR T I A C N A N D NA R D .

Pressure vessels are subject to various loadings, which exert stresses of different intensities in the vessel components. The category and intensity of stresses are the function of the nature of loadings, the geometry and construction of the vessel components. LOADINGS (Code UG-22) a, Internal or external pressure b. Weight of the vessel and contents c. Static reactions from attached equipment, piping, lining, insulation, internals, supports d. Cyclic and dynamic reactions due to pressure or thermal variations e. Wind pressure and seismic forces f. Impact reactions due to fluid shock g Temperature gradients and differential thermal expansion MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE

STRESSES (Code UG-23) a. Tensile stress b. Longitudinal compressive stress

STRESS

Sa The smaller of S. or the value of factor B determined by the procedure described in Code UG 23 (b) (2)

c. General primary membrane stress induced by any combination of loadings. Primary membrane stress plus primary bending stress induced by combination of loadings, except as provided in d. below. d. General primary membrane stress induced by combination of earthquake or wind pressure with other loadings (See definitions pages beginn-ing473.)

S
1.5 Sa

1.2 times the stress permitted in a., b., or c. This rule applicable to stresses exerted by internal or external pressure or axial compressive load on a cylinder.

Seismic force and wind pressure need not be considered to act simultaneously. S.= Maximum allowable stress in tension for carbon and low alloy steel Code Table UCS-23; for high alloy steel Code Table UHA-23., psi. (See properties of materials page 180- 184,)

STRESSES IN CYLINDRICAL SHELL

Uniforminternalorexternalpressureinducesinthelongitudinal seamtwotimeslargerunit stress than in the circumferentialseam becauseof the geometryof the cylinder. A vessel under external pressure, when other forces (wind, earthquake, etc. ) are not Tn C l factors, must be designed to resist the circumferential buckling o
p r o t m v

o hy .d i e od d h t e e ts h m s o tie rdg ee q h n u f e i r We i om o t e hl ns t t o . a a eh d e i n n r rg s present, these combined loadings m g oa a h v e ep a n rw yv l be n ir a i e e d qr t u l e i r l e t t p h wl a h wh a s a n i t t i esac t f er a c hte t c os isrr y c ui m h fs b e r ou et n o ct ie a k l nl i ln gy T s c o m p sh r edt s t se r i x e v e petu r e s a e r t ss n e s s ea o n u d n tl trs i r e in p e lt u d r es e e r s s n se a o u l r b d h e t ae b tr lf m o i n lr em e h d u l ay s e : F O R M U L A S T

C I R C U M F E R E N T I A LL O N G I T U D I N A L J O I N JT O I N

s, 3 .$

s~ = ~

S2

s, / ,R ~

D= P= s, = s* = [ =

M I

N O T A T I O N d ie ao vm a eei ts n e s c r e hl f , e n ot e e x r pt n r e a ep r s l n s a ur l r s e ,

s i

Longitudinal stress, psi 1 Circumferential (hoop) stress, psi Thickness of shell, corrosion allowance excluded, inches

EXAMPLE ;iven
D =

P=
f

96 inches 15 psi 0.25 inches

PD s, = ~

15 X 96

= 1440 psi

s* = $
F s s t gt i o u

15 X 96 = 2 2 X 0.25 h ae a t d i wd ib c c d ghao e u I y ae : p 8 l hmi v p t 8s cr e e h s

iw on n p e t d r er a er re wss nl s r a t i un cl o r r h en i o rc v v b ea ep s p rera o s n b x t is fm a o nt re e h dm

H=%

Hh= C
2

e t t i ei f o c er h i r o (

ga w l h e t t r

f ,

I
1. OPERATING PRESSURE

The pressure which is required for the process, served by the vessel, at which the vessel is normally operated. 2. DESIGN PRESSURE

The pressure used in the design ofa vessel. It is recommended to design a vessel and its parts for a higher pressure than the operating pressure. A design pressure higher than the operating pressure with 30 psi or 10 percent, whichever is the greater, will satis@this requirement, The pressure of the fluid and other contents of the vessel should also be taken into consideration. See tables on page 29 for pressure of fluid. 3. MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKING PRESSURE

The internal pressure at which the weakest element of the vessel is loaded to the ultimate permissible point, when the vessel is assumed to be:

(a) in corroded condition (b) under the effect ofa designated temperature (c) in normal operating position at the top (d) undertheeffectof otherloadings(wind load, external pressure, hydrostatic pressure, etc.) which are additive to the internal pressure.
When calculations are not made, the design pressure may be used as the maximum allowable working pressure (MA WP) code 3-2. A common practice followed by many users and manufacturers of pressure vessels is to limit the maximum allowable working pressure by the head or shell, not by small elements as flanges, openings, etc. See tables on page 28 for maximum allowable pressure for flanges. See tables on page 142 for maximum allowable pressure for pipes. The term, maximum allowable pressure, new and cold, is used very oflen, It means the pressure at which the weakest element of the vessel is loaded to the ultimate permissible point, when the vessel: (a) is not corroded (new) n (b) t

te

and the other conditions (c and d above) also need not to be taken into consideration. 4. HYDROSTATIC TEST PRESSURE

O and one-halfntimes the maximum e allowable working pressure or the design pressure to be marked on the vessel when calculations are not made to determine the maximum allowable working pressure.

If the stress value of the vessel material at the design temperature is less than at the test temperature, the hydrostatic test pressure should be increased proportionally.
H y d r t o ss t be ah ct o i cn as a d a u l ftc a t l b le r e hd il b e c act r oi e a m ol n p le e ts e n d .

I t 1 V f P

t h at

pressure s i e hshall en be: s s ,

StressValueS Temperature )( M A . W.Press. a l l x xo 5 w. . StressValueS At Design Temperature (Or Design Press.)

e w s tsh me e al x h a sr li l sa b n h t g e ae aa p ss r l , t se r S i e m r av r i yc le mw o uw e o m a p r br k l e l e i si n b s m tg u i r te l sei h t s e dt u o ra t e w hb nl n e e : e
+
900 lb

eh

rto o s m t u e a l t t ii cs v c h ea m Cs t b s U e f r eo ( G l

s d- :

e9 e

A Pneumatic test may be used in lieu of a hydrostatic test per Code UG-100 P s a t s tr t eo e s so t ma t a f b lxa s i li so l mh w o uw o m p ar b r k le w e i s t ns h g u r eh e n ro ae p n g o t ta n vh e c r fh s ayb c t s n o fe nm ew l p o s ua t i tt i e se f dt a c t oh r y s o us r a a p f rn e ce s i eC c t rU yi f o b G , e - d d1 0 n e1 .

5. MAXIMUMALLOWABLESTRESS VALUES

The maximuma
a g i it t b u i t l o n g ic t C p U o

l l to e ws a n v tb s l a p r ie e l el r f m u esd i i est f m ts fo e ae d t r e e r nr i t a r ova p 1 eb eaT n l m 8 ng ae x a9 hn l ie l m co . o u w m e a m p s rb e l ts es ri v e sd e o c e hy s ol ei s dn g d nsh er u i n eb ct a jl f l le o c lt at p s ed rh d i o n do a g u ou m d p i sn r e a itl s ts r i s v se h b hsh d ee s t a e ln a re c l ml c i t o ln r ee d i n abC cd & d -r e 2 . 3 , , .

l s ct g

s e

6. JOINT EFFICIENCY The efficiency of different types of welded joints are given in table on page 172. The efficiency of seamless heads is tabulated on page 176.
T f o l p h l o c aw o i t h i ac k t nm e a ns f r e q u u t e n so y s t l g f i t l .v o ~o g eh si t T e s t t T s f a t s f f fg en o g t e ru am t s ic us n lo at m esr p e uq d w h tu o e i a r ee ld x h s a li l mdw o uw eo m a p r br kl ef ei st n sm g u or h oe ar ay e ph h eT ed e fn s l oa r f o h c lm dy d l u i. s ln a e d a h r s i c e a f lr l u s n ed i ur n i a ea s tl n ug m a oh c ,v l ee l i ry n s . n e r e l

i t t h rg se i w h s eg e r s o iot na e w v hl n te mch ir r l lc u n m e h f je y r en n o t ie a il ii l c it e o e n ch n y te s l- ao h s n sga h in j lt u fe d o f i f n eiia ocl w i ne n c h t y ,

besides the internal pressure additional loadings(wind load, reaction of

a d cd a l l eu or n s sg ) ii bt u n e ed o g i n tn d a e l i nT s n r i g ef o ih a n ir .s o o e n r sh a t r hr ai t i eg s t ss i i e ph s n er g o s t nau eq i h n per ium o na nd oe r c eh ah l s f it t h lr o ne g i h ss t eu s e d i n na ea l m . o r f htm g u s l io a eh c s erc o r t rda e i nh g m l y :
t

PR = 24SE+ 0.4P

P=

2SEt R 0.4t

Seenotation on page 22.

I
NOTATION
P = D

FORMULAS IN TERMS OF INSJDEDIMENSIONS

w S= S

p e o p vt

E = J e o f f ip i c 1i e nan c t y 7 g. r s oe m i s a s g l aul n o rR= w ex I a b rr . l a n se i d i n i dc u eh s e , rr p ke i s s n ug s r i i s ai m D = eI nd i n e d tc e e h r , e o rm a e a p l t p s e u ss r a f t l g h i ,i c e k n n ec s h tie = a i s , e C = C o rA a rl o l o is w i .n a o nn c c e h .

e s s s e

CYLINDRICAL SHELL (
t

L S

E O

A N

M G )

R
e

PR f= SE O.6P

SE t = m-m

s t su ia t t ll h r sl e i y og h s e o ev S n s e ar n en p r ep c e a d i g n g e . 2 W [ w h t h aieh e c x ok. lh c n n o ete is la e n s nd r o a P e d x0 i cS u .e t f e s 3 o dr gE r 8h sm i i u5 t C A po h 1 p s e d b nah d e p - ei a p x l l i 2e

1. U

gi m ne g s . s l h s i e f lv, ae s e l de .

SPHERE

HEMISPHERICAL

HEAD

PR = 2SE0,2P
r 1-

p=

2SE t R +0.2t

-1 -

w e ia os a t t o t h t s ej h hi o t s i e [ hh a 2 W t w h t h aie h e 0 S . t f 6 o gE r I s b ah p a p3

1. F h

Ih r d lo u a r t ai s ue g n ft fhg si i ol a e t f it e ee ld hfno f l s i e m h fa e s d n e c x 0k. l c n n ee s l e 3x s d R o. e P 6 hm i ti u C 5 lv A , a epo h s ep l li , e l d e .

t hce i , e n e c t ha c i f {e s n c . 6 c 5s e e en d n n d e ei

. .

2:1 ELLIPSOIDAL HEAD

PD = 2SE O.2P 1. F
e l l ih p o m a ii o n 4 (

P= -Dy;jt

/1 = 1>/4

a 1

s w e o ti a hr d ra do l e ta sm h r t , a eh i je o o n x t t 2 1 os h i h C d rA e a s po espr e nd n : , de ei c ) .

E
D
P =

X
NA :
E = 1

ED

AI

G T

S= 1 5 E = 0 j s

p d p e r s p 7s vt5 o 1 p @ 56 l . e . f f oi 8 s cp o os i a h h n h e

j . e o f 0f oi is c0 ei n e a , n m tc l y e s f h e a d s n i r n c ah s d i e i8 d su e s * e is sg u i R n= r4 i e = s9 i e n if A d n c i h sa mi e e 6 d st e e r * rs S a0 e l 0 s D i u t e w q [ u h ia i ir c k en ln d ec s lh s , e 5 a 7 0 t0 e= r I F C = 0 . i . n c A 1 o c r 2 r h . o e 5 s i s o nn c e a l l o w u o i 5t e - n e x , c a ym i n ef d c .o crd o i r o ng o d d vi e n t ad i ot n e r e He t t nm sl e i f l * s d a w t c i o r a rh lt ol s o i h w oe a nn c e l l

SEEDESIGNDATAABOVE I)c[crmincIhc rcquird lhicknms, 01 o shell

,=

SEE DESIGN[),NfA AIK)VE fhwrmine the maximum:Ill(nv;Ible If(whingpressure, P Ibr().5()() in thi~k kh{.11 wtlrn Ihc tIS<,Il i, in IICW currditi(m. P = 17500 x ().X5 x ().5(M) - 154psi 48 + x

I(K) x 48.1?5 I7500 x 0.85 -- 0.6 x 100 + C.A.

().325 in. () 125 in.

in.

fJse: ().50() in, pkrfc .

SEE DESIGNDATAABOVE The head furnishedwithmrtslraigh[ Ilwrge. Detcrrnirrethe required thickness. I d ii hemispherical head. /= ]00 x 48, Izfi 2 x I7500 x 0.85 -- 0.2 x I00 + C.A. = ().16? in. p ,.. 0.125 in. 0.287 in. Use: ().3125 in MIN. HEAD SEE DESIGNL)ArA ABOVE Determine IIw maximumallowuhlcvrn-kingpressure. P Ior().3125 in [hi(k head. when it is in IICNctmdili(m

,? x I7500 x 0.X5x 0.3 I25

W + 0.2 x (),3I25

+ IOJ p~i

SEE DESIGNDATAABOVE Dctcrrninethe requiredthicknessota SCJMICSS ellipsoidal head 100 X 96.25 2 x 17500 x 1.0 SEE DESIGNDAIA ABOVE Determinethe maximumdlmv:iblc U[wkingprcwurc. P for 0,275 in. thick. seamless head \!heni! is in corroded condition. 2
X

= 0,275 in. 0.2 x 100 0.125 in, in,

+ C.A.

17500 X

1,0

0.275

96.?5 + 0.2 x 0.275

= 10(1psi

Use: o 437s in, MIN. THK. HEAD

I
NOTATION
P = D

P
D = I

FORMULAS IN TERMS OF INSIDE DIMENS1ONS

w S= .
E = J R = I

= p e r s oe m i s a s g l aul n o r aw e x Oa o p rr p ke s i sn u g s r ea L Sv to m a r a ;p l t ps e u ss r a i e= I a i f r = I e o f f ip i c 1 i e nan c t y g 7,r = W rn ai s d n i i d c u h es e ,= C

d n i s ai m i n e d tc e e hr , e hb o t i a n n u pf d fe (c lhI a e r .l e d n eg g l r e e ,e s i r n o a s de d ii i d in su e c sh lg , k n n sr u a i i c dd nk i e c l u e hs te h 2 a i i c k n ln ec s l s h , e l o is w i na o n n c c e h , so r a r l o

CONE

CONICAL SECTION
2SEt c = 2D + 1.2t s
a
a

a (SE = O.6P) o

A %

~ 2

1 T h a a ah a p nn g l g r e .t e l e 3f o ea x h , t e 0 at D W i g h rt e 3 e s na h pa .t an ee 0 ia rac s re l i q n y a u ;s ( AC p 1 po e- d n 5 d (e i ex ) )

F S L A M D N G I HE N ES D H E ( T O R I S P H HE R I E C A LA W = h 1 6 e/ 2 n

ED A D fr

0.885PL f= SE o. 1 ~ <
\

P=

SEt 0.885 L+0.lt

When Vr l

1e

PLM = 2SE O.2P

V .0 A O L F 50 U A 0 E C S T

2SEt = LM+oo2t

O MF R

1
3

1. J

1
M * : L = D + 2t

3
1

0 ca i

(see note 2 on

p a

21

E
DESIGN DATA: P = lOOpsi design pressure S = 17500 psistressvalueof SA515-70 plate@650F E = 0.85,efficiency ofspot-examined joints E = 1.00,jointefficiency ofsearnless SEE DESIGN DATAABOVE Cos30 = 0.866 Determine the required thickness, r of a cone 100x 96.25

X
R = 48inchesinsideradius* D = 96inches inside diameter* wallthickness, inches ~ = required L = 300nehalfofthe apexangle t = Resuiredwallthickness inches C.A = 0,125inchescon-osionallowance * incorrodedcondition greaterwith thecorrosion allowance
SEE DESIGN DATAABOVE Determine the maximum allowable working pressure, P for 0.500 in. thick cone, when the vessel is in new condition.
2x

(17500 X 2X 0.866
+C.A. Use0,500in.plate SEE DESIGN DATAABOVE L/r = 16$ Determine the required thickness, t of a seamless ASME flanged and dished head. f= 0.885X100x96.I25 17500x 1.0-0.1x 100 +C.A. Use0.625in.plate =0.486 in. 0.125in. 0.611in. 0,125in. 0.500in.

xO.85 xO.500 x0.866= 133psi 96+ 1.2XOo500Xo.866

SEE DESIGN DATAABOVE Determine the maximum allowable working pressure, P for 0.6875 in. thick seamless head, when the vessel is in new condition.

p.

1,0x0,6875 17500x 0.885x96+ 0,1 x0,6875

= 141psi

SEEDESIGNDATA ABOVE Knuckle radius r = 6 in. L/r=

~= 1.75 from table. Determine the required thickness t of a seamless ASME flanged and dished head. 100x96,125X1.75 t= 0.481 in. 100 2 x 17500 +C.A. 0.125in. 0.606in. ~= 61 (j

SEEDESIGNDATA ABOVE
% Knuckle radius r = 6 in. L/r= ~ = 16 A4= 1.75 from table Determine the maximum allowable working pressure, P for a 0.481 in. thick seamless head when the vessel is in corroded condition. p= 2 x 17500X1.0xO.481 = 100psi 96.125X 1.75+0,2 xO.481

Use0.625in.min.thickhead o L a i g t rt NOTE: When the r

A b4 c a ml b c tu a fl

i / e 1 an ho to6f n r eca s o- r n3 C s tn o tr uv ,d c te a oi o h n l ) o ay tir eh e% md +u l k L l y ae ( l / : = r 3 )

22

I
NOTATION P=D
w S= S 1 p e op vt

FORMULAS IN TERMS OF OUTSIDE DIMENSIONS

7 E = Joint efficiency,page 1 r s oe m i s a s gl au l n o r w e xOa u b r radius, . l t einches = s i d e rr p ke s i sn u g s r: eO d ti as i mi n e d e hr ui = tc e o rm a a e p l t p s e u ss r ai e = W a i f tl g h a i , i c e k n ln ec s l s h , 8 9 C.A: = Comosionallowance,inches

, e

CYLINDRICAL SHELL (
+
R

L S

E O

A N

PR * = SE + 0.4P ~ 1 U
2

P = R y;4t

G3)

s t su ia tt lh r sl .e i y ogh s e o ev s n S e ar n en p 1 a g e 4 W t w h t h aie h e c xo k. lh c nn o ee t is la e ns nd r o a P e d x 0i c S u. et fse 3 o dr gE r 8sh im v u 5 t C A po h 1 p se d b nah d ep - ei a p x l l i 2e

g s lh s e l

SPHERE and HEMISPHERICAL HEAD PR f = 2SE + 0.8P @ d

R

P - ~ y;

B*

1 F h o t h o t s S

w e ia os a t t f h r d .lo u a r t as i ue g n ft fhgsi t hce t s e j h hi i o i la e t fi te l e e d h n f o fl is t hc a f i e t hh a e m h f ae s d n e .

R P

E h

1-3,shallbe applied. c

2:1 ELLIPSOIDAL HEAD

PD

= 2S45+1,8P + u h = D14

P=D~l .

1 F e l l h i p o w e s ot a ih r d . od r at e al m s h a rt ,a he i j m a ii o tn x t2 s o h C h i :A r ep as o e1p s 1r e - n d n4 ,

23

E
DESIGN DATA: P = IOOpsidesignpressure S = 17500 psistressva1ueof SA515-70plate@650F E= O.8&efliciencyofspot-examined joints ofshellandhemis.headtoshell E = 1.00,jointefficiency ofseamless SEE DESIGN DATAABOVE Determine the required thickness, t of a shell 100X48 = 17500x0.85-0.4x 100 0322 n +C.A. 0.125in. 0.447in.

X
E = 1.OOjointefficiency ofseamlessheads l? =48inchesoutsideriidius D= 96 inchesoutsidediameter t =Requiredwallthickness, inches C.A.= 0.125inchescorosionallowance

SEE DESIGN DATAABOVE Determine the maximum allowable working pressure, P for 0.500 in. thick shell when the vessel is in new condition. P= 17500xO.85xO.500 = 155psi 48-0.4 x0,500

Use: 0.500in.thickplate

SEE DESIGN DATAABOVE Head furnished without straight flange. Determine the required thickness, t of a hemispherical head. t= 2x17500 %;t0.8x100
+ C

SEE DESIGN DATAABOVE Determine the maximum allowable working pressure, P for 0.3125 in. thick head, when the vessel is in new condition.

0-161 r0. i A .

ip.
1.

2x 17500xO.85x().3125
48-0.8 x0,3125
n 2 5 .

= 194psi

0.286in. Use:0.3215in.min.thickhead SEE DESIGN DATAABOVE Determine the required thickness t of a seamless ellipsoidal head.
t=

SEE DESIGN DATAABOVE Determine the maximum allowable working pressure, P for 0.273 in. thick head, when it is in new condition.

100x96 2 x 17500 X 1 1 +C.A.

x 17500x1.0X 8 p. + 2X

96-1.8 xO.273

= 100psi

0,125in. 0.398in.

Use0.4375in.min.thickhead

I
N ~ A T I O N

FORMULAS IN TERMSOF OUTSIDEDIMENSIONS

Outsidediameter.inches ~ = one half of the included(apex) P = Designpressureor max. allowable d n eg g l r e e w o p r r psi ke s i s n ug r ea L u r t ,o a d s in S= S v & o m a e a p l ts p e u ss r a i e= O a f i lg e dii i d
E = J

R=O
)

e o f ur

r = I f ip i c 1 i e nan c t y g 7, = W C.A: = t a i s d ni i d c u eh s e ,C

,e s e suc sh k n n sr u a i i c dd nk i e l c u eh te h 2 a i ic k n ln ec s l s h , e o l o is w i na o n nc c e h s r a rl o

CONE

CONICAL SECTION
p= 2bsEf Cos CY a D 0.8t

PD =2 Cos CY (SE+ O.4P)

d

@L

1 T h a a a h ap nn g g l re .t e l e 3o f ea x h t , e 0a t 2 W i h g rt e 3 e sna h p .a0 ta n e ea sc r e l i qny a i ra u ,s ( AC p 1 po e- d n 5 d ( e i ex ) )

F sL A M D N G I HE N ES D H E ( T O R I S P HHE R I E C A LA W h = 1 e n 6 L 2 / r /

ED D

0.885PL 2=SE + 0.8P

P=

SEt
0.885L O.8t
h 6s n a2 s

f
. i

Lh

e e1

PL M f= 2SE+P(M O.2)
VALUES OF FACTOR M
M 1 1 / 1. 1. 2 1. 0 2 .r 2 2.

2SEt = ML t(ikf-O.2)

4 .0 0 50 3 .0 6. 3. 5 0 5. 50 3. 2 5 4 .7 5 2. 7 5 5. 2 5 6 .0 5 . 00 .0 0 16 0
% 7

: L-t = D

25

E
3ESIGN DATA: P = IOOpsi designpressure S = 17500 psistressvalueof SA 515-70 plate@650F E = 0.85,efficiency ofspot-examinedjoints E = 1.00,jointefficiency ofseamlessheads R = 48inches outside radius SEE DESIGN DATAABOVE :0s 30 = 0.866 Determine the required thickness, t of a cone 00 96 =2 x0.866X(l\50; X0.85+Oc4X 100) = =0.372 in. +-CA. Use:0.500in.thickplate SEE DESIGN DATAABOVE L/r = 16$ Determine the required thickness, t of a seamless ASME flanged and dished head. 0,885x 100x96 =0.483 in. = 17500x1.0+0.8x 100 +C.A.
U 0

X
D = 96inchesoutside dimeter ~ = 3@onehalfofthe apexmgle L = 96inchesoutside radiusofdish t = Requiredwallthickness, inches C.A = 0.125inchescomosionallowmce SEE DESIGN DATAABOVE Determine the maximum allowable working pressure, P for 0.500 in. thick cone. ~= 2X 17500X C).85X ().5()()X().866= 134psi 96- (0.8xO.500xO.866)

0.125in. 0.497in.

SEE DESIGN DATAABOVE Determine the maximum allowable working pressure, P for 0.625 in. thick seamless head, when the vessel is in corroded condition. 17500x 1.0xO.625 P= 0.885

0.125in. 0.608in. in.min.thickhead s. 6e 2 : %

SEE DESIGN DATAABOVE

~ =1 Knuckle radius r= 6 i M M 1.75 from table. Determine the required thickness t of a seamless ASME flanged and dished head. 100X96X 1.75 t= =0.478 in. 2x 17500x1.0x 100(1.75-0.2)
+-CA. 0.125in. 0.603in.
l yb c tu f bl o a

SEE DESIGN DATAABOVE K r p= 6 in. L/r= ~

=16

~= 1.75 from table. Determine the maximum allowable working pressure, P for a 0.478 in. thick seamless head when the vessel is in corroded condition. 2X17500x1.OX().478 . = 1.75X96-0478(1.75-0.2)=100ps*

Use0.625in.min.thickhead t r h o L a ie hg t r t n i / e 1 ea ,h (o n t f or ea 6 cn s or -n s C nt t o r u :v dc e t a oi o h n l ) NOTE: W
Mm ca a e tA r eh% md + u~ l ly ae ( : = 3 )

&u

I
F
NOTATION

E=joint efficiency P = Internal or external design pressure psi d =Inside diameter ofshell, in. S =Maximumaflowable stiessvalue ofmaterial, psi t = Minimum required thickness of head, exclusive of corrosion allowance, in. t~ = Actual thickness of head exclusive of corrosion allowance, in.
tr = Minimumrequired thicknessof seamless shell for pressure, in. t~ = Actual thickness of shell, exclusive of corrosion allowance, in.

27

E
E

DESIGNDATA P = 300 psi design pressure E=joint d =24in. inside diameter ofshell
s

efficiency

=15,0001psi maximum allowable stress value of SA-515-60 plate tr =0.243 i required thickness n of seamless . shell for pressure. t~ =0.3125 in. actual thickness ofshell. DETERMINE THE MINIMUM REQUIRED THICKNESS, t t=d

~ 0.13 PISE = 24 ~ 0.13x300/15,000

x 1 = 1.223 in.

Use l.250in. head

t~

Checking the limitationof

1.250 24

0.052,

Theratio ofhead thickness to the diameter of the shell is satisfactory SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE c = 0.33 ; t = d = Use 1.75 in. plate Using thicker plate for shell, alesser thickness wfil be satisfactory for the head
t~ = 0.375 i

= 0,33 = 24

0.243 0.3125

= 0.26

0.26 x 300/1 ~,000 x 1 == 1.731 in.

c = 0.33 +
t= d &

0.243 = 0.33 = 0.214

0.375 = 24 J 0.214 x 300/15,000 x 1 = 1.57 in.

Use 1.625 in. plate The shell thickness shall be maintained along a distance 2 dt, from the J inside face of the head 2 m = 6 in

- .. . . . .... . .

28

PRESSURE TEMPERATURE RATINGS

F S T P O FLANGES E I E AND R P FLANGED L E FITTINGS American National Standard ANSI B16.5-1981

150lb. 300 l
HYDROSTATIC TEST PRESSURE, PSIG

6 b lb. 0 900 b l 0 .1

0l

. 25b 0 l

b 50

450

1125

1500

2225

3350

5575

9275

TEMPERATURE, F MAXIMUMALLOWABLENON-SHOCKpRESSURE PSIG. -20 to 100 200 300 400 500 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000 285 260 230 200 170 140 125 110 95 80 65 50 35 20 740 675 655 635 600 550 535 535 505 410 270 170 105 50 990 900 875 845 800 730 715 710 670 550 355 230 140 70 1480 1350 1315 1270 1200 1095 1075 1065 1010 325 535 345 205 105 2220 2025 1970 1900 1795 1640 1610 1600 1510 1235 805 515 310 155 3705 3375 3280 3170 2995 2735 2685 2665 2520 2060 1340 860 515 260 6170 5625 5470 5280 4990 4560 4475 4440 4200 3430 2230 1430 860 430

Ratings apply to materials: SA-10512 SA-515-702 SA-516-702 SA-537-C1.13 SA-216-WCB2 SA-181-70]2 SA-350-LF2

NOTES: 1. For service temperatures above 850 F it is recommended that killed steels containing not less than 0.10070 residual silicon be used. 2. Upon prolonged exposure to temperatures above 800 F, the carbide phase of carbon steel may be converted to graphite. a s t h ne hb r u i ai e at o sh ll i a cl e k 21/2 b t n ie e do s n s v n e 3. T m

Flangesof ANSIB16.5shall not be used for higher ratings exceptwhereit is justified by the design methods of the Code.
Ratings are maximum allowable non-shock working pressures expressedas gage pressure, at the tabulated temperatures and may be interpolated between temperatures shown, Temperatures are those on the inside of the pressure-containing shell of the
f l I g a en i ni g t e se r a . a t a lho n t, h c m ot s ne m ah te aa st i t en f r e e id a l

2 -

F
STATIC HEAD

The fluid in the vessel exerts pressure on the vessel wall. The intensity of the pressure when the fluid is at rest is equal in all directions on the sides or t t h u e o t hif s g a e l oh tb e u p t o iof h ev d i bottom of the vessel and i d
a w T v T w T t f a s P H F
0

t h p s e t a t h t s a b t h wa s

ri

ie c hc so

n st h sui

d re e e r

ds . e er h s eo p l ed ti s s ne o u t n i re

e a t ph p i a es l e l . l t r

c i eb c h ad a

b nt a d lt e d d l

o g eu n h s r eg

hb se e

lr h e e o lsb oh a w e t t it wpo w r n e ea e s hh e s .

pi r f e h nas os o u d fo t ren l t eh w u hr et a i y v td raa l i rn g es hi t u ,v e e e h bb h m u l l a e w t i tl sp s li l p i g ee h d t rc o ti a fh f v i e ic l co h tn s uy i d ei r f a e t di r ie P s a o sp u Su , 3t r qI ne 4 e fud Dn n asi 5 fr Hr f o c e e o eW r he a n ar 6 7 8 t d t 9 se

o e

d e2

a a F at h e r e e .q n r p h u et 4 po ia r t p e lu 3 s ssi q n s 3 uu e nd r a e c T f t p i r pe s hns q s i o u fd e u are n fae h r o cn r en e g e ih t i e r ta o y va ta d bh e bt o n m u t l f t h i b ep .h e l 4 ye a 3 e t d 3 y . H o eW a i aF d Cto e r sr ee s f tper o C n n d e P it nr r g te a s si o un r i P op S u q n I eu d nn a s r rc e h

0

30

T
f q c u o om i po r a cr e i r q ps k o ut n lh i ir aace weight fk d t n forevarious ne s smaterialsdand

at different degree of radiographic examination.

A Stress values at tem~. . -20 to 650 F.

S A C S 5 2 S 5 8 S 5 3 1 5 1 5 6 A B S 5 6 A 1 0 5 S 5 6 A 1 0 6

85V0J. E.
100Yo J. E.

11730 13800

12750 15000

14875 17500

Ratios of Stress Values 11730 12750 1.09 0.92 0.86 0.85 0.73 13800 1.18 1.08 0.93 0.92 0.79 14875 1.27 1.17 1.08 0.99 0.85 15000 1.28 1.18 17500 1.49 1.37 1.27 1.18 1.17

11730 12750 13800 14875 15000 17500

0.92 0.85 0.79 0.78 0.67

1.09
1.01 0.86

Table A shows the stress value of the most frequently used shell and head materials. Table B shows the ratios of these stress values. EXAMPLE: 1. 2. Foravesselusing SA 5 15-70 plate, whenspotradiographed, therequiredthickness 0.4426 inches and the weight of the vessel 12600 lbs. What plate thickness will be required and what will the weight of the vessel be, using SA 285-C plate and fill radiographic examination: In case 1. In case 2. The stress value of the material 14875 The stress value of the material 13800

The ratio of the two stress values tlom Table B = 1.08. In this proportion will be increased the required plate thickness and the weight of the vessel. 0.4426 x 1.08 = 0.4780 in. 12600 X 1.08= 13608 lb.

31

E
D V w r e e e P rs e is g s un r e

e i sn s t f es e ne l ud s r o ee n v dx i w d t c ero e p e r r rn k re o a si1 l s pn o u a h t b is tr c w a th m C ip e s oe e oh y t dd m e dhn c b oe o mo et pwi l fo e x l tp o ee r er s ssn s rh u ba d l r e a e sf , ila m g ln a oee xa d l i x p t e r e r o 1S n s p s ao u 2 l pr ce s m f ete o r n h 5 a rr x ta ti m p h x pt r e e w r sh n s i aiucs l r h m ee Ca, v l L e lro ( e r s d J. 2 f e

lg r e e s s tn i a gi n c l m o r uw e m i o s n su e G 8 )

A v e w s i hd s e i s a e ic clo g nh n s n te t s C r d u r c e to q d e u di f r dei m no e n et to es p r a e w s si h ru n er i q te b u c d d i e r hs f e ai s e d g x n pt o oee e do r 1 s n r e p r sa n ul r o l n ne be d se e o s t r Ci s g rd no f t ue te e dd l x op toe her e c e rs o s n rn s a ed u li tr H o w n e e xv p te r er re r, s na m sao bt u sl r i w ha e nt o y t ohtea un m d hp e C gi s w i l C re e o q u i s fr de e m xse p n e t tor es a e r ms n C sa r u U le r r o ( G e nt d- eo . f2 et T s 2 F a U V C T

nh h b a a i p i o tpl v s l li ei o t h espe d e a s a tr e e f ae m tlp be e s r dm a e t u itlr e n t d e p n rhs ie d0i se dt sg e eu b rnt rmC ei U n eo shd ( ( d C o y C6 e ce 2 o S ( t H a 5t v b n eA o co 1 h i e i ) s m o ts d i p e t e y a s c f tt . lC ia t s U n ei u tr 2 o -t h G e ( sp N d: 8 ) c y eg l i ov n G de 8 jr is ) a cn sac l e k

e w s l s ji e o U o2 ( d P re e s s s

S i n g vl e e - d w s ea sl sf l e i v gl a n so oc e p du a v ru ar to m c i s n u a rb hlul s u b tj aei c nt h te ye d d rr to n o so an tw a e l t a ih h cys d r t eo t si tr n a n e t p r a c t a i pc n a be l t ue m , U e-a ( t s o i c t 9 f . G 9 ) E d i P T V t

m ay c

it o t t y hs e b e p hm r a as a ea p f lr t n ed l ls et s e u1 eo 1t r h t e s t i a t/ m s i f f b e er e nt n w o c a ee tr meo m s p n par h e e al r s t i s cm u in r n d h e i e md s u e n a t e b p r s rn o eU a l s -u l s ( t u e r e9 . f G 9 ) n d e tu m C e a U t -s oi c t 1d : 0e G 0 e d o os E s r2 p r u t7

e m h se o t it f g o he l p n olh ocd a w o i t ng nA n e f g e C oS f s r Pom M r e S s e V s c De t I 1 l iT I Is c o n Io h V p h a. 4 at . r 4 . g ta e he s e x c nr f se r C ho di e s .

32

E
N O T A T I O N

PRESSURE X
FORMULAS

P= P = d.= L =

External design pressure, psig. Maxunumallowableworking pressure, psig. Outside diameter, in. the length, in. ofvessel section between: 1. circumferential line on a head at one-third the depth of the head-tangent line, 2. stiffening rings 3. jacket closure 4. cone-toqdinderjunction or knuckle-to-cylinderjunction of a toriconicalhead or section, 5. tube sheets (see pa e 39) t = Minimum requiredwa fi thickness, in. m 2

A.

1~ t. t A !

D.

i m z

CYLINDRICAL SHELL Seamless or with Longitudinal Butt Joints When D./l equal to or greater than 10 the maximum allowable pressure: 4B Pa = 3(D0It ) T value of B h shall be determined e by the following procedure: 1. Assume a value for t; See pages 49-511) n d Determine L/DQ a b oI 2 E Fn U G t i O ( e - g42) .2 P rat8 the. a . value O g a n5 w t L/Dpheis greater r e t 0 of L/DO. E than 50, and at 0.05 when L/D. is l e 0.05. h oo r i z t v o t n tl a e rl e l i p y h r e s ne o 3. M
.

A u z 2

~ F O t pr / o o oh t ie . rm m e o it n s ne v c tt i e o o a f i h na A t l t dc e a t t el v r l m y ol e c u te 4 E t n a pt p l h me i ac . c ra t be ( el h r e p i a aa 4 3 a t v o4 a A M h7 l v ) e o ur tt t et iev c fa a p p t he c m a p le b r li a et n u r e * 5 F t ir n t e orh m s e h. cm o zan ov n t a o to r i ie r t ve o a B h a l d u e e f . C o tm m p a u a xh t l i e l m wo u w o ep a m r b kr l s r e , Pa.u

u z t E M Lal L
F

If the maximum allowable working pressure is smaller than the design pressure, the design procedure must be repeated increasing the vessel thickness or decreasing L b s t i rf f ei n
* a c v p p b c

F ao A l f o u a t t l er l l s o i t e fn h g t l ei m c p a leb r lt a ie v t u n r ae h el of PO a l ab c t u fl a o t n r ee hm d u l y a e ~ A

s
W S TI I

1 !-$? 2
F R FTE

1 W t g b a N II H N G Np p h v

Pa =

/t)

oaD eh il l n o tu e 1 e / e th fs t i i t Cv U e G o h - 2 n s8 d ( n Ch e) l i e de . G

33

E
D E DATA S I G N

P = IS e x dt ee pressure r sn a i l g n D. = 96 in. outside diatmeter of the shell f e ths ra sl n t e fo tg e i a lel n m n 4n i g f t O ie n= e5 n oie tt Length o t v
H 2 e e l a l i :pd s o s i d 1 a M a ots e S r h - i Ce a p 2 l ll f 8 T e m p 5 e r F a t0u r e 0 E = M o of d elasticity u o l m u a s t2 e 7 o p 4 ) a g n e D A L e t te rr e m q i s hnut eh h i l la , r 3 0i p 0a @05 l f , , s 0 ( 0 c0 i0 s J h A 5 t e

n : 7 8

a e? 0

i r ce eek d ni e

s l s

. e 0 9 g . e e )

sa s s t h u h

i m ce t =k0e n l i e ( s. l ps

: 4s 5 n a

eL = 592 n in. (length g t of shell h 576 in. and one third of the depth of n . ) heads 16 i

L/DO= 592/96 = 6.17

Do/t = 96/0.5= 192

A=O.00007 from chart (page 42)determined by the procedure described on the facing page. Since the value of A is falling to the left of the applicable temperature-line in Fig. UCS-28.2 (page 43), P* = 2A E/3( DOlt) = 2 x 0.00007x 27,000,000/3x 192= 6.56 psi. Since tlie maximum allowable pressure P stiffening rings shall be provided. is smaller than the design pressure

Using 2 stiffening rings equally spaced between the tangent lines of the heads, Length of one vessel section, L = 200 in.(length of shell 192 in. plus one third of depth of head 8 in.) L/DO=
* a s = = = =

from chart (page

3000 f

G

r( h

4 po a

a rm 3 g t

e e

G : +

d f

t ap

e b r t m p i r n oe dh c d ee 0 c a i g n eg

sd o cu y re r ie b .

Pa = o 4B/3(DOlr)

Q 3000/3 x 192= 20.8 psi. =4x

k *

GG ;

*Z

00

Since the maximum allowable pressure P. is greater than the design pressure P, the assumed thickness of shell using two stiffening rings, is satisfactory. See page 40 for design of stiffening rings.

34

EXTERNAL PRESSURE
FORMULAS
NOTATION = External design pressure psig. P Pa = Maximum allowable working pressure psig. DO = Outside diameter of the head, in. RO = Outside radius of sphere or hemispherical head, 0.9D0 for ellipsoidal heads, inside crown radius of flanged and dished heads, in. = Minimum required wall thickness, inches. ; = Modulus of elasticity of material, psi. (page 43)

SPHERE and HEMISPHERICAL HEAD

B The maximum = (RO/t) allowable pressure: The value of B shall be determined by the followingprocedure: 1. Assume the value for t and calculate the value of o r m u / ( l) (see a page49) : A using the f
2 E t
t

t n a p tp m lh e i a cc . t ar e ( b hel r p 4e i a a 3 a a l rg o a A. h Move l vertically u e to e f the applicable

temperature line.* 3. From the intersection move horizontally and read R. R.

t v o a B h l u e e f .

t-

DO
-

*For values of A falling to the left of the applicable temperature line, the value of POcan be cal~~TX culated by the formula:Pc = 0.0625V~R0/ t ): If the maximum allowable working pressure f. computed by the formula above, is smaller than the design pressure, a greater value for [ must be selected and the design procedure repeated.

2:1 ELLIPSOIDAL HEAD

I R. t +% The required thickness shall be the greater of the following thicknesses. (1) The thickness as computed by the formulas given for internal pressure using a design pressure 1.67 times the external pressure and joint efficiency E= 1.00. (2) The thickness proofed by formula Fa=BARo/1) where&=O.9 00, and B to be determined as for sphere.

DO

FLANGED AND DISHED HEAD ASME

R. (
+

( T O R I S P H HE R I E C A LA

f,

The required thickness and maximum allowable pressure shall be computed by the procedures given for ellipsoidal heads. (See above)ROmaximum=D,, W

35

E
DESIGN DATA: P = 15psigexternal design pressure Do= 96 inches outside diameter of head Material of the head SA-285C plate 500F design temperature

Determine the required head thickness. SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE Assume a head thickness: t,=0.25 i
R = 4 n i 8 . .n . e ~ d u y . e r A = 0 . 1 2 5 / ( 4 8 .= 0 0 / 0 . 2 5 0) 0 0 6 5 F F r U Ci o S( - g 42 pm 8 = 8 a.3 d 2 e g5 t ) ee br0 t m B p i r n 0 oe h c d d e s o ct r f i b ap e hc da i g n n e eg .

Pa = 8 5 0 0 / ( 4 8 . 0 =0 4 / 0 .p245 )

,s

S t i m a n x a h cl i l m w e o u w o e pa m r r b k Pa l e is i esexceedingly ns u g greater r e than the design pressure f, a lesser thickness would be satisfactory.

For a second trial, assume a head thickness: t = 0.1875 in. i 8 . n0 0 . RO= 4 A = 0 . 1 2 5 / ( 4 8 . 0 0 /=0 0 . 1 8 7. 5 ) 0 0 0 5 B = 6 f 7 c ( r 0 hp a 0 Pa oag = B/(RJt) e , r 4m = 3 6700/256 t ) , = 26.2 psi. The assumed thickness: t = 0.1875 in. is satisfactory.

SEE DESIGNDATAABOVE.
A sah s t u he i m cf = k0 a en

Procedure(2.)
e . i s d 3s = :n 1 x 2 = . 5 in. .

A = 0.1 25/(86.4/0.3125)= 0.00045 B = 6100 from chart (page 43 ), Pa = B/( RO\r)I= 6100/276= 22.1 psi. Since the maximum allowable pressure Pa i g
P t a s r t e t adh t s hh u i i m cs ak e t en i s def a s cst o r y s . t e p e r h as s re is n s g e

SEE DESIGN DATA ABOVE. Procedure (2.) Assume a head thickness: t = 0.3125 in., RO=,DO= 96 in. A = 0.125/(96/0.3125)= 0.0004 f 2 c r ( h 0 4 p o Pa a = 0aB/( 3 rm RO/t) g t= ) 5200/307 e , = 16.93 psi. B a5 Since the m
~ t a s a x a li l m po ru w P ea mi s b g l s r e tu e r t ad eh t s hh u i i m cs ak e t en i s def a s cst o r y s . t e p a e r h as r e is n s g e

36

P
FORMULAS CONE A L

X
CONICAL N SE(XION D

a AX
D L

WHEN a IS EQUAL TOORLESSTHAN60< and Dl\r, > 10 a ax l i l pm o r w u e am s bs l u e r The m

, 1 A 4 =

3(D,/f,.)

s l%
te

s a v s for au thickness, m l ~., e u e The valuesof B s b determined h a by thel following procedure: 2 D e t t eL., r and mthe i ratios , n .L/Dl e and , a

a
DI

1
NOTATION A = factordeterminedfrom fig.UGO-21L0 (page , B = fhctordetermined from 3 charts (pages 4

D1/te 3. Enter chart UGO-28(page42) at the wdue E a 5 wn L/Dl t h e of LJDI (.L/D&)( h o or0 i t z tov n t is greater than 5 M line representing~it. From the point of intersection move vefically to determine factor A, 4. Enter the applicable material chart at the value of A* and move verticallyto the line of applicable temperature. From the intersection move horizontally and read the value of B.
5 C4 o l i . l ew m o t m m p2 a u ax h t

o w u e arm

4 7 ) c lh l I e u Pa fd is s f e e mdt at dl h l e pf e rh as etr si s n ( a a g xl r d )e e e t ,e d s s ip e g r hs o n must ci , be e repeated gd e u n r Dl = outside diameter at the increasing the thickness or decreasing L b

pressure,Pa.

a = o

o t

ian n p d n eeg

D s= E = L = Le = P =

large end, in. outside diameter at the small e i n modulusof elasticityof material (page 43) length of cone, in. (see page 39) equivalent length of conicalsection, in.(L/2)(l+D~/Df) external design pressure, .

using of stiffeningrings.
n G F v d . o a A f ol at ut l l e o l rt s ia e h n fp

cable line, the value of P can be calculated by the formula: Pa = 2A E/3(D,/t,.) For cones havingD A ratio smallerthan 10, see Code UG-33(~(b)
W H I G ER E T N A 6aT H E S R A 0

Pa = flbum allowable workingpressure, psi t = minimumrequired

t
te =

The thicknessof the conesshallbe the sameas f n h e ol t se s the required t h i f c a k

e sn s d , P c i o w o a t. mc e h q t il u a c o a rh fu h lg t e o t h e nr ef e . c o e i nn h . g 5

i ic

effective thickness, in. = t Cos a

r a o d ve r eiq i d u no fa te o ctr y j l u i nSn cp d t 1 e u ar e e

37

E
DESIGN DATA F = 15 psi external design pressure Material of the cone SA 285-C plate 500 F design temperature CONICAL HEAD D( = 9 i

a =2 n

e 2 6 g. D, = r. O e

e 5

Determine the required thickness, t Length, f. =( D1/2)hncx=48/.4142= 115.8,say 116in 1. Assume a head thickness, t, 0.3125 in. 2. fe = t cosa=O.3125 x .9239 = 0.288; / )l= 1 X + D( 1 + 0/96) 6 D = 58 1/ L, =L/2 ( L, /~, =58/96 =0.6 L), Ite = 96/,288 = 333 cf p h r 4a o a r m t 2 g , 3. A =0.00037 (
4 ~ 5 p,, = = (5 c, f 2p h r 04 a . 0o a r m t g 3 ,

L (1 A7
2 1

w
e e ) )

4 X 5,200 = 20.8 psi. . 3(333) Since the maximum allowable pressure is greater than the design pressure, the assumed plate thickness is satisfactory. 4B

3(D,/t@)

CONICAL SECTION (See design data above) DI = 144 in.

D L e e

D, =96 in.

a =30 d
r k n ee e d s

e s ,

t t e r r em tqi h n u i eic

L n= [ (gD r D t J )h / 2=], / 2 t a n 4a =/ 2 t =tC

. i 45
a

7 17 s

4n .

0 i . 3 n7 .6 , 7 ~ X( O ) ..8 3 6 =5 0 . 3 2 4 7 4 , 0

m 1

Le=(L/2)(1
I w
+ 9
L

+ D~\Dl)=41.6\2 X

6 = /3 1 4 4 4. ) 6 Le/D[ = 3 4 . 6 7 / 1 4 4 = 0 . 2 4 1 D1/te= 1 4 4 / 4 0 . 3 2 4 4 =

3. A =0.00065 (from chart, page42J

1 S t i m

4 B= 8( ,c f 6p h r 0 4 a. o a0 r m t 3 g 2 1 4 4 94 6 4 X8 6 2 5. pa = 4B = 3 X (144/0.324) 4 4 3(DJr J s i . = 25.8 p a n x ah cl i l m pe o r u w e P. ea m is s b ls e u r d e greater than the e p rs e i s

s g

P, the assumed thickness is satisfactory.

EXAMPLES

&

39

P
FORMULAS

7
L J

o
T L

Use L in calculation as shown when the strength of joints of cone to cylinder does not meet the requirements described on pages 163-169 It will result the thickness for the cone not less than the minimumrequired thickness for the joining qdindrical shell.

7 H

Use L in calculationas shownwhen

the strength of joints of cone to cylinder meets the requirements described on pages 163-169

r L. 1 -a

40

E
NOTATION

P
RINGS

DESIGN OF STIFFENING

A : Factor determined from the chart (page 42) for the material used in the
stiffening ring. A, = Cross sectional area of the stiffening ring, sq. in. DO= Outside Diameter of shell, in. E = Modulus of elasticity of material (see chart on page 43) 1, = Required moment of inertia of the stiffening ring about its neutral axis parallel to the axis of the shell, in.4. f,, = Required moment of inertia of the stiffening ring combined with the shell section which is taken as contributing to the moment of inertia. The width of the shell section 1.10 @ in.4.

L, = The sum ofone-halfofthe

distances on both sides of the stiffening ring from the center line of the ring to the (1) next stiffening ring, (2) to the head line at junction, in. depth, (3) to a jacket connection, or (4) to cone-to-cylinder

P = External design pressure, psi.

t = Minimum required wall thickness of shell, in.

I. Select the type of stiffening ring and determine its cross sectional area A II. Assume the required number of rings and distribute them equally between jacketed section, cone-to-shell junction, or head line at % of its depth and determine dimension, L,. 111.Calculate the moment of inertia of the selected ring or the moment of inertia of the ring combined with the shell section (see page 95). IV. The available moment of inertia ofa circumferential stiffening ring shall not be less than determined by one of the following formulas: D02L,(t+A~L)A ~, = DoL,(t+A]L)A {,= ~ .s 10.9 The value of A shall be determined by the following procedure: 1. Calculate factor B using the formula:

[*J
2. Enter the applicable material chart (pages 43 -47) at the value of B and move horizontally to the curve of design temperature. When the value of B is less than 2500, A can be calculated by the formula: A = 2B/E. 3. From the intersection point move vertically tothebottom of the chart andreadthe value of A. 4. Calculate the required moment of inertia using the formulas above. If the moment of inertia of the ring or the ring combined with the shell section is greater than the required moment of inertia, the stiffening of the sheH is satisfactory. Otherwise stiffening ring with larger moment of inertia must be selected, or the number of rings shall be increased. Stiffening ring for jacketed vessel: Code UG-29 (f)

41

E
D E DATA: S p ,e I G N

P= D.=

1 9 L H M T E= M o 1 = 0

xs dt ee p i r r s5 ne . a s i s l g u rn e . i o u nd t i sao. t m i s 6d e , ht e ehe r l fl e . eo t nv gf e ths ra h st n t e fo tg e i a lel n m n 4n i g f t O ie n = e5 n oi e t 2 e e l a l i :p d s os i d 1a l a o t t es tr i i r f h af S e l- i n if n e ng 3 g A 6 e m p 5 e r Fa t 0 u r e 0 o o d e l u a ols m t u a i sc t2 ie 7 t, r f y0i p 0a@05l f , ,s 0 ( 0 c 0 i0 s h p 4 a 3 g n e ) i . t h 5 i o cs n 0k n h 0 e se . s l f l

n : 7

. a e

I A a z =

o n6 x 4 g s3 i 4 .

-s l. e5n l e /e 0 q n ,3

cf 1 t . .

II. U
s o h

2 s s t ii fr f n e i ngq i n n u g ag p b ea o t c n wet e -d e td e eh ni hp r ( e f ia s g d u1 e in. rf s e e ) 9, Lj = r t e 1 t

m o oh m i ne o e tn e III. T selected angle: 11.4in.

i 3f

1. T

o a F ha

lc

uo e r
=

B= 3/4[PDOjct

3/4 ~5 X 96/(0.5 + 3.03 ~1961

= 2095
2 S t 2 t i v no a B hi c l l . e u e e h 5 a 0 0 n , e

A = 2BiE. =
2 X 2095/27,000,000= 0.00015 IV. The required moment of inertia: [1102L$(r+ A,\Q4] , = 14
S m e S t i a S p

962X 196X (0.5+ 3.03/ 196)X 0.00015 = g 97 in ~ = = . . 14

t i r en q mhc u o io e im r e ne e ( de n i 9 r ) it ts . im fn t 9a a t l7 h l e a h s o o im n o e te ns r et t a l h i ef( n a 1 c i t fg ) e te v d l. ne i ae h s 1 4 s d e q s u t a i tf e f el n y e d . i r f fm e i b ns in unt algbg a b j s u te c y T e c ke s r tl h ia b c on lo g n i . us d t d t ir te im q h o un oo ni i m r n o e ee d rn t t i a f . a g fe e s~ t 9 i 5 r f -c o f9 a e e l7 i c n ui l nar n t g i o ng s . i ld s ed

Cacml

owl

001 A

THE VALUES OF FACTOR

U I F S O REM F U V DL E AN O U SS

A
E N R S A S L

S N EE X R D L T SP EE R R

e Uolwj

n r I I I

45

II

111111
l

# , I

I
I 1 I

I \ \ w

Pa

46

e Ho13vd

..

t
1 1 1 , ,

I 1

Y-RI I\]

u)

I 1
I I I I
1 ,,

\ I \

, I I .

E
.

Ua

1 I

I I ! 1 I I
I

I I

1 I

48

E
CONSTRUCTION

OF STIFFENING RINGS

LOCATION Stiffening rings may be placed on the inside or outside of a vessel.

SHAPEOF RINGS
T r m i b ho n r e ac g t o ea a n s o g y u s let e a fn rc h t i e ro y n r s .

CONSTRUCTION
I i p r e f t u e r p a i l b tc l ss o ae n st t a rc oe o u em cp st o is i nnt g e s s et c ti r i of n f i e r a t ut hs hs t easa i tnr r n du s n ac hg tr T u ad r r p ae f l e th a sl n s. h o o o i ei n i n oe t d i f f o i h r c u o lh t l i e se el ts ri au s ncf hv tg b u aa r yp eel uo sc s o ba l t n,a u e t s h c s t a i t d r j t t t u ich yus o r n ot v ht ase t g F h u o l re he e d a li o a vf r l eme t . g e s rt s ee m a x p e i r m o i uo s rsm i o b uul c ne r d n e i e at 1 as f 2 si u g l b n n t e tn a c w t s a ht h r e T n i c lh ben he l l i d g ai m i e ti . v n s ae t n h td e l ie h mr ee e o i t mc r fa i b c o o t pu u i l s he a ct T tt s ti f ee o cc e n hbt snf .i col a i n e a nsu o r s mn t ot e ee l a t b u ht n t t w eo e ig ld pd e n e ltd h a e c r e n .

n r

r a

DRAIN AND VENT

S b d a F r i r f pf i o f d t r i a h m a t d n a on t m s iC ao F n t

e li nt n aei r gc n o he hs so rd i is z n dh h o e ne ah et aa o f lg l oa l tv s l ae c t h i pt c o r aa 3 i l y ln t a o o ia t nm t a n f gr v eh Po e rd oa n toe .lan eo b t o e a l rh1% t i t ed noitn e a hm m a ct e do e a tc e t ti h se a l rh t io s f tf s o e f c t d e o hr n s cd tF ei tt ii s A e o g n s s u . r e . x a h o i s m rl u h reu m n e e s u pbl c pf e f o l o r ct g te a i ds ut oei Ug G g d., u e 2 r e 9 . e 2 . is a f ef e

WELDING According to the ASME Code (UG 30): Stiffener rings may be attached to the shell by continuous or intermittent welding. The total length of intermittent welding on each side of the stiffener ring shall be:

1 f r o it o o n u nt ghl. s r t i s o d en o h e h e t, s o a a n tu c s it hrln cs ue m i ff e d er ee o t v e sh s e fle ; 2 f r o it o i n n o t ghs .v r e s in n l sh d et s e o e e ot f h le o h , s t n a c tii s r nr h c e f e o t r v e e n sh c s e e f le . W c h o re a r l or l si o t i e b w op a nr n o c t ve s i t di r f e sh o fd e a se e , bin a h i tn n tg t the shell with continuous fillet o or seal weld.ASME. Code (UG.30.) M S p a 1 tf i n 8t f e x a rt rt c x oe o1e i ri ri n . n2 n a

lc g

g a rn l ar n l

4 1 F

E T t

X f t h

F iA g u r e x 3 Il Sf D % w i M R P LO : T 1 G I E UN S E ? G x2 f 4wE i R II NN S I l S D

iB

e d d

o lg 6 e c l o l g 6 e c l

te l . tr te l . tr i

w t l h ee i s g ben hl esl ti ta d zt e o s e lh m o ls at h a e fl t o l s l e n1 se w t l hio io c v h k w e n o es s e ta s sia t f e jlf f le o n l hie r r n tt e .

f g n/ e

49

CHARTS FOR DETERMINING THE WALL THICKNESS FOR VESSELS SUBJECTED T

U T C

t s c ih t a hn r wr d igt i i a se f a f, l se t tr s s h e uih nc m c k t nb e ea d s vs aeo s i d c h bh a d ree a v t i ee a e s l c oc s p ow ne r td d d ai n e m cn eh tse o Ait h g h S e n o S o e V dc D tI e i i 1 v I ,o i n sI i ,o n .

30 0 40

50

2 60

70

80 090 100 110 120 130140

150 160170

180 190200

SPHERICAL, ELLIPSOIDAL, FLANGED AND DISHED HEADS c l u i s (Specified yield strength 30,000 to 38,000 p i n s

, e

T f t r i e h q hnu t hi e o i rd 1 c D ek e aed n t e Res2 dr E s m : t inc n . aet th vh e a , a. r hr o R 3 M v eo r t t t ie v c fm ,ap .lle e lr4 y a M i t u h nr o o oe r i e za ovr n, tt a . ele nl y a
I

= R = F F F

e q h ut i h e ir c ie ka dn e h e m i so ph h e e tr i i c a ra n l r d 2 e l l o i h:p s 0 o e i. r d a1 a9 f l a a od n ih g n s e t r ih da

sd n s , . h as i s d i , i d e u n es , . l dx D s 0 n cedd hsr d rs a i i,o RmW=Do dd e w i e u nn s

D.

= Outside diameter of the head, in.

50 CHARTS FOR DETERMINING THE WALL THICKNESS FOR VESSELS SUBJECTED TO FULL VACUUM
323.

525.
502 475

5m. 475.

a
-Q5 Qo. 37s 35a s 3m. 27s Zm. 225 2ca 175 Isa 1= Im !Ea 14 Isa laa I la Ioa m m. 70. 30. 3a Q. 2a m. la 3 d

6a

e a
375 350. 225 2m. 27s. m 2Z-3. a r?s. (5a 123. Ice.

! l 1 1 , I
90.

m
n).

a
30.

a m
m. 5 67*9 2 3 * 5 0 7 a o ,.. !0.

1.

C Y L I N DS R I C H A LE ( S facing page f

e xe p l a o e n a t i o n r )

51 CHARTS FOR DETERMINING THE WALL THICKNESS FOR VESSELS SUBJECTED TO FULL VACUUM
525 Soo. 4?5. 492. -Q5 -QO. 3n 330. \ 325 10 Is ,Xl .25 .32 .sS .4 .5s .50 .% .(M .05 .70 75 .s0 .03 .90 .95 !.00 S5 X0. 415 441 45. -no. 3T5 330. 325

o ~. n 2
2?5. ma ITS. ,3. 125 ICo. .10

X 7 5 .
2?s ?3a 2ZS 290. 17S Isa !25 . 15 .20 .2s .= t = ,35 .Q .65 .542 .55 .m .63 .m .75 .m .55 .90 .s5 ICC.. ,.m

2EQ.

C Y L I N DS R I H C A LE ( S p y e t l h v h c h v c s i i tf ir 3e e e d 0tn l 3 ,g d 8t0 p h i , 0n

L v ,e )

0 s c 0 l 0u oi s 0i

T f 1 E 2 M M 4 M 5 E 6 M 7 M

r i e s q h nu t h hi o i rdce e k e d nl e s l s : n c o t ( h wf e p a. e ar a c t rv r i g on ta L e h g l ) u t e e o or i z t oc v n tu r. a ee l p rl ry ev Ds e e n ot si n g . eo r tt t i e v c m a p lle l r y a ti u ro e n e o or i z a ov rn t D .a e l en l yo a /d d t n a h t a bt a e v o. o r raD vh t l eo u t e / e f t o or i z t oc v n t D.a u e l l r y v o e e o r dt i v ac r oa . lt e l v e w y n o a t h a n l d du e e f

= =

= L e o t 1 D i t 2 T g 3 T d l p h

o s ih e ln l f , . oe g v hs t s e eh s s t c e fas tea t l il e o kr a ol n t re h f, o g l ne l ho ss e w t e t t att nw a !c e .noh e t ieg h ne n p eo n e hte t a l o ths d nf u ei o e s hrs h r a i n u e ni s r g o e sn de t , . r d e i h ab s t et a e a t .t s en a wt c ke s ne j e tw a i n rf c fi e i ye n o n n ti n g ng i f s ht t c a r n o e t. c eo h fn es tti m i he rf e r tf r te h isnf t e i n t an eh g n o i thirdl of t n h n u d ee ie h s e p l t n e hd , . v n bs

i pe s g a g

P J B o H Y D R O C P A R L P o J g S ia C o p y r i g

e i n r s i c dsk t n es e N a . A s C e S e. A , do d M . .d .nC wd e FE h n V e d aTe a h RO BC O E 5 NS N S 5 IM N 1G , p o 2 9a 5 1 7 . , y7 6 . . m A .n p p l , it p f . .r ..i P , o e A r daVe c H seh s D s ueeo H s r s Yeie D a gR l nO d,C A N o v 1 ep 2 m 9 b 6 e 7r 5 6 . . h t e d

52

D
WIND

T
LOAD

The computationof wind load is based on Standard ANSIiASCE7-93, approved 1994. The basic wind speed shall be taken from the map on the following page. The basic wind speed is 80 mph. in Hawaii and 95 mph. in Puerto Rico. The minimum design wind pressure shall be not less than 10 lb.hq. ft. When records and experience indicates that the wind speeds are higher than those reflected in the map, the higher values of wind speed shall be applied. The wind pressureon the projected area of a cylindrical tower shall be calculated by the following formula. F=qz G CjA~ (Table 4) ANSI/ASCE 7-93 STANDARD (References made to the tables of this standard) Projected area of tower, sq. ft. = @x H) Shape factor = 0.8 for cylindrical tower (Table 12) Gust response factor = (G~& GZ)* When the tower located: in urban, suburban areas, Exposure B; in open terrain with scattered obstruction, Exposure C; in flat. unobstructed areas, Exposure D. (Table 8) = Velocity pressure, 0.00256 K, (1~2 IESIGN WIND
R E Sl S m projected U R k E b ,

o t

I
I

Wind speed, mph. Importance factor, 1.0 (structures that . represent low hazard to human life in event of failure). Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficient* Exposures B, C & D (Table 6)

*See tables below for values of q and for combined values of Gh, G,& K,

VELOCITY PRESSURE, q Basic wind speed, mph, Y Velocity Pressure p 0.00256 V2, q 70 13 80 17 90 100 110 120 130 21 26 31 37 44

53

DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS WIND LOAD (Continue~ COEFFICIENT G (Gust r

Abo?eE~~~~d, il. 0-15 20 40 60 80 100 140 200 300 500 EXPOSUREB 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.9

C
EXPOSURED 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.4

EXPOSUREC 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.9 2.0 2.3

The area of caged ladder maybe approximated platform 8 sq. Il.

as 1 sq. ft. per lineal il. Area of

Users of vessels usually specifi for manufacturers the wind pressure without reference to the height zones or map areas. For example: 30 lb. per sq. fl. This specified pressure shall be considered to be uniform on the whole vessel. The total wind pressure on a tower is the product of the unit pressure and the projected area ofthetower. With good arrangement of the equipment the exposed area of the wind can be reduced considerably. For example, by locating the ladder

90 degrees from the vapor line. EXAMPLE: Determine the wind load, F DESIGN DATA:

t w b v d

s D

= 1
=

m
6 fi~ 80 ft. 6 ft. 80 ft. D
6

vessel height, H Diameter of tower, D Height of the tower, H The tower located in flat, unobstructed area, exposure

= = = . .

The wind load, F=q x G x (9.8xA qf t r a = psf ob l 2m e G from table = 1.8 Shape factor = 0.8 Area, A = DH = 6 x 80 = 480 sq. ft. F =26X 1.8X 0.8X 480= 17,971 Ibs.

MAP

(miles per hour)

r-v

i i ---- =r ~-i_.. _.T-.

i----

(q
90

j-----

--m

. .. . .. . ... ...

my ,----- -/

&
, , ~ A

I L A S K , A

.- \kl

(miles per hour)

NOTES:1 V
2 3 4 5 6

a a f a l s ts u e ra sp3 e t t -a.e m s gi e be l fr e ed l oo x c s pu va to o Ca 3 tn .s a e ea ud s g rs r on e o rc y i w a a i pn r ono b t0 au b . ia h l n i0 l t y 2 f . L i in t n e br peeo wl t a sa t. c w iri p oo e n i an ec n t cn o ee pu d t d ra b s l es . C a i t u o w t s i hc o isp o . in m n en on t e u o e rn e f tu deo aA d ri g ns oi ud n os v n i la a s i sk s e f W s f iH p ia 8en a fw o Pe . d aRu d i n9 i e m or ii r s 0 p td c r o h o s5 . W l h r o eo e t c ce i r o nr h. a rd e r 5 id i la 0 w cg s is-a rhn p t yi see e b u h e a rn h d r s ae sd e, l W s m ip b a s en t bs a c e. u od b n m d e cs y et o te ad aw a o et ee l nc in n t s nn it e a h n or l en e a t ds o e

56

D
WIND

T
LOAD

l a i a o l tm n e ae r b d n to a d s h ts t e s ASA a o n A58.1-1955.This e d d d a rn d Computationof w b b s s o u l ti e s u s tic e oa lo ef t o m ldc d r on e n u ee n i t s rg di n e s standardis o T t T a w m t p o t ri h f h a e 3 sf n l s e ua d e r gt b e v r f o tte o0 U v . ul n S oe n h it i d s ta aa p hc a e i p g n n e eg . o h re te v su

. d oe

b a hg e b t i lw l e p vo r e i h eew f sv n ss au he r o de e a i s i ogb g u rhf o s to t i rn d b e it cm a a t s ea h d p y e . W C P E SR I l R I E Ep S W N S TU H H DR O ER E I H Z O wGN N T E A L O SC Q TSO IU R S EO C A T N A R N*G E U L R A R G H M AT R A E A P S 2 3 3 4 4 o 5 5 0 5 0 2 2 0 5

30 to 49 I 25 I 30 I 40 I 45 I 50 I 55 I 60 [ 50 to 99 100 to 499 I 30 I 40 I 45 I 55 I 60 I 70 I 75 I

I I 20

EXAMPLE
F T a I I F w t t c p t v m h h y w i p ri n h P e fs nd sm eur d r a e o w p m . ie i h n s tt s o e r a 3 Ir t e k m e z e z h li hfi

en p e i dO l e ekr s d l aw a h t o io h ie tm w ian , p c ri h m e h s n ss n e 0 ae h a t d w rai p . rn ihe e s f s pv n s a au he r ro de sh z i s io ao u g r nr a pe ts s f n b 0 e .q t 5 pe s m t f 0b oe 9 q . t 0 . . r r . . . .

t o g 3e n fh he n 2t s l o3g t r 4 nh f e n 3t o l

l i to n d to r ivc hw ra a sl e e bl h m su u r a l ee b t s i ls p f lh l i a e 6 0 ee a td c t .p t h y o ri ie d s n i s f z uf d r e wo r e b 1 e na in n 1 t e l lp ssn f l r b ee s e 5p q de tc 8 t .i v r e. d w v t iieo se n ar tc bs r tl s eeh a h i v8 o n d p e ro s i5 c sr a le l .

I m e q a u i a p na m t e f tn t y t rta st c h i oi e a h e f a ( a cc ct t o B rr o do u ir wn t n 0g e f l c . lo y )l U e s

o sv ee u s s rss u pe sf a elml f ac s nl ui f y o aft c t w y u rp e r rri hs w e s in rs t e u h d re o F et ae e x eTb : e q h t0 ls r t t e h n ez c h i oo emg a no h e r s a a3 o r m p p p .s l f r p ep c r i s ef s ib he c s o du n a r st eibl d u e l n r oe e i td f w o v o hr h ee m o s l ee sn

Relationbetweenwindpressureand windvelocitywhenthe horizontalcrosssection is circular,is givenby the formula:

Pw= 0.0025 X VW*
E W v X o A M P L w P h = we

Vw = w
E

p v

r i l e pe s s n f s W u b dr e e i ml o n c i p dt

qe t y

Pw= 0

1i m v n e0 e l pdo x a p c f 0 e ri e ht r s y st u s r e : .x Vwz= 0 2 p0 o p 2e r s u q 5u a r n e f o od tp or 5 n e ts h su e rpe r o j e oc f t e a dc a y r e l a i n d r a eah s o e 3s f i e a g g l e b hr t o o te uf v0 nt ed .

T t wo h p t ri e o a s tn e s li o u t d r p we r o o eh tn d u r p u sr c n e h e e n at s t is f u p r o a j oe t cr t t e oW e d hg w ai e a r or f r aet no . g t o ee hmq edu n t h it ep m x ep f hn e o a o t rw c e b ihr e an c a do f neu s d i cd F e n ee r ea d xb l a by o r t l .m o p tc l l a e a, i h d n 9 d e f g t rvr e l a e o 0 h i sp n mo e e r .

57

58
D E O S T IT AGO N WL EF L R S

WIND LOAD

~ =

v=

hr(V-

P.D, h,)

t=R2nSE

~z

h,

T J_
-

N O T A T I O N W o ti v w de i h n st s i e suh f l e tf ta e t l i c h ot E E f f o it c w i je e no h l c iy d n e f t e d s L a ef rv e tm r , . D i f s bt t r a s n aeu cocc eo ns tn s m ii df d e o e roea n H,HIHZ= L o ev noe v g s s e te sfs ch e s t f il e o t r ln M =M a mx o ( i t m b m u f e la m a h n s t t be t MT =M o a h mhe f el i n g ~t t h b t t , - ~ = r o e av dei a s i s un e n s l f , R =M vt o m ra ae o lat s e s cu rs p t ti e r au f s l e a =S s v =T s olh te ab rl , . f =R e dt q h ui c ci o kr r en e r x e d o c s i sl ,iu od ne n
= = = =

D2
t Y~ I I 1 E G D L S U S T M X e i A tt
= v4 = 4

= HI + (HZ12) = 78-0 Pw X D X H = V X h = M = H1[2= 28-0

e w

P L E : = e = n - : = 0 = p0 s rm m ioih n m e n e e nd t w X t 5 i = p X t 44 i = t v = to e 0
-

D]

h2 h,

HI

MT = M

o 3 cX 4 p e 30 cX 3 o o a t bm
4

e r 6 o X 2n = 7 1 08 2 8 6 , 0 1 e r 3,960 o Xn78 = 308,880 9 f l 78 , 0 0 1 0 l M,4 6 a ah lt n n t t gi o te e mnn t e = . 5

X X4 X =

! :)

3 x , k 4 u z % 5

P 2 1 ~l

D,

> 4 I z = ~

! O -

A M P L E : i D1 =v 3 ft. 6ein. H n= 100ft. : Oin. hT = 4 ft. Oin. N a f 4 o = r pm s f D e tt e w r m m io ih n m e n e e nd t = H12= 50 f Oi t n . . V X h, = M Pw x D] X H = 0X 5 ,= 5 5 2 0 5 V e 30 x s 3.5 xs 100 e = 1 l 9 . 4. 4 4 L a 3 xd 9 l d f e i= r2 t= n, 04 = 81 2 x 9 = 24 3 Platform 30 x 8 lin. ft. = F o 3 M , = 6 6 9 82 T o t a V = 1 l I g M oa t m b e o t a n h t l ntt go i t e m nn f t I e g 5 k = M hT (V f 0 PwD, h=) ~ =. 9 2 4( , 1 1 3 0 0 X, 3 0 X 6 3 8 .X 4 0= 6 . 3 5 8 f l m . S- tE X = A EF l M CP O L M EO L S B I O NP R EA 6 D A D 6

E G t

X 6

II
~ <0 s ! - J

59
D E O S T IT A GO NWL EF L R S

WEIGHT

OF

THE

VESSEL

The weight of the vessel results compressive stress only when eccentricity does not t ia i d o et xs h tv e U ih sh s e t s u s e a f le l exist and the resultant force c o i wn c
c o m p d r et st s wi o u e n i i h ni s i gg e a n oh i ie fni t c c a on n s n tt o r o l l d i sn t g . T A E 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 w r es w e hb i h c g a la h c f e u t lt l v a l at c o eero h d ni tw l c ,u e o dt h hi e d o oti r ttu ei s o ao fn h s ow l

l ef oe

c e wt i i i g h on . hnc ti

s h e l . l h e a d . s i n pt e w l r n ao a . lt r e k t s ur p p a o r . yt s i n s r u l ai t i n o . n g s o p e n i n g . s s k i r . t b r a i s n . e g a nr c ih o n. r g a nl 0 c uh o .g r s m i s c e 1 l l a n e o .u s + 6 o t 2 w 9 e o i h i . 1t tg % h f e h1 er f t m o o v e ro w t e p i g a l hw hat e at n i b f ed e t w e l h d i n ge s E r p w e c e tt i si g o i hn h t 1u tt

sg h h e e t f : E q u i p m e n t s : 1 1 1 1 1 1 i n s u 3 l a t i o. f i r e p4 r o o f i .n p l a 5t f o r. l a 6 d d e . p i 7 p i n . m i s c e 8 l l a n e o .u n g m r g s

u f s go h g s d h d et m o u f s 8g

1 d h

r y .

: h e 1r e

B O 1 v 2 t 3 o C T 1 v 2 t T

e weight,which r a t i includesthe n . g weight of the: ie e sr c e s oc e n t .d il i o tn ni r a y . s p ef r a i t qi n u . g i d o n

w w

e w i ie e sr e a

i g h s n hc ti . tw l

c , u e o dt h hi e o

sg h n

h e

e t

c e s oc e n t .d il i o tn ni ts e. t r hi bs i

c o m p hs r e d ts st rit ev we u e g s

g e v oh e y e t

where

Ct

S = u s tp n r e i ss st , i W= w o e v i a e g t sb s h s e o u t e ch c fv n otl n si e i d dl o ee re na t i ro c = c i r c u m o s f e o r s e h n oc te ke m i l ie f hr li m r t ae nt e e d a t = t h io t c sk n o she hi s k es i l f r en l t r , .

e o d h ii

fv g f

e e he r l s te ea n g s m f t e i e it n rl b a t v es b g eo i l pe n n 3 en na i s n

g g 7

60
D E O S T IT AGO N WL EF L R S

V I B RAT I ON

A a r e o w s t ut i l o s a d ntw e vl v fei d b e r rT l l a s po t i p eoo t hnr v. ii b oh r e s hb l o i sm u li li tn a d ena pd e rt c e , o u v g r e ri i b e aco r ll a d t t fs i na a i i n e aa of f t g l T a l l po h w e h a b r b c el i oeea m of p d e t um r t s ane p x o d h e i r mm d ie us ef sm l i eb c T s c h a h a l r v lm i b e o ei r n o n d a d i ti c is i oc ot n u H s ah s s ne t dd t i b s s i t o n no r a u s a u p a a p t l l s l h isu n y ep e p dr t o ie a d r v rrt o e ts ih n p s rt h i o ne b i gl e

F P e o V ri bi T r sec. ao t id o

O nf , l i e c

T=
o . T A T I d
=0

( D )F T
r ~ N . , n , e f , . 1 . 8

~ z

M a o V i

A x li l m Po w u e am rb b r a s t i o e nf , N
D H = O = L

g
t v w

= 3 = T = T = W = W

ud ti o asv m i ef ed s t e s e e rt l f , o e v ni e n g s c s t l f sku h d e i if l n rt g t f p s2 s q tea . e uc c a ec 2r l e.e r d a. t , i o h io s c ak t kn b e i isa s h r s fn t e t e s olh ts e b p a6 ra .l e , g , e oe t ilo gw h eb t r f , . oe t i p o f go h wh oele te i o fg r h b r tt E X A M P L E

G
D

i
= 3

v f Oi . f l l p t2 . 4 c e

H
g t
v w

= 1 f Oi
= 3 = 0 = 1
=

i o w =

D : e tt p oe v 1 t 2n 5 0 t n 0 l s. e c2 7 o ~5 b4 0 b o r a n td i i nt n n
= d

e a r a cmm ih t an a u x en l ila e o m lw u d a mb ir b ir a o t i d o fn . . . . 2 ( $ z =j e = . . g i o x n 1 = ~~ S 0 e 0
1440 X 32.2

T a

a l

v c i ht d b r n u ea o tatx ei lv oi w b a r a b t l i e

lo c oe n e h se o n

t d

e F r re C nE e cVee i : s b o e r . V a , e t P ri . r o t: V en i

sc e A sa f sP ul S rs1 a e e M p9 l

61 DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS

LOAD (EARTHQUAKE)

The loading condition of a tower under seismic forces is similar to that of a cantilever beam when the load increases uniformly toward the free end. The design method below is based on Uniform Building Code, 1991 (UBC). FORMULAS SHEAR F~~
t 4 1

MOMENT
&l = [F, x H + (V F,) x (2H/3)]

H13
V

= Z[c ~ v

IWX= [F, x

for X S is

x
H
B T b t b t s

Rw

MX = [F, X X + (V -~j X (X H/3)] for X > H13

a h

se

ae

4
S eL

are shown in Fig. (a) and (b). A portion Ft of total i o D s a i m d a hi i g o cn rr s i ga z e of m in V ts o is a assumed m l r ito becappliedeat the top of the tower. The remainder of the base shear is distributed throughout the length of the tower, including the top.
O v e r t Mu r on i m n g e n t

s a ih h t t e sh oo e h a r es it zre os a s in e at s hl a m l e i o a t ah o T t swr i ee a lh e nr o fg p au . a lad eat ir t n e oh t th a s o d p hh w e i due ea e to e that fg e a r ar m loading

The overturning moment at any level is the algebraic sum of the moments of all the forces above that level.

NOTATION C = Numericalcoefficient =
(need not exceed 2.75)

1
7?/3

Outside diameterof vessel ft ;=NumeticalcOef ficient :: = Efficiencyof weldedjoints

=

(b)Seismic Shear Diagram BaseS

h e

F, = Total horizontal seismic force at top of the vessel, lb. determined from the following formula: F, = 0.07 TV (F,,need not exceed 0.25V) = O, for T <0.7 H = Length of vessel includingskirt, ft.
a r

62
D E O S T IT A GO NWL EF L R S

SEISMIC LOAD (EARTHQUAKE)

NOTATION = Occupancy importance coefficient (use 1.0 for vessels) M = Maximum moment (at the base), ft-lb. MX= Moment at distance X, ft-lb. R =Meanradius S =Sitecoefficient of vessel, in. for soil characteristics Rw = Numerical coefficient (use 4 for vessels) I

r
x

-0

Asoilprofilewitheither:
(a) A rock-like material characterized bya sheu-wave velocity greater than2,500feetper second or byothersuitable meansof classification. (b)Stiffor densesoilcondition wherethesoildepthis lessthan200feet.S = 1 t s depthexceeds o 200feet. h A soilprofilewithdenseor stiffsoilconditions, s = 1.2 A soilprofile 40 feetor morein depthandcontaining morethan20feetofsoftto medium stiffclaybutn~ morethan40feetof softclay.S = A soilprofile containing morethan40 feetof softclay.S = 2.0

L.
L

St = Allowable tensile stress of vessel plate material, psi T = Fundamental period of vibration, seconds = c, X
t = Required corroded vessel thickness, in.

12 M
T R2Sr E

or

12 M,. TR2Sr E

IV

= Total seismic shear at base, lb. Distance from top tangent line to the level under consideration, ft. Seismic zone factor, 0.15 for zone 2A, 0.075 for zone 1, 0.3 for zone 3, 0.2 for zone 2B, 0.4 for zone 4, (see map on the following pages for zoning)

W = Total weight of tower, lb.

63
D E O S T IT AGO N WL EF L R S

SEISMIC LOAD (EARTHQUAKE)

EXAMPLE

Given: Seismiczone: 2B D = 37.5 in. = 3.125 ft.

H = 100 ft., O in.

z = 0.2 X = 96 ft. O in.

W = 35,400 lb.

Determine: The overturning moment due to earthquake at the base and at a distance X from top tangent line First, fundamental period of vibration shall be calculated T =
C, Xf13/4 =

0.035X 1003/4= 1.1 sec. Rw = 4,

and I = 1,

s = 1.5
1.25S T213
ZIC

c
v=

=
Xw

1.25 X 1.5 1.1213 =

= 1.76 <2.75

Rw

0.2 X 1 X 1.76 X 35,400 = 3115 lb. 4

~,= 0.07 TV= 0.07 X 1.1 X 3115 = 2401b. M = [EH + (V - Ft)(2H/3) ] = =[240 X 100 + 3115- 240)(2X 100/3)]= 216,625ft. lb.
x> H

thus + (v F) (X H/3)] =

M = [Rx

= [240X 100+ 3115- 240) (96 - 100/3)]= 205,125ft. -lb.

64 SEISMIC ZONE MAP OF THE UNITED STATES

66
D E O S T IT AGO N WL EF L R S

ECCENTRIC

LOAD

Towersand their i
a a l m s f a t o o t w

qe u r a i np u ams lse u yrn m a t m ale t lre rt iyv o c a e u l r hn t tx t whni e o th ui s v dg s e s u h h sec e o t s m pfe sr e t e lo ts s s E ri n v pq e u l is p y tt ta vc ho e te h s od s u c o th ec e s lu an i s a ny de um e md esi t s n r ti ec r oa i t lb u t i d a t td w i u e n a rh gi i e gb e n so e h es u nt t T dl d r ui n te s n h yn sm g m sa ie r t. r ri c s aa s e e m q nu a i p p tm a l i ef o nl p pt e ,mn e nb n i s en g ag db l s et cb t ye e ud enh , d er e x b seh s r ee e tq s u ea ai d ap v dm y d ey ti rn tt b ti o e ns n e aht l d r r e ie s on se u sgl ro s i e ol i n o s m m d a i r c d .

e t

e
M c 5
M=

F O M ES

R NT

M T R

R E Q U I T E H IS C S K N 1 We t =R z n SE 2

~= 1

1 *

nR 2t

I
e \ * -P w ;
R

s
t

N O T A T I O N = E c c e t n dt r i i f cs i t htt t y ra, a o nt c c h oe x w oe m n e e c lc e f o n t a r it c d , . = E f f o iw c jie e o ln ic d y n e t f d s . = M o o e m c lc e e f lo n n t ta r it f b c d , r o e av dei a s i s un e n s l f , . = M = S vt o m ra a e o t la e s bc u r si e st a e n tp l uf d, r ai e r n e e nxs ec c ss lo su ea r d lr l li f o i ,ons wg i ao = T h io vc k = E c lc e l on t a r ib c d , .

E G i e
R t

E t 7

v = 4 ft. e O m: n = 15 in, i . = 0 l 0 = 1

: Determinemoment,M, and stress, S. M o Mm = Wee= 1000 n Xt 4 = , n 2 1 b W I = 0 ~

f l 5 . 12 x 4J = 2 e 0_ x 1000 . = 2 p 3 X 1 .X 0 1 5,

W t

t at

h i hm tee o o rk e s io h u a n el

re h n c r ec l a nes e tn o m tn r a o ei sm c h d be h s u n , mate m sa l r i c tg a cl n el o n t t ar f il d c s .

67 Design of Tall Towers ELASTIC

A tower u
1 2 I t t s e E s i an

STABILITY

c x od m pi em r e f asr i s ti l oa a wn b iw a e oy ci nl y a s n tu oa b s s i e l i B b u o c t k w l i v . h nh y( e go E sb l uf s u ec e e k l l e l i nr g ) B l b o u cc k . l a i y ln g t h i n v - wea ( ls l tw e s n td e hh li o h ce st k s n n ie h l e s ht s e o e n h lf e eos - l a t s e s i n r sh a l i d bd oi u e e uc m c sko a l ) a ic a a u ln l cg l n u t o y t er i r h a t e h s t q a d u as i c f a a o uti wl s u voh eh re T oes o s olf r ee h o e luu on . t d sen ie ta hv sf h s e e i g n f i f ai i tc c a r net t s i o hu n sl r t t a Tin b e n f i lg o i tr f h y m a i. n u v e l s oe t o i s g a t i l s a t aa s b@ t i iil t i c r H t e a yh n d e e b in v o bn e o W slk o , ia p N e l d e s w n omy a n l e o m t ev n ewt h ss ah s p i f r ee i u r c m ] af hr s o i elp t y eo u h r( p d et o r s rr u p d p o ow r n bt c s moa , m b cer or n a s sa i a) d s e ly t r i e ea f dsf g e b a n u oe i c rs n k s ls c l s o p s L ao e n c g l i e f s ty t ud d i ii f . n f na el t c n rr e ie r of s g a the h is tower d e more i te y

effectively than circumferential stiffeners. If the rings are not continuous around the shell, its stiffening effect shall be calculated with the restrictions outlined i
t C U oh( C d- c e2 e ) 9 .

E G Given: i R
t

E s 8 8 is

= 1 ie v = 0 i

n 4 . D e t t e a r l m l c i oh o nw m ep a s r b e (tle sus e r i vs ee S s t i r f f i e n n e r g s L o n g s i t t u id if n f a e l n e r i n u t s o h e e d s tn , s :1 = 5~ : 0 0 0 = tx= t = 0.25 in. 1 1= , 5 0 0 , 0 0 0 ~ x 00 =. 2 . 2 2P .25 4 y = t + 24 1 8 = 0 + 0 . = 0 . 2 . 0 5 2 4 9 R S e f eW r ah C e o ei W nl Mc as e N : o e n. w N n, M t T n. S a, d r t .k r o h Te C n .y g h : l ie t nhd i lEl u E l m S n s n Ux s s Itg, nb p 2 ila. u 1 . v5l l. 9 . l 3 5 . . 3 , .

Ay = 1 sq. in. dy = 2 i

o nw m e pas r b e (t l e s s e r i v ee S n D : e n t t e a r I 8m l .c i oh . n 2 5 . x 00 0 0 , 0 . 0 0 2 1 , 5 x 0 f =0 1 , , 0 5 0 = 2 0 p , s = 1 R

S93

68
D E O S T IT AGO N WL EF L R S

rowers s
r m d i

hb d o e u s t di l e g n dn m f el te d e 6 oi h c o np tr 100 c afeet o h e of height. e ne s e f l d h e t c t t wi u e ol n m ih b o ce n a o la ae c b d u ld t a s y ft ee oi df r h n m fl o oc r am a n lbtd y i le e e d va e r m M F O R M U L A

AM = M D1 = W =M E

a dx e i f ( m l te t u c it m o ia o h np o ti t dwo i t hn w s i h u e le f f at e t t ri o o e d l ua p sl t u i cs i t s yf , L e o v n e i gs n = sc ts lf e h u l id f , er k H = R t m o o 3 i m n f e t e c n n r y , h l t o is n i r . ( R>lot) w h e n =M r ea o t td a o ii h w u n s e n r f R = T h i o c s k i k n e i s s r n t f , t wind p r e p s s u r s e , Pw =

n ) ohn

td t f dia hr e f , .

E G i
= 2 f

E c u e t m i o n :

E H
I
R t

6i = 30,000,000 = 48 ft., Oin.

= ~ = 30 p = 1 i = 0

e t

D n

e :t t em r a m dx i he n i f e lA me n . , .

AM=

PJI,H (12H)3 8EI

I
= 1 . 31 i 31 t i s g r h0 . t f :

.i

30 f x 2.5 x 48 (12 X 48)3 s n 2 = 8 x 3 0 . , 0x 0 1 0 xM 3 , 0x 0 02. 0 1 n 2 5 .

T f

m 4

axh l i l d m oe w u f e6lai meb n c if o p l t1e c o h hn e ee 0 48 X 6 n 8 8 . 8= ~ o . = 2 ( i ) r . a t d ih e

S t ia d c n e htf cdl ue n ec e a ot e x it l ol o c e n s a t i s f a c t o r y .

e ts h i i o g tc ns k ein e k de m s e it i d t s ,

i o,e c h t kt n n i e on e sh c sw A m e f ct a h l c d ou o e l fa d l twei c n r t tg t h i h o n h my e ob f u C ter a 6rh lt c T ou o t8 l D a d o te i f w n r l. gA e s g t b a i S Sn Tv . O t ev , SC 1e anM 9 . n H y d r oP c r a or k c b o e n s s i n g

69

E O S T

IT

AGO

N WL

EF

L R

COMBINATION OF STRESSES
T s t ir h n e bsd t s up e r c e s ev d h id e os u l cyso rel shallbe aiy b d investigatedin ei dn g s ta o l h f d qo i u dn a a pressure t k r d ee and r ) weight n , a of l

combinationto establishthe governingstresses.

C o m b o i n w a l t i i (o n eo a nr t v e sh s e le : A w + S + S S i d t d t d t ns d w t r w e t r i p e t r w ee i a rt d ui s s n u rn s e s s t u si s g

Stress Condition
Ae l e oSd es + o S. . eh oS t e d t .d t d t s t t t e rw ri rw w i a r td d e u is s n e p e un r s e s t se ee u si sg eh d e e r a e r) w s n ,s ae ou l n ir e o os o

C o m b o i n w a l t i i ( o n eo a n r t v e sh s e le : S A windward side t

ta o l h f dqo e ud xa a p tk r

+ Stress due to wind Stress due to ext. press. Stress due to weight
T s

t r e s s Condition At leeward side Stress due to wind Stress due to ext. press. Stress due to weight

p o ss h i d i t et i g e v n a e n ot sn ts e i n es g oh a dn i t ecid g o v n m e p enor T e s t s s ie u m o m t a s t ti io r hne w ds is h f tce ee a es t o t nch eo s m e ip r ir oge o sn sv i e or r n s so e ts w u h a m e i et a s a d r h h bw d o e e u s e f ie rl a t e r .

I i a t t g r B r T e e s

tn nl h tqd o u d n a o da k e s c i d mo u l c ts a n o e ot u s rh tu g d iw n oto ee e d i ha r et r n l h rq w uh o d ai k ir c ea h e t :

sn td c i ra b n eu c g c ss e ns s e t rb dih sc u i y ta m y m wla rt i l siz s f u wl rto e i ia n or g t l nh m q ou d a a kr e d . t sr h b e h c s a sla c a e tu sl fl a o l tl lee lh odo c wa it t n i e o g n s

dr t h e

1.
2. 3.
4 T s

At the bottom of the tower

At the joint of the skirt to the head
A t A c t D D D b oh h o ad ht t t t es o tj eha m ho e d i lo en l n i ao g . t m eh t e is ot c t ekf v rn ee s hrs s tn l t n i nr g t s fe e l n ii n t n ei g o

fr u h er ue ut u o

t s hs se b re h e m so x ra a e i tm l f i o n l l c el e h od on w d

1.
2 3 U s v F H

rr o e i d ci n s t mi ga o n r ei n. s g p r e ir a n . t ig o

tn d h di f c e ef o en s rr d t ie w e t ni t oeo n t h s i v, g a e c hh e so nt s s en q fte u e e ln c t o rn d ae i a t s d i o i s l rf n B f s ee s r d s e e inu o ed t r.r e e o sid c ,i n ts m i g ta o n n t ie n u s i s n noe otd e le x er s p t t n re r ae r l s n s au r lr e . a n a o tl a n td m b u d r rl o i t r u i y s zt i r oh rn et g nt g a oe t w h vn l e a fl seab od oa o x s hk i ,tt m h rhas u e e m applied. o s r s y been

ns

70

C
The b
t T t

O S

(cont.)

e mn o d d im t w n e ig d un i e c t r f ne e ta b o s r d i on t s to g ht t o t tm o h e om ot t w p h e t l h r hui ca,c a k sb t n d e el e ae s c a s rc s e c oa nr s o d e i e nd g l y . A aa F b i B aln gc oe u n va r de t n e f i i te e d n i td i d s h nt f s a oot n d r ce w e o t t o f o wh wa h c po e ef i t e rh r c it i c raa h kd i n e n e q su sa t e s . * 1 1 6 . .1 1 (. 1 9 . 1 ) . 1 1 . 1 2 . 3 . 0 0.5 0 m 1 . 0 3 . 1 1 2 .2 . 2 . 2 8. 2 9 . 3 0 . 3 2 . 3 4 . 4 6 . 4 8 . 5 0 .

0.53 0.51 0.50 0.48 0.46 0.44 0.42 0.41 ().39 ().37 ()<35 0.33 0.32
T A A V BA OL LF U E A m EC , S T O F R S t f w d l p t i c i r i n F i f fa r e = x

\ x

t E X A M

l o n g h is ct u d t d eti rin e an el pu t sre ier s o sn h e sa o o u l an r c u m h f se r e t o n t rh ie a e o l t sa r n s e w q ,l h t u e h i afi r c f e ek pt or e i er a sn v saa rt ur i l l r te ae b b s el s fi e nh o d s o t oi t r n T nr A a u d o fb s . a m lc m i c b f e n t t, o a o gd iu r X s hn tn ot tr tw a oh l nn o w gm iw i e e tt nh pn t ht h i ii ce c h cn k a n hl i nt p t oe e r e r s a ds n t is ar s au lf atr cr etl o e tr w y s i ih s s u r e . H x m tp = T r e t q h u i f i ci r kn ee n p t deroe se r s s n s a r u l r ( TH e i o n s oi on p n ) . t = T r e tq h u i f i w cw r k pee n rd ieoae t s s sn s o d b h ur h tr e e = j t s o ih i e n l n tl o , . 2n i .3 . = 63 n, 4 W = 4 . P L= 0 E :i . r = 0 k = 100 ft. F T rm = a 0 o m = 0.43 e ab X .= lmH n 4 X 1 3= 43 df 0

z 5 g b 5 E Q Q x

1 R b a t 0 . 1 F B i oa p tt l h i i ar c o ek t q n af t e u e si s r e h d o ( t + tt t t r o t h m/w i rc e 2 k q n e ) u s o i sr c o n s h h i e d ei t r e g e dh t . g t e d e .

71

DESIGN OF TALL TOWERS EXAMPLE - A Required thicknessof cylindricalshell under internal pressureand wind load. ~,- ~,, ~
A
: o v
II

E C O S N I D I G T I NO N S

D = 2 ft. Oin. insidediameterof vessel D1 = 2 ft. 6 in. width of towerwith insulation,etc. e e no l c d y i en E = 0.85 e f f oi wc i j
H d : 4 o

z
: o *

-e m
I . = \

f dt s = 4 f Oi l e o tt n o g 8 .wt . h e f r i f ts n tt b a r t nt . b a co h . eo sm h t et hT = 4 f O i d h t s ej h oa e i d l n o l t P m= 2 p i n p5t rse e r s n 0 s a i u l r e Pw = 3 p w p ri s e s n s 0 uf dr e R = 1 i i r n a o n s v d i e i d 2 s. u e s s e f l = 1 p 3s v 7 t o r s S a 5 2 e C l 0 s iu s 8 e f A s I m a a t2 e t 0 re m i 0 pa e l r a t t u F r e s o l h t e a b a l r . =T v N a l l f o c wo ar n r o oc o se i o n r . g n s

r n e itq m h u i fu i c i m rk n e p nt d r eoe cs er o ssnn s st ai rsu dl te r orre t ih 1 en

go e h teah n m n

PR 250 X 12 3000 ==0.260 i 11,538 = SE 0.6P = 13,750 X 0.85 0.6 x 250

Minimumrequiredthicknessfor internalpressureconsideringthe strengthof the girthseams: 3,000 PR 250 X 12 =0.128 in. t 3X 0 , + 0 7 . x 25 = 8 2 0 . 3 55 , 4 4 = 2SE + 0.4P = 2 X 1
R e tq h u if i c l rok n e ng d be io t seu dsd nti w nd ra p li ru i neM s g o n sa t u em r d e b o (e t 0 4 b 0 . .a M h n .

0 7

t _ s

PW x D1 X H = v X h] = M
3 M x 2 x 4 e o s = 3 n ( h t . x ,2 ett =0 86 5 6 f 0l 8 , m 04 ) oa t m b ~ o t ae m =

MT = M IIT(V 0.5 Pw D, h=j= 86,400- 4(3,600 0.5 x 30 X 2.5 x 4) = 86,400 13,800 = 72,600 ft. lb. = 72,600 x 12 = 871,200in. lb. Requiredthickness: MT
t = R T S T F F = 1 x 3 8 7 x 12 . , 2 1 , 2 8 0 7 0 1 23x 0E , 1= 2 5 7 4, 4 2 5 = 8080 7 i , . 5 5 0 0 21 3 n 6

r e tq h h u i c i ca r k l w e c n e u td e l ss i a t s t or e t he td b n o g gh sh tt e i ht e r o f ae tm m h w p ri o e s0 n s i .u r dr 1 e n6 5 . i p r no e s 0 ts i u . r r . 1 e n2 8 . T i g h r t et t i ah h t i c s c e h aa sk lr w c n un e ls e ia s t T O T0 A. 2 3 nn gg sih t e t L s t 9 or t h le o i tn f e ae a l f ho rm t uh hde e r m i tn h i i0 m c i ku .s n m be2 u h s ns9 sa 3 el .

to

I D

L E O S T IT AGO N WL EF L R S

EXAMPLE B
R w e t q h u i o icc y r k l en is d ne u d sh rc s i n oce a m l fd l o b l oa i ei o e t i o g w h e t r f . . ln dn p re i t rd ne e w gr s a sn s

iu a fr

P /

m m I < . 1 .

D ED S I G TN A A 3 f Oi i dn t i s na m i e .d t . ee r t = f 3 fo 6 i r w m o vit w ne di n s si t . au s .ll h e a lf t to f i l wo ha n D] p ie p it n gc , . = 0 e f .f o iw c 8 i se e l ne 5 c dya e m f d s E i f s t t n t b rat t n b a . c h o .h o e t ss h t m e teh e h~ = 4 f Oi d j o i n t . 1 f Oi l 0 o ett n n o g 0 w .t . h e f r = 1 p i n p o t5 r s e e r s n s0 a i u l r e P p r e s s u r e P. = . 1 ; i n s i Q d o n v e - r ea d s i 8 u . ss e f l R . 1 p 3 s o vt 7 o S ra s 5 Ae m l 0 s a a2u 2 i t s 8e e 05 r f iC0 s t e m po e r a t u r e . T s o l hI te ab rl , . v 2e s e a e a l :m i s c a l H dl il p : e t s1 ms f e o rt he mn cd e e i eh a i l m f a el tn n e e cm = C i r c u o ( c o a r l r ln o o rs w e i o q a nn uo c i r e e dt )

Minimumrequiredthicknessfor internalpressurec o n st i s d te orr t i hle n o g nn gg ih tt e s o shdi. e a m f 150 X 18 PR 0 i . U 0 2 i pn 3 . s l 3 n 2 a. 0 .x 1 = 8 . 55 6 0 t = SE 0.6P = 13,750 X 0

M i t s r n e itq m h u i fu i c i m rk n p ent r d eoe c e s r o ssnn s s t ai s rud l t e r or r te i h c eni g n r c gu h m te o is e h a a e ll m l f . 150 X 18 PR 0 i . 1 n1 2 X 3X 7 . x 15 80 . 55 4 0 t = B + 0 . 1 4 0 E, + 0 P

I
M I

r n e i tq m h u iu f i ch m r k en ed eo s

sa

r d

PD
t = BE 0.2P W V P L L e l a a i PW o X D, n XH a d s 30 x s 3.5 x e 100 l x 8o lin. ft. t 30 f r m d 3 x d9 l e f r

150 X 36
= 2 X 13,750 X 0.85 0.2 x 150
= dv x h]

= 0.231 i

= 1

= i=

0X5 , 2 X9 2,940 t nX 0 49

Totalshear

V= 13,680

= 55 2O 5 O , 0 0 4 = 4 2 3 , 0 0 6 4 = 144,060 8 . . oa t b m = 692,100f l m b a s T m )

oa t m b

e o h

s n h t

(ett

eJo t a e ma

l d

MT = M h~ (V 0.5 P#,hJ = 1 03 X ( 3 Xj 3 692,100 4 ( 1 X 6 3 2 8 1 M,

t = R2 = SE = i p f
X X X

.X 8 4 = 0 6 . 3 5f 8 l 0 , 52 t 2 ) b 7 , 6 5 8 , 6 4 , 2 2 2 .0 0 . 60

l t

l n ac o o oh t

F i p r no e w u. e r e r s e e r

.u r r . 1 e s0 ts s E i

73 EXAMPLE B (CONT.)

4
: o m N &

The preliminary calculation of the required wall thickness shows that at the bottom approximately 0.75 in.

: o , o

: 0 , -

: ~ ~

~ : o b t m ~ o : 1 o t -

u d i ~ f p s f t e lh r i e ca a e n k vn t t ea h s r se ee o i st i o g u h t t o w e r . T t h i rh c ek f qn h u e et s i sro e o( e n d i o 0 s s i r.e np o r2 n t r a e t s wl i l st ih so a c ot n e od r ae td a i d s td a io n f t tr oh m p e . 0 o F t di ~ i h ( s n ft i at dnr A X ac P s e7ob a ) l m g e o t =w 0 . 2/3 3 = 2 t/ 0 t . pX 6 =40 h .4 x H =.e4 f 7 4n cm r e eu 0q h n u n F d r i Ba P o g 7 r a a b fm g t oa , t h i a c l.k ne o e t n ns i n s gt e r thd sm h es dh e i f a c e te t e i U 8 sf w m i p il n t av g dt s e eh b .sh e c s os , n a se e t r ll u e o. f r m : ( 0 t .5 8h f w 2 ic o ) i ct 5u kd r f s . e s t ( 0 t .4 8h f w 5 ic o ) i ct 0u 3 kd r f s . e s t ( 0 t e .3 8h f w 7 ic o ) i ct 5u 2 kd r f s . e s t m T o t a l # E O I T T G H O H TW F E E R S b a e b g o e ipl n 3 e n e ai s n 7 g g 4 n e l 0 x 195 7 3l 87Skirt 4 8 0 9 6 2 B r 4 a i 0 s n7 e 25 9 7 4 n r5 c i6 h o 2n r 0 4A .n o 3 a o1 d1 2 m p 5 A .6 nl c uh0 o 1g r .e n 8 o t1 3 2 . m 5 . 9 3 1 a ot t r .8 e k 0 0 + 6 1 p p a o r yt1 s 1 0 1 l ia t in o n2g s 2 0 S a 2 l n i n g9 0 0 4 I 7n s 5 u l a9 t i o n 1 9 1 m P l a t f 4 o r 1 1% 8 L a d d e2 r 2 l 0 3i . P 9 i b4 p n1 g a y, 2 1 0 0 0 ( W t e g g s 8 % 1 9 0 6 1 8 4 , y ) 8 2 6 2

plate is required,to withstandthe windload and internal pressure, while at the top the wind load is not factor and for internal pressure(hoop tension) only 0.25 plate r o em i ia i a c s ra d lo v t i n s sa is satisfactory.F e c o n o

4 h x 9 3 X 1 2 x 2 H t 0 e b 0 I p wnl T s ur I n s ru O p e + 6 S

9960

T T O +E T

C E YR r el r r O O W e

I E W C a a i c y t qi t i

E T A 3I L O G 3 l N H, s nu g to n 3 6 2i 3

T0

S :b 0 0

0 0

1 a .

0 l

y 0

d l . 3l

4 0 , 0

0 0 b b0 0

0 0 . .

P T E

R WEIGHT: A A T L I 36.000 N G lb.

Test water + Erection Wt.

42,000 lb. 33,000 lb.

TOTAL TEST WEIGHT: 75,000 lb. For weight of water content, see rage 416

74

B(

Checkingthe stresseswith the preliminarycalculatedplate thicknesses: Stress in the shellat the bottomhead to shelljoint:
P S S S i e i o t i 0 ac i k t.n e e s n 7 s P 1 5 X 3 . 65 dt t ir n ep tu r s e eS rs =s ~ n e s=a ou l r e = 1 4 x X 6 s sn e o d dt t w r e ui s Rz n t = 1 8 x 3 . 3 1 w = dt t w r ee u i s g s s h e t= o , 1 x1 0 r c e o c n t d i i ot n n i o n 3 4 w = s== p ec ro an t d i i n tn g i o n 1 xm 1 0 C W I N lh p .D 8 70 3 s 5

3 8 , 2 2 0 = = 9 p , 6 3 x 0 7 . 5 . 1 2 7 4 , 0 0 0 3 5 s = p 5 ! . 7 5 5 , 0 0 0 3 p 9 s 5 . 7 5 5 t. DD

C O M B I N OA ST IT O R N E S S E F S D S W AI R D D LE E ES W AI R I E M ( E R P E C C T T O NI N YO DN I ) T I O N t 4 t rw 0 e u is 9 s n , e u i s+ 9 s n , e S o 6 d d 3 Stress 3 5 due to weight 8 p, + 9 p, 2 s8 2 i 9 su e ts r ru oe ri c . e t n i og n )

S d t t rw e Stress due to weight ( i p r n Nd e

o 6 d 9

S S

d t d t

t ri t rw

pe e

Stress due to weight I T T T S A A t a t l

I O P E R CA OT N I D N N I G T I O N un r s+ e o s .8 d 1s t se, S t. t3 rw e 7 u is 9 s n , e o 6 d u i s+ 9 s n e , Stress o d6 due to 4 weight 0 3 + 1 1 , 4 7 7 1 0 , 3 9 S d t t ri pe 2 un r s+ 1 es t s os 8 ,e + 1 1p , 0 s8 5 i 8 p, 1

e s nh 1 t s r 1p i ie ,le o p e 0 s es c8 sr o a 5 n to d it i i n ng wo i a v n re wn t g i i no shd l so h w f t t a rp b ele m e l o as h wta s 0 e j tr r i ei e . e oa f t f l ii 8 1c hi 1 n ep 5 6n t c8 sh e 0 l u h ei t c . st p h ee 7 a nd lt i b a5c o o . thk t v te ie sot a he st m i s s f afe sr 1 a e7 h f h sd e sf o ln t t e t r l o wt t 2oho. p o n w t m l h e ie 0ac pr i kf t.n. S dt t w r e iu s n s de o . x 7 , x X = V x ; = Mx PW x D] e

it t

o -m e
I * 1

i
m

Shell
P L s

b v

T S (

3 x 3 x 7 = 7 . x , 3 =0 5 2 57 6 2 2 0 , , 8 l o io r n=m240 . x - 68 = f0 1 t . 6 ao 3 t x f , 0 Ia 0 3d X 7 d l mie = n 2 r . x ,3 0 - =0 f 1 7 t 0 .3 = T M o o MX t m ae nl 3 t 6 f 1 t , 1 X 3 6 1 r , 9 2 8 0 1 M 2 = = R v t 1 8 X 3 . X 0 2z . =5 8 . 12 5 4 3 dt t ir n e p tu rse e r s s n e s a ou l r e , 8 c a l p c Ar u e l v a i t o e s u ds l y ) 1 T o1 0 p t , a l

T c a l ch ou s l a t tar it ee o b ns o sh h et hf ss t e o th t ea t a mo s h t dw or th sae n s w i ns d i o w i p a e rc r d o a n tg d i e io n a n t gt v i e o e nf on tr hfw n e e i id h c i e n tg n i fT i h c e w a r ne i f tf t .o u hc r ra o e l t cu i u hc tl b e a s t r i t o at e n t h e s e t nn ha t e s 1 0p d , n 1e o s 4x t a2 o e c l l ei s o s h ew 1 tt a d 1 r bp , e le T 6 e 8 tss s7h s e. 0 il 5 h ue c i t p h i nsl ia t ia c s f .at k c t o e r ys .

75 EXAMPLE B (CONT.)

Stressin the shellat 40 ft. down from the top of the tower. Platethickness0.25 in.

dt

t w r

e iu

n s

de

o .

PW x D1 X X = v X : = Mx S P L s S ( 8 h 30 x e 3.5 X 40 l = 4,200 l X 20 = 8 a ?0t x f o ft. r = m 8 lin. 240 x 36 = 2 30 x 19 = a d x 38 d lint ft. e = 1,140 r T M o ol t m v a e . = nl 1 ft 1 1 x 1 1 24 , , 3 1 M = = 5 RI n t = 1 8 x . 3 1 x 0 2 . 5 . 1 dt t ir n ep tu r se e r s s n e s a ou l r e c a l pc Ar u e l v a i t o e su ds l y ) 1 T o 7 l 4 , , 6

1 , 6 f X 4 t , . 2 0 0 p , 3 2 4 p , p t , 8 a 1

T 0 i t .h ph 2 n f l i se a 5 c h4 o . f t kd e ie l s f r t t tl a r o tn t 0 tc . ooe i o h m w s a t i s N f a f c u t c o ra yl t .c i u h r l ee aot o q r it uos n i r r ae e h ms d ea m n as n t e i bo e o n on

76 DESIGN OF SKIRT SUPPORT A skirt is the most frequently u

v s e I si a s o t iw

a ts m s e na o th i ss d f sa u d cf ep t v ot p re y o r o tr t e tb l c a s o c .n h t w iet s n e d tu lt o hd u y s ai ue nh s g t u a n r oe a e ql d h uld e h dz l e tdi e e t i r tfm ns hi g i no h ce t k ss n ke e s hi s r ft e .

F i A ga u B s r t en h m s c oo h o dt m w os sm y e t ok th pna i t e t a er cI fh a tm e o c a l c ou t l r a te i q o w hnu s i t e ri v f ee l z a o d j h l e edo u , e ig e c s t c y f f bi n i te fn v C ( o 1 m U bd u 2 a s e We ) y d e .

t is

vv

E X A M P L E ac e h eo sn mi n s E s i edxee e B a r l em d p

l n e

D = 37.5 in. E = 0.60 for butt joint 3 f 8 l , MT = 6

R = 18.75 in.

= 18,000*stress value of SA-285-Cplate

, 0 b 0 0 . . . p F m uc r to u p ro a r s l e s ts . n4 ( n2 n6 r . .

W = 3 1 l 2 t 2b 0 * s t

D F w

t t e r r e m sq i ht u n h ke i i rc i k e e ndr e r =1 d 1 x 6 23 8 8)5 0 8 x 3 . X 17 .

1 = i o 1 MT n R2 ~ SE

, 0 2 i 2 0 6 = . ,12 0 40 . 0 00 0i . 0 = ,1 5 0 40 . = 0 i . f A L 6 ka e c o i t kr 0 0 6 e t

w ef = o i g h r t D X 3 x SE= . 3 U

3 1 , X 1 3 7 X 1 4 , .8 X 0 T ( Y t i i ! p s h f4 s l i l

R E F E R TE N h Ce E rS : m

77
I

DESIGN OF ANCHOR BOLT

V s r

e vr et s s i o o k s t t i n

c s ta e at a l o c m s nw ,b k f u es a r st d s the t s ce n t fe e d i r hu f c d b e tr m u r rr a o a e al m a n b e cn a oy t h s b l o ( fn b t r ah e g .

o a s e

r sd i

The number of anchor bolts. The anchor bolts m b inumultiple of s four and t for tall towers it is preferred to use minimum eight bolts. Spacing of anchor bolts. The strength of too closely spaced anchor bolts is not fully developed in concrete foundation. It is advisable to set the anchor bolts not closer than about 18 inches. To hold this minimum spacing, in the case of small diameter vessel the enlarging of the bolt circle may be necessary by using conical skirt or wider base ring with gussets. Diameter of anchor bolts. Computing the required size of bolts the area within the root of the threads only can be taken into consideration. The root areas of bolts are shown below in Table A. For corrosion allowance one eighth of an inch should be added to the calculated diameter of anchor bolts. For anchor bolts and base design on the following pages are described: 1. 2. An approximate method which may be satisfactory in a number of cases. A method which offers closer investigation when the loading conditions and other circumstances make it necessary. ? TABLE B 13 12 NUMBER OF ANCHOR BOLTS TABLE A I Diameter of Q Minimum Maximum Bolt circle in. Dimension in.
1 q n1 .

Bolt Bolt * Size RootAreas i

Y 5 3 x 1 l l 1 l 1 1 1 2 z 2 2 3 * F b 0 0 0

0 0 1 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 5

3 8 . t 5 2 8o 4 1 o 8 1 6 t 7 0 5 22 / / 8 8 . 7 1 68 t 1 41 o 2 2 3 08 / 1 4 0 . /I 2 21 1 t 1 0 2 82 o 6 / 6 1 . 1 3 - 1 1 0A 21 / 3 t 1 8 20 4 3 2 24 o 4 1 5 / 1 / / 8 1 6 1 -1 3 % 8 2/ . 1 6 -1 9 13 /1 4 AC 4/T B L E . 1 8 -1 9x 3 0 /1 XA L L M8 O US W M A B T R FL E ES S E O 3 31 A 7 - M 4 /A 8/ I . 0 -1 5 O U/ A L 2S S A TN E BC HD O O S R L % .2 2 1 9 4B 1 5 A 1 5 / 8 2 1 / 8 . 5 1 M a a l l x S 5 p e c i f iD c a i o mn i t ai e t ne r 4 p t r se .32 / 7 1 44- 4 N 3 u 1 / 4m b e Sr 8 38/ . 72 0 -1 4A 9 /7 lA 1 e5 t 5 e rl, s 0 / 2 A d2 i a m . 2 3 -2 0 1 S 03 % 1 , d 0 n n d8 % e / 1 B 74 / 2 a 4 u . 2 0 -2 2 3 - SA 0 193 % . 3 7 1 5 1 8 , d 0 2 a u n n d % e S 1 B 9 1 A 3 6 - ; 1 - / 1 : 6; ; 1 6 , B 78 O v t ei r n 2 oY c 2 l 0 3 SA / . 3 6 - - 1% 8 193 5 c %, 9v n3 o26 l 7 8 t 1 ie A r1 / 7 B 8 /O . 3 6 -2 2 5- S 1 1 4 w o s o t li a t n h t t rd r se a hr a d d s .

24 to 36

D (

O A M

B A

A simple method for the design of anchor bolts is to assume the bolts replaced by a continuous ring whose diameter is equal to the bolt circle. The required area of bolts shall be calculated for empty condition of tower.

FORMULAS Maximum Tension lb./lin. in. Required Area of One Bolt Sq. - in.
S B it Anchor r p o s e l

~= . 12iu w A8 Ce B,= ;+
s i s t n . N ~ A

TC8 sg - - b. N
T t I , e O . N

w r ti b t c e h is oh iri a c n l l q e ne t AB = A o f b e cr e n i io c e r lc n f l C* = C i r c u m M oa t m b de t a w n h o te usia rt et f e n h l M= N uo a m n b b c o e h r l o f tr N= a ax l i l s m o v w tu a om rb ab m e l le a os p t SB = M W o e t v i d g e h u e h s r r t s el cie f e t nli w=

q e s u s e ls re i f a t i l obg n , .

. . u o dk t e rb ,

. .

E G b i c s i

E qbe .

uo re nm Dl t e e t .t e s n r 0a m ze v = io 3 i r e t l c n nh e ; n :i h n a n b c o hl o t rs 0 q n n

u i e e d

A~ = 7

7 X. 8 . 1 6 6 , 4 02 00 =, 1 l , b i .4 i . 9 0 7 f 6l 4 t 0b 0 7 . . M-= 8 6 l d 0 u e r b 0 r e ci t 01n i . o w= xg9 n 4 . 0 2 4 -4 p 5 t m 0s a 0 xh B i i= 0 =m . u e = m 2.196 sq. in. ~ SB = 1 9 a l l s o vw t a o r ab e l le s u s e f Pt t a r a l m og ce h r . e O t a n b mh c a oh t F e o rT l e i r rA aa l 7- ob 4 n uof bolts. m b 2 eb ir 2 os . i l3 q0 n t s 0 . N= (See TableB on the A d 0 id . forcorrosion, i 1 n n use: 2g 5 .

CB = 9 i

T= 4

Preceding Page)

(4)2Y bolts.
C h s e ci t a k r in b ne c g o s h 0 ls o s nt

1,402X 94 14,324p SB= 2 x .4 3 0

S t im a n ax h l ci l s m o e iw tu e a m r b e l 1 5 p t , s se 0 n l 0 heu ia 0 cs m t , e be i nd e o b a o s a t i l s rf a t c t f s o r e y .

79

O B

b l e a n t r do i g su t e r ge i h b l u n o i of t o a c r om d f nl h oy c u r na e dn t ate nt e i t he n o n xt o u a c l d le s o h e tw o b e l a o t r o fi o n u an g hd a d t i f o en . T t h i oh c t kb n r e se as h rs i h te s bfn a s e e e s li n h g it d sl n r i tb d w n ee u o g s ci s e e a r t h q u a k e . F O R M U L A S m 1
-

M l

a C x oim m p r b i . / 1 1 in i n . A p p r 1oW x i o m i B Ring in. a s

ue s m s ~ i .o1 n ,n c . A, . a td e e t

y C,

2 f

P h

t*

Is

12

t
t8 =

_Di

Approximate Thickness of Base Ring in.

B e S a e oS n p t r p td ri i r ne ne sg s

&s . ~

. +

3 x s, 1; sg s S = s i

t52

AR = Areao b As = A w
;

= Cantileverinsideor outside, whicheveris greater,in.

N ~ A T I O N r = a 0 i .( s 7 nD D f8 se i g5z Z 4 q i O n ) . r ti s t s k e ih hi i a r q n nt e , . . = C i r c u m o fO e ro es n . ci k e iD rn n .t f , . = S b ea l a o c rfo os i np nc eS a rg T s e Ed to a e P n ei ,b h . l e eg

. , n e

l: 13= Dimensions,as shownon sketch above. (For minimumdimensionssee Table A on page77) M = Momentat the base due t w o e a i r t f hn l q u oa d k t erb ,
W = W o e v i d e g u o s h p rs eot trie a l f nl e t E G ; i v e = 8 6 f l , = 500 psi from n 4 X A M i g o s P nb L t E r , .

D: e t t e m r im w n i h na i iet m h d ui e c n mtk b r0 f a o. i .p ec s ro n a nf e t d ii g t nr ig o to 0b

n h e n .

TableE Page 80
1 n b o s

Pc =

12 x 86,400
4

7,500
7 7

= 2

W = 7,500lb. operating
A O T

l ,b . / 2 l i n7 . 7 6

C S 1

7 5 8 l t , 0e b 0 2 s 0 , . t2 = 4 i b . f n T 5 r A ua p. 75ob t a, tl m 1 = 5(3(3 ( co 2 h il ot 4 r !s n : ) A . m i d n i i m f m e l = n u s m i oo .2 k 4 i D i. 6r. n f 2 t 5 . 2V4 m.t 2 i a f 1 y = n n o A . n n As = h 4 s i e 7 q 6 . . u 6 i w b s ri n/a i d e 2 ns C = 7 i n $ 7 . r~ = 0.32 x 5 = 1.60 in. U 1 i t b s h r n i a i e c% ns . k g e . h s e tc r k e i s n s g e s : = 2,273 X 77 = 305 psi S 3 x 305 X 52 = 10,167 psi e s n5 t d ri 2 ne B e s ri 4 n e g s1 s B. 5 7 a t r
C

80

DESIGN OF ANCHOR BOLT AND BASE RING

When a tower is under wind or earthquakeload, on the windwardside tensional stressarisesin the steel and on the oppositesidecompressive stressin the concrete foundation. It is obviousthen that the area of the boltingand the areaof the base ring are related. As the anchor bolt area increased,the base ring area can be decreased. With the designmethod givenhere, the minimumrequiredanchorbolt area for a practical size of base ring can be found. me strength Ofthe steel and the concrete is different, therefore, the neutral axis does not coincide with the centerlineof the skirt.
1 D C a D 4 C f I a c C U c s t t ev lt c r n b S c o e t t ei o t e a r u p r omk a i h n l. e e l s qah a u t n e ii hl 7 T o ta e B a r s nm i h s n e i u e e r u o ee nzm d g .b e l e d e e

Sa

th s te i r t h c e a s. k nbs he a c e o s h l u n d a t i o n d e vb hi e a t tt a i w fl o e l ean o h e w na cs tt a r u te la s sa rlr e o e rt s p g e a l c u l a t i o n a lt c b u r lt aa h i ti ec s kn n e ee g s g u p s sl a a s nt c e e c h t o sh a , o o m p r r ie i s i isn i eo c nf n e g af ot b s es d t i s r t ir tei b u sr t o i sa so h i n k s n n

F

I 1

T D A B L E V oa C o l n u s te a sn t f s a F u no K c t i o n s s z a U 0 . : 6 0

f
X Y ,

O::s:

s .. M

e 1 M

0 1
/ b

0.500 0.667

1.000
1 2 3 0 T 2 f p 8 E A 2 0 I I s 1
1

. . .

- O .i 0 . 0 . b0 0 7 8 4 - o .1 0.0293&b 0 . 2 0.0558f. b2 0 f. Ii o.0972f, b2 5 0 -0.1245 0 b 0.123fcb2 0 f.bz 0 - 0 0 .b 0.131 0 0 J .b 0 -1 00 b 3. -10 0 . b 0 . 3 f,b2

O.000

s o 2 / , 3 2 . 1 1 13 1 32

L s 0 0 I I

I
8

E 0 0

I
I 1 I

0 0

1000

c Ii
1

fb
n

81

DESIGN OF ANCHOR BOLT AND BASE RING

F * 1
4

R
k

U 9

S
/(.= ~ 1+ I

Bt

1 & ~b~ +I

I .

Lb

f, z:::/
, i , t . , .

T T el es o n a s o n bi ni t a s r n bi
a

Fc l oa l

ehl

~o d t. M nb r s ( so ts a n r s

eS l c o p e s hl

b
B

-.

t, =e ~

Fc,

W
CirCk. @.

b=

(/4 + ;,)

tB = il ~ E 1 ~B

t ah i iw c g s kn u i n tl i a t B ne N O T A T

e e sg s t ss , , . I O N

eh B

b
C
d

= The distancebetweengusset plates, measuredon arc of bolt circle in.

= T

: j 1
M M

=C C = D = D = C = C = C = 1 = M
=

n :

s
w z

= R = R = T = M = W = C

a or e rt f q a ua e n b i s l ro c i ea o hd o q lr n r t . . o n , s s TtC a D o n a , t te p s b ,r e p l c he e e a d i n g ne g e . i o a a m n b e ct c e i io h r r o c l f rl n e t , . i o a a m n be ct c e if o h r r o c l f rl t et , . o m p s r e i t st s cr i v o e e an t h s o c re s ue o n h t te d b t e r e pg t ah e i r n se s o m p s r e it st s cr i v o e ean t h s b c c r s ei p on ht e r e cs l lt e e t i , o ns s T t D ao a tne p tb r, e p l c he ee a d i n g ne g e . t i = w o ti n4 b d r iah t ,i . h ns n f e g e , . oa t m b de t a w n h o t e usia rt et f e l n h q e uo d a t kb r e . o w h ii c g hr S ee T v ra eF o ta r te ep b r rs . e p l c h e e ae d i n g ne g o m a o o t e d l iu a o s ls o t u a i ftc s c o i eE tn f y n cS s e T r f / elE a E td ee cb a o b d c iii o r u c ls l n f e t , . e s n it a s r n i b . el p co es hl s ot n rs i , . a ax l i l s m o v w tu a om rb a b pe l lep als u as s e t fe e i , . o e t ti ago t bh h wl ta h e f se rb e t e , . o nS sT t Dao a t ne pt b r. e p l c he e a e d i n g ne g e .

82

DESIGN OF ANCHOR BOLT AND BASE RING EXAMPLE

DESIGNDATA:
D d = 5 f Oi d t i o a an .m n be c t,c = in. diameterof anchor bolt circle.

DETERMINE:
e io . h rr oT c l fs r l a en t i h. uo nm z

anchor bolts;

= 1
a =1 c = 1 r = 1 = 3 = 6

r c

f=
s

M S A O

a i t fh h n tk o m a 0 o o t e d l u i a o ,s ls ot u i ft s c i Tet fwy e l di c ns o (n n c T E Pr a 8e t b d a e l 0 ge o b . e r ) ai p , a l 2l c o s 0o w s at m 0o br lp ie e n r g . t h f 11 = 6)1 o (n c T E Pr a8e b ta e l 0 ge , e ) 1 5 p a , l l0 s os v 0 w t a o0 rb ab e l i l e as u s s e f e i n g . 8 p a , l l0 t o s e0 w s n a0 it b s l ri o i e el l e s t s s n . 6 l w , o e 0t b ti 0 o g 0 h w h . te f r e . 9 f 2 l m, 1 o a tt 0b m b 0 e a n h . .s t e t e .

L U T I O N : s8 i s w bu r i m n a a aeci d o m s .n pns e r ee at s t gsb r id cv ee if.oh = sr 1,Ooo c s lpsi.l t e e t 1 1 +

Sa

fctj
. fc 2 c . 2kd * 1 R e aq 1

1 1 18 1 x 1

T T
= 0.35

0 + 0j z

cc

t c h o nf h s e t Da a b r l = 1.640 0 0 . = 2 3 0 =0 00 . 7 = 0 . 4

ra nn e e 3 8 2

~ 2N k 2 x b 0.35 X 60d 2 x 0.35 X 60 X

= 8

T i i shu f af i igc m 0w t e 0 a i s 8 n s ht u 1 l p , u v o fCb= a

B, = 2 n U 2 F

ou a i r n b r e c eod h W = ~ 2 ; 1 xz 6 2 C, S. jd

l ao f t r s M 9 2 3 d ) x 1 0x w 0! ~2 068 2 4 = 2 s 3i X, 1 8 3x 0 , 3 x . 6 0 3 0 7 08 t al r e t

1 sa n b i tc o nr hl e g rqo t h a2 u rs f io o r,r b e eo d oe on = . 1 5 i 0. / 1 9 2n 5 8 . r A 1 a i dob ?i

b al mw n m 4 ee b oo sta 8 e tu .i l rb s f ti of u ec y o al a t cd %d dr i

to g r nr o

use (12) -2 in. diameteranchorbolts. Tensileload on the anchorbolts 3 0 z, 0 x . 0 50 = 10 4 ~ 0 l 2 9 2 , 6x 1 M W D = 6 = 9 0 X.5 7 8 3 jD

T
s. =

57 5

es
~:;

n i t t s ar i
=

n b el

h c es o

hs l o n e tr = .1 . i 5 7 p 3 0

s , 3 09 n = . 7. d p 5 0 6 s 6 3 . i1. ) . 280 0 i

157,150 0.125 X 3 x 2

~d

2 3 = = 3.14 x 60

C o m pl r e o t s o sc i o v n ea Lh c= 1r ted = t8 n e e 0:

n57

F.
= r = (

193,150
7+ 1 .x 0 8 .3 7 x 1 1 5 = 2 .4 43 0 s 0

DESIGN OF ANCHOR BOLT AND BASE RING EXAMPLE (CONT.)

Checking valueof k whichwascalculated withassumed values of~,~= 1,000psiand S. = 18,000 Thentheconstants from
k=
1 I + 1 1 S
x

= 0.19 17 _ ,

fCb

T Da a = 1 c 9 + 6 0 = 2 c
j z = = 0.461

b r . . 1 6

e e 8c 8,

M jD

692,100 36,000 X 0 = x 5
1 5 7 X. 3 X 2 1 , = 1 .2 1

X. 5 9

= 1 ,

5 l

6 7

1 b 9 i

Sa =
=

F, r~rCf = 0

5 p 65

2 6 8 0

s 2 3

+ W = 157,192 + 36,000 = 193,192lb,

fcb =

FC (14 + n fsjr CC= (

193,192
7+ 1 .X 0 8 9 .3 7 X1 1 hs l o n t e 0 s 66

= 5 5 2. rs 0 : i

p 5 0 1

9 s 8 0

C o m p s r e i t st s ar i v n b ee h co s S = n = 1 x f 5 = 5, p. , 9 b C o m p s r e i t st s cr i o v ee an t h s c o

res u eon h tt e d b te r = 8 p

e t g ae h i

r 0

ne s s

f e g e 5

fc = fcb x 2 :M+ 1= 596 X

R e

2 X 0.19 X 60 + 8
2 X 0.19 X 60 ss n

t q h u i oi b c rk r en f ade= i6s i

f en g 0 n 0

, . .

tB = 11~

= 6

3 X 805 = 2.406 i 1 5 , 0

T d e tc t r h ei o a c th b k so r n e eua h is e g s p u ns ls fs e g a es t , e ee t s U ( s g i2 p u l ts n d 4 a s i gt bs ee ) he t tts at g ,nw u c es e h e se e n t se ,

~d 6 b= = 7.85 ; ~ = = 0.764 24 b 7.85

f T r F a = M = 0 m ~ l m e : . 1 fC1,2= 0.196 x 89 Y x & 6= 5 1 e .i U5 I = ob 0i l 6 5n 8 b e ac s .t k 0 ee . .

0 i t n 7 sb h M6 p n i al .

84

ANCHOR BOLT CHAIR FOR TALL TOWERS

The chairsare designedfor the maximumload whichthe bolt can transmitto them. s z l bt h ca s ea d la t c ae d u l ee l as l ot c t e e r fd i b o e h s The anchor b s a o b i p l an
g A c l s po o n o t a i g n e g s .

t e la o c dt t p i gnl s l g eh ba h w s t ea wf e e c l lo s d in t l fe i n et wid u oT l u eh s l l ie f w i z s hl g b e lh o e hfe la e o t an lt d h l n e i fn r nk n j li he o p t n l hf e e ii a c g t

DIMENSIONS inches hchor 1 dim bolt

1
1 1 1 2

E 1

G
1 1

3
3 3 4 4

2 1
3 1

ls/~ 13/4
2
2 2 3

23f~ 2
2 3

4
5

3 3
3

518 5fa
1 3 e 1 1
1 1

11/4 11/4
1

13/4 1lj~
2

2 21/8
/ / 2 14 2
3 3 3 !

3lj~
3

5 s5 6

3 / 3 4
4 5 5

11 / 13
2 2 2

2z 21
3 3

3 12 / 3 4

6
7 7

. T B

a R

tb S a

h i at o iP z e s

fb av e S k le r c hA e e e o Ssi n .m C hm a t A n D ou n B r . c to a t h l tn i R r e noe lg J gf e i. 1 u num 9 e r n6 , 3e .

st o

86

STRESSESIN LARGE

V
SUPPORTED BY SADDLES

The design methods of supports for horizontal vessels are based on L. P. Zicks analysis presented in 1951. The ASME published Zicks work (Pressure Vessel and Piping Design) as recommended practice. The API Standard 2510 also refers to the anaIysis of Zick. The British Standard 1515 adopted this method with slight modification and further refinement. Zicks work has also been used in different studies published in books and various technical periodicals. The design method of this Handbook is based on the revised analysis mentioned above. (Pressure Vessel and Piping; Design and Analysis, ASME, 1972)

A horizontalvesselon saddle support acts as a beamwith the followingdeviations:

1. The loadingconditionsare different for a full or partiallyfilledvessel. 2.

vesselvary accordingto the angleincludedby the saddles.

3. The load due to the weight of the vessel is combined with other loads.

LOADINGS:
1.
a a

2. Internal Pressure. Since the longitudinal stress in the vessel is only one half of the circumferential stress, about one half of the actually used plate thickness is available to resist the load of the weight. 3. External Pressure. If the vessel is not designed for full vacuum because vacuum occurs incidentally only, a vacuum relief valve should be provided especially when the vessel outlet is connected to a pump. 4. Wind load< Long vesselswith very small t/r values are subject to distortion

from wind pressure. According to Zick experience indicates that a vessel designedto 1 psi. external pressure can successfullyresist external loads encounteredin normaIservice.
5.

87

LOCATION OF SADDLES. The use of only two saddles is preferred both statically and economicallyover the multiple support system, this is true even if the use of stiffener rings is necessary. The location of the saddles is sometimes determined by the location
of openings, sumps, etc., in the bottom of the vessel. If this is not the case, then the saddles can be placed at the statically optimal point. Thin walled vessels with a large diameter are best supported near the heads, so as to utilize the stiffening effect of the heads. Long thick wa!led vessels are best supported where the maximal longitudinal bending stress at the saddles is nearly equal to the stress at the midspan. This point varies with the contact angle of the saddles. The distance between the head tangent line and the saddle shall in no case be more than 0.2 times the length of the vessel. (L) Contact Angle O The minimum contact angle suggested by the ASME Code is 120, except for very small vessels. (Code Appendix G-6). For unstiffened cylinders under external pressure the contact angle is mandatorily limited to 120 by the ASME Code. (UG-29). Vessels supported by saddles are subject to:

1. Longitudinal bending stress

2. Tangential shear stress 3. Circumferential stress

STRESSES IN VESSELS ON TWO SADDLES

R o ~ A Q m t~ = =

C . 1 A

oa

n o sn t

d a a g ce d

lt

Max. Allow.Stress

I i e
:4
~d

S1 p

xt

pt

t s l dt t n hru r e ( e r Ps n sR s a n/u lh 2r a c l l es oh ew t adr b

uJ~

YYo Am Au

~ L ~ Z

* v
(Tensio~at ihe Bottom Compression the

o Sf
]+2~

AT MIDSPAN

QL 4
*

o p a $ l &

e c t a ie
4A

en g n g

e S1

4H - T
1 zr

z:

()

R2ts

e a t
d

l s o e r

v w t i

x0 t c t ie . a or a lm vb e el e s s a l .

S3 plus stress SHELL

IN
S* - K4 ~ts

n <
w

Q
.

= 0 *Q ~ti

q I/l!
u< m UJ A n a -$ M ,J

IN
HEAD ADDlTIONAL STRESS [N HEAD

= Ilth
S3. = ~

K4Q

o n

K5Q 3K6Q Q - &=-~t~(b+l .5@s) ?(:

w
2

S4

timesthe

z Q

AT HORN SA%LE s4=

!3 g

Q
4 1 t . ~

i2&QR
Lt$ 5 (

j 3
L~ BOTTOM ,= O ,=0 .= SHELL L 3
: Et AT

~ b

+ s

ma

K7Q s5= ts(b+1.56@@ F

89 STRESSES IN VESSELS ON TWO SADDLES

~
YY JJ

NOTES:
positive Values denote

$ 4 ~

e stresses n and s negative i l values e denote compression.

E z Modulus of elasticity of shell or stiffener ring materidpound per square inch

D ~ ~ z w m ~ 4 ~ n ~ ~ u z ~

The maximum bending stress S1 may be either tension or compression. Computing the tension stress in the formula for S1, for factor K the values of K1 shall be used. Computing the compression stress in the formula for S1, for factor K the values of K8 shall be used. When the shell is stiffened, the value of factor K = 3.14 in the formula for S1. The compression stress is not factor in a steel vessel where t/R SO.005 and the vesselis designed to be fully stressed under internal pressure. Use stiffener ring if stress S1 exceeds the maximum allowable stress.

& $ m m $ G z w u
~ e

If wear plate is used, in formulas for S2 for the thickness ts may be taken the sum of the shell and wear plate thickness, provided the wear plate extends R/10 inches above the horn of the saddle near the head and extends between the saddle and an adjacent stiffener ring. In Unstiffened shell the maximum shear occurs at the horn of the saddle. When the head stiffness is utilized by locating the saddle close to the heads, the tangential shear stress can cause an additional stress (S3) in the heads. This n pu t r e e r s n se au o lr stress shall be added to the stress in the heads d t i
W s t h i r f ae f i ue n tnns e m r rga e x s hs d i o e h m , ca u t e e ce m a qu u h r a st

e o

A ~ ~ ~ & a L
~ Q ~ ~
Q

I w p e i u l i a sf o f e t rfr m Se df u the s l, oicknessts a n so may r r the be 4 taken !? maybetakenthe shellthicksum of the shelland wearplate thicknessand for ts ness squared plus the wear plate thickness squared, provided the wear plate extends R]l Oinchesabovethe horn of the saddle , and A< It12. The combined circumferentialstress at the top edge of the wear plate should alsobe checked. Whencheckingat this point: ts = shellthickness, b = width of saddle O = centralangleof the wearplate but not more than the includedangleof the saddleplus 12 i sf o e rf m S d f u t l, t o ahn si ot c hm k r b n5 t e r te s a a s If wear plate is u

k s o t s u a h w h ue mt e n lh lf i e c a pl k r d nt o t re w vs e s i o ,id t hw e d p d e th l e h e q a l u b +e 1 a al. s s5 t t6 I t s i nh sh t e i tf o lm ff e e an l s x eh s tdi o t , m c ra u e s t os r s t ec h m ou h a s r dh t d e T s ih t n br t ia e o td s ts i s d n s preSSUK4reSS. tt e h e e o rd n o ae l I a s t i s f tf h e m n aene x rhd i n li g - m c lo m ue pi rm ae t s s i bo n o o h st ht s o e t U s t ir s f i ft e i c in r e ce u n m r h f b e r ge e n sft ne i ae td l xir t c ne g as e xh sd i s m m e a l l so w t ar b e l s e s .

90 STRESSES IN LARGEHORIZONTAL VESSELSSUPPORTED BYTWO SADDLES

VALUESOF CONSTANT K (Interpolate for IntermediateValues)

K, = 3.14 if the shellis stiffened by ring or head (A < R/2) ;ONTACT ANGLE 0 120 122 124 126 128 130 132 134 136 138 140 142 144 146 148 150 152
1 1 1

K2

K3

K5

K(5

K7

0.335 0.345 0.355 0.366 0.376 0.387 0.398 0.409 0.420 0.432 0.443 0.455 0.467 0.480 0.492 0.505 0.518 0.531 5 0.544 5 0.557 5

1.171 1.139 1.108 1.078 1.050 1.022 0.996 0.971 0.946 0.923 0.900 0.879 0.858 0.837 0.818 0.799 0.781
0.763

0.746 0.729

0.880 0.846 0.813 0.781 0.751 0.722 0.694 0.667 0.641 0.616 0.319 0.592 0.569 For 0.547 Any 0.526 Con0.505 Tact Angles 0.485 0.466 0 4 0.448 0.430 6 8 0.413

i 0.401,

0.393 0.385 0.377 0.369 0.362 0.355 0.347 0.340 0.334 0.327 0.320 0.314 0.308 0.301 0.295 0.289
.0.283 0.278 0.272

See chart on facing page

0.760 0.753 0.746 0.739 0.732 0.726 0.720 0.714 0.708 0.702 0.697 0.692 0.687 0.682 0.678 0.673 0.669 ;.;;: 0:657 0.654 0.650 0.647 0.643 0.640 0.637 0.635 0.632 0.629 0.627 0.624

0.603 0.618 0.634 0.651 0.669 0.689 0.705 0.722 0.740 0.759 0.780 0.796 0.813 0.831 0.853 0.876 0.894 0.913 0.933 0.954

1
162 164 166 168 170 172 174 176 178 180

0
0.585 0.599 0.613 0.627 0.642 0.657 0.672 0.687 0.702 0.718

0
0.698 0.683 0.668 0.654 0.640 0.627 0.614 0.601 0.589 0.577

0
0.380 0.365 0.350 0.336 0.322 0.309 0.296 0.283 0.271 0.260

0
0.261 0.256 0.250 0.245 0.240 0.235 0.230 0.225 0.220 0.216

0
0.994 1.013 1.033 1.054 1.079 1.097 1.116 1.137 1.158 1.183

91
STRESSES IN LARGE HORIZONTAL VESSELS SUPPORTED BYTWO

SADDLES VALUESOF CONSTANT K6

0.01

: 0

0 : R

5 A T I O

uA

92 STRESSES IN LARGEHORIZONTAL VESSEIS SUPPORTED BYIWO SADDLES EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS L DesignData s 48 in. distancefrom tangentline of head to the center of saddle 24 in. w o is ad d t d h l 21 in. depth of dish of head 960in. lengthof vesseltan.-tan. = 250psi. internaldesignpressure 300,000 lb. load on one saddle 60 in. outsideradiusof shell 1.00in. thicknessof shell = 120deg.contact angle SheI.1 material: SA515-70plate Allowablestress value 17,500 psi. Yieldpoint 38,000 psi. Joint Efficiency: 0.85

o 6

LONGITUDINAL BENDINGSTRESS (S,)

Stress at the saddles

~,

,A(.1-:jj:)3m,mx4(_l-~::;j~~)=522psi

K1R2t.
Stress at midspan

x 602x I

~:%(+:~j.2-%)3m*qxw(::~%)=4,,,psi = =

nRzt,

3.14 x 602 x 1

dt t i r

2 xd PR n p e t u r es e r s s= n s e u a o r l= 7e

Thes o t e n su s t x s c oe v t eo h rta s e g et sl d i s 1 e h u s rx 7 . ae = ,t 1f m 0 e5 p h 4 It d n e o t
C o m ps r e i t ns f sri s o a en t o ci sO t /s n 1. os =0 0 tc R r/ 0 . e 5> 60 ;

2X1 4959+ ir o e 75(XI n s m = a s f12,459 le s psi :

2t~

5 p :

0 s 0

0: , 8 0 8 10

s 5 7 7

93

STRESSES IN LARGEHORIZONTAL VESSELSSUPPORTED BYTWO SADDLES EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS (cont.) TANGENTIALSHEARSTRESS(S,) SinceA (48)>IV2(60/2),the applicableformula: ,=%L*H)= doesnot exceedthe s
= 14,000psi.

1;:?*OOO
t v

( :::3.4:1

)=$mPsi

of r a shellmaterialmultipliedby e l s us e 0.8; 17,500x 0.8

CIRCUMFERENTIAL STRESS Stress at the horn of saddle (S4) Since L (960)> 8R(480), A(48) > R/2 (60/2), the applicable formula: s4=-

.3K6Q

t
3 X0.036X 300,000 = 18,279 psi 2t

A/R =48160 = 0.8; K = 0.036 (from chart) s, 300,000 4 X 1 (24 + 1.56 d-)

S4 does not exceed the stress value of shell material multiplied by 1.5; 17,500 x 1.5 =26,250 psi Stress at bottom of shell (Ss) K, Q Ss = 1 ~ . . r~ +
S =

5 5=6,319 psi

x 300,000 1(24 + 1.56 <~)

% doesnot exceedthe compression yieldpoint multipliedby 0.5; 38,000x0.5 = 19,000 psi

94
STIFFENER RING FOR LARGE HORIZONTAL VESSELS SUPPORTED BY SADDLES
/ II II II l!

N O T A T I O N . A = C s re a c ot i r so
1 = K =

n s ae l

( 2 8@

L Q R = R
= @ =

s o o o o a d

aI i

ad n = db u

dl s

ne

A S ~ R I ni s n i d g e . K C o m p r e s s S i o ~ n 6K ~ a t S h h e l t e Il G 1 ov e r n s =9 Q / . 5 sm Q ,

1 t r

Q .

1 .

5 +

<
c

~ Saddle
and Ring

- ,r 3

~ O u tn s i dK ge K .~ 9 S at t r e s h s ~ s ~ ~t e = S h e l l % R O ui t s n i d ge . K9Q Stress at the S ~ 6 . K, ~QR = o t h f l/d e

& 5

Q +

Es

: ~

, -

S R ! +

h I j ! ~ t ni ~

e s ~ 3

l n i d K S . a sh

l g e . tG K ~ e I

w G $ Q 6 T Q / =

! 3

s 6 = - K # - K :j ~ R : e < m

and Ring +

95 STIFFENER RING FOR LARGE HORIZONTAL VESSELS SUPPORTED BY SADDLES

VALUES OF CONSTANT,K (Interpolate for Intermediate Values) Contact Angle e

1200

1300

1400

1500

1600

1700

1800

K9

.34

.33

.32

.30

.29

.27

.25

K1o

.053

.045

.037

.032

.026

.022

.017

NOTES: 1. In figures & fmrnulas A-F positive signs denote tensile stresses and negative signs denote compression. 2. The first part of the formulas for S6 gives the direct stress and the second part givesthe circumferential bending stress. 3. If the governing combined stress is tensional,. the stress due to internal PR shall be added. pressure, $ CALCULATION OF MOMENTOF INERTIA (1) 1. Determine the width of shell that is effective to resist the circumferential ; 0.78 ~~ bending moment. The effective width = 1.56 ~~ on both sides of the stiffener ring. 2. Divide the stiffener ring into rectangles and adculate the areas (a) of each rectangles, including the area of shell section within the effective width. Add the areas (a) total area = A, 3. Multiply the areas (a) with the distances (Y) from the shell to the center of gravity of the rectangles. Summarize the results and denote it AY. 4. Determine the neutral axis of the stiffener ring,the distance (C) from the shell to the neutral axis c = Amy 5. Determine the distances (h) from the neutral axis to the center of gravity of each rectangle of the stiffener. 6. Multiply the square of distances (h2) by the areas (a) and summarize the results to obtain AI-IZ b d3 7. Calculate the moment of inertia Ig of each rectan~es Ig =~,where b = the width and d = the depth of the rectangles. 8. The sum of AH2 and Z I gives the moment of inertia of the stiffener ring and the effective area of the & en. See example calculations on the following pages.

96
M O O MINERTIA(I) E N OF TSTIFFENER~NGS F

EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS
A R=7 D I M E L I N I S IN O L N C S H O U RT A SO I SD D 2 I HE U E E N S S L F L

1= 0.78~x
11

=
X

1 A R I 1 E

i A @

b2d: =
1

0.5 x 63 = ~.oo in. 4

b, = 9.86

+
MARK I AREA I i 0
@ A= ~ A = =

d ;
I S . 9 1
h

I A 0 .
Y

I
I

b
I

1 5 3
=

2 1 3 .
-

5 .1 2

2. 3 7

0.10 .

I=

2 +

i 4

\ *

251-F%-225
x

1=1.56 ~~

=
=

h,d;
77-

in4

12

MARK I AREA I
a o @ A= Y h

b a X h2

~ - A A

O =

1=

lY = 2 +

MOMENTOF INERTIA (I) OF STIFFENER RINGS EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS ALLD1MENS1ONS ININCHES R = 72 in. OUTSIDE RADIUS OF SHELL CJ $ , I
I *

1 = 0.78 ~~ m
A

0.78 J72 X0.5 = 4.68

RI
12

E
o =g

A
~

b, d: ~

x 12

4x0 12 = 12 a 1 2 3 A= ~
=

=0
b

.
4

AY A

25.23 = 2S4

I = AH 2 + Ig = 6
9

+ 94l z 7 . i 3 4 0

. 3 n 1 .a

~ = A

2 8

~ 2 =2

I 9 2 + 7I = 3 5 .= A= 4 3

+ 90 2

4 7 g0 . 3 n 7 3 = 5 . .H i 9

M A

A R

T c

s s r

aa t hd l o d s .h e w l m e ce e r t t u s e t ieh ts o s r ni f ih z s ( too T nt e t r~e af l f c h e) c e o o tc s t s at i r h o sd te n d l s il f hoei o te s o i o h s e ra s e d t at n v i r d h s(R). sd e f i

F=K1lQ,Where

Q= the load on one saddle, lbs. K,, = constantas tabulated.

Theaveragestressshallnot exceedtwothirdsofthe compressionyieldpoint ofthe material.(See examplebelow.) VALUES OF CONSTANT K,l

A Intact Kll

120 n .204

g 130 l

.222

140 e .241

150 .259

160 .279

170 .298

180
.318

EXAMPLE: Diameter of vessel= 8- 6 Weight of vessel= 375,000 lbs. Q= 187,500 Ibs. Saddle material: SA 285 C Web plate thickness = 0.25 in. Contact angle = 120 Kl, = 0 f t a

R =5 =1 i F F = K,, x

0.204 x Q 187,500= 38,250 = lb.

To resist this force the effective area of web plate= lU3 x 0.25= 4.25 in.2 38,250/4.25 = 9,000 lbs. per square inch. The allowable stress = ?4 x 30,000= 20,000 psi. The thickness of the web plate is satisfactory for horizontal force (F). 2. The base plate and wear plate should be thick enough to resist longitudinal bending over the web. 3. The web plate should be stiffened with ribs against the buckling.

99
E X O A P A AN C S O I N O T NNR A C T I DO N E L S

H O R I Z V O N E T SF A L S

4 9

~ ~ BOLTS
~B O R I L 2 T S QS A D

~ D 2 L E

+ +

EXPANDING VESSEL

CONTRACTING VESSEL

For thermal expansion and contraction, one of the saddles, preferably the one on the opposite side of the pipe connections, must be allowed to move. In this saddle for the anchor bolts slots are to be used instead of holes. The length of the slots shall be determined by the expected magnitude of the movement. The coefficient of linear expansion for carbon steel per unit length and per degree F = 0.0000067. The table below shows the minimum length of the slot. Dimension a calculated for the linear expansion of carbon steel material between 700F and the indicated temperature. When the change in the distance between the saddles is more than 3/8 inch long, a slide (bearing) plate should be used. When the vessel is supported by concrete saddles, an elastic, waterproof sheet at least 1/4 thick is to be applied between the shell and the saddle. MINIMUM LENGTH OF SLOT (DIM. a) a H @ z : ~ u ~ $ ~ & le width of
h s h d n l e o i bc + y q l

DISTANCE FOR TEMPERATURE oF BETWEEN SAD-DLEs -50 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 Ft. 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
u 8

800 3/4 1-1/4 1-5/8 2-3/8 3 3-5/8

900 3/4 1-3/8 2 2-1/2 3-3/8 4-1/8

- /8 -7 / 8

0 0 1/4 1/4 3/8 3/8

0 0 1/8 1/8 1/4 1/4

1/2 0 1/4 3/8 3/8 1/4 3/8 5/8 3/4 1 7/8 1-1/8 1-3/8 3/8 5/8 3/8 3/4 1-1/8 1-1/2 1-7/8 1-3/8 1-5/8 2-1/4 1/2 1 5/8 1-1/4 1-5/8 12-1/8 2-3/4
3 1 / s 3 1 / f 1-3/4 7/8 t 1 1 [

5/8 1-1/8 1-5/8 2-1/8 2-5/8 3-1/8

1 1 o a el t 1 3 a m e . 90 5[8 ho o l r318 5 33 0 4 1 *

12 3- 7 1/ - / 2 - 3 2 4/ 3 4 1 / 84 - 1 / 84 5 / 5 4 3- 1 4 5 1 / 7 / 8 2/ - 0 / 2 - 1 2 / 8 8/ 4 2

2-3/8 3-1/4 4
21 -0

4-5/8 5-3/8 6

3 - 7 84 - 58 / 5 - 5 / 86 - 1 / 8 6 1 / 8 - 12

S
FOR SUPPORT OF HORIZONTAL VESSELS

H O

j
]
H

i
L

;
E
I

G Ii
k ~

MH
E
E

T \
&D-

H I
I

&

Q :

SU B
E

P A ;~

L A : -L SC Y E -

C: C :

The design based on: 1. the vessel supported by two saddles 2. toresisthorizontal force ()duetothemaximumo peratingweightofvessel as tabulated. 3. the maximum allowable stress is % of the compression yield point: % of 30,000 = 20,000 psi. 4. the maximum allowable load on concrete foundation 500 psi. 5. the minimum contact angle of shell and saddle 120. Weld: % continuous fillet weld all contacting plate edges. Drill and tap % weep holes in wear plate. At the sliding saddle the nuts of the anchor bolts shall be hand-tight and secured by tack welding.

SEE FACING PAGE FOR DIMENS1OIW

101

SADDLE

{OMN.U lwAMEITR )F\EY$EL

OF

MAXIMUM
G H K

E
F

4 1-1 1-2 1-3 1-4 1-5 I-6 1-7 1-8

o-3~z

!/Z Y? Yl % V2 % K !4
/2

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o
1 3-

1-2 1-4 1-6 1-8 1-1o 2-o 2-2 2-4

l-x 1-2 1-3!L 1-5!4 1-7 1-9 1-1OY2 2-2Y2

4
4 4 4 4 4 4 4

2-6
2-8 2-1o 3-o 3-2 3-4 3-6 4-o 4-6 5-o 5-6

22
2-4 2-5 2-6% 2-9 2-11 3-!4 3-6 3-11
4

1-9 4 1-1o 4 1-11 6

2-o 6

0-4 4 0-5 4 0-6 4 O-6YZ 6 0-7 6 0-7% 6 0-8 6 0-8% 6 0-9 6 0-9!4 11 0-1o 11 0-11

% h % N % % % %
/2

% % % % % % % /4
%

A
%

42,000 50,000 56,000 62,000 70,000 76,000 84,000 90,000

98,000
104,000 112,000 128,000 134,000 144,000 210,000 220,000 252,000 282,000 312,000 344,000
/ 402,000 8

% % l/2 !4
3/4

% !4
Y2

% %
A

% %
/4

2-1
2-2 2-3 2-6 3-o
3

6
6 6 6 6
6-

11
11 11

1-0
1-1 1-2 1-4 1-6
-1

11 11
1

3A % % h
4%

% 5 !4 % % %
3/4

%
/4

h
A

3/8

3/8

3/8 1

3/8

4-9!4

3-6

11

1-1o

6-O 6-6

5-25 5-8

3-9
4-o 4-3 4-6

9
9 9 9

18
18 18 18

2
2-2 2-4 2-6

%
3/4

1
1

%
3/4

/2 3/8

436,000
470,000 502,000 536,000 760,000 806,000 852,000

7-o 6-1 7-6 6-6 8-O 6-1I Y2 8-6 7-4% 9-o 7-9% 9-6 8-3% 1o-o 8-8

1 1

4-9
5-o 5-3 5-6 5-9 6-3

9
9 9 9 9 9

18
18 18 24 24

2-8
2-10 3-O 3-2 3-4

1
1 1 1 1% 1% IK 1% 1%

10-6
11-0

9-1%
9-6!A 1o-o 10-5

6-O 9 6-6
6-9

24
24

3-6
3-8 3-lo 4-o

11-6
12-O

9
9

24
24

1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 21 31 31

3/4 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Yl Y
Y2

3/8
3/8 /2

% /2 h 3/4
3/4

!L? /2 /2
Y2

896,000
940,000

% A ?4

Y2 % %

986,000
1,030,000 1,076,000

102
r

LEG SUPPORT
w,

NOTATION:
W = Weight of vessel, lbs. n = number of legs

Q = ~

Load on one leg, Ibs.

R = Radius of head, inch

* @lI o

Q El

H = Leverarmof load, inch. 2A, 2B = Dimensionsof wear plate S = Stress, pound per sq. inch t = wall thicknessof head, inch K = Factors,see charts C = inch C = radius of circular wear plate, in D=1,82S f Rt E

LONGITUDINALSTRESS:

Q [

K (Kl + 6 O K2) + ; f

R ~ S(K3 + 6 K.)

CIRCUMFERENTIAL

STRESS:
+ 6 KG)+ KH

Q [
NOTES:

cos a

Rf

f (K7 +5 6 K8) ]

Positive values denote tensile stresses and negative values denote compression. Computing the maximum tensile stresses, in formulas for S1 and S2, K,, K3, K5 and K, denote negative factors and K2, Kq, KGand K8 denote positive factors. Computing the maximum compression stresses, in formulas for SI and S2, K,, K2, K3, K4, K5, KG, K, and K8 denote negative factors.

the tensilestressdue to ~ The maximum tensile stresses S1 and S2, respectively,PIUS internal pressure shall not exceed the allowable tensile stress value of head material. The maximum compression stresses S1 and S2, respectively,plus the tensile due to internalpressure shall not exceedthe allowablecompressionstressvalueof head material. 4

103
STRESSES IN VESSELS ON LEG SUPPORT

0.2OAO.6 0.81.01.2 1.5

2.0

D
& K5

020.40608101.2

1.5

2.0

4.0

D
VALUE OF Kz 8LKG

STRESSES IN VESSELS ON LEG SUPPORT

0.20

~ k O 0 0
.0.2040.60.81.01.2

3.0 D

4.0

VALUE OF K3 8ZK,

0.60 0.50 k!? -0.40 Q? 0.30 0.20 0.10 020.4060.81.012 1.5 2.0 3.0 4.0

D
VALUE OF Kz 8ZKg

105
STRESSES IN VESSELS ON LEG SUPPORT EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS DESIGN DATA

800,000 lb, weight of vessel n = 4, numberof legs w 800,000 Q d = 200,000 lb, load on one leg
R = 100 inch, rr,diusof head H= 5 inch, leverarmof load

2A = 30 inch, 2B = 30 inch, dimensionsof wear plate ? = 1.8 inch thicknessof head Cos~ = 0.800 P = 100 SA 51570
Allowable stress value: 17,500 psi Joint Efficiency: 0.85 Yield point: 38,000 psi. Factors K (see charts): c= ~ = == 15 inch

K1 = 0.065, Kz = 0.030, K3 = 0.065, Kq = 0.025, K5 = 0.020, K6 0.010, K, = 0.022, Kg = 0.010.

LONGITUDINAL STRESS: 1.) Maximumtensile stress:

S1 =

200,000
1

5 0.800 (0.065 + 6 x 0.030) + r . 8 2 100

(-0.065 + 6 X 0.025)

100
1.8 = + 7,634 psi

The stress due to internal pressure: PR 100 x 100

2t

2 X 1.8

= + 2778 psi

The sum of tensional stresses:

7.634 + 2.778 = 10,412 psi

It does not exceed the stress value of the girth seam:

17,500 x 0.85 = 14,875 psi

106
STRESSES IN VESSELS ON LEG SUPPORT 2.) Maximum compressional stress:

S1 = ~
S1 =

cos ~ ( K, 6KZ) + g V [ R
1.82 [ 0.800 ( 0.065

R T( K3 6KQ)

1
= 17,0:44 psi

200,000

5 6 X 0.030) + r 100 ( 0.065 6 X 0.025)

100 G

= + 2778 psi 2t 2 x 1.8 The sum of stresses: 17,044 + 2,778 = 14,266 psi It does not exceed the stress value of the girth seam: 17,500 x 0,85 = 14,875 psi
C i r c u m f es r e tn t ir a l e s s :

The stress due to internal pressure: PR 100 x 100

1.) Maximum tensile stress:

Q =~

[
1.82

cos ~ ( K5 + 6K6) + ; V
0.800 ( 0.020

R ~ (K7

15K8)

1
100 =

S2 =

200,000 [

5 + 6 X 0.010) + v 100 (0.022 + 6 X 0.010)

The stress due to internal pressure: PR = 100 x 100 2 X 1.8

1 =+

2,849 psi

2t

= + 2778 psi

The sum of tensile stresses:

2,849 + 2,778 = 5,627 psi It does not exceed the stress value of the girth seam: 17,500 x 0,85 = 14,875 psi 2.) Maximum compressional stress:

Q =~

cos m ( K5 6 K6) + ~ R r

R 7( K7 6K8)

STRESSESIN VESSELSON LEG SUPPORT

S2 =

200,000 1.8Z [

0.800 ( 0.020

5 6 X 0.010) + v 100 (0.022 -6 x 0.010)

100 1.8

= -5,837 psi

The

due to internal pressure:

PR 100 x 100 = + 2778 psi 2t 2 X 1.8 The sum of stresses: 5837 + 2778 = 3,059 psi. It does not exceed the stress value of the girth seam: 17,500 x 0.85 = 14,875 psi

LEG SUPPORT

Notch out angles \ to clear seam I I I I \ I ! I I I

I I I f; & ~1

8 + *
A

!!!!
1
SECTION A-A
I X f 5 84 5/ / / 7 1 5 6 8 2 7 1 8 0 a

V D

S V S EE H I E M I

S L ANG.LE S E L G H A T m A SIZE 3 X3 X3

I
0 / 0 ,

2-6

10-0

X3

x .3

x1

x5 x 1
6 X6 X5

21

... .

109

STRESSES IN VESSELS DUE TO

U N S T I F F E N E D S T S H E L LS

F H

E E

N L

D L

N
W = Weight of vessel, lb n = Number of lugs ~=:. Load on one lug, lb R = Radius of shell, in H = Lever arm of load. in

2A, 2B = Dimensions of wear plate O

S = Stress, pound per sq. in t = Wall thickness of shell, in shape factor, see table Factors, see charts K= ~.d 3 B A R r

LONGITUDINAL STRESS: ,,.

N

~ E
D R2t
I t~ t s

K2R CIK1 + 6 + (
v t oh ra s

D
2 (1.17 + B/A) ~A

c2t

e S p nE t s s l i: d t o tn h i ru n

n ep 1tu s r se eP e r s sn s R es a n ou h el / r x ae2 o c

l t e

e m l h as t etue s e t i ee rl f im ff lao i hg cle i s ei s n e cer y a t

f m

CIRCUMFEREN ST I T AL R

QH
2 = *
DR2f

Kd R C3K3+ 6 (
c4t )

NOTE: In tension S2 plus the stress due to internal pressure PR/t shall not exceed the stress value of shell material multiplied by 1.5.

110 STRESSES IN VESSELS DUE TO LUG SUPPORT

0
0

0.10

0
n

VALUE OF K]

111 STRESSES IN VESSELS

DUE TO LUG SUPPORT

0 (

VALUE OF Kz

112 STRESSES IN VESSELS DUE TO LUG SUPPORT

10

0
0

0
VALUE OF Kj

0
D

STRESSES IN VESSELS DUE TO LUG SUPPORT

0 0 0.05 0.10 0.15

( C3 0.95 0.97 1.04 1.10 1 1

0
C

VALUE OF K4 BIA R/t 50 100 1/2 200 300 50 100 1 200 c, 0.72 0.68 0.64 0.60 1 1 C2 1.03 1.02 1.02 1.02 1 1

C4 1.07 1.06 1.05 1.04 1 1

1 1
0.85 1.15 1.32 1,50

1 1
1.10 1.07 0.98 0.90 VALUE OF C

1 1
0.85 0.81 0.80 0.79

1 1
0.92 0.89 0.84 0.79

300
50 100 2 200 300

114 STRESSES IN VESSELS

EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS
D E D S IA G T N A

DUE TO LUG SUPPORT

W = 1,200,000lb. weight of vessel n = 4 number of lugs Q = : = 1,200,000 = 300,000 lb. load on one lug 4 R = 90 in, radius of shell H = 5 in, leverarrn of load
2A = 30 in, 2Z? = 30 in, dimensions of wear plate t = 1.5 in, thickness of shell p = 100 psi internal pressure

Shell material:SA -515-70 Allowablestress value 17,500psi Yield point 38,000 psi Joint Efficiency:0.85 Shape factors C, (see table):
RI, = $ = 60, B/A = 15/15) = 1,0

c1 = C2 = CJ = C4 = 1.0
The factors K, (see charts)

K1 = 2.8,

K2 = 0.025,

w=
s
, ~ C,K1 + 6 2

K3 = 6.8
s

Kd = 0.021
:

L o n g i St u t d i r n ae l
, =
&

UR

2 (1.17 + B/A) x ~A

.~

_
)

~ = 300,000 x 5 , X228+ 1 0.167 x 902 x 1.5 (

+

~ 0.025 x 90 1 x 1.5
11,795 psi

902 0.167 x 5 x 15 ) 2 (1.17 + 15/15)

Stress due to internal pressure:

PR =
z

100 x 90 2 x 1.5

3000 psi

The sum of tensional stresses: 11,795 + 3000 = 14,795psi

It does not exceed the stress value of the girth seam: 17,500 x 0.85 = 14,875 psi

115

STRESSES IN VESSELS DUE TO LUG SUPPORT

C i r c u m f S e r e t n t ri a le s s :

s~ = & s~ =

QH

DR2t

C3K3 + 6

KJ?

c~i

)
0.021 x 90

300,000 x 5

0.167 X 902 X 1.5 (

100 x 90

1 X 6.8 + 6

1 x 1.5

= 10,616psi

Stress due to internal pressure:

PR =
t

1.5

= 6000psi

The sum of tensional stresses: 10,616 + 6000 = 16,616psi

It does not exceedthe stress value of shell materialmultipliedby 1.5: 17,500 x 1.5 = 26,250

116

FOR INSULATEDVESSELS

r !1 L u Lb,d h T
hl h

I J

[-

--l,& t 6(Y
t

ug

3 T }

_ V o e L i un

4 L L

Ax l i l o One o L u

wu a m b lD eI M E N S I O N S W ~ a ~ ~ d ~n ~ ~ ~ ~ O L w F bI g s 1 , . 1

m o

1,400 2,200 3,600 5,600

6!/2

5% 3Y4
6 5

4 5% 7 9y8

~8

5%

% /4 /4 /4

/4 /4 /4 1/4

7 9 16 24

674 5VZ

5/8 5% Y4 6?4 1 8Y2

8~4 63/4 7y4 6Y4 10Y4 83A 9Y4 9%

9,000 14,000 22,000

12y* 13y4 llfi

14Y414%

10Y2 ~8 1l!A %
%

3/8 3/8

58 72

12V4 17 17Y8 1

15y2 13 1374 lg% 1878

90,000

22Y4 18!/2 19k 31

lti

18

388 482

140,000

25% 2072 21Y23478 3578 2

20

All dimensionsare in inches Stressesin vessel shall be checked. Use wear plate if necessary

117

FOR UNINSULATEDVESSELS

Jl
t T

hl
j

l L T w ~

~ L L

l m l o uw o Oo ~ a ~n L u b1 g

A i

a m bD lI M E N S I O N S W ~ d ~ n e~ ~ ~ ~ O L w F s I , . I

4
60
2

o e L

i un

g b

1,400

2!4

2%

4?46 YJ4 1% %6 full full

1/4 %6 %6 3/8 /2 y16 5/8 5/8 /4 /4 /4 /4 3/8 3/8 3/8 3/8

1 2 4
9 21 28 45 80 148 218 260

2,200 3,600 5,600

9,000 14,000 22,000 36,000 56,000 90,000 140,000
A S U

3!4 2Y2 3 5% 5?46 4 3y4 3?4 6~4 (jl~b 53/4 5y4 6y4 974
7Y4 7 9y~ 8~z 9y4 10 12 15 10 1 1 774 14~ 14%6

2Y?2 %6 full
4 5% 6ti 7 9

17 17%6 1 18y8 lti 22Y2 1%

9y 10M 18 11!4 2Y2 22

15 6V4 28H 29 !46 1Y2 12 161/2 1574 7 31 y? 32yg 174 13 18 17% 8Y4 34Y2 3578 2 14

d i m e al n i si i o n r n l c s h e n s t ir v e e s s bs h c e sh s a ee n c ll k el de w p i es n l e a c a ee s t rs a e r f y

:
L

a I . . I .&
J

VESSEL WEIGHT (LBS) 12,000 20,000 30,000 50,000 70,000 100,000 150,000 200,000 250,000 300,000

D (IN) 1 1% 1% 1% 2% 2Y? 3 4 4% 4fi

(1:) ~/~ 3/4 1 1% 1 172 11/4 2 2 21/!

R (IN) 1v? 2 2Y8 2YI 3Y2 4Y2 5 6 6Yz 7

H (IN) 5 6 6 7 8 9 10 12 13 14

L (IN) 10 10 10 12 12 16 16 18 18 20

WELD (Min) c o _ .-&J~ ~.= gL &s 25 .5 ~ %b= EL as =5 ~ ~

Notes: 1. All dimensionsare in inches 2. The design is based on conditions: a. x = 45 maximum b. Minimumtensile strengthof lug material 70,000 psi.
c. Direction of force is in the plane of lugs. s necessary to eliminate e buckling due to normal or sudden 3, U wear plate if loading.

LIFTINGATTACHMENTS

f-h

MINIMUM DIMENSIONS OF LIFTINGLUGSUSINGSHACKLE ~~;d

G

Sh~~kle HoIe Diam. Di~m. m Lug D1

5/16 3/8 7/16
I l
. J-

Sheared Edge H
.4U Al .U4
.94

A
I
I I

Rdl;d cut B

Arm of Mo~ent
I
.

710 1060 1600 -%/

I
I
1

/,- , 117 ., - I 1 - ,5

.[>
cl? .OL

I
1

I 1
I

1
-1 1

./

u-l /
. ,

282(-)I SIR 6375

11300 13400

21A I -I I 11
I ]

u / .69

L .90

1/0

8 1-1/8

: 7/8

7/$?
1-1/8 1-1/4

1 la
..<
1 .U2

1.13

I
I

1.22 1.47
1 cc

718
1 1-118
m I

1-1/4 1-1/2
A a - /. ,

1.44 . -1.75 : 2.12

1-1/4 IQ 1-2 A u

1L

1.72
L I

4-1\+
L

16500 1-3[8 20000 1-1/2 23750 1-518 32350 2

4 5 6 8 . 22 42 72 3 1 3 506 0 -

1-1/2 1-5/8 1 9 1A 1-d/+

1.75 1.88
1 3 5 7

2.28 2.45
/ .2 4 .3 / 2 .3 / 4 1. .3

2 - 2 / 2 01 - 0 2 / 2 01 - 0 2 2 0 / - 0 2 0 0 3-1;8 . A d

82 . 3 85 . 4 88 . 4 89 .

2 1 4 5 34 / 5 -9 2 3 6 -3 1 35 / 3 1 66 - 6 39 /1 1 5- 48 2 / 1A 1 2 7. . 5-7/;6 ;:;f : I 8 : l
I

2-5/8 2-7/8 A . ,- >-l/ 1

-1
.

1-3175

1--!LB 13.62 2 II4.06 .

I I 3.06

Z.Y4

. 3 .4 .8 .6 Q .

6 / / 0

ei l n i

s ni

oc n l hs

s n

120 LIFTINGATTACHMENTS (cont.) RECOMMENDED MATERIAL: A 515-70, A 302 or equivalent. The thickness, and length of the lifting lug shall be determined by calculation. WELD: When fillet welds are used, it is recommended that throat areas be at least 50 per cent greater than the cross sectional area of the lug. To design the lugs the entire load should be assumed to act on one lug. All possible directionsof loadingshould be considered(during shipment,storage, erection, handling.) When two or more lugs are used for multileg sling, the am gle between each leg of the slingand the horizontal should be assumedto be 30 degrees. EYE - BOLT Threaded fasteners smaller than 5/8 diameter should not be used for lifting because of the danger of overtorquingduringassembly. Commercial eyebolts are supplied with a rated breaking strength in the X direction. For loadingsother than along the axis of the eyebolt, the following ratings are recommended. Theseare expressed as percentage of the rating in the axialdirection. 100%0 Y = 33% 20% w = 10% z=

r
w

EXAMPLE: An eyeboit of 1 in. diameter which is good for 4960 lb. load in tension(direction x) can carryonly 4960x 0.33 = 1637lb. load if it acts in directiony. The abovedimensionsandrecommendations are takenfromC. V.Moore:Designing Lifting Attachments,Machine Design, March 18, 1965.

G Assuming shear load only thru the minimum section, the required thickneas
may be calculated by the formula:
R I

P t = 2S (R-DIP)

where

t = required thickness of lug, in. P = load, Ibs. S = allowable shear stress, psi.

see page

for designofweldand lengthofW.

121 SAFELOADSFOR ROPESANDCHAINS

The stress in ropes and chains under load is increasing with the reduction of the angle between the sling and the horizontal. Thus the maximum allowable safe load shall be reduced proportionally to the increased stress. If the ailowable load for a single vertical rope is divided by the cosecant of the angle between one side of the rope and the horizontal, the result will indicate the allowable load on one side of the inclined sling. Example: The allowable load for a rope in vertical position is 8000 lb. If the rope applied to an angle of 30 degrees, in this position the allowable load on one side will be 8000/cosecant 30 deg. = 8000/2 = 40001b. Forthetwo-rope sling the total allowable load 2 times 4000 = 8000 lb. The table shows the load-bearing capacity of ropes and chains in different positions. Multiplying with the factors shovm in the table the allowable load for a certain rope or chain, the product will indicate the allowable load in inclined position.

FACTORS TO CALCULATE SAFELOADSFOR ROPESANDCHAINS

A
A

&
1(-JO 0.17

Angle of Inclination On One End On Two Ends

9(30 1.00

600 0.85

450 0.70

300 0.50

1.70

1.40

1.00

0.34

122

O
externalpiping is connectedto the vessel,the scope of the Code includes: (a) the weldingend comection for the first circumferential joint for welded connections (b) the first threadedjoint for screwedconnections (c) the face of the first flangefor bolted, flangedconnections (d) the first sealingsurface for proprietaryconnectionsor fittings CodeU-l(e)(1) SHAPEOF OPENINGS:

Openingsin pressure vessels shall preferablybe circular,ellipticalor obround.An obroundopeningis onewhichis formedby twoparallelsidesand semicircularends. Theopeningmadeby apipeor acircularnozzle,theaxisofwhichisnotperpendicular tothevesselwallorhead,maybeconsideredanellipticalopeningfordesignpurposes. Openingsmaybe of shapesotherthan the above. (See CodeUG-36.) SIZEOF OPENINGS: Properlyreinforcedopeningsare not limitedas to size,but, whenthe openingin the head of a cylindershell is largerthan one half the inside diameterof the head, it is recommendedto use in place of heads, shell reducer sectionsas shownin the Code FigureUG-36, NOZZLENECK THICKNESS(CodeUG-45) For vesselsunder internalpressurethe wallthicknessof openingnecks shall not be less than: (1) the thickness computedfor the applicableloadingsin UG-22 on the neck (pressure,reaction of piping, etc.), plus corrosionallowance. (2) forotherthan accessandinspection openingsshallnotbe lessthanrequired for the applicableloadingsand not less than the smallestof the following: (a) the thickness of the shell or head (to which the opening is attached),
required for internal pressure (assuming E = 1), p
a b nf w c evu e o le i nd , cs tle s rt ad e 1e

c o l r a r ou l s li ih l s /n s oae n 1s n

i tn h h i i o m cs k u t e na w m en p s d r lf lrd a p (b) t m p sa a ci o r l ou l l s o ew i s o a The minimumthicknessof a pipe (ANSI/AB36.1OM)is the nominal thicknessless 12.5percent allowabletolerance(see page 140).

123

All pressure vessels for use with compressed air and those subject to internal corrosion, erosion or mechanical abrasion, shall be provided with suitable manhole, handhole, or other inspection openings for examination and cleaning. The required inspection openings shown in the table below are selected from the alternatives allowed by the Code, UG46, as they are considered to be the most economical. INSIDE DIAMETER OFVESSEL 1NSPECTION OPENING REQUIRED INSPECTION OPENINGS ARENOTREQUIRED: 1. for vessels 12 in. or less inside diameter if there are at least two minimum % in. pipe size removable connections. 2. for vessels over 12 in. but less than 16 in. inside diameter, that are to be installed so that they must be disconnected from an assembly to permit inspection, if there are at least two removable connections not less than 1% in. pipe size. UG46(e). 3. for vessels over 12 in. inside diameter under air pressure which also contain other substances which will prevent corrosion, providing the vessel nontains suitable openings through which inspection can be made conveniently, and providing such openings are equivalent in size and number to the requirement of the table. UG-46(C). 4. for vessels(not over 36 in. I.D.) which are provided with teltale holes (one hole min. per 10 sq. ft.) complying

over 12 in. less than 18 in. I.D.

two - 1% in. pipe size threaded opening

18 in. to 36 in. inclusive

I.D.

min. 15 in. I.D. manhole or two -2 in. pipe size threaded opening

over 36 in.

min. 15 in. I.D. manhole or

I.D.

two -6 in. pipe sizenozzle

withthe provisions of the CodeUG-25, which are subject only to corrosion and are not in compressedair service. UG-46(b).

The preferablelocation of smallinspectionopeningsis in each head or near each head. In place of two smaller openingsa singleopening may be used, provided it is of
such size and location as to afford at least an equal view of the interior. Compressed air as used here is not intended to include ~ which has had moisture removed to the degree that it has an atmospheric dew point of -50 F or less. The manufacturers Data Report shall include a statement for non-corrosive service and Code paragraph number when inspectionopeningsare not provided.

NOZZLENECKTHICKNESS The wall thickness of a nozzle neck or other connection used as access or inspection opening only shall not be less than the thicknesscomputed for the applicableloadingsplus corrosion allowance.

1 .

2 -

4 .

Below the most commonly used types of welded attachments are shown. For other

typessee Code, Fig. UW-16.I.

125
B

the e

THREADED AND WELDED FITTINGS

I B GH U S E RTL E H E M S OC O O O HW M UM W S T O EN SO T YL W YE P E C O N N E C S T CI O F N S O U E. W I F D-~ G 1 E T E6H O .Y . 1EP

LE D D R E R

N i3i t c 7 sh , m 5 e. r v i a, h e l s e se rl t e n s ns e t , . .

a=~ t o (
+ = 1

) w .h

- t i s 1 mm o / a t h t lo e 4 1 li r = the smallest of t, t. or 0.375in. o to 1 i io c S h k 1 p n

f , . r

b= no minimum sizerequirement
c = the smallest

d=t

1 n e w c s ei i 6 sa

f r 2 . p l f h n 0l e

e = the smallest of t o 3/4 in. c k w e n le s ac s s os e lr ae r l f lo lls o is w ,i a o s nn cn e , t= t h i o v t =n o t m h i io f c n ki wan. tl e l ct sa o s ie r a nrl l fo lg so is w i l a os nn cn e

d ehi e h

f zla

ti e em e nd i es r rn e h d qi u i m e r eu m e e mn t s .

O ~ E F

A P E C E

I A S

N N GG

THREADED AND WELDED FITTINGS

T F

I B GH U $ E RTL H E E M S OC O O O HW M UM W S T O EN SO T YL W YE P E LE D D S E C O N N E C S T CI O F N S O U E . I1 W F D O- G E T 1T E O 6Y .H . P E R E R S

SEENOTATIONON FACINGPAGE: GJ I a I 318in. min.

t

t 7: %+
s
d

Dm

= o

ud .

ai t

o as p

m + i 3 e xid i t e e .

pr/ -

f e

3i i .

ne

FITTINGS NOT EXCEEDING 3 IN. PIPE SIZE. In somecasestheweldsare exemptfromsizerequirements,or fittingsandboltingpads maybeattachedtothevesselsby filletwelddepositedfiomthe outsideonlywithcertain limitations(CodeUW-16 (f) (2) and (3)) such as: 1. The maximumvesselthickness:3/8 in. 2. Themaximumsizeofthe openingis limitedtothe outsidediameterof the attached pipe plus 3A in. 3. Theweldthroatshall bethe greateroftheminimumnozzleneckthicknessrequired by the CodeUG-45(a)or that necessaryto satisfythe requirementsof UW 18for the applicableloadingsof UG 22. 4. Theweldingmayeffectthe threadsof couplings.It is advisabletokeep the threads aboveweldingwith a minimumYin. or cut the threads after welding. 5. Strengthcalculationof attachmentsis not requiredfor attachmentsshownin Figs. A, C and E, and for openings: 3 in. pipe size fittingsattachedto vessel walls of 3/8 in. or less in thickness,2 in. pipe size fittings attached to vessel walls over 3/8 in. in thickness. (Code UG36(c)(3)).

128
SUGGESTED MINIMUM EXTENSION OF OPENINGS The tables give the approximate minimum outside projection of openings. When insulation or thick reinforcing pad are used it may be necessary to increase these

dimensions. OUTSIDE PROJECTION, INCHESUSINGWELDING NECKFLANGE NOM. PRESSURERATINGOF FLANGELB PIPE 900 I 1500 2500 300 600 150 SIZE 2 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24 6 6 6 8 8 8 8 8 8 10 10 10 6 6 8 8 8 8 8 10 10
10 10 10

6 8 8 8 10 10 10 10
10 12 12 12

8 8 8 10 10 12 12 14 14 14 14 14

8 8 8 10 12 14 16 16 16 18 18 20

8 10 12 14 16 20 22

OUTSIDE PROJECTION, INCHESUSINGSLIPONFLANGE PRESSURERATINGOF FLANGELB NOM. PIPE 1500 2500 900 600 300 150 SIZE 2 3 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24
INSIDE EXTENSION
a & P c a t ti c

6 6 6 8 8 8 8 10

6 6 8 8 8
8 10 10

6 8 8 8 10 10 10 10

1
10 10 10

1
10 10
12

1
12 12 12

8 8 8 10 10 12 12 12 12 12 12 12

8 8 10 12 12 12 12

8 10 10 12 12 14
1

- S f d n -lc E xu s tf me n in s n io f o o rn it m e tn ir e o e uM o i sue n tx h t r p e o f a tupt h c u e r tv ho ew t eu o rle o e d o o i p n t r u g h

129

R D

O P

Single, welded openings not subject to rapid fluctuationin pressure do not require reinforcing if they are not larger than: 3 inch pipe size - in vessel wall 3/8 in. or less. 2 inch pipe size in vessel wall over 3/8 in. (Code UG-36 (c) (3). Larger vesselopenings thantheaboveshallbereinforced. Therules for reinforcement of openingsare takenfromthe Code,UG-26 throughUG-44, andareintended toapplyprimarily toopenings not exceeding thefollowing: Forvessels 60in.indiameter andless:%thevesseldiameter, butnot > to exceed20 in. Forvessels over60in.indiameter: %thevesseldiameter, butnotto exceed40 in. Largeropeningshouldbegivenspecialattentionas described in CodeAppendix 1-7. Fig.A Hereisgivena briefoutlineofreinforcement designforbetterunderstanding oftheprocedure described in thefollowing pages. Thebasicrequirement is thataroundtheopening thevesselmustbereinforced withanequal amount ofmetalwhichhasbeencutout for the opening.The reinforcementmaybe an integral
part of the vessel and nozzle or may bean additionalreinforcingpad. (Fig. A.) This simple rule, however,needs further refinementsas follows: 1. It is not necessaryto replacethe actuallyremovedamountof metal,but only the amount which is requiredto resist the internalpressure.@). This requiredthicknessof the vessel at the openingsis usually less than at other points of the shell or head. The plate actually used and nozzle neck usually are thicker than would be required accordingto calculation.The excessin the vesselwall (Al) and nozzlewall (AJ serve as reinforcements.Likewisethe insideextensionofthe opening(Aj) andthe areaof the weld metal (AJ) can also be taken into considerationas reinforcement. The reinforcementmust be within a certain limit. The areaof reinforcementmustbe proportionallyincreasedif its stressvalueis lowerthan that of the vessel wall. The area requiredfor reinforcementmust be satisfiedfor all planesthroughthe center of opening and normalto vessel surface. The required area for the sell or head to resist the internalpressure, (A).From this area subtractedthe excessareaswithinthe limit(Ai.4zAj AJ). If the sumof the areasavailable for reinforcement(AJ+A?+Aj +A,) is equalor greaterthan the area to be replaced, (A), the opening is adequately reinforced. Otherwise t difference must h be supplied by e reinforcingpad (AJ). Somemanufacturersfollowa simplepracticeusingreinforcingpadswith a cross-sectionalarea which is equal to the metal area actually removed for the opening.This practice results in oversized reinforcement, butwiththeelimination of calculationstheyfind it moreeconomical.

2.

3. 4. 5. .

The required cross sectionalarea of the reinforcementshall then be:

130 REINFORCEMENT FOR OPENINGS

DESIGN 1. FOR INTERNAL PRESSURE

(continue@j
AREA OF REINFORCEMENT

I-Q--l
E
~

0.8D

For vesselsunder internalpressurethe total cross-sectional area required for reinforcementof openingsshall not be less than: A = d XI,, where d= the insidediameterof openingin its corrodedcondition, inches. t, = the requiredthicknessof shell or head computedby the applicableformulasusingE = 1.0whenthe openingis in solidplateor in a categoryBjoint. Whenopeningpasses throughanyotherweldedjoint, E= the efilciencyof that joint. When the opening is in a vessel which is radiographicallynot examined,E = 0.85 for type No. 1joint and E = 0.80 for type No. 2 joint. When the opening and its reinforcement are entirely withinthe sphericalportionof a flangedanddishedhead, t, is the thickness required by the applicable formulas usingAl= 1. Whentheopeningis ina cone, t, is the thicknessrequired for a seamlesscone of diameter,D measuredwhere the nozzle axis intersectswith the wall of the cone. Whentheopeninganditsreinforcementare ina2: 1ellipsoidal head and are located entirelywithin a circle the centerof whichcoincideswiththe centerof the head and the diameter of which is equal to 0.8 times the head diameter,t,is the thicknessrequiredfor seamlesssphere of radius 0.9 times the diameterof the head. If the stress value of the openingsmaterial is less than that of the vesselmaterial,the required area A shall be increased.(See next page for examples.) 2. AVAILABLEAREASOF REINFORCEMENT i the vessel wall (tt,)d or Area of excessthicknessin )
(tt,) (t,, + ~2

NC!?@ r

use the largervalue, square inches, If the stress value of the opening% material is less than that of the vessel material, area AI shall be decreased. (See next page for examples.) h,)5t or Areaof excessthicknessinthenozzlewall (t,,
(L-t,,,) 5t,,use the smaller value, square inches.

Area ofinside extension ofnozzle square inches (t,,-@2h.

d u

Area of welds,square inches. IfthesumofA, A2AJandA~ is less thanthe area forreinforcementrequired,A the differencemustbe suppliedby reinforcingpad.

131 . .

REINFORCEMENT FOR OPENINGS DESIGN FOR INTERNAL PRESSURE (continued) G xx 3. LIMITSOF REINFORCEMENT

Themetal usedas reinforcementmustbe located within the limits. R n k trn The limitmeasuredparallelto the vesselwall~= dor R. + t. + t, use larger value. t Y The limit measured parallel to the nozzle wall Y= 2.5 tor 2.5t., , R 1, use smallervalue. troy When additional reinforcing pad is used, the limit, Yto be d measuredfromthe outsidesurfaceof the reinforcingpad. + Rn= insideradius of nozzle in corrodedcondition,inches. NOTATION: t= thicknessoftheves- For other notations,see the precedingpage. selwalllesscorrosion allowance, 4. STRENGTHOF REINFORCEMENT inches. If the strengthof materialsin AI Az Aj AJ and A5 or the t, = seepreceedingpage materialofthe reinforcingpad are lowerthanthat of the vessel 1.= nominalthickness material,their area consideredas reinforcementshall be proof nozzlewallirrespective ofproduct portionately decreased and the required area, A in inverse formles~co~osion proportionincreased.Thestrengthofthe depositedweldmetal allowance, inches. shallbe consideredas equivalentto the weakermaterialof the tm= requiredthickness joint. Of;fy:;:sno=e It is advisableto useforreinforcingpadmaterialidenticalwith the vesselmaterial. h= dist~nce riozzle projects beyond the No credit shall be taken for additional strengthof reinforceinnersurface ofthe ment havinghigher stress value than that of the vessel wall. vessel walllesscorrosion allowance, EXAMPLES: inches. 1. a. The stress value of nozzle material: 15,000psi. c = corrosion allowThe stress value of shell material: 17,500 psi.
ance,inches.

d= seeprecedingpage.

Ratio 15,000/17,5000 = 0.857 To the required area, A shalI be added: X (1Q 0.857) + 2tM

H r

fn(f-1, ) f Im TF \ ------I I
tr

b. From the area AI shall be subtracted: (1 0.857) 2t. 2. Usingidenticalmaterialforthevessel andreinforcingpad, the requiredarea for reinforcementis 12 square inches. If the stress value of vessel material= 17,500psi., the stress value of the nozzle material= 15,000psi., ratio 17,500/1 5,000= 1,167 Inthisproportionshallbe increasedtheareaofreinforcing pad: 12x 1.167= 14.00square inches.

P t. x t,

132

REINFORCEMENT FOR OPENINGS DESIGN FOR INTERNAL PRESSURE (continued

DESIGN FOR EXTERNAL PRESSURE. The reinforcement required for openings in single-walled vessels subject to external isthewall pressure need be only 50 percent ofthat required for internal pressure where t,

thicknessrequiredbytherulesforvesselsunderextemalpressure.CodeUG-37(d) (l). REINFORCEMENT OF OPENINGSFOR EXTERNALPRESSURE. The cross-sectionalarea (A)of reinforcementrequiredfor openingsin vesselssubject to externalpressure: where ii= Diameter in the givenplane of the openingin its corrodedcondition,inches. 1,= The wall thicknessrequired for externalpressure,inches. F = Factor for computation of the required reinforcement area on different planes
(as the pressure-stress varies) when the opening is in cylindrical shell or cone and integrally reinforced. For all other configurations the value of F = 1
/4=

dxt ~

1-JJ

REINFORCEMENT OF OPENINGS EXAMPLES EXAMPLE 1. t tr ~ I tr T * + h w d P? I I Rn DESIGNDATA: Insidediameterof shell: 48 in. Designpressure:250 psi at 200F. ShellMaterial: SA-285-C n S 13,800 psi = t= 0.265 in. , The vessel is spot radiographed t No allowancefor corrosion Nozzle material:SA-53-B S=15,000 psi. tn=0.432 in. Nozzle nom. size: 6 in. Extensionof nozzle insidethe vessel: 1.5 in. h = 2.5t~= 2.5 x 0.432 = 1.08in. The nozzle does not pass through seams. Fillet weld size: 0.375 in.

Wall thicknessrequired: for shell,t SE . 6P = 250 X24 = 0.440 in. 13,800X 1.0-0.6X 250 X 2.88 = = 0.048 in. 15,000X 1.0-0.6X 250
2.535 sq. k.

for nozzle, tm=~*p

AREAOF REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED A,= dt, = 5.761 x 0.440=

AREA OF REINFORCEMENT AVAILABLE A,= (Excess in shell.) Larger of following:

(ttr)d = (0.625-0.440) x 5.761 or (t-t,) (...+ ~ 2 = (0.625-0.440)x (0.432+ 0.625)x2=

1.066Sq.in. 0.391 sq. in.

q n . .

Az = (Excessin nozzle neck.) Smallerof following: (tntm)5t = (0.4320.048)x 5 x 0.625 = 1.200 s i (tntm)5tn= (0.432-0.048) X5 X0.432 = (No credit for additionalstrengthof nozzlematerialhaving higherstress valuethan that of the vesselwall.) Aj = (Insideprojection.)t. x 2h = 0.432 x 2 x 1.08=

0.829 sq. in.

0.933 sq. in. A,= (Area of fillet weld) 0.3752 Aj = (Areaof fillet weld inside)0.3752 TOTALAREAAVAILABLE Sincethis area is greaterthan the area required for reinforcement,additionalreinforcementis not needed. 0.140 Sq.in. 0.140 Sq.in. 3.108 sq. in.

134

REINFORCEMENT OF OPENINGS EXAMPLES EXAMPLE 2. t tr

I
tr ~

DESIGN DATA: Inside radius of shell: R =24 in.

Designpressure: P = 300 psi at 200 F. Shellmaterial: t= 0.500 in. SA-516-70plate, n S = 17,500psi The vessel is spot examined There is no allowancefor corrosion
Nozzle nominal size: 6 in. Nozzle material: SA-53 B S = 15,000 psi. t.= 0.432 in.

J ! h

Extensionof nozzle insidethe vessel: 1.5 in. Fillet weld size inside:0.500 in.;
Fillet weld size outside: 0.625 in. Ratio of stress values: 15,000/17,500= 0.857

Wall thickness required: Shell, t,=

SE - 0.6P
sap

-. Since the strength of the nozzle material is lower than that of the vessel material, the required area for reinforcement shall be proportionally increased and the areas available for reinforcement proportionally reduced. AREA OF REINFORCEMENT REQUIRED 2.397 sq. in. ~ = dt, = 5.761 X 0.416=

= Nozzle, t,.

300 X 24 = 0.416 in. 17,500X 1-0.6X300 300 X 2.88 = = 0.058 in. 15,000X 1.0-0.6 X 300

Area increased:+2tnxt,(1-15,000/17,500) = 2 x 0.432x 0.416 (1-0,857)= 0.051 sq. in. 2.448 sa. in. AREAOF REINFORCEMENT AVAILABLE Al = (Excess in shell.)Largerof the following: (1- t,)d= (0.500- 0.416)x 5.761= 0.484 s i o q n . (t-t,) (t. + t,)2=(0.500-0.416) x (0.432 + 0.500)x 2 O.156 sq. in. (t-t,) (1-0.857)= Area reduced:-2 x t. -2 x 0.432x (0.500-0.416)(1-0.857)= -0.010 sq. in. 0.474 sq. in. A2=(Excess in nozzleneck.) Smallerof following: (t. - t,n)5t= (0.432-0.058)5X 0.500= 0.935 (t. - t,n)5tn= (0.432-0.058)5 X 0.432= 0.808
Area reduced: 0.857 x 0.808 = 0.692 sq. in. Since the strength of the nozzle is lower than that of the shell, a decreased area shall be taken into consideration. 15,000/17,500 = 0.857, 0.857 X 0.808 = ,43= (Insideprojection.)tn x 2A= 0.432 x 2 x 1.080.933 Area decreased0.933 x 0.857 =

0.692 sq. in.

0.800 sq. in.

AJ (Area of fillet weld)2 x 0.5 x .6252x 0.857= ~j (Area of fillet weld inside)2 x 0.5 x .5002x 0.857 = TOTALAREAAVAILABLE Additionalreinforcementnot required.

0.334 sq. in. 0.214 sa. in. 2.514 SCI. in.

135
REINFORCEMENT OF OPENINGS EXAMPLES EXAMPLE 3.

t
t rn

tr t r #
h

d u

+ t

DESIGNDATA: Insidediameterof shell:48 in. Designpressure:300 psi at 200 F. Shellmaterial:0.500 in. SA-516-60plate, The vesselfidlyradiographed,E = 1 There is no allowancefor corrosion Nozzlenominalsize: 8 in. Nozzie material:SA-53B, 0,500 in. wall Extensionof nozzle insidethe vessel: 0.5 in. The nozzledoes not pass throughthe main seams. of fiilet welds 0.375 in. (Reinforcement pad to nozde neck.) 300 X 24 = 0.486 in. 15,000X 1-0.6X300 300 X3.8125 = 0.077 in. = 15,000X ].00.6 X300 3.706 sq. in.

Wall thicknessrequired: Shell t,= R SE O.6P = SAP .

Nozzle, t,. =

AREAOF RE~FORCEMENT REQUIRED A = dx [,= 7.625 X 0.486=

AREAOF REINFORCEMENT AVAILABLE AI = (Excess in shell.)Largerof the following: 0.106 sq. in. (t -t, )d= (0.500 - 0.486) 7.625= or (t - [, ) (t. + t) 2 = (0.500-0,486)(0.500+ 0.500) 2 0.028 sq. in. Az =(Excess in nozzle neck.) Smallerof following: @-t,.)5t = (0.500-o.077)5x 0.5 = 1.058or 1.058sq. in. (tntr.)5t. = (0.500-0.077)5X0.5= 1.058 0.500 sq. in. A3= (Insideprojection.)L x 2h = 0,500 x 2 x 0.5 = 0.141 sa. in. AJ o f w 0 (The area of pad to shell weld disregarded) 1.805 SQ.in. TOTALAREAAVAILABLE Thisareais lessthantherequiredarea,therefore thedifference shallbe provided byreinforcingelement. itmaybeheaviernozzle nec~ kirgerextensiono fthenozzle insideofthevesselor reinforcing pad.Usingreinforcing pad,therequiredareaof pad:3.7061.805=1.901sq,in. UsingO.375 in.SA-516-60plate forreinforcing padthe widthofthe pad 1.901/0.375=5.069in. Theoutsidediameterof reinforcing pad: Outsidediameterof pipe: 8.625 widthof reinforcing pad: 5.069 13.694in.

136 STRENGTH OF ATTACHMENTS JOINING OPENINGS TO VESSEL

At the attachments, joining openings to the vessel, failure may occur through the welds or nozzle neck in the combinations shown in figures A and B. The strength of the welds and the nozzle neck in those combinations shall be at least equal to the smaller of: 1. Thestrength intensionofthecross-sectionalareaofthe

a b

P c
P

1.

considered,or o p s o sfa i a bt i l elementof lh e u s reinforcementbeing r f e

h r a o un g

2 T

2. h The strengthin tensionofareaxf (A = ~ f less the d .@ @ ) strengthin tensionofthe excessinthe vesselwall @j. The allowablestressvalueof the weldsis the stressvalue of the weakermaterialconnectedby the weldsmultiplied by the followingfactors:

a i & e b c

Groove-weldtension Groove-weldshear Fillet-weldshear

0.74 0.60 0.49

Possible pathsoffailure The allowablestressvalueof nozzleneck in shear is 0.70 times the allowablestressvalue of nozzle material. 1. Through@and@ 2. Through@ @ and@ The strengthof thejoints shallbe consideredfor its entire d @ 3. T h r a o u ng h @ lengthon each side of the plane of reinforcementarea. EXAMPLE3 A = 2.397 sq. in. AI = 0.484 sq. in. b d.= 6.625 in., outside diameterof nozzle ;% a dttr= 6.193 in., mean diameterof nozzle 8 S = 17,500psi allowablestressvalue of vesselmaterial S.= 15,000psi allowablestressvalue of nozzle material Ft A G= 0.432 in. wall thicknessof nozzle. dm c * t = 0.500 in. wall thicknessof vessel 0.375 in. fillet weld leg. ~heckthe strengthof attachmentof nozzle load to be carriedby welds. Loadto be carriedby welds (A-AI)S = 2.397-0.484 x 17,500= 33,478 lb. STRESSVALUEOF WELDS: 0.49 x 17500= 8575 psi. Fillet-weldshear 0.74 x 17500= 12950psi. Groove-weldtension 0.70 x 15000= 10500psi. Stressvalueof nozzlewall shear STRENGTHOF WELDSANDNOZZLENECK: ~ xweldIegx8575= 10.4065 xO.375 x8575 =33463lb. a. Fillet-weld shear ~, Xt. X10500=9.72x0,432 X10500 = 44090lb. b.Nozzle-wall shear c Gr~ove.weldtensi~n~. xweidleg x 12950-10.4065X().50()X 12950=67382lb. POSSIBLE PATH OFFAILURES: 33463+44090= 77553lb. 1.Through a.andb. 2.Through a.andc. 33463+ 67382=100845 lb. Both pathsarestronger thantherequired strength33478lb.

127 /

STRENGTH OF ATTACHMENTS JOINING OPENINGS TO VESSEL

EXAMPLE4 DESIGNDATA A= 3.172sq.in.,A,=0.641sq.in.,A.F0.907sq. in.

= 1

2 i o . u d 8 ti n 4 o s a r m e i5 i e dn p . tf e oe r ra c

nf g d

8.625in.outsidediameter of nozzle.
8 i .m d 1 i e no a2 n m a o 5e z t . nz e rl e f . S = 1 7 p a ,l l5 s os v 0 w t ao0 rv ab leim e le a ss u t s s e e re S 1 5 p a. ,l l0 s os v 0 w t= a o0 rn ab l eio mle s a z ut s z e e rl t =0 i .t h 5i o v cn 0 k w e n 0es a s . s s l e f l l . t =0 i . t h 5i o c n n 0k w o.n 0ez a s . zs l l f l e . 0 i .l o f 3 - w i n 7e a l 5 el . eg l f t d 0 i .l o f 2 - w i n 5e d l 0 el . e gl f t d i . t h 2i o r cne 5k i nn p0e f os . r s a c i nf g d t, = 0 n t k ag o cn t h oh m e z n zt l e f . W D R IE O E EL D D SY :

C L

h s the T OB

t e of r a c et C A R B

(AA,)S = (3.1720.641) 17,500= LOADTO BE CARRIEDBY WELDSa, c, e: (A2+21 OS= (0.907 + 2 x 0.500x 0.500) 15,000= STRESSVALUEOF WELDS: Fillet - weld shear Groove- weldtension 0.49 x 17,500= 8,575psi 0.74 x 17,500= 12,950psi

44,293 lb. 21,105 lb.

STRESSVALUEOF NOZZLEWALLSHEAR: 0.70 x 15,000= 10,500psi STRENGTHOF WEL~S ANDNOZZLENECK: a. Filletweldshear ~ x weldlegx 8,575= 13.55X0.375X8,575= 43,572lb. b. Nozzlewallshem ~ x tnX10,5OO = 12.76X0.500X 10,50066,990 lb. c. Grooveweldte~ion @ x weldlegx12,950= 13.55X0.500x 12,950=87,7361b. d. Filetweldshear Z#2Xweld1egx 8,575= 20.18X0.25X8,575= 43,260lb. e. Grooveweldtension ~ weldlegx 12,950-13.55 x 0.25x 12,950=43,868lb. POSSIBLE PATHOFFAILURE: 1. Throughb andd 66,990+ 43,260 = 110,250lb. 2. ThOU@c and d 87,736+ 43,260 = 130,996lb. 43,572 + 87,736+ 43,868= 175,176lb. 3. Througha, c ande Paths 1.and2. arestrongerthanthetotalstrengthof 44,293lb. Path3. is strongerthanthe strengthof 21,105lb. wi d sl e t l 43,260 r e e llb. n is t greater g d than t h the reinforcing pad strength of The outerf (dP-do) t. X 17,500= 1.055x 17,500= 18,463lb.

12R
.

LENGTH

OF COUPLINGS

AND PIPE FOR OPENINGS

139 LENGTH OF COUPLING AND P FOR OPENINGS

140

T
FOR NOZZLE NECKS IN VESSELS PRESSURE (Code UG-45)

THE REQUIRED THICKNESS UNDER INTERNAL

1 T

i U

but for other than access and inspection openings, not less than the smaller of the following: 2. The thickness required for the vessel for internal pressure (assuming joint efficiency, E = 1.0), but in no case less than the minimum for shells and heads specified in UG-16 (b); 3. The minimum thickness of standard wall pipe plus corrosion allowance. THE REQUIRED THICKNESS FOR ACCESS AND INSPECTION OPENINGS (manways, handholes) IN VESSELS UNDER INTERNAL OR EXTERNAL PRESSURE. 1. The thickness computed for the applicable load plus corrosion allowance (there is no other requirement). For selection of required pipe under internal pressure, see table Maximum Allowable Internal Working Pressure for Pipes on the following pages. EXAMPLES for using the table: 1. Opening Diam: 18 Design Pressure: 800 psig. Corrosion Allowance: 0.125 The Required Pipe for Manway: The Required Pipe for Nozzle: 2. Opening Diam: 18 Design Pressure: 150 psig. Corrosion Allowance: 0.125 The Vessel Wall Thickness: 0.3 125 The Required Pipe for Manway: The Required Pipe for Nozzle:

Sch. 60, Sch. 60,

0.750 Wall 0.750 Wall

Sch. 10, Std. Wt.

0.250 Wall 0.375 Wall

3. Opening Diam: 18 Design Pressure: 140 psig. Corrosion Allowance: 0.125 Vessel Wall Thickness: 0.750 Sch. 10, 0.250 Wall The Required Pipe for Manway: The Required Pipe for Nozzle: Std. Wt. 0.328 + 0.125 Corr. Allow. = 0.453, Min. Wall= Sch. 40 Pipe

141

THE REQUIRED NOZZLE NECK THICKNESS FOR VESSELS UNDER EXTERNALPRESSURE(Code UG-45) 1. Thethicknessforthe applicableload
t s m o t ah f l o ll l h eo e w r i nf e g :

less t

2. The thicknessof head or shell required for internalp r u e s t s sexternal u i r hen designpressureas an equivalentinternalpressure,but k no case less than the minimumthicknessspecifiedfor material in UG-16(b)(1/16 in. for shells and heads,3/32in.incompressedair,steamandwaterservice,%in.forunfiredsteam boilers),plus corrosionallowance; 3. The minimumthicknessof standardwall pipe plus corrosionallowance. EXAMPLE1. Externaldesignpressure: P = 35 psi. MaterialSA 516-60; S= 15,000 Outsidediameterof cylindricalshell: Do= 96 in. Shellthickness:t = 1 in. The requiredticknessfor 14 O.D., 12 in. long nozzleneck: 1. To withstand25 psi externalpressureapproximately0.05 in. wallrequired,but the thicknessshall not be less than the smallerof; 2. Thethicknessrequiredforthe shellunder35 psi internalpressure(as equivalent externalpressure) = 35x 47 = O~lo in PR = SE - 0.6P 15,000- n 3. The minimumthicknessof standard wall pipe: 0.328 in. (0.375 in. nom.) The smallerof 2. and 3.0.110 in. for wall thicknessof nozzleneck is satisfactory. EXAMPLE2. Externaldesignpressure: P = 15 psi.
Material SA 516-60; S= 15,000 Outside diameter of cylindrical shell, Do = 36 in. Shell thickness: t= 0.3125 in.

The requiredthicknessfor a 14 in. D.O., 12 in. long nozzleneck: 1. To withstand15psi externalpressureapproximately0.02 in. wallrequired,but the thicknessshallnot be less than the smallerof the following: 2. The thicknessrequiredfor the shell under 15psi. internalpressure PR = 15x 17.6875 = o 0~8 in 15,000-9 t =SE - 0.6P 3. The minimumthicknessof standardwall pipe: 0.328 in. (0.375 in. nom.) The smallerof 2. and 3. is 0.018 in.,but the thicknessof the nozzleneck shall in no case be lessthan 0.0625 in. UG-45 (a) (2).

142

M W

A P
P=

F
23Et D+ 1.2t

P
, where

The Calculations Basedon the Formula:

P = The max.allowableworkingpressure,psig. S = 15,000psig.the stressvalueof the most commonlyusedmaterialsfor pipe (A53B,A106B)at temperature-20 to 650F. For highertemperature see notes at the end of the tables. E= 1.0joint efficiencyof seamlesspipe D = Insidediameterof pipe, in. t = Minimumpipe wall thickness,in. (.875 times the nominal thickness). The figuresunderlinedare the maximumallowablepressurein corrodedcondition for the pipe of which wall thicknessis minimumthe standard wall plus corrosion
allowance. NOM. DESIGIPE NATION UZE PIPE WALL THICKNESS NOM. ~ MIN.

CORROSION ALLOWANCE IN.

T=E
3/4

I
1

xX-STG. 0.294 STD. 0.113 X-STG. 0.154 SCH.160 0.218 XX-STG. 0.308 STD. I 0.133 X-STG. 0.179 SCH.160 0.250 XX-STG. 0.358 STD. 0.140

1-1/4

1-1/2

SCH.160 XX-STG. STD. X-STG. 0.200 SCH.160 0.281 XX-STG. 0.400 STD. 0.154 X-STG. 0.218 SCH.160 0.343 XX-STG. I 0.436

0.191 0.250 0.382 0.145

0.095 0.129 0.164 ~;::g 5392 I 2658 0.257 12153 I 8526 0.099 1072 I I I 288 0.135 4299 2192 100 1985 0.191 6386 4069 2515 0.270 9712 7041 %7 0.116 2847 1261 744 I 0.154 3959 2287 732 0.219 5764 3946 2274 0.313 8820 7423 4842 .3099 0.123 2362 1126 0.167 3282 1988 774 0.219 4424 I 3059 ! 1779 ] 578 ! 2848 0.334 7194 G 31 0.127 2118 1046 806 0.175 2982 1864 947 0.246 4333 3139 2013 0.350 6481 I 5164 3924 2754 126 0.135 1786 938 852 44 1696 0.191 G 0.300 4215 I 3260 I 2348 1477 2629 0.382 5537 X2 G

14 252

580

I
1494

I
1582 I

I
I

1648

642 1744

143 MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKING PRESSURE (cent) NOM. PIPE SIZE PIPEWALL THICKNESS NOM. MIN. 0.203 0.276 0.242 I 0.375 0.328 0.552 0.483 0.216 0.189 0.263 0.300 0.438 0.383 0.600 0.525 0.226 0.318 0.636 0.237 0.337 0.438 0.531 0.674 0.258 0.375 0.500 0.625 0.75C 0.280 0.432 0.562 0.71$ o.86f 0.25( 0.27t CORROSION ALLOWANCE IN. 3/16 o I 1/16 I 1/8 I 1/4 Max.Allow.PressurePsig. 561 1245 577 2707 1971 1261 I 831 1525 2245 2991 3766 2599 3359 5822 4969 Z

DESIGNATION STD. X-STG. SCH-160 XX-STG. STD. X-STG. SCH. 160 XX-STG. STD. X-STG. XX-STG. STD. X-STG. SCH.120 SCH.160 XX-STG. STD. X-STG. SCH.120 SCH.160 XX-STG. STD. X-STG. SCH.120 SCH.160 XX-STG. SCH.20 SCH.30

2%

3 . 3

~ 2398 3597 5113

0.198 1546 0.278 G 0.557 4701 0.208 ~ 0.295 2075 0.383 2739 0.465 I 3379
0.590 0.226 0.328 0.438 0.547
0 0

12 556 1116 658 1801 1221 1754 2964 2350 3134 4432 3773 78 555 1044 691 1689 1183 2992 3546 4115 137 561 995 730 1616 1168 1802 1350 2= I 2890 1- 2412 I 1946
3880 902 1488 2140 2808
6 39 2 81

111 1175 2515 211 1937 280 908 1490

2412 425 1042 1673

4394 1259 G 2520 3201

.3 .1

3379 552 1127 1767 2X

2890 208 773 1401 2044

30 5 3 40 6 2 1 96 2 7 0 9 5 6 4 5 45 4 2 3 5

0.378 1793 0.492 2368 0.628 3077 0.756 3767 0.219 777 0.242 861

1485 G 2748 3427 552 634

1181 G 2425 3093 329 411

882 1431 =6 2764 113 190

58~ 112[ F 2440

8
X-STG. SCH.1OO SCH.120
0.500 0.438 1587 1353 1121 892 665

0.593 0.718

0.519 0.628

1896 2319

1658 2075

E 1835

1189 =

959 u

144 MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKING PRESSURE(con~ NOM. PIPE DESIGNATION SCH.140 SCH.160 XX-STG. SCH.20 SCH.30 STD. X-STG. SCH.80 SCH.100 SCH.120 SCH.140 SCH.160 SCH.20 SCH.30 STD. SCH.40 X-STG. SCH.60 SCH.80 SCH.100 SCH.120 SCH.140 SCH.160 SCH.10 SCH.20 STD. SCH.40 X-STG. SCH.60 SCH.80 SCH.100 SCH.120 SCH.140 PIPEWALL THICKNESS NOM. MIN. 0.812 0.711 0.906 0.793 0.875 0.766 0.250 0.219 0307 0.269 0.365 ~0.319 0.500 0.438 0.593 0.519 0.718 0.628 0.843 0.738 1.000 0.875 1.125 0.984 0.250 0.219 0.330 0.289 0.375 0.328 0.406 0.355 0.500 0.438 0.562 0.492 0.687 0.601 0.843 0.738 1.000 0.875 1.125 0.984 1.312 1.148 0.250 z 0.312 0.273 0.375 0.328 0.438 0.383 0.500 4 o.43t 0.593 0.51$ 0.75G 0.65{ 0.937 0.82( 1.093 0.95( 1.250 1.094 CORROSION ALLOWANCE IN o I 1/16 I 1/8 I 3/16 i;/4 Max.Allow.PressurePsig. 2647 2400 2155 1913 1675 2977 2725 2476 2231 1988 2868 2617 2370 2126 1885 90 264 441 621 228 50 406 585 766 370 193 549 729 ~ 712 532 1263 l= 894 948 ~ 1506 1318 1132 1838 1647 1458 1270 1085 2179 1984 1792 1601 1413 2611 2413 2216 1986 1829 2963 2760 2560 2362 2166 371 222 76 522 540 389 692 91 240 635 483 ~7 333 184 701 549 248 854 398 904 751 486 1059 598 1194 1038 ~ 730 578 ~ 1469 1311 1154 ~ 1820 1659 1500 1341 1184 10 81 54 1530 2178 2 1690 23 10 31 1810 2467 2 1972 2s72 2910 2 2 2 69 202 475 338 49 184 319 456 594 167 303 440 716 577 287 423 561 839 699 407 544 682 962 ~ 585 pJ 863 1146 004 ~ 1173 1031 1460 316 1550 1406 1262 1843 696 2166 2017 1869 1722 1576 2500 2348 2198 2048 1900

S
8

10

12

145 MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKING PRESSURE(cont.) NOM. DESIGPIPE NATION SIZE 14 SCH.160 SCH.10 SCH.20 SCH.30. STD. SCH.40X-STG. SCH.60 16 SCH.80 SCH.100 SCH.120 SCH.140 SCH.160 SCH.10 SCH.20 STD. SCH.30 X-STG. SCH.40 18 SCH.60 SCH.80 SCH.100 SCH.120 SCH.140 SCH.160 SCH.10 SCH.20 STD. SCH.30 X-STC SCH.40 SCH.60 20 SCH.80 SCH.100 SCH.120 SCH.140 ISCH.160 PLPE WALL o THICI iESS gOM. MIN. 1.406 1.230 2834 0.250 0.219 m 518 0.312 0.273 625 0.375 0.328 & 0.500 0.438 0.656 0.574 1108 0.843 0.738 1436 1.031 0.902 1771 1.218 1.066 2111 1.438 1.258 2517 1.593 1.394 2809 368 0.250 G 460 0.312 0.273 554 0.375 0.328 649 0.438 0.383 744 0.500 0.438 838 0.562 0.492 0.750 0.656 1129 0.937 0.820 1418 1.156 1.012 1766 1.375 1.203 2118 1.562 1.367 2425 1.781 1.558 2789 T B m 4~ 0.375 0.328 0.500 0.438 668 0.593 0.519 795 0.812 0.711 1097 1.031 0.902 1403 1.281 1.121 1760 1.500 1.313 2078 1.750 1.531 2446 1.968 1.722 2774

ROSIONALLOWANCE IN. 1/4 1/8 3/16 1/16 [ax.All :P s i x E ~ 5 166 43 6 1 398 279 146 6 2 504 384 355 7 4 717 596 617 3 7 C4 861 937 0 1310 1185 1 1263 3 8 1643 1515 1 1595 7 2 1980 1851 1 1990 1 2 2384 2251 2 2275 4 0 2674 2540 2 5 262 157 38 4 1 354 248 130 3 2 447 341 222 2 3 541 434 315 2 4 636 529 407 1 5 729 621 689 7 1015 ~6 974 0 8 1306 1195 1 4 2 1314 1652 1539 1 18 78 77 1658 2002 1 21 09 70 2308 2 1958 2314 25 45 30 2669 2 4 m x 2 3 0 117 1 402 3 7 4 7 284 ~ 5 0 6 0 407 697 ~ 8 0 900 998 1004 1 1 0 1303 1202 1353 1 4 5 1657 1555 1665 1 7 6 1974 1870 2025 2 1 2 2340 2234 2346 2 4 5 2666 2558

146 MAXIMUM ALLOWABLE WORKING PRESSURE(cont.) NOM. PIPE SIZE PIPEWALL THICI JESS MIN. N 0.250 0.219 0.312 0.273 0.375 0.328 0.437 0.382 0.500 0.438 0.562 0.492 0.625 0.547 0.688 0.602 0.750 0.656 SCH.10 0.250 0.219 SCH.20 STD. 0.375 0.328 X-STG. 0.500 0.438 SCH.30 0.562 0.492 SCH.40 0.687 0.601 SCH.60 0.968 0.847 SCH.80 1.218 1.066 SCH.100 1,531 1.340 SCH.120 1.812 1.586 SCH.140 2.062 1.804 SCH.160 2.343 2.050 DESIG NATION
0.250 0.312 0.375 0.437

22

24

376 452 G 606 681 761 839 916 275 414 z 625 766 1089 1381 1753 2093 2399 2750
2 3 3 4 5 5 6 7 7

26

0.500 0.562 0.625 0.688 0.750 0.312 0.375 0.500

0.219 0.273 0.328 0.382 0.438 0.492 0.547 0.602 0.656 0.273 0.328 0.438

214 289 365 440 519 G 672 750 827 196 334 475 5Z 685 1006 1297 1667 2006 2311 2660 181 244 308 372 438 502 567 633 697 211 267 379

128 116 202 31 192 278 106 267 136 353 344 431 258 419 332 507 409 496 584 486 G 661 z 649 738 40 117 97 176 255 236 315 395 304 464 384 443 524 6X G 842 924 1214 1131 1048 1582 1498 1413 1919 1833 1747 2223 2135 2048 2571 2482 2393 37 4 5 108 98 7 26 1 171 162 2 90 8 235 225 6 152 4 298 291 2 218 1 364 354 6 281 7 428 419 1 345 4 493 F4 7 410 0 558 548 2 474 7 622 148 204 315 85 141 252 23 78 188

30

275 330 443

147 NOTE: IF THESTRESSVALUEOF PIPELESSTHAN15,000PSIG. DUETO HIGHERTEMPERATURE, MULTIPLY THEMAX. ALLOWABLE PRESSUREGIVENIN THETABLESBYTHE FACTORS IN THISTABLE: TEMPERATURE NOTEXCEEDING DEGREEOF 900 950 750 850 1000 650 700 800 A 53 B Stress 15000 14350 12950 10800 8650 6500 6500 4500 2500 12950 : 15000 s 14350 + : s 10800 8650 A 106B 1.000 0.9566 0.8633 0.7200 0.5766 0.4333 0.3000 0.1666 FACTOR
Example:

The MaximumAllowancePressurefor 6 x Stg.PipeWitha Corrosion Allowance of 1/8 From Table= 1181psi.- at Temperature800F The Max.Allow.Press.1181x 0.72= 850 psig.
Example to find max. allow. pressure for any stress values:

The Max.Allow.Press.1181Psig.From Tables The StressValue 13000psi. For ThisPipeThe Max.Allow.Pressure ~Wo

x 1181 = 1023psi.

NOZZLEEN~CMKpTT~CKNESS

I
2 Vessel Wall

w
I

1 Requiredfor Loadings(UG-22)

0.250$ 0.018 J.E. 0.85 0.250 J.E. 1.00 0.213 NOM. MIN. 0.280 0.245
0 6 i 0 - rc 0 6

0.3125 0.3125 0.2660 0.280 0.245

0.250 0.213 0.280 0.245

3 6 in. Std. Pipe

Minimumf
4 I C F * U m o m nS T i

& hH p A rS e f o B ti

o e U e l

(G al

s d

b1 s

. 0 ) 0 . 06 0 . 2 6 0 5 2 .e b 10 .)0 0 0 . 6 09 ) .93 3 08

st i W s e en Sd a ra e U m tr , ( v G &e o rU e i e r( lG ad e mr bs 1

r n e i ht a m h u iu fei cn m rk o n en

d eo z se z s

l cr

2 . 05 2 . 0 5 2 0 0 0 .C 0 kI 0 . 3 1

148

R U

W I

T P

The required wall thickness for pipes, tabulated on the following pages, has been computed with the following formula: PR = SE O.6P t = the required minimum wall thickness of pipe, in. P = internal pressure, psig. , where

S = 15,000psig.t

vt

o hr a t

m e l c s o eo u h sm u m e s m o f asen tfor t l epipe. ye r

a dl

A 53 B and A 106 B @temperature 20 to 650F. E = Joint efficiency of seamless pipe R = inside radius of the pipe, in. For the inside diameter of the pipe round figures are shown. With interpolation the required thickness can be determined with satisfactory accuracy. The thicknesses given in the tables do not include aIlowance for corrosion. For the determination of the required pipe wall thickness in piping systems the various piping codes shall be applied. Selecting pipe,the 12.5% tolerance in wall thickness shall be taken into consideration. Theminimum thickness of the pipe wall equals the nominal thickness times .875.

149
REQUIRED PIPE WALL THICKNESS FOR INTERNAL PRESSURE

1.s. 11AM, 50
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

PRESSURE PSIG. 100

. 0 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 , 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . . 0 0 . . 0 0 . , 0 0 . 0 . 0 . . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 0 . . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0

150
0 . 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 .0 0 . 0 0 . 0 . 0 0 0 .0 0 .0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0

200
0 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 0 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 0 1 .0 1 0 .00 0 1 .01 2 0 .02 0 2 .03 2 0 .04 25 .0 0 2 .6 0 2 .7 3 0 .8 3 0 .9 3 0 .0 3 0 .1 3 0 .2 3 0 .3 4 0 .4 0 4 .5 4 0 .6 4 0 .7 4 0 .8 4 0 .9 5 1 .0

250
2 0 . 0 0 3 . 0 1 5 0 . 0 1 7 0 . 0 1 8 0 . 0 2 0 0 . 2 2 0 . 0 2 3 0 . 0 3 5 0 . 0 7 3 0 0 . 3 8 0 . 0 0 4 0 . 4 2 0 . 3 4 0 . 5 0 5 5 7 0 s 8 0 6 0 2 6 0 3 6 1 5 7 1 7 1 8 7 1 0 8 1 8 2 1 4 8 1 5 9 1 7 9 1 8 9 1 0 1 7

300
3 0 .0 7 1 0 .0 0 1 0 .0 3 2 0 .0 7 2 0 .0 0 3 0 .0 3 0 .0 7 4 0 .0 0 4 0 . 0 3 5 . 0 0 7 5 0 . 0 0 6 0 0 4 6 0 0 7 0 0 0 0. 4 8 0 7 8 0 0 9 0 4 9 0 7 0 0 00 4 1 0 7 1 0 0 2 0 4 2 0 7 3 0 0 3 0 40 7 4 0 0 5 0

350
0 5 0 0 . 0 0 . 1 0 5 0 2 0 . 0 0 2 . 0 5 0 3 0 . 0 0 . 4 5 0 4 0 . 0 5 . 0 5 0 6 0 . 0 0 6 . 5 0 7 0 . 0 0 , 8 5 0 8 . 0 0 . 9 5 0 . 0 0 . 6 0 . 1 0 . 6 . 1 . 7 . 1 . 6 . 1 . 6 . 1 . 6 . 1 . 6 . 1 .

400
0 . 7 0 0 . 0 3 1 0 . 2 0 0 . 7 0 3 0 . 4 4 0 0 . 0 0 5 0 . 7 5 0 0 . 4 0 6 0 . 0 7 0 0 8 . 7 1 0 . 4 9 1 0 . 1 1 0 . 7 1 0 . 1 4 0 . 1 0 . 1 o . 1 0 . 1 0 1 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 3

450
. 0 0 8 1 . 0 0 2 7 . 0 0 5 3 . 0 0 4 . 0 0 2 5 . 0 0 6 1 0 . 0 9 7 . 0 0 8 7 . 0 1 6 9 . 0 4 1 0 . 0 1 3 . 1 0 2 . 0 1 3 . 0 1 4 . 1 0 5 . 0 1 6 .2 0 7 0 . 2 8 . 0 9 . 0 0 . 0 1 . 0 2 . 0 3 . 0 4 . 0 5 . 6 0 . 0 7 . 8 0 . 9 , 0

500
0 1 . 0 . 2 0 3 . 0 . 4 0 . 5 1 0 . 7 1 0 . 8 1 0 1 . 9 0 1 . 0 0 . 1 0 1 . 3 0 1 4 . 0 1 . 5 2 0 1 . 6 2 0 2 7 . 0 2 . 8 ~ 0 0 . 3 2 . 0 2 1 2 0 . 0 2 . 0 2 . 3 0 2 . 3 0 3 . 0 3 , 3 0 . 0 3 . 0 3 . 0 3 . 0 3 4 0 4 . 1 0 2 . 2 0 4 . 4 5 0 . 5 0 8 . 6 0 9 . 8 0 1 . 1 9 3 . 0 1 5 . 2 1 6 . 3 1 8 . 4 1 0 . 6 2 1 . 7 1 4 . 9 2 6 . 0 7 2 . 1 2 9 . ( 2 1 2 . 4 3 5 . 2 . 7 3 . 8 3 . 9 3 , 1 3 . 2 3 3 . 3 . S 3 . 6 4 . 7 4 . 9 . 0

0 3

150 REQUIRED PIPEWALLTHICKNESS FORINTERNAL PRESSURE (cent)

1
IAM.
1
2 3 4 5

PRESSURE PSIG. 550

D 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

600
) . . 3 . D 3 . . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . . . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0

650
0 . 0 . 0. . 0 0 . 0 1 . 0 1 . 0 1 . 0 1 . 0 1 . 0 2 , 0 2 . 0 2 . 0 2 . 0 2 . 0 3 . 0 3 . 0 3 . 0 3 . 0 3 . 0 3 0 4 0 4 . 0 4 . 0 4 . 0 4 . 0 5 . 0 5 . 0 5 . 0 5 . 0

700
0 1 3 0 5 0 0 7 9 1 . 1 . 3 1 . 5 1 . 6 1 . 8 2 .0 0 2 .1 2 .2 4 2 .3 6 2 .4 8 3 . s 0 3 .6 1 3 .7 3 .8 5 3 .9 7 4 .00 9 .01 1 .02 3 4 .03 5 4 .04 6 5 .05 8 5 .06 0 5 .07 2 5 .08 4 5 .09 6 .00

750
9 2 0 7 4 0 6 0 8 5 0 4 0 1 2 1 0 4 1 0 0 6 1 0 9 8 2 0 7 0 2 0 6 2 0 5 4 2 0 4 6 2 0 2 8 3 0 1 0 0 3 0 2 3 0 9 4 0 3 7 6 4 0 6 8 0 4 5 1 , 0 4 . 0 4 2 . 0 4 1 . 7 0 5 0 9 . 0 5 9 . 1 0 5 . 7 3 0 5 . 5 0 6 5 . 7 0 6 4 . 9 6 0 2 . 1 0 6

800
0 . 1 . 0 2 .0 2 . 0 2 1 .0 3 . 0 3 5 . 0 4 7 , 0 4 0 . 0 5 2 . 0 5 4 . 0 6 . 0 6 8 . 0 7 1 . 0 7 . 3 0 8 5 . 0 8 . 0 7 9 0 . 0 9 . 0 2 0 4 . 4 5 . 6 5 . 8 5 . 1 2 5 . 3 6 2 . 5 6 3 . 7 6 3 . 0 6 4 . 2 6 4 4 7 5 . 6

850
0 0. 0 0 . 00 . 0 1 . 0 1 1 . 0 3 1 . 0 6 1 . 0 8 2 . 0 0 2 . 2 0 2 . 0 5 2 . 0 7 3 . 9 3 . 0 0 1 3 . 3 0 4 . 0 6 4 . 4 . 0 8 0 4 . 0 4 .0 3 8 5 . 0 0 5 0 7 2 0 5 9 5 0 5 2 7 6 0 4 0 6 0 2 6 0 8 4 6 0 1 7 7 0 3 9 5 7 0 2 7 0 I

900

950

1
2 8 5 8 3 1 0 4 8 7 5 0 3 3 0 6 8 9 5 2 3 3 5 1 4 8 4 4 6 4 3 4 6 1 5 8 9 5 6 2 5 3 6 1 8 0.694 6 0.729 1 6 4 7 7 0 7 3 8 6 8 9 8 2
1 9 5

0.031 6 . 0 2 0 2 0.062 2 . 0 5 0 5 0.093 7 . 0 7 0 8 0.124 3 . 0 1 1

.0,156 9 1 2 1 3 .0.187 5 1 5 1 6 .0.218 0 2 8 1 9 .0.249 6 2 0 2 .0.280I 2 3 2 4 .0.311~ 8 2 5 2 7 .0 8 3 0 . 0 3 0 3 . 6 30 . 8 .0 4 .0 1 4 3 4 .0 0 6 4 . 0 9 . 5 0 S 0 1 5 0 4 4 . 0 8 . 6 0 2 . 9 0 6 1 . 0 0 4 . 0 4 7 . 0 8 9 . 0 2 2 . 6 0 4 . C 7 0 . 3 4 0. . 9 3 . 5 3 1 8. 7 4. 1 2. 4 8 6 4. . 4 9 5 . 0 5 2 5. . 1 6 . 6 7 . 6 3 . 9 7 . 5 7 . 0 7 . 6 7 . 2 8 . 7 8 3 . 8

9 9 8 7 7 6 5 5 4 3 4 3 7 2 0 1 3 1 6 0 9 2 9 6 8 9 7 2 7 5 6 8 5 1 5 4 7 3 0 3 4 2 7 1 0 1 3 0

6 7 8 9

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3

9 8

151 REQUIRED PIPEWALLTHICKNESS FOR INTERNALPRESSURE (cont.) 1.s.

)IAM.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1

PRESSURE PSIG.

1100

1200
0 . 0 . 0 . 0 .0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1

1300
0 . 0 0 . 1 0 . 1 0 . 1 0 . 2 0 . 2 0 . 3 0 . 3 0 . 3 0 . 4 0 . 4 0 . 4 0 . 5 0 . 5 0 . 6 0 . 6 0 . 6 0 . 7 0 . 7 0 . 8 0 . 8 .1 8 .1 9 1 . 9 .1 9 .1 0 .1 0 .1 1 .1 1 .1

1400
0 . 0 7 .0 0 1 0 . 5 . 0 1 9 0 . 2 3 0 . 2 6 0 . 2 0 0 . 3 4 0 . 3 8 00 . 4 2 . 01 4 6 02 . 5 9 03 . 5 3 04 . 5 7 . 05 6 1 . 06 6 5 . 07 7 9 . 08 7 2 . 09 7 6 . 00 8 0 .11 8 2 4. 1 9 3! 8. 1 9 4 2 1 . 0 5 .5 01 91 .6 0 3 1 .7 1 7 1 .8 1 9 1 1 . 2 5 1 .0 2

1500
. 0 0 4 7 0 . 0 8 5 , 0 1 2 3 0 1 . 6 2 0 . 1 0 0 . 2 5 8 0 . 3 9 7 . 3 0 5 . 4 0 7 . 4 0 2 2 5 0 . 6 0 0 . 5 9 . 5 0 4 7 0 . 6 8 5 6 0 . 3 4 0 . 7 2 7 0 . 1 0 8 0 . 5 9 8 1 . 1 8 9 . 4 . 5 1 9 8 4 . 1 0 2 2 1 0 6 1 0 . 9 . 1 5 . 7 1 9 1 6 . 2 3 4 1 . 2 7 1 2 . 3 1 1 . 3 6 .

1600
0 4 . 2 . 0 9 4 1 0 . 3 6 . 0 6 1 8 . 2 0 . 0 7 2 . 3 0 2 4 3 6 .0 4 1 . 0 8 4 5 . 0 0 0 0 . 5 2 .0 5 4 0 9 . 6 0 . 6 4 8 0 8 . 7 0 0 . 3 7 2 0 7 . 8 4 2 .1 8 6 1 6 . 9 8 1 . 1 9 0 0 .1 6 2 .1 0 4 .1 5 6 1 . 1 9 8 1 . 2 4 0 .1 8 2 1 . 3 4 1 . 3 8 6 .1 4 2 8 .1 4 7 0

1700
0 4 . 0 6 . 1 0 9 1 4 . 1 0 7 2 . 3 0 9 2 4 . 9 0 3 9 . 4 0 3 4 . 0 9 4 6 . 0 4 4 1 . 0 9 5 7 . 0 . 5 3 0 4 6 . 9 0 . 6 4 0 . 7 9 0 . 6 7 0 4 . 8 0 2 9 1 . 7 9 4 . 1 3 9 9 1 . 8 0 3 . 0 1 4 8 3 1 . 1 0 . 8 1 1 6 . 32 1 . 2 1 8 7 . 3 1 3 . 1 8 3 . 4 1 3 4 . 4 1 8 0 . 5 3 1 6 . 5 1 8

1800
0 . 9 5 0 1 0 . 9 0 1 8 6 . 0 1 2 .8 0 6 2 .7 0 1 3 .7 0 7 3 .6 0 2 4 .5 0 5 7 5 . 0 3 5 .4 0 6 8 . 4 0 3 6 3 . 0 7 3 9 . 0 7 4 . 2 0 8 9 . 2 0 9 5 . 1 1 .1 9 0 0 0 .1 5 0 .1 1 9 1 6 .1 9 8 . 1 1 2 8 7 . 1 3 .7 2 .1 3 7 . 6 1 4 3 . 6 1 4 . 6 8 1 5 3 . 4 1 5 9 . 4 1 6 4 .4 1 7 9 . 3 1

1900
0 5 3 .0 1 6 1 .0 7 0 1 .0 3 2 2 .0 6 8 3 .0 9 4 3 .0 2 9 4 .0 6 5 0 4 . 9 1 5 .0 2 7 0 6 . 2 5 6 .0 8 0 7 . 4 0 1 7 . 9 0 5 8 . 5 8 9 .1 1 1. 9 1 0 6 4 . 2 1 . 0 8 1 8 1 .1 4 1 2 . 2 9 7 .1 5 0 3 .1 1 3 3 .1 6 7 4 .1 2 0 5 .1 8 5 3 1 . 3 6 6 1 . 9 8 7 1 . 5 3 7 .1 0 6 2 8 .

2000
0 . 6 7 0 0 . 4 2 1 0 . 1 8 1 . 8 0 4 2 0 . 5 0 3 2 0 . 6 3 9 0 . 2 4 6 . 0 8 5 3 0 . 4 5 0 0 . 0 6 7 6 0 , 7 4 . 3 0 7 1 0 8 9 8 8 . 5 1 9 5 1 . 1 9 2 . 7 1 0 . 3 9 1 0 6 1 . 1 9 . 5 3 1 2 0 . 1 1 2 . 7 7 1 3 . 4 1 3 4 1 . 1 9 4 8 5 . 1 5 5 . 2 1 6 1 8 . 6 8 4 . 1 7 5 0 2 . 8 2 . 6 8 . 2 2 9 0 . 1 6 1 , 2 2 . 2 9 2 . 3 5 3 . 4 2 4 . 5 8 4 . 6 5 5 . 6 1 . 6 7 8 6 . 8 4 9 7 . 1 8 0 . 7 . 0 4 9 1 . 0 . 0 2 7 0 3 . 3 1 4 . 9 . 2 6 4 3 5 . 2 3 6 . 9 4 7 . 5 5 . 8 2 5 . 8 8 9 6 . 5 7 0 . 1 1 7 . 8 2 8 . 4 2 . 9 1 9 3 . 7 0 . 4 I4 9

152
4

REQUIRED PIPE WALL THICKNESS FOR INTERNAL PRESSURE (cont.) 1.s. lM

1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

PRESSURE PSIG.

2100 2200

2300

2400

2500

2600

2700

2800

2900

3000

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 . 0 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 2 . 2 . 2 . 2 . 2 . 2 9 .1 9 .1 0 .1 1 .1 2 .1 2 .1 3 .1 4 .1 5 ,1 6 .1 6 .1 7 .1 8 .2 9 .~ 1] 9 .2 0 .2 1 .2 2 .2 2 .2 11 9 ,2 13 9 0. 71 1 .4 41 2 .5 21 .6 91 3 .7 71 4 .8 1 5 .9 21 6 .0 1 0 6 .1 1 8 7 .2 2 5 8 .3 2 3 9 .4 1 0 25 2 8 0 .6 2 6 1 .7 2 4 2 .8 2 1 3 .9 2 9 4 .0 . 1 7 6 0 . 1 3 4 0 . 1 0 2 1 . 1 6 0 2 . 1 3 8 3 . 1 9 6 4 . 1 6 4 5 . 2 1 6 . 1 8 0 6 . 5 1 8 7 . 2 1 6 8 . 8 2 4 9 . 2 4 3 0 . 2 0 1 . . 2 7 9 1 . 2 3 7 2 . 0 2 5 3 . 6 2 3 4 , 2 3 1 5 0 1 . 5 1 1 1 . 5 9 2 1 . 6 8 3 1 . 6 6 4 1 . 7 5 5 1 . 7 3 5 1 . 7 2 6 1 . 8 0 7 1 . 8 8 8 2 . 9 7 9 2 . 9 5 0 2 . 9 4 1 2 . 0 2 2 . 0 2 3 2 . 0 9 3 2 . 1 8 4 2 . 1 6 5 2 . 2 4 6 2 , 2 3

1 . 6 1 . 3 1 5 2 . 8 1 3 2 . 1 2 3 . 7 1 . 4 1 0 5 . 9 1 6 . 0 8 1 7 . 4 2 7 8 . 9 2 5 . 9 3 2 4 0 . 8 2 3 . 1 2 2 . 6 ] 2 3 . 1 2 0 4 . 5 2 8 4 . 0 2 7 . 5 4 2 6 , 9 3 5 7 .

.1 0 .1 2 1 .1 2 0 .1 3 9 .1 7 4 8 .1 6 5 8 .1 4 6 7 3 .1 7 6 1 .1 8 5 . 0 2 9 5 . 8 2 0 4 .2 7 1 3 .2 6 2 3 .2 4 3 2 .2 4 1 2 .2 1 5 0 .2 9 6 5 .2 7 8 9 .3 6 8 8 .3 5 9 7

1 1 . 6 2 . 6 1 1 3 . 5 4 4 1 . 5 6 5 1 . 5 9 6 1 . 4 1 7 . 4 1 8 . 4 7 9 2 3 9 . 0 2 . 3 2 1 2 . 3 4 2 . 7 3 2 . 0 4 2 . 5 2 . 1 5 6 2 . 1 7 7 2 . 1 0 8 3 0 . 3 9 3 . 0 5 0 3 . 0 8

. 1 1 4 1 1 . 2 1 , 1 3 7 1 1 , 4 1 1 . 5 1 1 . 6 8 1 . 1 7 4 2 . 1 8 1 1 2 . 8 9 2 1 . 1 5 2 1 . 1 2 2 . 3 8 2 2 . 4 5 2 2 . 5 1 2 . 2 6 8 2 2 . 7 5 2 . 3 8 2 3 2 . 8 9 2 . 3 0 5 2 . 1 2 3

2 . 0 5 . 3 1 6 4 . 2 6 . 5 3 7 . 6 3 7 . 7 4 8 . 8 5 8 9 . 6 9 7 .9 0 . 1 8 0 . 9 2 0 0 . 4 1 1 . 5 1 2 . 6 2 7 2 2 . 3 . 8 3 4 9 . 3 . 5 0 4 6 1 . 4 2 7 5 .

153

E C

F V

M
,

P b i t a p d i j n oh n o ie g n z l ixzs y ne o l igtet ev cr r s eT e am sth s e s l below,to s teh h n determine l e o. de thenozzleloadsisbased inpartontheBulletin107of WeldingResearchCouncilandrepresents a simplificationof it. The vesselsare not intendedto serveas anchorpoints for the piping.To avoid excessiveloading in the vessel,the pipingshall be adequatelysupported.

r{, I 4

FRJW

A R. *

-. - - .

,
E x t F e or & M nr ao c l m e e s n t s T calculate the maximum forceoand moment, first evaluate ~and y. Then determine

CL2, and A from Figures 1, 2 and 3, for the specified~ and ~ substitute into the

aquationsbelow, and calculate FRRF, fl=.875 ($)

Determine CL~and A from Figures 1,2 and 3.

Y=+

CalculatePressure Stress (~. 0= (q(R.-;) [f a is greaterthan S0,then use S. as the stress due to designpressure. FM= R; (STO) roSy A4RCM = R~2
x

Mm =&

S Y 0)

Plot the value of FN a FWand the smaller of .~~c~and s MM as A4w.The allowable nozzle loads are bounded by the area O,A41w, of FRF,
~R\f

EXAMPLE: Determine Resultant Force and Moment T= .7511 SY= 31,500 psi@ 460 Rm= 37.5 P = 150 psi S. = 17,500 psi rO= 15 b= .875(%)= .875 (&)= .35 From Figure2,2= 1,070 From Figure 1, a = 440 y= + = ~= 50 () From Figure3, A = 340

154 NOZZLE EXTERNAL FORCES AND MOMENTS IN CYLINDRICAL VESSELS (continued)

;alculatePressureStress 2(150)375 ~ = 14,850psic&=17,500 =%m-3= 75( ~ - 2) Jse o= 24,850in the equationsfor calculatingFRRF and MkM ~alculateAllowableForces and Moments Fw= ~ (~y. @ =(#2(3 1,50014,850) = 53,214 lb.

psi

~RcM= Rm2~o~y =37.52 (15) (31,500) = ~zo 984 in-lb 9 1,070 z (37.5)2 (15)= (31,50014,850l,032,97~ in-lb. M-m= y (sy -= ~

IL
S P R T S o s ~ Y a O =N =M = S T A o O R =Y S T e m = S p = S p Dt s Vt s

h P f t v l o a oo a h FRF l a tt u s r e m eo n af k f a ~, aQ A 1 ~ n T 7a &f l f Ll n o d W h M w o l as z.o b a b o b u t r an o d e he d e y e a FRF, r 0, Mm. T k n b 6 * T I u zR O N :

l s l e lz e a f

h e ar n e r o f oe zroa F e= zc2 , tl0 li a eo , n b0 0f 1 0 i l 0 ? w, b 0 bo a n 0= l u l0 s( o lA w p. .a o d b l ie -n lr b z o a F. = a o e u zc fs 4 0 5 t ll t ,i a e oJ 0bn 0n 2 i 0 l , w0 n 0 b on b0a * u l s l (o o l. w B p . da o b t l ie N U a ob vt s s oi ae t l gl : u r u te eh a e p s h n

= DesignPressure,poundsper sq. in.

= DimensionlessNumbers
r

t za i s o d l n i ie d c A u e= h sD i , e s N m e n s i ou n lme s bs e ea o S d ia h i. n e u n c l FRRF s h f e, s Resultant Radial Forc( = l Maximum

T hh

=D i m

i ice k n n l e c s l sh , e pounds* s k f M a gR xc te i ,sm C ui @u rl c t u mm a f n e rt i t or e Me an laytD g e d te r h is a f i R l n M o , m e n t m i n c h p o u n d s * p p e r ao p t su u r q i e n , e u dn a s r cr e h R x ei mu o Mn u l gtm iMat un d t Dr u e s ie g e n P sp r te ss o s Iu o u r eM , n a W d s sL m i n e c h n p o t u n d , s * q i e u n a r cr e h M R x ei o u l to m r a u nc n t o ra f M e S la s .p t h u e se o r FRF eliu= a l nl a , d s sF m u p q i e un a c r r h eF = .M a x R Re i sm MuMu l o t m n n i ma e p o u n d s * e n N s i ou n lm e s bs e r s * e e a r r b s Uv s s a o sl l u ue t ee s

= D i m e n N s i o u n lm e s bs =D i m e n N s i o u n lm e s bs

REFERENCES:
Local Stresses in Spherical and Cylindrical Shells due to External Loadings, K. R. Wichman, A. G. Hopper and J. L. Mershon Welding Research Council. Bulletin 107/August 1965 Revised Printing December 1968.

Standardsfor ClosedFeedwaterHeaters, Heat Exchange Institute, Inc., 1969.

155

NOZZLE LOADS Fig. 1

1OJ

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2

1
9 ; 6 5 4 3 2 a 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2

,,, , , f,

i::: i

I 1 !, I

I I [ WI

[ I

, ,

I I I I I

I I I 1 t I I ! I I [ ! ,: I

1 1 I 1

1 i

I 1 1

I I I

1I I

I I I [1 I I

I 1I I I I I ( , I

I :-+-!r i

!{I --+--L

l-l++

+--l-%-l-~

-: . .: I

\. I I :

i I

~i i ~

I, ;,I ]02
; I

,, ; I,
1

I!
!;,1

II

,-, 4 ----: : : 4-%-4

~ i

. .!

i!

!:m!!!-

9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2
1 . . . .
!.

,
!

I 1

1,

1[ I I

10

NOZZLE LOADS Fig 2

1 1.11

NOZZLE LOADS, Fig. 3

1OJ
9 8 7
6 5 4 3 2

6 5
4

3
2

A
lo] 9 8 7 6 5 4

3
2

]02

9 8 7 6 5 4 3
2

10 0

.05

.1

.15

.2

.25

.3

.35

.4

.45

.5

.,

R T U J I C P C

A the junction of cone or conical section to cylinder (Fig. C and D) due

to bending and shear, discontinuity stresses are induced which are with reinforcement to be compensated. DESIGN PROCEDURE (The half apex angle cz<30 deg.) 1. Determine P/S,EI and read the value of~ from tables A and B 2. Determine factor y, For reinforcing ring on shell, y = s~~~ For reinforcing ring on cone, y/S~E~ TABLE A - VALUESOF A FOR JUNCTIONS AT THE LARGE END P/S,, EI 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.009* 28.5 30 15 18 21 23 25 27 A, deg. 11
TABLE B - VALUES OF A FOR JUNCTIONS AT THE LARGE END 0.002 0.005 0.010 0.020 0.040 0.080 0.100 0.125* P/S,, EI 30 17.5 12.5 24 27 4 6 9 A, deg. o gP/S~EI aa 0 t l . e r ur e f *A= 3 d f g e r v e o

W 3 D

v f

o Ai l

c r

b p e

=y/S, E, (Use minimum 1.0 for k in formula).

4. Design size and location of reinforcing ring (see next page). NOTATION
E = with subscriptss,c or r modulusof

elasticity ofshell,coneorreint20rcing ringmaterialrespectively, psi. Seechartsbeginningonpage43 for modulusof elasticity. E= with subscriptslor 2 efllciencyof weldedjoints in shellor cone respectively. For compression E=l.O for butt welds. fi= axialload at largeend due to wind, deadload,etc.excluding pressure, lbfin. j= axialloadat smallenddueto wind, deadload,etc.excluding pressure, lblin. P= Designpressure,psi Q~=algebraic s~ofPR~/2 andfi 1b/in. Q,= algebraicsumof PIL/2 andfi lb/in.

R~=insideradiusof largecylinderat large endof cone,in. R=inside radiusof smallcylinderat small endof cone,in. S= withsubscriptss, corrallowable stress of shell,cone or reinforcingmaterial, psi.
t= minimum required thickness of cylin-

der at thejunction,in. t,= actualthickness ofcylinderatthejunction,in. t,= requiredthicknessof cone at thejunction,in. t.= actualthickness ofconeatthejunction, in. U= halfapexangleof coneor conicalsection,deg. A= anglefi-omtable A or B, deg. ~ = factor:SS E, orSCEC

160

FORMULAS
M

JUNCTION AT THE LARGE END x . Required area of reinforcement, A sq. in. when tension governs (see notes)
;

~ r~ .

kQLRL 1 .L S,EI () a

tan a

E!l
FIG. C

Area of excess metal for reinforcement, sq. in. A.L = (t,t) G+ (t.t~ {h./ cos CZ

The distance from the junction within which the additionalreinforcementshallbe situated, in. G
P

M;x. 30 FIG. D

The distancefromthejunction withinwhichthe centroidof the reinforcementshallbe situated, in. 0.25 X~

JUNCTION AT THE SMALL END Requiredarea of reinforcementA sq. in. whentension governs(see notes)
kQsR, A la tan a ,, = S,E1 () Area of excess metal available for reinforcement A., sq. in. A,, = (t, /zj cos (aA) (t.+ m+ (tC/t,)
x

(aA)
{Rst. / cos a

The distance from the junction within which the centroid of the reinforcement shall be situated, in. K The distance from the junction within which the centroid of the reinforcement shall be situated, in. 0.25 X &

N OW T atthe E hj u n c S tion e c:o m pl r en ssi o ovref i eax c e e dd t h est e l n s~ ido n oea l t b ea r y md 2o P r e R s p e,t c d t i/ s v e erb 2 lh s ih ya , c i c a g w o er U l nd ( a ( i l n s ec gan tt e ap h ) rh a bo2 fo : v t r o tu C h S l o eh V e d cD e I s ti e l f v i eI io , s. I n i o , n ) W t r he m d h o eu o c a oe nm f rc e u d ts oo s w n e o ci trf o t dc a i ir a fe aof l en w p n r sei k gn e tn t l h u a w t h ha n a ah ea p ni g d g l n r t e l3 e df a e hx t d e t , em a e g s r h b s a .n oi a s 0y , gp a e s bn n e aece ( 1 C( ( o - d~ g e ) 5 & .

161

R T J E C C
DESIGN DATA: = 30 deg. half apex angle of cone.

;.ECE,=30x 1 m o e p = 1.0,joint efficiencyin shell and cone = 0.55,joint efficiencyin reinforcingring = 800 lb/in, axial load at largeend = 952 lb/in, axial load at smallend = 50 psi., internaldesignpressure = 100 in., insideradius of largecylinder = 84 in., insideradius of smallcylinder = 13,800psi., allowablestressof shell material = 13,800psi., allowablestressof cone material = 14,500psi., allowablestressof ring material = 0.429 in., requiredmin.thicknessfor large cylinder = 0.360 in., requiredmin. thicknessfor smallcylinder = 0.500 in. actualthicknessof cone. = 0.4375 in., actualthicknessof large cylinder = 0.375 in., actualthicknessof smallcylinder dL
t,L = 0.41 in., required thickness of cone at small cylinder = 0.49 in., requiredthicknessof cone at large cylinder

Jsing the same material for shell and cone. = 0.0036 f t 50 .. P/SsEI = 13,800 X 1

A A= 1 e e

Ai l

~ r r

i r

! U r ~ SsE.= 1

o t

106 3 0 X 1. Factor k=y/SrE~= 13,800 x30x 106/ 14,500x30x 106= 0.95 Use k = 1 =5 + 800= 3,300 lb/in. 1. QL=PRL12fI , l
X

j. The required cross-sectional area of compression ring: kQLRL~ - + t a = 1 X 3,300x 100 1- 19.8 ~ tan 30= 4.69 sq in. ArL= SE ( 13,800 X 1 () The are: ofexcess in shell available for reinforcement: AeL= (ts- ~ ~+ (tc- tr) @t~ /COS~ = (0.4375 - 0.429)X ~100 X 0.4375 + (0.5 - 0.49) x{1OO X 0.5/cos 30 = 0.132 sq. in. A,L - AeL= 4.69-0.132 = 4.55 in. the required cross sectional area of compression ring Using 1 in. thick bar, the width of ring: 4.55/1 = 4.55 in. Location of compression ring: Maximum distance from the junction = ~= ~100 x 0.4375 = 6.60 in. Maximum distance of centroid from the junction= 0.25 ~~ = 0.25 {100 x 0.4375= 1.65 in.

162

R T J E
JUNCTION AT SMALL CYLINDER 1. PAS, El = 0.0036; fromtable B A = 5 SinceA is less than et,reinforcementis required. 2. Factor~= S, E,=13,800x30x10s 3. Factork=l 4. QS=PR, /2+~lb./in =50~84+ 952= 3,0521b/in 5. Therequired cross-sectionalarea of compressionring: ~ 184l~o tan 300= 8.94 sq. in. ~r, = kQsRS ~-~ tan ~= 1 ~~>~~~ S,E, () u () ?
The area of excess in shell available for reinforcement: A,. = (t, / t,)

C
(continuea)

A) (t, - ~ %+

(LI t,)

/cos a x cos (a A) (tc- t,) * StC (30-5) X (0.375 - 0.36)X 484X .0375 (0.395/0.36) X COS + (0.5/0.41) cos (30-5) x (0.5-0.41) x ~84 x 0.5/cos 30= 0.77 sq. in. A,. - A,, = 8.94-0.77 = 8.17 sq. in., the required cross sectional area of compression ring. Using lfi thick bar, the required width of the bar: 8.17/ 1.5 = 5.45 in. Location of the compression ring: Maximum distance from the junction: a = 484 x 0.375 = 5.6 in.

Maximum distance of centroid from the junction: 0.25 fi= 484 x 0.4375 = 1.5 in. Insulation ring may be utilized as compression ring provided it is continuous and the ends of it are joined together. Since the-moment of intertia of the ring is not factor, the use of flat bar rolled easy-way is more economical than the use of structural shapes. To eliminate the necessity of additional reinforcement by using thicker plate for the cylinders at the junction in some cases maybe more advantageous than the application of compression rings.

R T
D, t-l

J U

C E P

L. d r !$! ;L w
I

Reinforcement shall be provided at the junction of cone e o c to cylinder, or at the junction o t l section to cylinder when cone, or conical section doesnt have knuckles and the value of A, obtained from table E, is less than ct. TABLE E - VALUES OF A P/SE o 0.002 0.005 0.010 0.02 0.04 0.08 0.10 15 21 29 33 A,deg. o 5 7 10 P/SE 0.125 0.15 0.20 0.25 0.30 0.35 57 60 40 47 52 A, deg , 37 6 d f g e rv e o o a gP a l0 t .u / e r re S s f E CX=
N I n o t e rt m p ob e l ma t f i: ia o a nn t e rvo dm y a e d e le i a ur t e e

I T FIG. F

The required moment of inertia and cross-sectional area of reinforcing (stiffening) ring when the half apex angle a is equal to or less than 60 degrees shall be determined by the following formulas and procedure.

1. Determine P/SE, and read the value of A from table E. 2. Determine the equivalent area of cylinder, cone and stiffening ring, ATI,, sq. in. $3:: pa~~ 46 for construction of stiffening ring) 3 FIDI. A~lJ= ~ + ; + A., Calculate factor B B = ~ (~ ,) where 2 2 3RI,tan a 3. From the applicable chart (pages 43 thru 47) read the value of A entering at the value of B, moving to the left to the material/temperature line and from the intersecting point moving vertically to the bottom of the chart.
For values of 1?falling below the left end of the material/temperature

F[.= PM+ J tan a

M = -RL tan a + L[ + R{?-R.?

line

for the design temperature, the value of A=2WE. If the value of B is falling above the material/temperature line for the design temperature: the cone or cylinder configuration shall,be changed, and/or the stiffening ring relocated, the axial compression stress reduced. 4. Compute the value of the required moment of inertia For the stiffening ring only: AD[.2A 1[. Is = ~400 For the ring-shell-cone section: ADI,ZA 71, I,Y = 10.9 5. Select the type of stiffening ring and determine the available moment of inertia (see page 87) of the ring only 1, or the shell-cone or the ring-shellcone section 1.

164

C
(continue~

If 1 or 1 is less than I, or 1[, respectively, select stiffening ring with larger

moment of inertia. 6. Determine the required cross-sectional area of reinforcement, A,~,sq. in. (when compression governs): A,~ = @fi;;an~ [,@&):]

NOTE: Whenatthejunctionthe compressiveloads determined byPR~2 orPRJ2 are

exceeded by~l or~J tensional loads respectively, the design shall be in accordance with U-2 (g) (as safe as those provided by the Code Section VIII, Division 1.) Area of excess metal available for reinforcement: A,~ sq. in.:

A.~ = 0.55 ~D~t, (t, + t. /COS @ The distance from the junction within which the additional reinforcement shall be situated, in. a The distance from the junction within which the centroid of the reinforcement shall be situated, in. 0.25 ~ R, .~ L~ LL ~ = =I Reinforcing shall be provided at the iunction of small end of conical section without flare to cylinder. The required moment of inertia and cross-sectional area of reinforcing (stiffening) ring shall be determined by the following formulas and procedure. 1. Determine theequivalentareaofcylinder,cone and stiffening ring, Am L, L, t L I R1 A I 2. L,t, An= ~+ Calculate factor 1? B . ; ( :~ where Fs = PN +jjtan a RL2- R~2 N=~ + Z+ 6R. tan a Let, ~+A,

FIG. G

165

R T
3. F

C
(continued)

t a c ( t r e a p v o B m t t l t t m l a f at i p m v t t b o t nc F v o t l e f n l f t d d t t v o =2 e of B is falling above the materialhemperature line for the design I t v

temperature: the cone or cylinder configuration shall be changed, and/or the stiffening ring relocated, the axial compression stress reduced.

4. Compute the value of the required moment of inertia: For the ring-shell-cone section: ~; = AD,2ATS
5.

For the st~~e~~~ ring only:

~.= 1:.0 10.9 Selectthe type ofstiffeningring anddeterminethe available moment of inertia (see page 89) of the ring only, land of the ring-shell-cone section, I! Iflorl is

Iessthanl..orli respectively,selectstiffeningringwith largermomentofinertia. 6. Determine the required cross-sectional area ofreinforcement. A,,, sq. in:
A~s= kQSR~tan~ SE

metal available for reinforcement Ac,sq. i A.s = 0.55 % [(t,-~ + (tc-tr)/cos ix]

The distance from thejunction within which the additional reinforcement shall be situated, in.G The distance from thejunction within which the centroid of the reinforcement shall be situated, in. 025 G NOTE:Whenthereducers madeoutoftwoormoreconicalsections ofdifferent apexangles withoutknuckle, andwhenthehalfapexangleisgreaterthan60degrees,thedesignmaybe basedon specialanalysis.(Code1-8(d)and(e).) NOTATION

A,

ing ring, sq. in. A,,L = requiredareaofreinforcementwhen AT = equivalent area of cylinder, cone and stiffening ring, sq. in. QLis in compression, sq. in. B = factor At. = requiredareaofretiorcementwhen D~ = outside diameter of cone or large QLis sq. in. end of conical section, in.

a ev = area of excess m reinforcement, sq. in.

af t i

cross-sectional area lA.a a = b ol l e r of the stiffen-

66

C
(continued)

C
shelljunctionandone-thirdthedepth ofhead o theotherendofthelarge

D,, . outsidediameterofcylindricalshell, in. D., outside diameter at small end of conical section, in. E
. lowest efllciency of the 1ongitudi-

shell.
L, design lengthofavessel section, in. forstl~enedvesse[section: distance between the cone-to-small-shell junction and an adjacent stiffening ring on the small shell.
f

naljoint inthe shell,head or cone; E = 1 for butt welds in compression. E

with subscriptsc, r ors modulus of

elasticityof cone, reinforcementor shell material respectively,psi. k A

S&L5RER but not less than 1.0. .

unstlflenedvessel o section: disr tance betweenthe cone-to-small-

shelljunctionand onethirdthe depth ofheadontheotherend of the small

shell. P external design pressure, psi. PRL PRs +fi Q,= ~ +fz 2 axialcompressiveforce duetopressure and axial load. outside radius of large cylinder, in. outside radius of small cylinder, in. allowable working stress, psi. of cone material. allowable stress of reinforcing material, psi. allowable stress of shell material, psi. minimumrequired thicknessofcyl-

axial load at large end due to wind etc., Ib./in.The value offi shall be taken as positivein all calculations. etc. lb./in. The value of~2 shall be taken as positivein all calculations.

fi

axial load at smallend due to wind,

Q~

I T

= available moment of inertia of the

RL R, s sR s. t

stiffeningring, in4
availablemomentofinertia ofcom-

bined ring-shell cross-section, in4. Thewidthoftheshell whichistaken as contributing to the moment of inertia of the combined section: 1.IO~D,,t IS I,
.

required moment of inertia of the stiffeningring, in4.

e o e

= r

L L,

. .

i w n i da t l he l o of r wu a m q u o oi i m r no e et ed n r t t c i of ar i o s i o n n , c m r i n b g i- s n h c e el l rd - c oo n e s s t. a c t h t i o cuc k w an o ei l s t s ic t n i o n4 , . c o r a rl o si w i a o n n cne l o a l x e o c in i o a g nt l n t, he f , . m i rn e q u i i rm e d tu oh i c mf k n e I e n g t a h os fl cu o o o n r f e f cn a o w c g n e e to , h i c r a r lo o l u o si w it o a o d i bs e t s at t n iw r f c ef r ei e e n nin n g g s a c t h t i o cus k w an h ei l s e t t, o c i o n n e f , . a l l f o c wo a r rn i o oc s ei o ex g

el s eo a v in e s gg e s nt c as h t ih e f oa l na a , pd LL . d n l g ee l f in~or stifle-nedvessel section: the A valueto indicateneed for reinforcedistancebetween the cone-to-large ment, from table E, deg. shelljunction and an adjacent stiffening ring on the large shell.

for umtl@enedvessel section: the

distancebetweenthecone-to-large-

167

R T
t,

J E

C
DESIGN DATA DL = 96 in., o Ds = 48
~ =

o l

E,, Ec, E

m a r m

c
fl

o e p

o s

= 100 lb./in., axial load due to wind

A = 30 lb./in., axial load due to wind. LL = 120 in., design length of large vessel section. L, = 244 in., design length of small vessel section. Lc = 48 in. ~ = 15psi, external design pressure F = 48.00 in. outside radius oflarge cylinder LL R = 24.00 in. outside rad;us ofsmall cylinder Designtemperature=6500F SS = 13,800 psi. maximum allowableworking stress of shell and cone material. SR = 12,700 psi. maximum allowable working stress of reinforcement material. = 0.25 t t = 0.1875 in. minimum required thickness of small cylinder. t. = 0.25 in. actual thickness of cone. t, = 0.25 in. minimum required thickness of cone.
t. =

i a

o c

JUNCTION AT THE LARGE END 1. P/SE= 15/13,800= 0.0016; from table E A = 4 since A is less than U, reinforcement is required. 2. Assuming As=O, A~~ = h/.2+LJd%A. = 120X0.125 +48 X0.125+ O=21 in2. -&2 LL RL2 48X 0.5774+ ~0+ 482242 ~. RL tan ~ a+ =66.9 2 +3RLtana= 2 2 3 x48X 0.5774
=

FL=Pk?+fi

tan a = 15 x 66.9+ 100x 0.5774 = 1061

168

T
~ = :(~L)
TL

R
CONE TO CYLINDER EXAMPLE
(continue~

= 0.75 x 1061 X96/21 = 3636

3. A = 0.0003 from chart page 43 4. Required moment ofinertiaofthe combined ring-shell-cone cross section: ADLATL 0.00035 x 962x 21 = 5.32 L= 10.9 = 10.9 5. Using two 2% x $4flat bars as shown, and the effective width of the shell:
1.10 x ~= 1.1 ~96 x .025 = 5.389 in., The available moment of inertia: 5.365 in. (see page 96)

It is larger than the required moment of inertia. The stiffening is satisfactory. 6. T

o r
X X

S,E, = 13,800 X k= ~12,700 X ~L= ~ fi 15 j48+ kQ~RLtan a A,L = I SE

s

106= 3 ~ 09 0 106 3 0 100 460

L

= 1.09 X 460X48X 0.5774 ~-025( 13,800 X 0.7

15 x48 -460 4 460 )33]=

1.412 in?

The cross-sectional area of the stiffening ring is 2.5 in2.It is larger than the area required. The reinforcing shall be situated within a distance from the junction: m,, = 448x 0.25= 3.46 in. = 0.25~48 x 0.25 = 0.86 in.

The centroid of the ring shall be within a distance from the junction: 0.25 ~ JUNCTION AT THE SMALL END 1. The conical section having no flare, reinforcement shall be provided. 2. Asuming A,,= O, ATS= LJJ2 + L~tJ2 + A., A,.,= L.,tl 2 + L&J 2 + A.,= 244 x 0.25/2 + 48 x 0.25/2 + O= 36.5 i
~ = R 8 t + ~ ;n ~ ~ + + a 2 ; ~ ; + + ;4 5 : ( X =7 ~ 7 4x 4 = 4 149.7 2 in. : +

169

R T
F,= PN +fJ t

J
a

E
=1

C
(continue~

X 149.7+30X 0.5774= 2263

3 F$.DS = 3/4~22;; :48) = 2232 B ? x 3. Since value of B falls below the left end of material/temperature line: A= 2 B/E = 2 X 2232/30X 106= ().()()()14 4. Required moment ofinertiaofthe combined ring-shell-cone cross section: AD.?An = 0.00014X 482X 36.5 = ~ 08 in ~ 1,, = 10.9 10.9 5. Using 2% x % flat bar, and the effective shell width: 1.1448 x 0.25 = 3.81 in. The available moment of inertia 1.67 in.4 (see page 96) It is larger than the required moment of inertia; the stiffening is satisfactory. 6. The required area of reinforcing: k = 1.09 A,., =Q,= ~ +j=

15 z X24 + 30 = 21O lb./in.

. ~ 05

kQ,~. tan a = 1.09X 210X24X 0 13,800X 0.7

in T z3

2 4

Area of excess metal available for reinforcement: A. =~~a

==

(tc - t,)+ ~,

(t., -Z)

(0.25 - 0.25) + d24 x 0.25 (0.25 - 0.1875)= 0.153 i

Ar,,-A, = 0.328-0.153 = 0.175 in.2

of ring used for stiffening 1.25 in.2. It is Iargerthan the required area for reinforcement.

The reinforcing shall be situated within a distance from the junction:

G,=d24 x 0.25 = 2.44 i
n .

and the centroid of the ring shall be within a distance from the junction: 0.25 ~R,,t,,= 0.25424 x o
= O . i . z n b s l .

170

WELDING
V

There are several methods to make welded joints. In a . particular case the choice of a type from the numerous alternatives depend on: 1. The circumstances of welding 2. The requirements of the Code 3. The aspect of economy

1. THE CIRCUMSTANCESOF WELDING.

In many cases the accessibility of the joint determines the type of welding. In a small diameter vessel (under 18 - 24 inches) from the inside, no manual welding can be applied. Using backing strip it must remain in place. In larger diameter vessels if a manway is not used, the last (closing) joint can be welded from outside only. The type of welding may be determined also by the equipment of the manufacturer. 2. CODE REQUIREMENTS. Regarding the type of joint the Code establishes requirements based on service, material and location of the welding. The welding processes that may be used in the construction of vesselsare also restricted by the Code as described in

paragraphUW-27. The Code-regulations are tabulated on the followin~ the titles: -. DaEesunder a. Types o W eJ l o d i e nf d t s ( J permitted o i by n the Code, t s their efficiency and limitations of their applications.) Table UW-12 b. D
eo W s eJ i lg o dn i e nf d t s

o J

t b u

v
d i

i v

s
s

tain design conditions.) UW-2, UW-3 c. E x a m io nW a t e iJ o l n o

e nf d t

The efficiency of joints depends only on the type of joint and on the degree of examination and does not depend on the degree of examination of any other joint. (Except as required by UW-ll(a)(5) This rule of the 1989 edition of the Code eliminates the concept of collective qualification of butt joints, the requirement of stress reduction. 3. THE ECONOMY OF WELDING, If the two preceding factors allow free choice, then the aspect of economy must be the deciding factor. Some considerations concerning the economy of weldings: V-edge preparation, which can be made by torch cutting, is always more ec~ nornical than the use of J or U preparation.

171 Double V
V a

Lower quality weldingmakes necessarythe use of thicker plate for the vessel. Whether using stronger welding and thinner plate or the opposite is more economical,depends on the size of vessel,weldingequipment, etc. This must be decidedin eachparticularcase.

172

J
JOINTEFFICIENCY, E
-

TYPES CODEUW-12

F R g

a r

b us E d x a p

c ; pN ~ o ia E mo x i a -n m h e r

w an s B as s b rh c o m t i w

m oe e tl o h s u i t n 1.00 d s e i ue r f la c ci u t k i rs n ig e a am o fl v tl e op w l e e t i ol n

a e d e e e

d l 0d e d . p fd d e r d f .

n .

c j

S i n g l b e -j w e u lo d e di t n t t w b a is c tk t i r nh ig 0 p w r h e i m i ac i h n s n p a lw f e a lt c d e i e nr g

.0

8.

3
S i n g l b e -j w e u lo d e di t w i u o t b h a o s c u k t i s t r i n t e n f g p t 0 .

D f

o u l ij

l e - f u l o la i e

l nt

5
S w i n fg l ie - lf u ll l e t l j o a i n p t p w i l e t lu hd g s

i f p

u n l l ; gj i w l e

~l o l lu

$e a ;i ~ d g

173

J
NOTES
E ,D

I A

WELD TYPES
C oa tA Bie

L I M I T A T I O N S P PV L A Y R I IN N O G U O g ,n o N : ,

FOR TYPE 1:N

J F J

r Ct y

T 2 NY O O P RN E 1 C oa tA ie , g 1 n o 3 r ,t y C: E bx w cw uo e ep ip o t l lft n t fat d f c i r c u mjo f e oo r e n itn i ra n l l t F T J C oa C i r c u mjf e 5 i t a n h 1 o d i a m e 3 Y O tA ie g, n o r ooe nn t i o n i a ln n2 i i o nv c o u8 t e r . P R2 r B t y :, l vto y .t k en sd

I t: E t ah a s t bhi t r . lo n ys h ew p ,o w D w a h pe n f i d t e r c s ej lo di th s e b ei e t tC m t it a o ah e g d d r y ne w y s e p . lr od c i e s n s ge s . E T j s a te tpi re s: oh t h e a t dp b . he g e Co b b iu t n s t b-e s hw de a u ly d , te p c r or m f m pu a li s so e t ti d 4 n . e et r a t i o n .

3 B j u o s b i h ft n f a . t r t l rs e P R E u n : d o e rv c a eu a rt sl b , a n rp o l t 1e n sr ta . Tgl an l e t i r v 8d a se s ys d s h u . g n o r t ty w : e l d h ag c r oo o mv e er sl e p f s iwt r lm 8 l m e ee b b dl tu u ,a a d i l n v o t /e t mh e n i st h c. k n g. n o r. a t y r :e i n f C o rT c e o t r e i n f h o sr c n e hm f ee n a t e x t f c o l et lh e d i o i c wk n e ne s g F T 5 Y O P R E ( Circumferential ajoints f a t ) t o aP c t lh h r i i- a c M k at n rxe n e i s ie sm i u ment of heads n o 2 i ov o u te n s u t ir di . e n 3 c t 4 p l/ o . 3 d i t a s m n h o e 1 eti t e v l o rh l / eo in s o ct r t k2 1 vi . . n Y e 1 c r lz o / . 3 e / r 1 1 s v o J ao t h ti ea m n ci sh htp ih t e se nr g i ca a l o d s a h e xe c l l r u l d s e de . J o n t B i w e t l s d es i o h c n iog owr eu eb b jl l u o td ee i t d n ( C i r c u m b f j e r e o f n [t i )a l n o h l a d s m t iw e h s ir e sf l d a t t t a s c ohh j m ae n e on c l t k l v eo o s t i fe s p o tu tr r f i s b r e b m c o h v e e i s h n a l g l 5 i i n ot/ m h n i wi c t n kh 8 a n . ne el s h ps r e g ie r g o i n mn e d go ilt ,nt g i u p l u s e s c mo f u eu c r o tn m e o p ad l w t t e e o t pd lhi n l l gh d ao e e o e t fp e s ee n s e ta t s fr a u t F i ss no n i ou o n t 1 t h - t i d 1a i m oa 1 t hm ne 2 e ts h em e r e a wf r e e g c l rhde o i i dpn pgc i h f t p o l ol h u e g r e . a g ri t o c oi r r v ha e e t c n e J C o a t e i g o n r y t: C m e n d e d . F T 4 Y O ( L o n gj i a t nou o d 3 i i n a ) v n t h i ca tA k J C o ie ( C i r c u mj b f e nr oe on 5 t i i ) a i t h ca tBk ie . J in C o F T 6 ( F t a t ta oa oh h c t p r t es s nh s o r e t q h ui o ci w kr f w i o i l e on s l A JointCategory:

Y O P R E m a x h a li l m jo . u w e oa m b c h e m o) e r ane n t 5d v T fe s x e f f i c g i ei i n t c it v e s h ae b u 5 e ir v o l o e l / oe sn a tt br u 8 i . r f s o r w m e eu o lhe a d n ue ne o dis s l . st t y j h o e f h iby arc n or gas t e s made se h l i t e d d l n e l weldingprocesses. f : , B n a r vt di e e ne rl6 oJ d 4t nv . o e e ir e dl e s t ls n e l g f d y r. t y : f ns g f s f iE =c I fi b en j n .c toy u o, i . l e oo ti c e o dm tp r r e s s i o n . e l h t d e . B

( F a t t ba o o hc h h m e a e ) p r o ee s si s t u [ si r nh h d e o 2 i i v dn i a e sn a n m o i re 1 r e t q h 1u i w icf r kw iie n4 o o uo h t f s o e l i ad n n a J C oa tA ie g n o

1 . -.

WELDED

JOINT

LOCATIONS
qin u c o i ar n i e a m p w eln p a h tt sl i y e ay rI s . r ce s m r hav e tt e i e hdc ri aen ic ,ak l n ee o d w .

s o

T t j o u hi c n enc d ro ot e n t se sd a p i r r i e te f ja o d em o is i b ni g ed nt a er l ts ne e t d t i t c T s h p r e e q uc si rw ie e m aa eh b n l t sio ,a s d t e c o h sn d a ei i t t g air o bb n nu rs e l, a l t

D C O

E N

S D

P W O E N E A P H OI C I JI TO N D PI O T G RE J G N IY R A H E AF TF I IO C E E N A C T Y A D M NT I R A NT N E E GX O R I YN I AT C I O l

u c a i A ta gD ee b gn F o snu r l y t dl t 1 T d ie A hs .l wo s i s e o n ln s b o ja s i ve e i se l e n d s c nd tt a i h e n.e c n y a d d s e f f 1i c 0 o 0 . r 9 A c a B to C e lb g s ou r l p y t T r (o Tt y ( ( d S e w s ( eeni i b g n l e c nd l o uu d s i t n t 1.0 g 0.9 c o n d t i ti n ih o oon o z s zs l ee n s r l bi sec o m t lm e o uc n h i d c aaw tmi nb g e r s ) w f h w u i eh n tlt e i n r slc e hc h t s e r a d i o c g ar A atw p e h i vy g e oe l r s y d s se n l i n s e o c h t o eis o N an sd o r s r m a n) d c a to s o n r v ya e n . m e e l cs e t ss se 0 l 0 . Uw-11 s e o c h t ei o a n sd r s U 1 2 W ( d ) r Joints Band C butt welds C a Ata e Bb g o n ur y t din t e n c w i ve s e l e s c dc t s ise o n l n s s n e a h s eb o nhT a a dy d l s p l1 e in f ee wall UHT-57 (1) or T ( y 2p thickness do not e require ) 2 F r a d e x a i n m a U l y u T ( ol Ty ( . b l 1 yp s u 2pe p ) t r T e (o ) Tt ( 0 0 . i o w g r j a e p h o l i cd i e n d t s m i n a t i o n o s t n d a t o r y W ( b 1 )

2p e t y 1p P C o e U C S e

.
e

r i

f p t

P t yC1 p U . C 8

2 po e e S 8 5

175 I

DESIGN OF WELDED JOINTS (CONT.)

D C O E N S D

O ET O I CP I W N JI T N DP I O T G R EJ A P H GO N IY R A H E E A F TF I I O CN E E N A C Y M A N TN E E G X OA D R I YN I AT C I O TI R T M

( 1p ) r y e l l .p 6e rd y 2 ) ione i my r T a op w h yi j ec ol p d n e f t ( s 0 g 0 P3 .pC 6e o e ) r y ( i n a t i o n U C 0 .p 5eS ) r y ( 4 o s t 0 . 5e T y p ( 5 ) a t o r y . . p 4 T ( 0 y e 6 ) hs s e e l s i g no e d r e r n a l s n s u rl e y ( c ) o A s i b hn at ls l e I. F e . )u l l ~ N ( p o 1 J W( ( 2 ( 1 aa ) ) ) o Ba i Cs n b h nt a s l d l e / ef sa s b ec s r soN e , V ( y o l n . s op 1e . ) 1 r T ( y 0r a . o c 1pt a t al i e n N t i ( hn g a o 2 l . ) 0 ( . 2 9 j l a s l o s u b s J t a Wn ( (c- e 2 s ( 1 b a ) ) ) h b p a o U W 2 ( a ) v h t e re ]intsB andC butt J D os bi f h n aiut b w l s l e ull e l l td e l t W d J 2 n p e n w e t r e a t i l o n d s o c D i s i hn et ls n l e x tt e h t n rd i o, h nuh gs ge h n n h a ea d d l s l x e tn h i to t c i k } n r f e rh e s u s a l f de l iey 1 v oe n sw o sz } ae z g e l lr l ra t x e p cl h e e dp t U W( ( 2 d ( 1: a x ) ) c r c t h ) u a .n g b e r e s o e xs o c d s x r J oo c ai C tf n e m g t e o r fh y a n g r e r J a a - n 2 p (t2 na ) ) d e s t f a b l rj h i c o a t W i e( e d p 3 a p n e ) d r s e U t W n- 2 (u a d ) ( l b ) (s c ) n J l ( W ( - 4a 1 ) ) r U F u r a d i o e x a m i n m a n d T v ie d e fs e x t p r oe Uw-1 l J Ao s b iT h Nn ay t ls p l e e o ( ( ef a x u 1 c s t eoe p n ) i t f iT r c ( Type y ( c h n r os i m t c ai i uk n m le e l s s s t e e l ) . . l B o s b i t h N n a y t l s o p l e e . eo s ps e e l .r s ) b te le( o d w 2 U 0 W( a- ( 2F ( 1r n b 2 ) ) d ) o2 F s m t i p a J e C of p ci s e n utn e t t t r sl a st i ol i n spot e fq u ro e d r welds iextending through No m a tthehentire e r i of the ae l section w m e e t l a r d l joint W 2 ( b ) J D of p i e n un e t t r l a s t i ol n w e ex tt le h n r dd o i sn u g g h t e s n ea h tt c i t ri e h o e n t e j U o W( ai- ( 2 n ( 2 n bt 3 ) ) d ) A osr e er Bos s N o(t W iu i t i i 1p 2 e 0

$ V a i r t o U

PhC

o e

UCS-56

6 U

nstean f J i ( with d p e sr s e xu c J n i 5 p S n a o( be o i t c oh U l a d e s c o 4 n d i
boilers

ul l el e t d l e t d be i t h. d N n aA yt b w l s o p e . j i os i h n e t s lV nef l s a 1 ) cl s o . cal a a s e nh a 1 a d d g sn - h o l a s l r u a l d l ie y e de - b f s b p h o g e r a x p c h e e r p t bit h N n a y t l s o p l e e . g 0 i w i. h t 1p e r T e ( v r y u t ) n p r . r d) 1 h o e 1 2 v e eo e U W ~ T ( 0 y . 2 p o n s f - mn 2 s (n s C o )i U l ( W ( 4 a I ) ) g t n o n :

s b t r o ao e 0e 2 9

176 DESIGN OF WELDED JOINTS (CONT.)

D C O E N S D l :

P W N O E GO N IY R A JI T N D PI O T G REJ A P HOI C IH E T E AF TF I IO C E E N A C Y I AT C I O A NT N E E GXO R I YN A D M NTI R T Aos bi t h N n 1 ay t ls o p ) l e e .

J Bo s b i t h Nn [1) o N ( 7 P r ve s s e u wr s. t e t h e i c x 5kc is cn s s ut e b j l e d fi i rN w r e je i c ooln t t ( a p e r f 3em r A o Bj ioa i t h i c k n U W 2 e .l g u 8 E l e c tA r b ow s U l a w e l ( d i n 6 g

ay t ls o p l e e . T y o h 2- F he r . u ) n ( Te l( I. 0 e e s e / s n d s 8 . p o. t os D 0 N g . d i yn e o d t p 0 s f e 0 i i t to ) e e h d e r r n n t r s n y e s s ( d ) W l ( F d l - t as u 1 I T ) ( l 0 T ( ) F u l

w t t h h l a w e e l o o ci a n ; (t P 1) e - e : y 1x p5 i c 2p e e m a .l t h 90 i tf e l n s 8 .8 5 s o l t a s le . 7 6 0 , to P t h h ~ 1 p w o o I t r e ei a t n a n d a o y . P l C 1p 0e S y . U 2C p 9 l

9 F c o v

S v s h U ( U J c b u

U l t e r a xs o n a i cm o y . P nC 1p 0e . r l l e i d nw Aon w s a u e n y a ts t h 1 iT ( o he n e S 2C p 9 U l (e W ( 7 a o n 1 s t ) r )u0 c T t i( o ny . U s s l f s- c d n p o e r oe m si t t r a d i o g r a p h s e a 0m l e s. s s p o t e s s e l Pe C o e e o c Jt i o oo n s c i n vn n e e c tr ts N i s ns g o e l n o w A o B h e r n r C5 U S e d t s ae a c h ies o n an s d d s 0 . 8 w a te 3 l y r d p s e e , l W ( a 1 ) 4 5 6 , , ( 5 b ) ) W 1 2 ( d ) o 1 i n t . s N g rt e o a h t ea t o m p A lW e t e e n d l d y s , 8 0 u r e s s u r y e w 1 2 ( f ) i l e E F F I C (I E T N B CU Y E I S C A L C )EU O L EA D T I ON N S O S E A M H L T E EHS F I S CA A K N Code D E S S UW-12(d) S M E

TYPE OF HEAD
H s O p h t e e h

OFY JOINT
i l s

N m i cN a e Ar

o1 00 N 1

.0 .0

l 2 Y .

0.0 9 .0 0 0

0 8. 8. 0 . 0

* c a F l i c u n lv o a ot il r ov n i n g c i r c u ms f e ort , e n rt i a ae l s @ s t h i o s c ek h an m e se l se s af s

r r d

177

EXAMINATION

OF WELDED JOINTS

RADIOGRAPHICEXAMINATION
FuUradiography is mandatory of joints: (Code UW-11) communicating chambersofunjired 1. All butt welds in shells, heads, nozzles, steam boikrs having lethalsubstances. 2 All .
1 1

Exemption: B and C butt welds in nozzlesand communicating chambers that neither exceed 10 in pipe size nor 1 1/8in. wall thickness do not require radiographicexamination in any of the above cases. 3 All categoryA and D butt welds . in vessel sectionsand heads where the design of the joint or part is based on joint efficiency 1.0,or 0.9. (see preceding pages: Design of Welding Joints). 4 All butt weldsjoined by electroslagweldingand , all electrogasweldingwith any

greaterthan 1
radiography, as a minimum, ismandatory of

B or Cweldswhichintersectthe . Category A buttweldsinvessel sections(including nozzlesand communicating chambers above10 in. pipe or mmect seamless vesselsectionsor headswhen size and 1in.wallthickness) the designof Catego~ A and D buttweldsinvesselsectionsand headsbasedon ajointefficiency of 1.0or 0.9. 2 S . t weldedjoints(~ radiography p isoptionalofbutt o 1 2 w a hn i
1

r c o

) h

required to ~ filly ~diographed. If spot radiographyspeciiled for the entire vessel, radiographicexaminationis not required of CategoV B and C butt welds in nozzlesand communicatingchambers. No Radiography.No radiographicexaminationofweldedjoints is required when the vessel or vessel part is designed for external pressure only,or when the design of joints based on no radiographicexamination.

ULTRASONICEXAMINATION

n I f e m r a r te i l e etr c w i tn ar ca o l e e ss l l lea w c gn d t wr e a os s g li d a is d n t sg h l y p g rat e 1 1 as ih s t b es u h a /l rtn r aa ns e o ln x 2 i .c at a lh m l e lr y i ot nu g e h hd o eu t i e ln e t n i g r t eh . d t d t ir e t q iu ih n a md e i o noet gxs r a a m p i ah n wifa c tm ie ob l nt l,a d d lh 2 I a .oornr e e l b e c p ter or b o t o ac in e na m sc e h os r n t dnr iy if n er r u a oi i d u c s tv i e o n w e p l r sd o b i u h c ln t er a ga ss e o s ln x i c af a l tm l e l e y i h n lno e e td n i g r r rt eh 3 U l t e r x a as m om in n b i .s a ct u ib o as f n t r i a t d u i yt fo o ee r a cpio h r hy o tg d f l n s a ru e s i t e c o n sa th o rt uv c m td ei f o en hs np o s e i n efto e ree r l m r p a rs ed i tt i a o t b gl e r a p

178

B P
I T O E

W C L

J U T

B T A IP T E D R I F EF E H E D I T R H E N F I EC I M E K NT E O S 1N S H R O O N EN - F O O T UT R. H T R H PIH N LC N A F UE EO W TR U- E 9 D W .( -C E 1 ) , 3 L E O HN T T G ATE T H P H RE A R NF SSE EI D T H B I M O AI N N 3L T I T M L I UM E F B FE S T T W A E D ET J H ES A U N C R E F TE N A W T C EM SH E B. p L A A OE R D N T I IT R T E A L S P HY E O C R N AT E ED D I J T O AI C N E N R T O

x2 3 & 1 T & r L e g i e nn t e L &3 e ai t ~ p o e o{ e vu $ j tr ~ s~ i

&

y $

T E S AH E D LS L A T T A C H M E N T
z ~ l

/ 2 ( t @ T s p h c h le en ma t e l e r t l l ia e b o e si o t h i h e ee dh n r p c le n t a e r tl i n e e

~ Y

% Y e n

% - t ~ ; ~ H

a S 1 a n

n L Y

g~ -. ~ z

e- n ti L i n

$ /e

@ e

7 :

~ t c me e i l oe i s h ~m tn r u g e a W t e h~ t,., e n nhd ~ e- s , e xt 1 d e f il 3 ba n t n n e g e u1 x h ei c o e w n e h c t pe r s er s o e a l q v nr o e uy i t in d a ro e ge t u 1 e . tn h al 2 k s s oel 5 a on h rr f W l t i e h t oql e s t f r s la bi ash gu n f hf a fat g i r lc e l nn e i q o e ue c ee m b o e .le r t l i la i ent e i t Ta s p p h l h n e r ta es o t h p cee h l n t aae r f l te id n e e . -

T E S AH D E LS L A ~ A C H M E N T ~ 3 Z z l / 2 ( t h - ty

th

APPLICATION OF WELDING SYMBOLS WELD MEANING OF SYMBOL

SYMBOL

n m +rt

v m =

v m K

8 & & w

&

APPLICATION OF WELDING SYMBOLS WELD SYMBOL MEANING OF SYMBOL

ig%N:i;EE g~g2g9D

~,

~q

SYMBOL INDICATES L d

SYMBOL INDICATES 1/4 IN. INTERMITTENT FILLET WELD. EACH 2

P

P
s

181

C
Service
i

RELATED

To

VARIOUS

SERVICES Code paragraph

Brief extracts of Code requirements

A ip r v e lse r f su s u w s r cl e o e im s l pa s r et e r sxi e a s hU e c -d r e( p , 4t p e r o m t i h ti et t r p e wa d h ir ssa e b gih p r ra n ao p s h v l i dl ee d w s u i i i n t s t ap o e bp chl e t e i n oi n n g . V ew sar s e i em q l ui t si tn r h ih e i o mcl d k u f s 2n t nm ? ee U hs - s s a C i t an t h b u c i ra c s o h m tpa e r e s e o ee ss ds r be i nh vd i a c r le l p r o w vc i o i d r a r e l ot d l sno il wh o ta n n1 e o coh e s a / t s n 6 -2 t c a l c p h u t l lh a i t c aM e k d t nt he i is 3 e c s i .kn n 1 U e 1 .s 3 n s( 6 d se c en t h d bi uo r s s n a ss o l e l d t U -e .( 4

~ l a mE mx a p c b o a l nne n m o n o x d o g a u s e s m l i q u i dd L s u e b B t s st W w T S s S t V i e

w h uej a lo il v t f cr e a u a d ab h n s i f ah b o r ci e h te r e e l j o o v hi a c

( cl e s d i e t ec n t s o dst l ne se s tlu ntb as s i hU to a n- a n ol g r a l p e h y e d . c ao a l tn r a e dbs l s o o t fb l np h e o rUa wo e - y( l l s l e a a t de td . nra t it s e e ogs c o h u orf s ti nape f as lr o a r lg m r a po h 2( -6 ( ,8 C 3 a f s

Uw -2.
p t c l oe an f t e to s p r e em l c is f n Si c g aA St i o An o sU 3n hb u a s o l e l dt e . ew sar s e i em q l ui t sitn r h ih i eo mcl d k u t a m c n h

nm e e ucs ss % h s -25

&

i W ( a V ew sar s t 2 i t ane t h b w ac o i r a c u p l t a lh M t h i i 3 c

& hh

n e

~l

. d s

I s

( G

e i em q l ui t sitn r h ih i eo mcl d k u ss a t nm ? e e ucs h s -25 r ) u c i ra w s hs a te s e e tr b o h e p v e dri n ao rc v le i dl r l t o l soo ni h w lo a tn n 1e c o oh e t cs a f / t as h n it c a ek nd t e se s . u s ( G( i kns n / & h eh.s 3 e ns e l 2 a l . d s

f s n ee d 6l f -

N O T E S : 1 U ns f b t i om r eai eb l . ca dol e an m r si a t s s rc uc y c o o t r ee d d a n c n e w t i ht h e 2 V ei w s s s a e e x tw l f.c s et il j u n ru cr r d ie o es h o t dd i c m t i o h e n c a l o ii srd t ee e d n

.
1 Q?

C V
n a T i h i e 1 s 241 p5l 6 8i 9 c o 1 1 t 1 ha e 9 i s

R W T

R V ?
5 2 4 6 ,8 ,95 ,1 1 , ,1 , 1 2 44 , , 4 1 4A 3 6 4 4, 6, , 8, , 9, , 7 1 , 11 1 , , 12 ,1 41 , , 5 1 % 36, 7

c k n3 s < 3 , .A x 6 24 1 5 2 3 4 5 2 4, 5, 6 l 8 e9 1 8 9 , 1, , 5a 6 ab 9 6 1 1 I1 1 e 1 1 2 1 1s 1 2 , ,2 ic k l n5 s ~ 1, . 16 3

A % 6 4 , , 7 8, 9, 1, 8, 9, 1 1 1 , , , 4 , , , 2 1 I 1 1 1 2 4 5 , 4 5 516 4

v t n i a N p

1 4A

1, 1 1, 1 1, 1 1, 1 , ,0 3 , 1, 1 , , 07 3 , ,0 7 3 1 1 , ,0 7 3 1 c7a , , 07 3 p 7 l1 i b 0l7 11 e 1 07 1 , , 06 1 2 , 06 1 2 , 06 1 2 o e2 41 2 s 2 4 , ,6 5 1 2 1 1 1 t 1 1 1 , ,6 5 1 2 ha s1 i lc n1 s1 k 1l - 1 l 3 6 ,< . 1 <A

i T m i \ N p

7 1 , p 7 l 1 i1 c 7 a1 1 b 3 l 7 61 e 1 3 1 62 o t e s 1 2 7 1 2 7 1 2 2 ,

7 1 1 , ,1 , 3 1 6 1 , 07 1 2

1 1X 7 o6 X 15 6 A % 3 & v 1, 1 1 ,37 6 1 37 6 1 1 3 7 61 , , 3 6, , , ,27 , 01 9 , , 7 , 818 , 1 2 1 21 8 , , 1 ,7 , 7 ,,1 1 0 , 0 2 2 2 29 0 2 1 2 29 01 2 , , 92 0 ,

( 1 T l T s m i t 1e m i e sr

B E

N o t e s x r ot Ci r Rae e o q c f u ti r sd e m e fn et s )

tn h h i i o m c p .k uf e n lw m e e a s c o s oln t s d tsf r e u b e c n hr t dui o a (n G o l h / s 1 a s6 n . tnh h i i omcs k ue a hn m he e s u es l n i cl a sof m s dp ad e r se s ds ien d 1. v s t ie a c e rw e va s, a i e n smc tr b e h 3v e i i d a /rc le 3 nU l G e ( 2 it t a nd gh d l s e te l a a e m e r i Un i ( pn G g p e .-

2 M a n u f a m c t u a r s e rr b .s k h o 3 I l c t o

U S e m p a r s e sai t s .wen e d sr a n e ac tro , m rv ae r l d i o l rc s no i e wo aC n n oc 1e oh t c s a a /l p ch s u t n ll h a 6 i tsface e bk dp ht n r e o ae s v s il d e l de .

(C e 4 S i w n eo g p l l eue d .n t ,e 3i i ndp g s s d in n ip r p o e zU . qo e ( u r e i n f o r c e m e n t . 5 T s 6 D 7 S f 8 S o 9 M 1 1 M S a c

io- r

m i tnh h i i om cs .k u ea hn mh e e so eu s l n nlas f f s bdti d o r us e i e ( fG l ad b e -m) r n hb l ta o 1 e il h ls a t ne s n % . of f u l iu b j U W l bs l f l oll. loe a n i eg l i w o tt n ue jpd t i l i ona ra c dil c ,e e nT p d tt a a sb e p ro z q e o . i-u e U n ei f( o (G r o t re c

iw n e o g pl l u e d te n2 . i, e i p nd s gd i n sn ir o r c e m e n t .

td eT n Ut a f i f n l iu jg l wl o l p .l ae w iie l fl tn a ett p t ut a oo lh ch h g n me ra 2 i v o u d e t in s a t sm r i h4 a e d . ce t ec ee l p r l t as o b ,l e . a a i f c tx h i i omcr e k u i .n nmf eo f rs b c se w m e3uf n o ti e tx 0 h i i omcr ek u i . n mf eo f rs b c se w m e1uf n o it e f1 n lu i gj l l wo l . lp e a e p t a b l e . w i ei l /t t l U r 3 nt ( d W / l rUW n t d

W b f d

2 8

( .

Tn o l ft ne ct pi r u tlc u h m od fj g e rt es tU ir aa l .

Wi b

183
C R O U R E D L LT V A E E A T S E R W D I T O H A IU C O K SL N O EV S L SE E S S ( C o n t i n u e d ) N x r ot Ci r o t e s Rae e o q c f u ti r s e d m e fn et s ) c W bh r S

( 1 S m W Bs S f i

B E

a f 2 n li ug j l l o w l. l a e ii p et n lw ht lt a o p ec sc u u le f tp a d t tg a Tb t so U l ae o h e c e on t a p n r d t tv e s fs e s h s xe u rl o e l s o . ej 3l o p d i r b t h ( o a y( w i 4 neb jg l

ev en . se d st s s u s ut s d br f e e jfi l e iir sc c re c eo (nt g W g a t t iU o Pl w 1 p 2 l ho et ee) r es )e rr a l .e t a tq m d u e i tn r (2) t e d . w u d l o . i eu itt o d bh n ao t s s ctu a k tc t ci e r fe n p f tg i a bp ol e

r n d y

P-1 shall be fully radio- UCS-57 graphed. UCS-56 19. Post weld heat treatment of P-1 materials is mandatory for all welded Table connections and attachments. uw-lz 20. Double welded butt joint or single welded butt joint with backing Table strip shall be used for circumferential or longitudinaljoints. 21. Pull radiographic examination of butt welded joints of P-1 Grade 1, 2, 3 materialsis mandatory.

22. Post weld heat treatment of P-1 materialsis not mandatory provialedthat material is pre-heated. See page 179 f
N P b p l t e m o p oo e p r ae t r ru a w r te i o n .

Note (2)(a)(b)

O T E : w h o t e r ee si n al t e at rm i d e e nq tt n pt u h r ioe fh rs o d i ti o e r d jr ie b o n t r s e a tu w s st e t e as n e ii o n tn tt i P l ece 8 g e s - s hr ( l NT o sa o o b fu e u . l p a t. e d 1 ) a 8 g e 5 .

1 - .

4 -

T
C F

A
A

V C L

Excerpt from the Departmentof Labor OccupationalSafety and Health Standards(OSHA),ChapterXVII, Part 1910.106, (FederalRegister,July 1, 1985) CLASSIFICATION ATMOSPHERIC TANKS Storagetank whichhas been designedto operateat pressuresfrom atmospheric through0.5 psig. REGULATION Atmospherictanks shall be built in accordance with acceptable good standards of design. Atmospherictanks may be built in accordance with: 1. Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. Standards 2. American Petroleum Institute Standards No. 12A, No. 650, No. 12B, No. 12D, & No. 12F. Low-Pressure tanks shallbe built in accordancewith acceptablestandardsof design. Low-Pressuretanks may be built in accordancewith 1. American Petroleum Institute Standard No. 620. 2. ASMECode for PressureVessels, Section VIII. (These tanks are not within the jurisdiction of the ASMECode SectionVIII (U-id) but may be stamped with the Code U Symbol U-lg)

LOWPRESSURE TANKS Storagetank whichhas been designedto operate at pressuresabove0.5 psig. but not more than 15 psig.

Stora e tank or vessel which i? asbeen designed to operateat pressures above15 psig.

b b

i a

with the ASMECode for PressureVessels, SectionVIII.

In addition to the regulationsof the above mentioned standards and code, the occupationalsafety and health standardscontainrulesconcerningtanks and vessels as follows: 1. Definitionof combustibleand flammableliquids 2. Materialof storagetanks 3. Locationof tanks 4. Ventingfor tanks 5. Emergency reliefventing 6. Drainage 7. Installationof tanks

185 LOW TEMPERATURE

I am i d n m ei t m e s e m uipaf tem tg r aa htn n e s s - c oo mc b i na aa lt i a r o n s b ln i to o b t c e i uF l Ur h oC fv i S w tm e G eei s p6 s r e q u i r e d . .
I I I

OPERATION
u n i r l e -c k d l ef n o ed wl y s s na 6. t , ci n t g s N I tO H aT t n mhE d c b o. o o oe m k ss uh mn m a at l e i Fr o is rs a t t Al h e o sC d ee eo . r S A c aa p a a n S A G S A G S a s &6 &7

I 0 / 1Y
/ { /{ A

o r M

~ I

1 8 6 : 40
; 20
I I

I I I I
I I

0 0 /0
/

. .~

r sl l l b t ni itl o e f l son e o l t dl h y oe s gb h n ee o4 o l s w od t w n 5& 0 5 8 , A Sr 5 G1_ A 2B5 r 5 n o 1 r6 m6 o i n a l 5 i z 0e f o1 r 6 o a rl 5 i m

A G 5 &6 i n5 n

0 z f

4i

a e

: :F

I
0.394 1

I 8 N IC I

tm 2 ot

e n p x s a p t cid 1 0 3 4 5 hm ii c i k n n ae 6 E A U.

t n t rt

t m in d nn h m e i ms . e du i e t m g m p i ce r t o a 1 t u l i h r e m 2 d 0 ea p s r a F e da s t b tu eh r U e si C a da S e l-l 6 dl 6 e gm

M S TG P C

N qm ua cs o it t e ro re t s id a sl i s , tm i r m p ee f a S G A B a -t e 1 m p 9Fa e rw 3 a ta Ru 4 7rr nt e m 6 C R S ST V A GEB T a t- S e m 3 p 0 F ea r w 7 a tau 2 r rr n te m

F s t av t e o i w os t n c s ah oe r r i ry l n hs e c a i, d i F U C1 i i l S t - go e 6 t hn F6 ,n s ,ih a g es s p r f o ub v r t i uadtm e ha sw s e t siie r t r s h i i tm e U psG t a - i6c n 6 t(g b . ) . R E D O U MC I T IN O I N M U FM M TE E M T P E R AA T L U R E E X A M P L E : > 3 : 0 ; . ~ @ o.4; ~ Z < 0 V . c S 2 6 \ 3 Z g W A a

-

F d

t ee

O R ms ip f ei F r U ag r tC u IS n r- e o6 6G 5 s tm

J ; * .

I t a sc i th tt e r uf ni e af e n s r s l t i se oo p r a eo s l s t i 1u o n hp r 2 ae te s @d r i On s m a a zl s li o om tt h we u m r a a tm be e n la l e i as 1 5 , s p t r s a i h t .i o , e : 1 ~ 0 0 =0 0 / 1 5 , 0 .0 0 a f r n t ro e d i d2 m uh c 0 t i T m i d n the e i ms mip 5 e u i e r3 0m ag t - u sn0 r 2e ( A p jp e l f io fc isa cib ii l h ee nn i cc ai t le sul

s 1t n 2t a

w a a o t f i o sl l l t h oj w Ji n l t h oi m c h a k l tn i i c ee A. r s deu s i e 1x i eo e 1 ne t d t h oi m c h a k l tn i i c ee r s~ eu s i D n1 d

3h t v ii h e y dc s hr o t ss h t a e te i .sc e al t l l sye d 4f g t e d: t e e ms h ip n el i r t ag o -t. eF un or hw e 2 ea n Fg o h sh 5d e a t r n 0 t aa r o fe l h v td i e 6n e 5t2 h ml a h ao no c li a .oc,y a d c lc i l n ik . m e e rcs h o a cd o d o r en o e l qg slu ii s ir n t eg m g e t lan f e li n w nn s d ti r

P
Form Specification Nominal Composltlon Number Grade c c C - Si ~ 2 C - Si C - Si C - Si C - Si C - Si C - Mn - Si C - Mn - Si a&: CS ~z u c1 e E z M G .3 m C - Mn - Si C - Si C - Mn C - Mn - Si C - Mn C - Mn SA-283 SA-285 SA-515 SA-515 SA-515 SA-515 SA-516 SA-516 SA-516 SA-516 SA-105 SA-181 SA-350 SA-53 SA-106 I LF1 LF2 B B B7 * 2H B* c c 55 * 60 * 65 70 55 * 60 * 65 * 70 *

M
CARBON & LOWALLOYSTEEL* APPLICATION Structural uality. For pressurevessel maybeusea withlimitationsseenote: 1 Boilersfor stationaryserviceand other pressurevessels Primarilyfor intermediateand high temperatureservice 99 For moderateand lowertemperature service 99 99 99 For hightemperatureservice For generalservice For low temperatureservice For generalservice For hightemperatureservice For hi temperatureservice Bolt2* in. dam. or less For hightemperatureservicenut Machinebolt for generaluse *For lowtemperature operation seepage185

ICr-1/5Mo. SA-193 SA-194 SA-307

* Dataof the most frequen~yused materialsfrom ASMECodeSectionII and ~11

PROPERTIES OF MATERIAL (cont.) Specification Number SA-283 SA-285 SA-515 SA-515 w b e 2 SA-515 SA-515 SA-516 SA-516 SA-516 SA-516 .a J z ZQH <z~ ~<_ & u ~ 2W E% 3A m u z G : SA-I05 SA-181 SA-350 SA-53 SA-106 SA-193 SA-194 SA-307 I LF1 LF2 B B B7 2H B Grade c c 55 60 65 70 55 60 65 70 P Number 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Yield Tensile Point Strength 1,000 psi. 1,000 psi. 55.0 55.0 55.0 60.0 65.0 70.0 55.0 60.0 65.0 70.0 70.0 60.0 60.0 70.0 60.0 60.0 125.0 55.0 55.0 30.0 30.0 30.0 32.0 35.0 38.0 30.0 32.0 35.0 38.0 36.0 30.0 30.0 36.0 35.0 35.0 105.0 DIAM> 2k2 in and<4 in See Notes 1 2,6 3 3 3 3 3,8 3,8 3,8 3,8 2,3 2,3 2,3,4,7 3 5

Form

188 PROPERTIES OF MATERIAL (continued)

NOTES: 1. SA-36and SA-283ABCDplatemaybe usedfor pressureparts inpressure vesselsprovidedall of the followingrequirementsare met: (1)
(2) (3) 2. The vessels arenotusedto contain lethal substances, either liquid or gaseous; Tmaterial isnotusedintheconstmctionofunfiredsteamboilers(see Code U-1 (g) ~; Withtheexception of flanges, flatboltedcovers, andstiffeningrings on which strength welding is applies does not exceed 5/8 in. I

For service temperatures above 850 Fit is recommended that killed steels containing not less than O.IOOA residual silicon be used. Killed steels which have been deoxidized with large amounts of aluminum and rimmed steels may have creep and stress-rupture properties in the temperature range above 850 F, which are somewhat less than those on which the values in the table are based. Upon prolonged exposure to temperatures above 800F, the carbide phase of carbon steel maybe converted to graphite. Only killed steel shall be used above 850 F. Not permitted above 450 F, allowable stress value 7000 psi. The material shall not be used in thicknesses above 2 in. For welded pipe maximum allowable stress values are 15Y0less. No increase in these stress values shall be allowed for the performance of radiography. The stress values to be used for temperatures below -20 F when steels are made to conform with supplement (5) SA-20 shall be those that are given in the column for -20 to 650 F. MODULI OF ELASTICITY FOR FERROUS MATERIALS

3. 4. 5. 6. 7.

8.

Material
70 C C H a s a s a w rt Cbe 0 i oe .2 w rt Cbe 0 i oe 2. 7 si l t lg e -. oe T v ia t h E l

s m p Foe o i r a t .u r e Millionp f T e 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 5 7 2 . 3 2 8 5 2 . 8 2 6 . 6 2 6 . 7 7 2 5 . 3 2 . 5 2 5 . 0 2 . 4 7 4 2 , 5 4 2 , 5 4 2 . 3 2 .1 2 .1 8 3 2 . 7 . 0 5 . 0 3 . 2

nl 3 2 t s 9 20 h 8 2 C <2 . 8 k 2 . 7 nl 2 t 3 s 9 2 I 8 h 2 0 >2 . % I 2 . 7 8 3 7 ly 6 2 s 2 2 7 2 6 h -.

x u P t hr ee eCe r s sa n h n is ae an u l ftrr e ree t xnpts dr oe e e r d s n s c a l c o u l a nt i o l n s y .

PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS CARBON& LOWALLOY STEEL Maximum Allowable Stress Values in Tension 1000 psi.* Specification Number
G :r

For Metal Temperature Not Exceeding Deg. F.

, a 5, d~ :0 e 5
900

0o

950

c
SA-285 SA-515 SA-515 SA-515

13.8

8.4 8.4 8.7

6.5 6.5 6.5

4.5 4.5

2.5 2.5

c
55 60 65

13.8 13.3 12.1 10.2 13.8 13.3 12.1 10.2 15.0 14.4 13.0 10.8 16.3 15.5 13.9 11.4

9.0
9.3 8.4 8.7 9.0 9.3 9.3

6.5 4.5
6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 6.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5 4.5

2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.5 8

SA-515
SA-516 SA-516 SA-516 SA-516 SA-105 SA-181 SA-350

70
55 60 65 70

17.5 16.6 14.8 12.0

13.8 13.3 12.1 10.2 15.0 14.4 13.0 10.8 16.3 15.5 13.9 11.4 17.5 16.6 14.8 12.0 17.5 16.6 14.8 12.0

I LF1

15.0 14.4 13.0 10.8 8.7 6.5 4.5 2.5 1 41 3 7 . 0 5.0. 3.0 4 . . 1.5 0 15.0 1

SA-53 SA-106 SA-194 SA-307

LF2 B B 2H B

]7.5 lfj.b 14.&l12.(.) 7.8 5.() 3.0 15.0 14.4 13.0 10.8 8.7 6:5 -

!.$ -

15.0 14.4 13.0 10.8 8.7 6.5 4.5 -

2.5 -

SA-193 B7~2% 25.0 25.0 23.6 21.0 17.0 12.5 8.5 4.5 -

Seepage177forlowtemperatureope;ationo

* The StressValuesin this table may be interpolatedto determinevaluesfor intermediatetemperatures.

190

PROPERTIES OF MATERIALS STAINLESS STEEL

P No.8 Group No.1. -

sN d pG u aA 316-t
317 TP316 TP316H
TL~?l~\

TABLE 1
P
Plate 00

TAklLE3
eN r c o t c ao 2 3 :
2 2

S o N dp G u
304

. dt P . P
Plate ;? & 33 =-~ Z g ? ijg

e re

o S l S

cr e N

ot 6 o a 4

. . g
~ ; ~ 5 s z [

z
y ~
~

3
+@ q
gg

Tb. Smls. Tb. y::

H::

m SA-213 l TP304s
SA-213 SA-312 SA.312
W;:

;:
;;:

TP304H TP304 TP304H

. . C
SE Forg. Forg. Bar

Pp.

a SA-452 s
SA-182 SA-182 SA-479

Q * a g

p304 2 TP304H TP304H t F304 2 F304H 304 235

%: ;;: Smls. Pp. Smls. pp. Smls. Pp. Smls. Pp. Smls. Pp. Cast Pp. Forg.

SA-240 SA-213 SA-213 SA-312

SA.312

2 2 3 e 2 3
2
:

g < :
a d Product

TABLE 2
Spec. No. SA-240 SA-213 SA.312 SA-479

g
G
304L TP304L TP304L 304L

F b t d
Product =jS ~g j ~ >* ;::: Tb . . Smls. Pp.

o e

317 SA-312 TP316 SA-376 SA-376 TP316H SA-452 TP316H F316 SA-182 g SA-182 r F316H 316 SA-479a

2 2

2
235

. r

N r
5

~
z O*

~~

Plate Smls. Tb. Smls. Pp. Bar

g o a u
A : s g

TABLE 4
Spec. No. SA-240 SA-213 SA-312

G
316L TP316L TP316L

Nr

oa

B EL E 1

S P US .

aA 316L E S0 S

54 r d, 0

M
MATERIALS

X A

L I

LM O S U W M A TVB R L A

1 1 1 1
18.8

1 1 1 1
18.8

81 81 61 61
18.4

71 51 61 41
18.1

. 61 . 41 . 51 . 21
18.0

. 61 . 21 . 41 . 11

8 . 51 8 . 21 7 . 41 3 . 01

N O 8 . 51 6 . 51 2 . 51 9 . 51 9 . 51 9 . 4 19 . 4 6 . 1 . 110.fj 9 . 10.6 1 . 10.4 4 Io.z2 7 . 111.1 7 . . 15 ( 3 0. 5 . 41 3 . 31 7 . 3] 4 . 3 3 3. . 1 . 0 3 . 01 8 . 0 9 7 . 0 9 9 . 8

16.3 16.1 15.9 15.7 15,6 1

3
4
M A
TAyLE

17.0

16.7

1 1 1 T E

1 81 1 61 1 61 RF I M A

71 . 51 . 41 8 . 31 7 . 2] 6 . 21 3 .2 1 3 . 11 . 41 7 41 . 0 . 31 6 . 31 8 . 31 6 . 61 1 . 1 7 5 41 . 21 . 11 7 . 01 1 . 01 7 . 0 9 7 . 0 9 9 . 9 L T SE E OM T P E RA A RT U LR E S

6 . 11 3 . 1 1 . 1 0 . 3 8 . 2 15 . 4. . 2 . 0 .

9. 2. 8

3
N T d w t F 1 S e h s

1 1
s c a a a q [ p v

1 1
e p d I 1 w 6 c

51 11
s

5] 11
T l v v c

. 49 . 19
e s a b o

1 1 . 2 7 4 . 5 3 . . 4 5 . 3 I4 . 2 8 . 1 4 1 5 . . 17 4 . 5 3 . . 4 2 . 3 0 , 2 8 . 1 4 . 1 5 .
y v m s r c m m b p s r o t f 0 t h h am t g t s v o a r

. 11 . 1 .

. . . 1 .

c t t r m s s

191 -

THERMAL EXPANS1ON LinearThermalExpansion between70F andXndicated Temperature, Inches/100Feet THE DATAOF THISTABLEARE TAKENFROMTH~:AM~KIcANsTANllAItll ~Ol)E: O T S T FOR PRESSURE H~lNC. I 1 N
MATERIAL ~mp. g::;.;toy; 5 Cr Mo ;:::;:C 120 17 Cr )gF Low-Chrome thru 9~ 18s!W8\i 27 Cr -2.04 300 -2.24 -2.10 3.63 -1.92 275 2.11 1.98 -3.41 -1.80 2s0 -1.98 -1.86 -3.19 -1.68 -1;85 -1.74 22s -2.96 -1.s7 -1.71 -1.62 -1.46 200 -2.73 17s -1.S8 - I.50 1.3s -2.s0 -1.37 1so -1.45 -2.27 -1.24 12s -1.30 -1.23 2.01 1.11 -1;15 -1.08 -1 .7s -0.98 100 f,oo -0.94 -1.s0 -0.8S 7s -0.84 -0.79 -1.24 -0.72 so 0.63 0.98 O.s7 0.68 25 -0.46 -0.49 0.72 0.42 0.27 -0.30 -0.46 -0.32 2: -0.13 0.21 -0.12 so -0.14 0 0 o 0 0.22 0.34 1:: 0.23 0.20 0.40 0.42 0.62 0.36 125 0.53 0.61 0.S8 0.90 150 0.76 1.18 0.69 17s 0.80 0.94 1.46 0.86 0.99 200 1.13 1.7s 1.03 22s 1.21 1.33 1,21 1.40 2.03 2s0 1.s2 1.38 1.61 2.32 275 1,S6 1.71 2.61 300 1.82 1.74 1.90 2.90 32S 2.04 2.10 3.20 1.93 350 2.26 2.30 3.s0 2.11 2.48 37s 400 3.80 2.30 2.70 2.s0 2.72 4.10 2.50 42S 2.93 2.93 4.41 2.69 3.16 4s0 3.14 4.71 2.89 47s 3.39 3.3s 3.08 3.62 Sol Soo 3.28 3.58 5.31 3.86 S25 3.49 4.11 3.80 5.62 S50 4.02 3.69 4.3s 5.93 S7S 4.24 3.90 4.60 :.;; ::; 4.47 4.86 4.10 4.69 4.31 6:87 5.11 650 4.92 4.S2 7.18 5.37 675 4.73 5.14 7.s0 5.63 700 4.94 S.38 7.82 5.90 72S 5.62 8.15 S.16 6.16 7s0 5.86 8.47 5.38 6.43 775 82S 8S0 87s 900 92S 9s0 97s 1000 102s 10s0 107s 1100 112s 1150 117s 1200 122s 1250 1275 130 0 132S 13s o 137 s 140 0 142 s 14s o 147 s 1s 00 25 Cr 20 &l ~:n~cu 2.62 -2.50 -2.38 -2.26 2.14 -2.02 -1.90 -1.79 -1.s9 1.38 -1.18 -0.98 -0.77 0.s7 0.37 -0.20 0 0.28 0.s2 0.7s 0.99 1.22 1.46 1.71 1.96 2.21 2.44 2.68 2.91 3.25 3.52 3.79 4.06 4.33 4.61 4.90 5.18 5,46 S.7S 6.05 6.34 6.64 6.94 7.25 7.ss 7.8s 8.16 8.48 8.80 9.12 9.44 9.77 10.09 10.42 10.7s 11.09 11.43 11.77 12.11 12.47 12.81 13,15 13.s0 13.86 14.22 14.S8 14.94 1s.30 1s.66 16.02 3%Nickel Aluminum &q:on -2.25 -2.17 -2.07 -1.96 1.86 1.76 -1.62 -1.48 -1.33 -1.17 -1.01 -0.84 -0.67 -0.50 -0.32 -0,1s o 0.23 0.42 0.61 0.81 1.01 1.21 1.42 1.63 1.84 2.0s 2.26 2.47 2,69 2.91 3.13 3.3s 3.S8 3.81 4.04 4.27 4.50 4.74 4.98 S.22 5.46 S.70 S.94 6.18 6.43 6.68 6.93 7.18 7.43 7.68 7.93 8.17 8.41 -4.68 -4.46 -4.2I -3.97 -3.71 -3.44 -3.16 -2.88 2.s7 2.27 -1.97 1.67 1.32 0.97 0.63 -0.28 0 0.46 0.8S 1.23 1.62 2.00 2.41 2.83 3.24 3.67 4.09 4.S2 4.95 S.39 S.83 6.28 6.72 7.17 7.63 8.10 8.s6 9.03 -3.98 -3.74 -3..50 -3.26 -3.o2 -2.78 -2.S4 2.31 2.06 1.81 -1.56 -1.32 -1.25 -0.77 -0.49 -0.22 0 0.36 0.66 0.96 1.26 1.S6 1.86 2.17 2.48 2.79 3.11 3.42 3.74 4.05 4.37 ;.:; S:33 S.65 5.98 6.31 6.64 6.96 7.29 7.62 7.95 8.28 8.62 8.96 9.30 9.64 9.99 10.33 10.6S 11.02 11.37 11.71 12.0s 12.40 12.76 13.11 13.47

6.97 7.2S 7.53 7.81 8.08 8.3S 8.62 8.89 9.17 9.46 9.7s 10.04 10.31 10.s7 10.83 11.10 11.38 11.66 11.94 12.22 12.s0 12.78 13.06 13.34

6.70

0 6.10 8.80 0S.60 7.8S

6.34 6.S9 6.83 7.07 7.31 7.S6 7.81 8.06 8.30 8.ss 8.80 9.0s 9.28 9.S2 9.76 10.00 10.26 10.s3 10.79 11.06 11.30 11 .ss 11.80 12.0s 9.13 9.46 9.79 10.12 10.46 10.80 11.14 11.48 11.82 12.16 12.50 12.84 13.18 13.S2 13.86 14.20 14.s4 14.88 1s.22 1S.S6 15.90 16.24 16.s8 16.92 17.30 17.69 18.08 18.47 S.82 6.0S 6.27 6.49 6.71 6.94 7.17 7.4 0 7.6 2 7.9s 8.1 8 8.31 8.S 3 8.7 6 8.9 8 9.2 0 9.4 2 9.6 5 9.8 & 10.1 1 10.3 3 10.s 6 10.7 8 11.0 1 8.1S 8.4S 8.7s 9.0s 9,3s 9.6S 9.9s 10.2s 10.5s 10.8S 11.1S 11 .4s 11.78 12.11 12.44 12.77 13.10 13.43 13.76 14.09 14.39 14.69 14.99 I S.29

0 0.32 0.S8 0.84 1.10 1.37 1.64 1.91 2.18 2.4S 2.72 2.99 3.26 3.s3 3.80 4.07 4.34 4.61 4.88 5.1 s 5.42 S.69 5.96 6.23 6.S0 6.77 7.04 7.31 7.s0

0 0.21 0.38 0.52 0.73 0.90 1.08 1.27 1.4s 1.64 1.83 2.03 2.22 2.42 2.62 2.83 3.03 3.24 3.46 3.67 3.89 4.1I 4.34 4.57 4.80 5.03 S.26 5.s0 S.74 5.98 6.22 6.47 6.72 6.97 7.23 7.s0 7.76 8.02

192 DESCRIPTION OF MATERIALS Whendescribingvarious vesselcomponents and parts on drawingsand in bill of materials,it is advisablethat a standard method be followed. For this purpose it is recommendedthe use of the widelyacceptedabbreviationsin the sequences exemplified below. For ordering material the requirements of manufacturers should be observed. PART 9 9 = ~ BOLT CAP Screwed COUPLING DESCRIPTION Bar2 x 1/4x 3-6 Bar3/4 @x 2- O Bar 1 @ x 3- O MATERIAL SPECIFICATION SA-7

BAR

3/4 @ x 2-1/2 H. Hd.M.B. WI(1) sq. nut SA-193B7bolt 1@ x 5-1/2 stud w/ (2) h. nuts SA-1942Hnut 8 Std. Cap $, 1 6000# Cplg. 2 3000# Cplg. 1 -6000 # HalfCplg. 1 -6000 # 4-1/2 Lg.Cplg. 6- Std. 900 L. R. En. 4- X Stg.450 S. R. En. 6 x 4 Std. L. R. Red. Eli 4 - 300# RF. So. Fig. 6- 150# RF. Wn.Fig. Std. Bore 6 - 600# RTJ.Wn.Fig. X Stg. Bore 3 - 150# FF. So. Fig. 8 -150 # R.F. Bid.Fig. 1 - 6000# 900 Scrd.En. 1 -3000 # 900 Scrd.Street En. 2 -3000 # S.w.Cplg. 1 - 3000# Sq. Hd.Plug 2 -6000 # Scrd.Tee 2 -3000 # 450 S. W.En.
18-150 # 1/16 Serv. Sht. Gasket 18-300 # Spiral Wound ASB. Filled 48 ID x 0.375 min. 2:1 ellip. head 2 S.F. 48 OD x 0.500 min. ASME F & D Head 2 S.F. L = 48 r = 3 54 ID x 0.375 min. Hemis. Head

SA-105

Welding ELBOW

SA-234WPB

B. g ,,

FLANGE

SA-1811

b ~ Q

~:kw:d Welding FORGED FITTING

GASKET

SA-105

0 3
9

ASB. SA-285 C SA-515-70 SA-516-70

HEAD

DESCRIPTION OF MATERIALS (cont.)

L W o eN l n 1 d e i g 38 RF. LWN n c g k

I
SA-1811 SA-53B

PIPE

6 - Std. Pipex 2-1 8 -X Stg.Pipex 1- 6-1/2 4 - S. 160Pipex 2 4 24 - 0.438 WallPipex 1-0 FL96 X 3/8 X 12 -6 ~ 24OD X 1/2 X 18 ID ~ 18 OD X 1-1/2
6 x 4 Std. Cone. Reducer 8x 6 X Stg. Ecc. Reducer 6 - Std. 1800 L. R. Return 4 - X Stg. 1800 S. R. Return 4 - Std. Tee 6 x 6 x 4 X Stg. Red. Tee

PLATE

SA-285C

Welding REDUCER Welding RETURN Welding TEE

SA-234 WPB SA-234 WPB SA-234 WPB

EQUIVALENT
U . S F. rA a.

AND COMPARABLE
G n W ( c e e RF es e e

MATERIALS OF FOREIGN COUNTRIES

r m a n p d t E . .( R)a y F o e S D s o U p r vt n . m e i .J i ) e a ot r pn a n

SA -204 B SA - 283A SA -283 C

SA -284 B SA -284 B SA -285 C SA -299 SA -455 SA -440
& A

15 D 3 = A 33
TSE 24 a = E242 E -24-3

1.6415/15MO3 =1.0035 I = St 33
=1.0036 I Ust 37-2

15 Mo 3
= St 33 St 381[-2 St 38 b -2

A 37
A 52 15 CD 2.05 A 50-2 A -42

= 1,0038/= Rst 37-2 1.0116/St 37-3 1.0345111 1.0844/ 17 Mn 4

1.7335/13 CrMor

St 38-3
Mb 13 17 Mn 4 13 CrMor 4.4 St 50

CT O-2 CT 3 kn 2 BCt 3 cn 2 =181 cn

= 12 K K47 12X M Ct 5 Cn 3 ~.. 16 k 18 k 16 k 18 k Ct 5 Cn 3

Ss 50 SM53 C SA453 c 316L

SA- 572-55 SA -51560

1.0050/St50-2
1.0425 / H 11

I SA -51570
SA -51660 SA -516-70 SA -572-55 SA -240-304

A -42

1.0435/HIIi
1.0425 / H II 1.0435/ H 111 1.0050 /St 50-2

A 50-2
I

Mb 16 I Mb 19 Mb 16 Mb 19
St 50

SA -240 -316~

=22 CNDIT-1$

1.4301 / X 5 Cr Ni 189 =1.44041X 2 CRN]MO1810

X5 CrNi 189 08X 18 H 10 X8 CRN1T1 1810 03X17 H14M2

195

S
FOR THE DESIGN AND FABRICATION OF PRESSURE VESSELS
N P p t a t O T E S

r ve s ue sa s sm u as rneu e e fnh a r c ld t u e sa r vecdre s e[ sv or t p pat e er n ada wd ic h a tn h ri d c ia ra d o v a n v i t ad eg ea e no cu h o ss n s i o tn p rg n ur ecv ne t i e sd oT s ns s s p u eh erc file if i sni c .a c t li p h r awo c h t h s b i c ia e ete m s cc w v o ho a ih mce dc e a se e f p eo t l tal b y ln l o e w e d .

T p C

s h t a a en p d rs a a e rfr e td e t tr ss e e l n aelcly ht e es c pr n e t ar o e b t e tm idA viM e ts C t h e od da e nrs d c t a e r c l i s d ob n y es i m t n d rg u e n c n tt c i h d o bn o y e tv oC de Ts ro r h e tg d d uo hl e a t a n oh q u i d t r o o S p e et e hc i e e f it c i da t i nos n . E N E R A . L

A G 1 2 3

T S p e h c i t f io i c w a g .t t e is p o tn i u h or eh tc a rr d h rahd a cs e n w ee o t ir e vn rq g u d e i hs r re f t d a e o f hsa b i ro nip g rc rea v n e t i es d o ss n s u e r f le s . I c o c o a n t fp l s u i . orc n htc e a r sdf h , r a d ta s en pwee r iae n c r o eg td k dS s e v p e nh ce ci fe ei c i

P r ve e s s ssb d u h s e r. esf a e i al b g ls r in i n ec l sd a e pts , e e t dci ,a t n c e mc d o p r t ed d ad w i n l ea d ot t i Ae t Bsi S haot P niM r V e l f e n sE C e e s S sru o er s d V d c eD e I t i el 1 iv aI o i , sn I i s u b a s t ed q d u e e n n s t d a . V S V m e a sv a a H f sa e pe p n s ul . r s ts e n c ea d h n olw c eatm s r i el p g A e e ( na O t lS y c t Hd h A )t . u lo lhl tt y aO t c i c h ou e n h p s a t

4 5 6 7

M e a n s u fs a a ci et .un t rl e qv rr s pi u to r ao e i e l d tm tc e ao ree ta n ec sao r n tn i se an t rl u e i et c h o oono o dam ts s i m ch p fi sr e e a e a c rts r td o ks s n a e b l to e o o

A d e w ra V d D r E

v f i l at t Sr ip o e l iof s t i p c i a um t i oros h nc o r , t h dd a r se ea r s e hw h h it , n aar g e .h cn ip o t p t rt~ o ue r v n c ha h la s ef er .

f e a b s r a s i r c ie ae . ot p l c o l u r e , ore i csr pr h f dt h a u t sep frae u rn r cl i ,c h hss l e a h sc e h a f aw p i p n r o g o sv a lr . S I G N

PressureVesselsshallbe designedto withstandthe loadingsexertedby internalor external . pressure,weightof the vessel,wind,earthquake,reactionof supports,impact,and temperature.
. pressure shall be limited by the shell or head, not by The maximumallowableworking minor parts.

2 3

Wind load and earthquake. All . vesselsshallbedesignedto be free-standing.To determine the magnitudeof wind pressure,the probabilityof earthquakesand seismiccoefficientsin variousareas of the United States StandardANSI/ASCE7-93 (MinimumDesign Loads in Buildingsand Other Structures)shall be applied. It is assumedthat wind and earthquakeloads d n
s h b d r ( e n p oe fsu e i l w g i d n oo te e i a e hd r o s ic m o u lc t a t n e utoo v u t h sr l e y , tl e h n or q w r a u hd a ik iirc ee v , a e tr ge nhr g

4 5

H o P Z T i d

v i z es o n u s tp s b e o a lrs d t sb ed h d de l a a s ec iy c s lg t t o nm r l e de e o d iL n ht g .a p s l i S ti c L r eH k as o s.r ,r P e i zs r g o V e n n sete o a sT s l uS s r e a Se u w l d p s pd o n r lo t f o l hv e c e vt r .i et e u o 1 cf oh l e ee0 ns is n nc ns o aoef dl p rl e c e s m ro an a rs td eg r 0 t th f . ii n l t n he i g o x6 an o s c

S p e c i ff i t c D a t ie ao o n F hs a 6 S t t m

bi r n oirgPce a rn t V e i do se (n scs o u sn r tf e e i nl u s

i r s e ks s a i s odreo . ds t s lt s u n e ,a phs tp , e a o ht r n t r t aewc s hm ie md nx t a c e e rl d a a xh l i l m so u w v te a mr a ob m l e l ae tu s g e in e sr iPart i s UCS av l of f the s e ASME n

Code by 33-1/3 percent. 7. Vessel manufacturers shall submit designs for approval when does not e o d s n i so p g t er e o n c e rq p i s h uf t t lh i y ir c a eek dnt e s e s furnish a d
C F A B R I C A T l u. N 1 M s w

a t s e b r hs i p a ae lb. csp li u f r lia c e e t h d ad hs e nse y i er ig n i ad do t i itr c o n a d rh a M w o ai tn s eg n prs h b i . s a ua l b o ss fl t t i t l suh p tt oee ew o d c ii p s f t r i he re r a i p to p pt r u o e r c v n h a a l s e rf .

h p k u nl f e. s e s a s a s hh t o e f see e b n d h 1/ la r 4 a l m d -d i li s n n i l m c e uh 2 T t h i o c c t u e r pe l rr . d o s a ci q e n u da g lu in rr f ie c e a s t c ibdoo h s n ur b a d f m sli 3 M a n u f a w a p p u r r o pe v o c pa ou el roi cnpr W h t d a e ss f e l e n d hrb ip . aen ro g p l f o l r r t p u r c ah p a so p ew rr o e op s v lr a o d ac l i qe un d af l g ui nfr i e c a t i od n . A w w e s l l b dh d i ba n lt o gm l e n ls t h h e a ei al e p l r d o i c ne s g s . o ely t le i sd c u r e b dh m a e c r

P e r m ia n n e sb n t t al a sy l c l s t k e nr id h b nu i agwp o sil s w t l rh e a i tp o eto pd u tr t p u r cWh a u s hbe s ra .s ee c s t k dn br ih t n ,si agcp o a h l l ms aei t e ms p so t ie o e w t h a a ih t t c t e ra hc hy o e e d .

4 L o n g i s t u id . li o n m e ci y n a l cd r o sis n c ha ni s l e c il e s a rl p l l ah ss e , m ah r i l esc b u hi l s e t b -h l a u o ta pd c a o l s l pt l e te ne rdi h e a ni o g ne p r fs o a , i ra sc i a rdn g dn w p e l C ai r c a t u m e f s .oe t si a la ers r e n s h b m hl e o a st lcc f l a ol l p t l eee en d t r he i n e pf o t ir a ca i r id n r ng s s u s n a l u , a r tp y ia ip d o sn n o aw rg np d t s l ed , a W t ch o o v e h c e i r c r unim fns ee r g eb n r te ie fa i l n p af o i ur nc m ai v an y ot gi d a s s e b hg ara f o alm l u e lx un a ep nd sm t irwh n e id et l dr oe d i inr h pf n o o g r i p l a c e n . N l o n g ij t u o s d i bi nh aoa nll aw lt o i tl s dw t o l ew he h a n d i co a on ar m o e r e t p w l p h a rv e co ii n r p e s s p oe eu te w cr a t i i l m o eh p n o sl s f i e b d l e s . T 1 5 S d t S a p S d 6 B i m i i h i n n s h / o i c fm i h w i ue 4 sm l z . e l a r s e e tv l f r w ti e fd n ni eg n g t t ss e o l h br h n d

k V ei vr r t e s i ts b p . s a re la o w l vas ls i i w dl k e s e htd i h h i a rho a ac ut lth v .c h ae m t qe t t o u eu d r a th i s aol tim o sd eeu tep v eh p ro.e T r s tm f e e s e i i d nh i f c a s k ns k eo b sh1 is i a r nr l/ t c l h e 4 . s k o 4 kf a s sa c e se i b ih p r ao wt va lm si i d il 1s d s e i a bg8 p l rs e a e o e n e t td i 2 m h vu w him er 0 s t . e l n o o fca ol c n h ha e

ii d e ri aa t m le s se thetnh e o n r aa as c ns c el l n e a e er n sh -g ; o d l pv t s i4 m sk e h ith t e r 1 a a r t 8 Ol s w v a i l .c o ne p cco r e D h . nf s so g lr is c e e e n i is n w b d h se af s . aie a l g l nl lo bo ee w ed p aa r b rr o e lnc is e os n o n u6 g c rp r e e a q e e iu a eric d r w n ea e d lh s c s ee o b h rh i lm o f u a tr l tl

rings

7 A n v h e o 4 am 8

h o . r b u w sr h e x s i 6 cg e f e l h t 0n b T ee n t d e u s o h am b. o n 8 ii p m r ef u ;f e m r r ef d s . .

S a s d b d hw l e a te t l s l v d e le e s he x w ds c s e op h el e e i e c , pi o f rt ct d abnl el y s h l i op S p o a t e d bs s d d eh l l . i e sp os bpf h oo e ti e a tds v t l ea te mlh es ea d s n m af fr i k in soet ea d lT l la s t r id d o n hr h . s a bo wh d e i ea ep n it n ga l sa t i r ll u c o n c t e r h n i in g s .

197 Specificationfor the Designand Fabricationof PressureVessels (continued) Whentemperature expansionwill c

b s t c s 9 O c O F F e

ma t u3 o ih s c r n eh a / i t ead c nin s 8 g hh t tt s w a e a d s h e d bnll ee p ie s a s, rl d bi h u an e aW g st t le e h v ld ee i e h r. s u p bp c o o r s n t ec a d 1 r d i e dt t y ln eh c/ eo i r s cp rc o 4 ilks h inw ,a o c tn i t h d he e 2 c o n s h c as r d b e hwe t d ee at l t l e s l dwl h eah c e e d i n to lw t o ie n lTe u h o u l o r pr o s l s b ihp ao r na o tw v a l e 1i i i dl v e e td n e hl c h h/ p o w un4 p g l li gt a e e e a a t fl v a h e t nb h s et p s re a r tee e s e e l ss s u t nr e e d . p eo n 2 i i na g c .s s m h s na e fb h l6 s l la d ef0 o u p l i n g . p lf e 2 n i -i na n 1l gc sa s /h b nr f h e 2 ll s o re a 6 a 6 l tA l tA lg s a a e n d lr g lw es s : 0N w n 3S ig 4S iig N 0 n e g S 0 b I ipN 0 s n ipN 0 s n vi i na I 0 psbc ,z m h e a n e e l i na I 0 plbc ,z a h e nr e Sg 0 I b . l s a c n h o gt naS e f t sl o a A s a a bn a h c f g o a ee l n r lB d 6m N .a 5 r o- S d 1 a 6 l l tA o i rl o s el 9 ue b 0r lf t o eg h 0e de I7 . 31 . e d a

Raised face. . . . . . . . b Raised face. . . . . . . . r Ring type joint. R t ji F l a n g e s b hf t wh b r o p w ti W w t O T f t . . . . . r

yo. . .n .i . p a n gr b t e a 6 .ol tA

- b o sl t - sh h o tl e s r t a p a rdl i d ch n ell c n eti o e p tr wa l i u l in o v ls s tw ee i h u s dhh a s de s e r e f wl o boi e n tu r e r wf l ee v r de ien n c e s te te I s r n n etha t u a mn i d rn e ei a od 1m d i uo oi tm n ar u / a e s c h ai wp c i k li l nh e te ls 1 eesi h n s n a / t cs s

e av l il e n Oe s h sp s e e n f a e l ni h s o d s nct s e a thr elo l do sr . p ng s ea nle h i t df qo8 ih n uoe r u t o - as h nh 4 .

t i h nd eh i s ao i t m n n d e e t oe n ehz ar e t z wf l e e cn n e l h fd k e lo id n ae c e f l i d d t ib i t 1/ n fi i g n fo m gn e1 t o r p c y o r s 6 ah m he d ra i r , l as e m lb t h e f t r a a p a r e 1: ar e t d 4i t o . p p s e s nb h r i en i ag nf sfn l o a r lc c oeeae d o w n a f l re ,o c wd o d rcl o r u l fh r a se i n t p o e e f o s e r bcd h ti a sn r g ac o a m hl d p so lms a e i tt t e u ie o e h n o h h o ht w e e i h i lr c ea o l i n r nd ce c o ht e td s . c a d

ns o l d d i s et

se l al

R e i n p f o s r cb a ih p n rg d ao w va l 1 s i i dl t e e t n d a /t ep h h lc pl l 4 - e oo ht a 9 o t l o0n g f i h a t o u v d x i fen e a s l i s e s l f . T m i o nh iu d m t i u seao m tim r de e t ie n eh pf ro s r b c h 4 fi i a en ga np tc l o u d t i sa o tm i o d e p te n e h n r i e n g fc e s k . W c ho a t vb e p e r r n r o f o vs p i e e d a o oc n e e ci d t on t rp g rdu s ir c nr h hg e a t mia n u o f sa c nf t h uu r,t erar r n e l q g i h ua sl a i h s s r k et et edn u s th n d s hb e u f t s e t s vo e te i sh d ns r ge le . M C o a c t u n o s wbv h p a e r y ao wr v d l s i ai d l v e e t id sf e s t h s . p h ml r b i ec n u aa gl f d

dl h l s q e ou r sd a s

dr n a t re a e f eni o n fe ds tc ea t m lt l a e s t i o r n

10. I

n t e T r ns r a bl h a . ar fs u y b n t l is s f l a h r bee r ad i a i c n a ys tby ntov a r e l l s m a n u f a Tc t s u r u re rr p . aa p i d oo n w yr nn bt g c oo b s lms de t bar h i f un r a r g n il a i n s b nt v a e m l al n sd eu f ds a Tc e t ty u rl .b s f e ar r h r i s a ch au ec t y ao o b rm m l p s d h e i t n ao c i i l n lu s pt d s ai i,l n l n s at g tr aiu oc p nt i a o l c ntsp k i u i rs f ndc g ht a a p p a t r r oa v n n t s av m l i f eta t b d sa r l i s c a e o t o l r . T s A t l e s r b hd a e a ys f a i u l s g n nl l oi e e l fd o i o1 o p r o v m t aw e se o dwh i f 0a g f wt l t t ii g bn r h gaee ,v f a a e c t r o en n cro e s l ,n lt r d oai 2t roel d v a 5 e b d d u t 1 a t e l o hs t a m i 0 d -i 1r d ag t ied x h ne ni f g m o l te u e cs m r t n i ho ea n xa y o c fl s e fa -1 m oi pe o o t tn /e n e o r t t n/e c r 8 c h 1 h l e

h 0g d -i ea fa - 3 rm o 6i

198 Specificationfor the Designand Fabricationof PressureVessels (continued)

T t I I C m R t R c 1 e m e o m 1 n n i ih ct ft

t nh h i i o mc i k ue n nm pt el e a s rtsa en s w a f o u lrr pnk s s p i n o hb n lrd a t g oe n a / c nh 4 . e as r p r nt b i a s elbp os h e t i n a a wn l n e lgd i a l g r e hd t r a l et . ea r o d t l e s r a b nh A n a g1 a l N e5 s l s l 0t S i l o- fp e yal I -b b f ro pi pn c

as ri t n b t feo el n se ra n b nhlfa gal a e sw t slc e i a n ls e r es td q bu a e oh r e n e a bc ah o s i ln qn n eu t a u c a sk r td w t e e f l dls e t ad h a n l vg o oo eo es s e m a io nv ta s e b b rl h m e n n h w a y s e a ia ls a s e l . w c d lt c h ie b e o r i nn e s ac tm

h oh r v n

m i o nv t a s eb n r l h bn e p a ar l o w s l v c o i li r d at r el eotl d s oF w i oh o a pn e c oen n t n p e sc u t u e acv d tm o bi r o r sp n e tb , a h p e rk o ax e v r i l d e l de .

A p p u r 1 t e n V a n e cp e. ssr . sow e v m il a i d s n l e w tdil a v a 1 f l a v egb e rs oe s b a he 2 v dq t au ee w i c l , p i lpl a L r r

q c y eh o s u , o nv r i t r ed o a eeag t dd p d h e t n dfr o le a

aa pd l d a l n t e s fb u r h o s h rd o a g m p t t w l s v e l le d We e sh dv h s e e v re o lee t r. is e i q n s u u f li a a b rt s i r eo i fn c h ,a u at r ao i n r n ls i s nu sl rt p h a iR p eldn oi l n rgf ot mi a bn u l at g i i s ls u s p i yp iz o n o e sr e u d t l i an nt g i o n .

I n s u s l u a r tp i s p o i n bo h 1 n r i atg l i n l /s w e l tci e t s2 dthh h s ti oa h c n hk i n s u a ls a p t 1 i fn a o o n cio t c e d -n s d l1 t /aa 2e c t 2 r t tat hi a r n h l nog T g i t e e n t r s b i oh c o nn at i w n plugo et ult sl he l y d a e o eh ra d t m li d o h b e a n ; te a t lg a r b a l -l f i ow n i ol cy 1 n e lh 2 c egle i tn T nd tb c e no h rh h ts o i. te n o s e ua m l v e vr ts e i bs h c e q s a au lw e i 1/ l lp i2p ls e e qn td i w u n h u c e a w htlr t eideh e ds e t t t o u o tt h h s o i a e o ph de p r e o ax 1i f me2 asd t -e n q lc iy eu n n ca t h e r re s 1 D I F a o p N S b I P r t2 i o c a l a T E C T I t e s ir o n .a h nen c x ate g On e . O. N ls oc l i e n lh me d it i tid ct ta eb ta seeh gdb i

1 P u r r c e h ts a r es e tr . ii rv h n eg t ssv h p a ee a e h t st c o d st i n e ea r l m u f b r t iit y c n ae a st t s vh u e m r a has tea e st t rw e ieo arn l k l hm s a a i na sdc h c ei r o pw r td a i ne h s p e c i f i c a t i o n . 2 T v p E a s e r o p

p o har w o v b. t e ao n pl u r r cf h rh ye a pk r s ee y s ra e e n hs t a r t i e vo n ea l i e n s hr s e a t el m o a li l n e ul hf ov at a c etr u e s r ep e orn n f s ic b a i l f o i y to r ty r y i o v ti s s pi eh oc in f si c i a t if os n . .

or whendeterminedby the economicsof design. 2. The completedvesselshall be providedwith a nameplate securelyattachedto the vesselby welding. 3. If the vesselis post-weldheat-treated,no weldingis permittedafter stressrelieving, 4. Removable internalsshallbe installedafter stressrelieving. 5. The location of all vesselcomponentsopenings,seams,internals,etc., of the vessel shall be indicated on the shop drawingsby the distance to a commonreference bi h p e r a n m m a n l e ao n t l tr sle y k h e he d l nl e line. The referencel s 6 T .s e b h hydrostatichtest pressure m a i a nf t al aa i d ln o ete dq t p u i a er t n m r
a t 7 V h es oi nr s o p i u e a cg ct h i n o l nan t , 3e o smhn iy s n e a ut t s n e e d s0 . . s n hs b p e a a luo. i s l s n n p lelt c t se ie e f d ito s co aa sl r l t y d e r n

1, Radiographicexamination shall be performedwhen required by the ASMECode

199
Specification for the Design and Fabrication Pressure

e(

cs o sn

tei

nl u s e

F P R E P A RF A T S I H O. N IO P 1 A o

R N

T u n a e d g ds h . l l s it c

f f h iy t d r n te o s v .a t er as e tl s b ish d c s ta r a c e , l il l t eh n eloa rei no d u t rt se g i m r l d eo se o a vrc o so ae aed u s ,l i e e ns r , tt d

2 A f i s n lu i w s r f ha. ha enl c d pi e r r p r eu v e n ts a t i v t e . 3 A s 4 T 5 F s 6 B f u h i h i a on l si ro n p

o rsc b o t b e h fc l e tl se ta i d b h c n n gow ya d e a eb tv hp td er ao rh b te le s

o a lp n ew g n a .e i h l n nd pi g r s r c ow o v c h i ios de p t t al ba e l t e e e s l . ep as e dn b h p ei . d ln aug gs l g b p b , ho lp el de . e rr a tot sv l a p t o e s a r u rn s .i a r tu t la p ss m e n t . s l bun h ct

id v d l ae d u i a ro deo m n t . b

o .w a ts w ada l is tt

ell e ru tepbd r r o i h oc f a

7 V e s s b h sc e l ai l ed. s e la n b rt p l i la ef ty ii o e n d t a r i ih n y d n g t nu e i e am e r c o n s l p io c o c u toa v u ts e i s o h n s e n le . 8 S w 9 V b G F 1 B c b S c P d P h e R H G M S S t h h t t p m w a a a h rt l b i.st l h rc l s i h spo bp eh b ooe ea o ads b g l e ao g m l ex e a d ner o i a r i ht nd t u nh oe t m e ve r be d s e m h sr e f le .

e f a sb s r s i t ce h a. n t l a a oe r c l pe k l r se l c s ia ea l u r l t oyi b o ab n d ls o a i r t av c a e i f hsun r sgn an ni e s e h c l mi e ld nas g tt sp a e r r rl d y e ia v am le a R I EN P O A R . L T S

c n nk g n g o et

et vf i eo r h s r f e . se ha e ei t o ld pm m as n y eu hfnr sa t c f t h uu rp e erau r n r o o r ep p r i o t dre ua cn s i s b ep lra o e r t e a fn o c yl c r lh eo p w h o i f n er g t o t r a t . u il o i d a n s l t d o o rh tco a s w h o ti o vn. wpg a e is d hsn i mg s en ne b e s so ot r a p et c i. c i co

lc i h s : s . -

a M a n u f a d c t r u r e ea r . ps

r e s h d hsai p on f rr g wd e t is u sy rd u g rr h sn ti o es n t e a g

t co s oo t a r pte i. c i c c o er h s d s ha i tn of er gm w t p id e s rn a up t g our r s eit r ee a t a m e n t t . bp ia l n . a g m t f e .

u o b n

U A R A N T E. E a n u f g a cu t a u rrt e a rtn tv h e e e f sh a u s a l cs fo t i n e e dlal l i sl t si t i o t n al s t h p e c i fa i c t a t i ii o h f nn f r a f r di ade t o e tu ws so e r lm ik m ga t a n nn sa , h ti np m e r ha do e d u nefl d v e d u te cf yl r y t oi o h o p ner p eg trs aa m e t atn i u r o hf n afa ,c g t u rr m a n ae ca e k ll ts e s o r ea a etral i y pr o en aps l , i a n fc r e o m s c er h nd t a s e r g e e

200

V
T p A t T o d r o l l

T
ics s a e t e d . ai

i m e h tn o s il oe i nt re a a t l n h cu a e sn o bi t l h n l ne e s re -o s aw b i s t s o ae er w a c if t o di lb c eu l e ol a sw my ae e n d u n f a ro c p yt u sr r e d r s v e e s s u s r ef e e a l ri a n n u c cre ln o hs t le h i ee sn e rd , swi en r l a ni t c o s et s t sh a be h h t bi dw a ln ei a sp l e tr l a llh c ei ti d i m nc

Q b & a : R : : : : ; e

c D

: : : ts t t r a e nf l c e h . . re . ei. n o c e ne

d D e v c ii r ca u m t f ie r o e. nnte i a al l y m s u at the joint of structure . . . . . . . t 1 D i b s te a t t a n w d c ec j ewe a l~ c n1 i e @ ~ ~~

n o p

a n ~ w a y e D i fs tt a .oh e fr n o fca lo a cm n e e c e n ot me r a lt r in n e e w f l e a r if ey n n v se u s l p bs p u e oo s tl r ag t t d o d, m o c e n ot v e re wl s h i n i si e c eh e l f v, e applicable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i 1

d *

. ,

. .

D e v c ii r c au m t f i e ro e. nn te i a al l m o t o s u uh o v tr fe . en . a . e .s tr c . f g P r o j se h c tdo i io r f n s . t ; t e ar s o u s t u o s v r i fte dt a fse c s e of manway . . . . . . . . . . . . . t

y s u r e 1s e nt a he 1/2 c o f l

h D e vf i h a ot r ri i v oz. on o e n r t tm a li , c o t i n tp he o n i s a d i r ete d i o n n direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ 1 e e Q ! ! i

D e v o ib a h t io i o a o . n ll e nf t s direction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t 1 N o C z o zw u lp a hl en i t, ibn g rc o h e c o n t np e i c p t e i d n g o . ! l T t -o l e f h rm a an scn oeeb ws h a ay r s a p p l i e d . N o C z o zw u lp a hl et b i, in g rc h e c o n t np e i c p t e i d n g o . D i fs tt a fr n o f c aoh e lo a cm n e eg c e n ot o e rp l t eri n en e f li e nr i f eg n n v se usl p b s p u o e oo s tl r ag t t d o d, ml c e n ot v e re wl s h i n i si e c eh e l f v, e applicable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . f 1 f D e v c ii r ca u m t f ie r o m e. nnte i a al l y s u r o t o s u uh o t v r f e.en . a . e .s ?r c 1s e e g P r o jse h c tdo i io r f n . t ; t e ar s nt s o u s t u o s v r i fte dt a fse c s e a he of opening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~ 1/4 c o f l

201 VESSEL FABRICATION TOLERANCES (continued)

N o (z c zo n l tei n s u, e d ) a n

h D e vf i h a ot r ri i v oz. on o e o n r t tm a li , c t i n tp he o n i s a d i ete d i o n n direction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t 1/ i D e v o ib a h t ii oo a o . n ll direction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i e nf 1 t s

N l

o C z o z u lu p e f l s l i s ,n 8 eg o e sa v g de c e o en v t r e t o ll c , . D i b s te a c t en w n c ot e ee er l n i n openings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i 1 a d d l e l l k D i c s et n a ot b ne oc r . le t it nh e o reference line . . ., . . . . . . . . . ~ 1 k D i c s et n a ot b ne oc r . le t it nh e o centerline of shell . . . . . . . . . . I 1

re i e / ef s ef s

1 D i b s te a bt o n w lc i .t b ee h e o n al e s s p o l b e ab t o w t l o te s eh o e o l r nl e o s t two saddles. . . . . . . . . . . . . . k 1 k m T r a n t so b v eip r s a . . .l e.l . . a s 1 t tf e / e p F e u bd iip n a a l.l . l . ~ a s1 n L o n g it t o .. t tf e

&hell o. Deviation from verticality for vessels

of up to 30 ft overall length . . . . . ~ 1/2 for vessels of over 30 ft overall length ~ 1/8 per 10 ft. max. 1-1/2 P Vessels for internal pressure. The . difference between the maximum and minimum inside diameters at any cross section shall not exceed one percent of the nominal diameter at the cross section . . . . . . . . . . . . . t 170 Deviation from nominal inside diameter as determined by strapping . . . . . ~ 1/32
@ @

O E F T r
+ I t T

o r x p t o H o l

u u Cn re

p F d t sf s dU no e G . , de o d G d s dy v i

8 e 8 e 1 n/

e 0

e rS s n C s aU u l ro e G e

e8 e

r e C m U a a i a eu d

installation r
O

r . . .n e e. t . c .f ttl 1i n y o p F

Tray Support
r. Out of level in any direction . . . . . ~ 1/32 p F

202
V E F A S B S R I C E T AO T LLI E O R N A N C E S ( c o n t i n u e d ) T B s E v } + s S r u (p c a o p n ot i yr n u t e d ) n a t

D i b s te a t n d w tc j . ea e e cr e n supports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t 1 t. * Distance to reference line . . . . . . ? 1 s. Distance to seal pan . . . . . . . . . f 1 v D i f a e l w T W P iw ai isl n u d . t . . t r p ~y oo r p i 1oh t r e

ts d t o a w n n . o e s cc u . . pm . ~e po1 r o

w w x / I *

r n f

x. Out of level . . , . . . . . . , . . . ~ 1 Y. Height . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I 1/8 * z D i ts i t n a o vn s w c e . i e. s . . da t so1 e e l f

203
A S S C u S p e c iP f f i c a t i Io o n r t t9 i, h o

SHOP WELDED TANKS

o m M m R aae q r uj iyor A e o mS fe rtnP t aI s n T Id Z Ee a f d .r1 nF id O P E

specification covers material, design, and construction requirements for vertical,cylindrical,aboveground, shopwelded, steel productiontanks in nominal capacitiesof 90 to 500 bbl. (in standard sizesup to maximumdiameterof 15 ft., 6 in.) for oil field service. A
M A T E R I A L

R
D
E
JQ9 H

Plates shall conform to the following ASTM Standards A36, A283 C or D, and A285 C. MINIMUM PLATETHICKNESS Shell and deck: 3/16 in., Bottom: 1/4 in. Sump: 3/8 in, CONSTRUCTION The bottom of the tank shall be flat or conical; the latter may be skirted or unskirted. Fig. A, B, C. The deckshall be conical. The slope of the bottom and deck cone= 1:12 WELDING Bottom, shell and deck plate joints shallbe double-welded butt joints with complete penetration. Fig. D. The bottom and the deck shall be attached to the shell by double-weldedbutt joint or 3/16 in. fillet welds, both insideand outside.Fig. E through K. OPENINGS Tanks shall be furnished with 24 in. x 36 in. extended neck cleanout. APIStd. 12F Fig.3.4 TESTING Tanks in diameters up to and including 10 ft. shall be tested to 3 psi. air pressure; tanks in diameterslargerthan 10 ft. shallbe tested to 1-1/2psi.air pressure. PAINTING Onecoat primer.
N C b 9 1 1 2 2 2 3 4 5 5 7 T o o a p mW i o n r a O k l ui a Dy ci , ia C ca i p t a b b l bf i . 7 0 7 9- 6 0 7 0 9- 26 0 1 5 1 60 0 1 0 1 00 0 2 1 1 20 0 2 5 1 60 0 2 0 1 60 0 3 0 4 0 1 6 0 4 0 1 7 0 1 4 0 7 5 a n c * i e r e

tn s g i d e Hy e , e t e i r ,g tm f t n. t . l - 1 1 21 9 8 1 9 102 6 10 0 11 4 12 6 22 6 6 2 2 0 9 5 1 6 5 2 6 6 2 1 i n 3 n / A

204

WELDEDSTEEL TANKSFOR OIL STORAGE

API. S
t a 6 n E d 5 iaE rg d d 01 i h t ti , 9 oh n 8,

APPENDIX A OPTIONAL DESIGN BASIS FOR SMALL TANKS (Summav of major requirements) SCOPE This appendix provides rules for relatively small capacity field-erectedtanks in which the stressedcomponents are limited to a maximum of 1Ainch nominal thickness, including any corrosion allowance stated by the purchaser. MATERIALS p The most commonly used plate materials o t A 2 C A 2 C A 3 A 516-55, A 516-60 The plate materials shall be limited to !4 inch thickness WELDED JOINTS The type of joints at various locations shall be: Vertical Joints in Shell Butt joints with complete penetration and complete fusion as attained by double welding or by other means which will obtain the same quality of joint. Horizontal Joints in Shell Complete penetration and complete fusion butt weld. Bottom Plates Single-weldedfull-fillet lap joint or single-weldedbutt joint with backing strip. Roof Plates Single-weldedfull-fillet lap joint. Roof plates shall be welded to the top angle of the tank with continuous fillet weld on the top side only. Shell to Bottom Plate Joint Continuous fillet weld laid on each side of the shell plate. The sizeof each weld shall be the thickness of the thinner plate. The bottom plates shall project at least 1inch width beyond the outside edge of the weld attaching the bottom to shell plate. INSPECTION Butt Welds Inspection for quality of welds shall be made by the radiographic method. By agreement between purchaser and manufacturer, the spot radiography may be deleted. Fillet Welds Inspection of fillet welds shall be made by visual inspection. +

b t

,..

205

API. Standard 650, Eighth Edition, 1988

TESTING

Bottom Welds 1, Air pressure or vacuum shall be appliedusing soapsuds,linseed oil, or other suitablematerialfor detectionof leaks,or 2. After attachment of at least the lowest shell course water shall be pumped. underneaththe bottomanda headof6 inchesof liquidshall be maintainedinsidea temporarydam. Tank Shell 1. The tank shall be filled with water, or 2. Painting all joints on the inside with highly penetrating oil, and examining outside for leakage 3, Applying vacuum

APPENDICES

OF API STANDARD 650

Appendix A Optional Design Basis for Small Tanks Appendix B Foundations Appendix C Floating Roofs Appendix E Seismic Design of Storage Tanks Appendix F Design for Small Internal Pressure Appendix H Internal Floating Roofs Appendix J Shop-Assembled Storage Tanks Appendix K Example of the application of variable design point procedure to Determine Shell-Plate Thicknesses Appendix M Tanks Operating at Elevated Temperatures Appendix N Use of Unidentified Materials Appendix O Under-Bottom Connections

WELDED STEEL TANKS, API. Std. 650 APPENDIx A FORMULAS NOTATION

=

G = specific
H t = =

D =
E

ft. = joint efficiency, 0.85 when spot radiographed 0.70 when not radiographed t =

minimum required plate thickness, in. R = radius of curvature of roof, ft. 6 = angle of cone elements with the horizontal, deg.

@ ~.-l
S H E

(2.6) (D) (H 1) (G ) + C.A. (E) (21,000) but in no case less than the following: Plate Mean diameter of thickness,in. tank, ft Smallerthan 50. .., ., . . . . . . . . . . . . %
50 to 120, excl.. . . . . . . ... ., ... , ., 120 to 200, incl.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . ., Over 200 L L . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . = 4 ~ ;

* 0 but0not less ~ than i n 3~6in,

* SELF-SUPPORTING CONE ROOF

~m:umt . ,,*in Maximum@ = 37 deg. 9:12 slope Minimum6 = 9 deg. 28 min. 2:12 slope

r= R/200 but not less than ~lG in. Maximum t= 1Ain, ~, R= radius of curvature of roof, in feet. D SELF-SUPPORTING Minimum R = 0.8D (unless otherwise specifiedby the
D A O M N E D

M T

1
q fl e u e h ah e s c e ek f 6 ni t i tt t e na u l me :

o t t a h n i sr o g c a i n p c t h cl r eo s s h u - s, a e c to s i ro t n e sa e l a r p ow l ai a do tti o se h1 f tt s i a t in n t chhm ei e m e af s s t u r m r h er , odeoe p m im os o a or m t t et a n n sh o bg h t m lio ae n e pi l ,m F T T R IO

All

S e l f - So u p p o r t i rF n gS e l f - So u p p o r t i r n C R oo o n fD s e a o U: m R m b n r o e e ol

~2 3,000 P N
b op o 1 ei
d G

DR 1,500
t s l t ha h o a m t a a m ie n l s v i o t lm m e hui s / n s f 4 . m i n

BOTTOM

207

WELDEDSTEEL TANKSFOR OIL STORAGE

APL Standard 650, Eighth Edition, 1988 APPENDIX J SHOP-ASSEMBLED STORAGE TANKS (Summary of major requirements) SCOPE This appendix provides design and fabrication specifications for vertical storage tanks of such size as to permit complete shop assembly and delivery to the installation site in one piece. Storage tanks designed on this basis are not to exceed 20 feet in diameter within the scope of API Standard 650. MATERIALS The most commonly used plate materials of those permitted by this standard: A 36, A 283 C, A 285 C, A 516-55, A 516-60 WELDED JOINTS As described in Appendix A (see preceding page) with the following modifications: Lap-welded joints in bottoms are not permissible All shell joints shall be full penetration butt-welded without the use of backup bars. Top angles shall not be required for flanged roof tanks. Joints in bottom plates shall be full penetration butt welded. Flat bottoms shall be attached to the shell by continuous fillet weld laid on each side of the shell plate. BOTTOM DESIGN All bottom plate shall have a minimum thickness of ?4 inch. Bottoms may be flat or flat-flanged. Flat bottoms shall project at least 1 inch beyond the outside diameter of the weld attaching the bottom to shell. SHELL DESIGN Shell plate thickness shall be designed with the formula: (for notations see Appendix A on preceding page) (2.6) (D) (H 1) (G) + ~ ~ t = (E) (21,000) ,but in no case shall the nominal thickness less than:
o T m D i ia na N a mn o P l e mt T k li e h i r n ac a k l tn e es n c h e s ) ( f e e ( ti ) up to 10.5, incl. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3/16 Over 10.5.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . /4 N s

ROOF DESIGN Roofs shall be self supporting cone or dome and umbrella roofs. See Appendix A for design formulas. TESTING Apply 2 to 3 pounds per square inch internal air pressure.

208
S u P P C W a SO I T C A H D o m M m R ae q r u j iy o r eo m fe rn t s I PC O I ND G E S p e r tt a i n i n g o I P CA LK E A N L E L L S NO S P W R A B E DL S ES U O I EP E F O R M U L e A f

R S

n P t r e e r s n s a u l r
= PD. +
G

A T m e

3N 1

1S-

9I 9

/ . W+2
. -

+@-

2y(r. A) C p h r o e ms i ci d r r ni s e b i e qe m s u ui m r e - f te d e n m o a s httf i a e bg s r r i ir n ac e la , s t i, o n , 2 SA r te a c iet n i s o s p pn ne a t, co t , i wo d n n e - A) + df r2y(f d

F M a A t o e A 5r Ba Si A a 1 lT rB s n M 0 p la d a i hn s en t st a y sr e st, i txi cd e t n c Fm M g es T , p t t ee mo p ne E r aa xt u c rD r le o F e e s d e a l i b hm 1 i 0 T t 0 as e . hs y d 1 s .ey . tt s m e 27 s 5 7 00 o 0 8 5 0 3 6. e m n l i b pm o i l t a e t d n y t 1 41 .13 4 l u i t n a n sl p h e e e cl i r sei f si i s m c a y il e l ty e d n x R t e e sr n a au t r e P 1 a 0 r 0 s . 1. . E 1 d e t w e r t m h ia a i ns c i t % t n irlg me f n q e f ue tsl i n s r e i p r o cu i d Rt uU t sr i 2G ea rn s3 o -eaS d2 e V s n n8 c. I D i 1o v t Ai B s ai S oP h o r iV nM eC ln es fs e e s E bs ou hr s f o l l o w e d . U B 3 S 1 . 2 A 1 I n P 9S 6 8t r e e r s n s a u l r

= P t

t s m g c g

C c o to d v e fd es ah b ir e rg s i n ec , a - D So e 4e s , , i n i s t a o l t l an eo t ips o n, n t i , i p( n di 1g3 n5 6 f 6g t ,e y f fs g t s u e aa o n m us ag e s t e rc u a l sr h a s s l O S, 0 p F , s0 a n u fg a l c ti u aqp r e ue d et s f r i o F e , l M e d u m a A t e oA 5r Ba Si A a 1 lT rB s n F M T ee ee me o p r tN e r E a axt u rcDr le o e F s e ( -a L m a iP a x tiG t bu us )rop e h r v sp o m bl u s li t i i m qp b u le i e et f r t o i t ,e l1 e d u 2m 03 40 o 4 00 1 . r 19 1 . ( i Lt ga P a p s G h oh m es a )o n s i u2e se 0 x , - S0 . 8 0 16.80

M 0 d e 00 0

tures of these gases.

A C H

B 3N 1 . 3 S - 1 9 I 9 E P M A IL C A L N N

3 T
1, 7,
S)

r=
t =

- P(l - r)] + A

to 100

2 2 02

3 .2 0

4 0 0 50 02 0 1 0 . 0 . 0

00 8 . 0 0

300.1.2 or 300.1.3. Only Category D and

For determining

M fluid

p r o c D i1 v

e i

thickness and stiffening requirements the d UG-28, u r 29eands V

Summary of hiajor Requirements of COD ES PIPING

(continuation from facing page) NOTATION NOTES 1. The minimum thicknessfw the pipe
sclcctcd. cunsidcring manufacturers minus tolerance,shallnot be lessthan t,n, The minus tolerance fur seamlesssteel pipe is 12.5% of the nurninal pipe witl! thickness. 2. Wheresteelpipe is threadedand used for steam service at pressureabove 250 psi, or for water serviceabove 100 psi with watel temperatureabove 220 F the pipe shall be seamless llaving the minimum ultimate tensile strcngth of 4tt,0(XI psi and weight at least equrd to Sch 80 of ANSI B36.JO, (Code ANS1 B31.1, Paris. 104.1.2 Cl) 3. Piping systemsinstalledin open easements, which are accesible to the generalpublic o: to individualsother than the owner of the piping system or his employee or agent, shall be designed in accordancewith USAS B31.8. (Code USAS B31.02, Para.

A=

an additional thickness,in inchesto compcn sate for materialremovedin threading,grooving etc., and to provide for mechanical strength,corrosionand erosion, For cast iron pipe the following valuesof A shallapply:

Centrifugally cast . . . . . . . . . . 0.14in.

Statically cast . . . . . , . . . . . . 0.18 in.

c=

the sum in inches of the mechanicaldlowancesithreador groove depth)plus corrosion anderosionallowance, :

d = inside diameter of the pipe in corrodedcondition, inches )&D. ~ =

outsidediametcfof pipe, inches

= efficiency factor of weldedjoint in pipe(see applicablecode)For seamless pipe E = 1.0

~ = for cast iron pipe casting quality shallbe usedin placeof E

factor F

P=

internal designpressure,or maximum allowable workingpressure, psig

S = maximum allowable stressin materiistdue to internal pressureat the design temperature, psig. t = thicknessof pipe requiredfor pressure, inches tm = minimum thicknessof pipe in inchesrequired fer pressureand to compensatefor materitil removedfor threading,grooving,etc., Jnd tu providefor mechanical strength,corrosion ist~d erosion.

201 .1)

4. When not specifically required by SI gas using processor equipment, the maximum working pressurefor piping systemsinstalled in buildingsintended for human useand occupancy shall not exceediO psig. (Code USAS B31.2, Para201.2.1) 5. Every pi~ing systcm,regardless of anticipatcd smviccconditionsshalllurvc a designpressureof at least }0 psig between the temperaturesof minus 20 F and 250 F, (Ct,idcUSAS B31.2, Para.201.2. 2,b.)

V&Y =

coefficients as tabulated below

Values of y & Y

6. Where the minimum wall thickness is in excessof 0.10 of the nominal dia9s0 1000 toso I boo above meter, the piping system shall meet 0.7 0.7 0,7 0.7 0.4 0.5 I:rrrilic Steels the rcquirem$nts of USAS B31.3. 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.5 Austsnitic Stmek 0.7 (Code USAS B31,2, Para.203) h Note: For intermediate temperatures thevalues maybeintcr- 7. pip witht equaltoor,greaterthan IY6, or pcdated. Fornonferrous materials andcast iron,y equals PISE greaterthan0.385, requires special 0.4. consideration, trsking into account design and materialfactors such as theory of I For pipe with a f)o/ftn ratio lessthari 6, Ihe valueof y fur ferritic andaustcnilicsteelsdesigned for temperatures failure, fatigue, and thermal stresrses. of ~900F d bCkrWdlti[] be tukcli iSS: (Code B31.3, Para.304.1.2,b.)
Temperature

900

1:

and below

I I so wd

8. pi~ ~nds s]M]I meet the flattening limitations of Ihe applicableCode.

210
S u P o m M m R ae q r u j iy o r eo m fe rn t s I I CA LK PC I O N DG E S U L R A

pertainingto PIPEW
C A L T A H A N L E L L S NO S P W R A B EDL S ES R M U & SO B 3N 1 I P EQ T F O C D O EP E . 4 S- 1 9 I 9 2 Pressure R U O IL E D U Internal M
t =t+A

TRANSPORTATION

PIPING SYSTEM

T C p h roe m s i c id r r ns i bi e e m s eu . m ~ h e r q u i rf e t m d e e nm o t sa hs t i e gr r i n ea t,l 2s s , ,w c o n s tar u s c s it e i n os mn pa,b e l c y t i~ , on n , d a v b e b l w t . laa r e t eo p s tit r aip n ln s ip p g io n r q tf g i e nu g a i p t pd a l li - lc s o a c c w o r C d P a i o n a c d t e p i s i , n r os al c ue o r c u o c u m n i d ed h n l ss ea t , e , 402.3.1 a, b, c, or d. For pipe n ag a t n s u oag r ll t iai u l nq l e ria u , aiq d l u s s ,e m dua m A t eA5 r S Bia a A 1 lT s n f p e i t g r a o le la pie eudn qt s m r uo l ,i d e B, S G 25,200 psi. at 20 F to p r bo e d p u tr o c wl dt e fu s ecea e nc r a s i s f ie 2 i Fn 5 0 t t if an a e arg s n p t mr u,o sk c r a e ,a s s l s g t = p r de s w e s t shu a i ir i c ekg n l p lr e a f sin n t te ta r es t ir ia e ,mo s i ,n n s a ,n l s , d c ( nh 1s o e t,e s e 2e o d t e a l rh i e v p ce e e no ir r iv y i n n dt g s . A B 3N 1 . 5 S - 1 9 I 9 I 2 n P t r e e r s n s a u l r c R E F R I G EP R A T I I OPN I N tm =t+c G
ThisCodeprescribes materiats, design, fabrication, assembly,erec; = z~) r t = 2(s +

,
p= ,w

S=
p p t o p o a r a g r a p h s .
advised that

m t

a ax l i l s m o it w um a r mb e l de t ir n i pu t rae a e r l s n e s

p m ai A t e Ar p 5 SB i a a el T i it r p eh s j i up e r e n i s c dig ti c i nt v ri o e n s A . 1 B Ss 1 0 p 5 a 1 , Fs 0 6 T C s hn o a h t i p ad ps l oe l l w y t 4 : F 0 o 0 ( a s e l f -o ac un os n tysan i su tn ) y e tb d i e jt =m e r t s c t o p r de s w e s t shu a i ir i c ekg h e c ( n h 1 S o e t , e se n a t t ih o n ea l r l y E x P t r e e r s n s a u l r e ( w p a b t e ) r eb n e te h s s i u tc s ir k hg e ( p d i e f pc e s x ii g t n n o e ) g e r n d Ta rp l r d e h s rs m n e Cd d ai o i s) a c ci o w r n rn e e xs 1 cs p ( eo u Ie rr d 1 eei s gn a t& g0 r dd e 5l i t e 3 e s i z e f . P 5 a0 4r . 1 a . .3 .

l n 2 e

s cn

A B 3N 1 . 8 S - 1 9 I 9 2 G T R A N A S M A I S S I SO N D D I S T R IP B U I S T IP Y O NS I TN E G M S T C ch o to d i v efd es ah s b ir e rg s I i n n ec P t, ar e e r s n s a u l r e t i ni s t i a o n l l s an p tt e ie o c a, n st , i t o i n n , g , d s t s aa so h fop p e ee a tm rc e a yt ta sin o i f n 2n t xd F x - E x T, where t e o gn t ra a n a s ac m d ii es s s ifn t o s rn i b u d S m c i s i y nf s i i t e mr d ee u n t s yii s n t c go e p l m i u pd n g s e ia , ln i g n =a es sp , e s d i . c o m s p r t ea g st ms i e o oa rt n a e s r , i n pn s g m ea i o t e Ap r5 SB i r a el T A r e gs u t l g aa mtt i a a n o s ga n ie s n r ,n vs sF i , p c d l u t i t o n ou t e c ht u ssl tp h o e em t e a r fA e1 s B S = 3n d p 5 0 , s0 6 m s a e s s t M e ei m e n bw crl s l y t i u . Cd = t n e o d h o wm - t i h a i n ic a k n ll n ec i t s o tc s h o eah g c sp n t t e i e i ro ao f r s n (a ne g s1 Se2 o 3 4 5te e e s e q u o it p c mp l e tn h o fti s y ef p e ap d e e b n o c f a f o tp r o r ef g ai d be o r r id p c m a te e r d f p ar f i i oa t g n t p si m n t e n go a d s r , a dg s e l i n e s .

211
S u o mM m R a ae q r u j iy o r eo m fe rn t s S n mg g e f

P I PC I O N DG E C o n t i fn u f a tr a p i o n c o ai N O T A T I O N

A= s

d f D h

m e c h c i i ol l r ~ i rc ao l s, i n o rst i o rl l s u i w ao n n c e s o a l l u io w f n a n c m c h e f o, ee t h ra eg a r d a o r in o n vg i T en d Tge m s = pD- e e r F ar t a u a rt e c i n t q u u Ci n P r o 4 d e d a ed e0 rr f , S a P t. o ie ep r l e 4 c o . r a r r o2e s q i uo , in r T ee s m d p e r a t u r e u C n P o d4 a 0 d e 2 r e .r 4 a , D . .1e F , a a g h r r F e nT e h sec i t a i n i c w ntr h e a i a c sdk l e n e n l F os l 1 . s 0 0 r s 2 s 5 e i u a p r s o mt e ee c a t f id s v sue 3 r F e . 0 0 0 9 u C n P o 4d a d 0 e r 2e r a . , 13 . F. . 5 0 0 9 = u f i n p t r oe te s rs n s a r hr l u e , 4 F e m 0 0 0 . 8 e Fn s o a l l o i wi a n c c f e s h t ha gr re d n oa e od p vd t N eh , i on t ef t ri p e o n l a :o t t ee m a n u f amc t u t ir e or s n l ue m s r ev - d a i l a ut ee s a p nc o lcra r e e o u s r,in o s no d f fm i ac it eo e nr t i a n s a l l i o w oa n c ne .Y= c o e f c e a t e d : f e x pt or e etr s n s aru l rh e d , i s i i n o uc c o r h r m oe s n si Fo fd n u n c oo n t m f ie r l rr e oau a e r a lo nl o sp wi a o nd l c ne s u t, e f r se s i r aat r a l ie s t e u ,n i c l m a n u f amc t u t ir e or s n l ue t s r es - n yt = 0i e t e i l.c s a n c e . I D i r{ o a 4 ) u n / - f gt s 6 n = i nd is a o ip m d e i t e e p r e f , i n c h e s Y d +dD o u d t i s a o p m i d e i t e e p r ) . & = f ed f u ~, tc o e t r i i a l r le s i n c h e s F b r m ia o t u e t r l ir ae s l L o n g- ij t u f d o i a n a lc n t y o t = i = 0.0 r o b ft aC i r t n o e ao dd b em l , e 8 4 F 1 s .e p1 a om 2 i l . ep sr s e , N 0 O T E S E= 1 . s l p e t c m ta i ni u o .f n h ap nc t u r f e V oa D l Fe u F a s e c i s g t 1 If o n e ro m t i o l sn e b r thu a i naa s c ek n l F c o n s i d Te rma t ti i oo n h l . ne r ua f s e sa o pm t i l 1 i ee os 2 p r s e .e l t n o w m th h i ia T n c t k a en l l he os ls e m r b au an w a sc s l eh pe y s e ee
fication is not available.

n d t p e e r r sp e n sia s s lgu r P &Pi = i l n ie i m , o i tt g a a t p ip C olh n i so c a b df as described at the formulas, 3 C l a s s oi L f i o c a c tI ai Cot. n i o on c a b d s ln B e1 e iP , 8 . a . 4 f 1 and i a p p c l ip o r .s u c8 . lo a a30a , 1

2 Pipe b

s e m h tn

f e a l d .a

tl h s et

s tt =a d i t =n
f s l t T

e l n e l

t ml = m
i m

sf ,s e s a tc f r oi rb m he s ud ld ae t s es ,c a a i a rb e ess b rf p t dc o r i i sb s n c h e s t o c y o n s p t r ue c t i s o nf . o w m t hi ais n c ak l n l t 4e L il s i sm s oi P - aD t i V t e o. n a s p l i uf g r y e q u i if r p e n m e r n g ot e sC r -8 t 3 B s. o P d 4 i 8 1 re . 1 a 1 , 4. a a u l l ob n wr n a n ce e u5dsL o , N e otW t a mT h i sa i n Cc . t k a ln l o e s t t e nh o w s m h a i s a n n B ae . lTl 8 a l3 4 8 1b . 1l 1 4 , e1 . h i l c k ii C n s e o st s e d d e n , o s ar rhm ln s t s - ra d l ae e g u l a et a iex o n 4 a 0 i 4 b n. 1l c . h e1 T , ef e f A rm N e a r o Sit t d c i ma a o n n n da ds w i st p p u e i ir r e n e ht i rn e i t q m h u iu i c m rk C en f d e Ps o r s Pe o min g i o tes p - s u b i T l ho Ai s m n h eh ef re r i , i n s a ct r i le s fqw y n u is r oro M c e ic d E he a n n tg i i yc n f e lf e l r f d e pe n r o s u et i s s s gS u n r n e

213

R
U

T
N H Y D R OE SP T R R A T E I S C S U R E

F l a t t- w da a lt l t n e d mu hk e c h e s a dn i eis a co da v rl a l n s yt a g ae h o u u s af lsrp e e o h y d r p o sr t e oa ts iTn sc q u l ur o a eh m y n a t .r t i eet e qfry u ri e ia c f rl t o tae n diga u l n ra h it f g ch h y l i e va o n d re o r t s in sc s r a c l e aa h lp H a s m oc w f si e o te e m yv t . e ea t r p i ,m p h el s t o r i e c t ta o n ig a p unr l n ea f fb r ek e r o ac t s b a les heu f as e ab er aii c st f a g r t i yn o o nh u t i l o i s z a p t i ao n c e f . M U f F A XS I MI U MZ E 3 or s c h f g y a ee t at o ,d u w r a t snn t ni i0 f .f1ke . cd tn i s n u gh4 s m s io r cn s .

n s t ti f m fa e b nn n e l d a ka t c a e p a c e i t ty . l a t o a r t u g no s e k rr h r s i st a

va f e i ee dsc f a y o rbso ne l so ea

R O A S T I I D O E F S I a s a ie l d q t l r u e efo a lo h sn s l e gB ,= i @ tn e ; d hw eV f h= e v : e o c f lr P r e r f e a L r a tos b l in1 ei B o g S d : e h .se r o : ( r: i ) tB5 e;. d r 6 e6 D T E o w S I G N

u e 7

um t

f L =t V

r oh m t u f ol l ea p h l s o aa w bni g e n oa g m r e sa s x a e li e l m d do eu wnf m a l eb c l t t d h # e te nt hro i, ot c s e h i ek d. n s e e- p s e l s a t ef . a o ~al u n e d s / f 3

Ratio,~ or; 0.25 (lmstant,~ - 0.024 Constant,cr 0.00027 Ratio,~ or? Constant, /3 Constant,a
h W E L O e o t PD

0.2$6 0.031 0.00046 1.5 0.26 0.043

0.333 0.041 0.00083 2.0 0.34 0.060

0.4 0.056 0.0016 2.5 0.38 0.070

t a S

0.5 0.080 0.0035 3.5 0.47 0.086

0.667 0.116 0.0083 4.0 0.49 0.091

1.0 0.16 0.022

i

3.0 0.43 0.078

nh d x

L = g al A D G

h eo n t t n I f= gk am T G F E E

k ii f b s m te u sa t mun w pc e p e eo

IL E N

Somepreferable welded joints of plate edges:

LL
T s t i f w e a l m B I B L I O O d t m e V o j 1t A a
3

eh b i in n tot l c li ot rn t et y ni t n m hf eb na i t n e at gt sta tc h w y e a e d a eeh r k o me db p i n nli a g an o o c ds u y ei t e s dd i e d er . G R A P H Y h e sa o t ei h fi g t ro f fr n d e o ls r p lh e ao e d w p i en ne r g s : s z at a D k .r e , f e oln Re .s e : c c ts t i a d S o n ng u l af r

214 RECTANGUI.AR TANKS UNDER HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE WITH TOP-EDGE STIFFENING NOTATION = factordependingon ratioof lengthand heightof tank,H/L (SeeTable) of elasticity, psi.;30,000,000 forcarbonsteel 2 = modulus of liquid G = spectlcgravity
H= I = 1 = L = R =
t t. t~ t*

height of tank, in

maximum distancebetweensupports,inches
length of tank, riches

reactionwithsubscripts indicating the location, lb./in. s = stressvalueof plate,psi.as tabulatedin Code,TablesUCS-23

= required plate thickness, inches = = thicknessof bottom, inches =

w = load perunit of length lb./in. Y = deflection of plate, inches REQUIRED PLATE THICKNESS =B

/ ,.Dl_

T h i t c m k bn u e a s a sf s , t l e y os b op ti i l e t ao s n um tti r i ef r f a s u p p o r t e d . T h i c f s k bn h i e ns c a si r , el a sl c o r s r e o r s vi v i e c e . M a dx e i f o m l pe uc l m t ia o n t

a 0 F

G. FF E NR I

0H N AG

L M

R, = 0.3w 0.036 Gl% Rz = 0.7W 2 Minimum requiredmomentof inertia for top-edgestiffening: w=

w
~

H
I =

W2Eta
OA T N EE M T DA

B O P T L T S H U P P E BO BR

M g I 4 I 1 B 1

= * a sx p i o m s a uu c f pm i ap n o g r t ih i o v cb k o e n te n s t so m 1 G . 4 ~ .

215
R E C T A N G U L T A R A E X A M P L E N S K S

D C C T P

E D S

IA

TN

A m a 0 t .e l . y r c=ee 4i d t f . . e e 4 s 2 s y . : 3 t

a o p t a t c 6i a gt h n ya =8 0 ck l ff e al p : p or0 uo t x n i o n w t G ae = 1n t t e : r ; s o a c ih u b e d t - s fh e ta a e p d fe e d n oc s ha i p g k~ a n r e p f r eo rp o s r o e r i td i d o n e s f : L = 4.31 x 1.5 = 6.47 ft. = 78 inches H = 4 x . . = 2 6 f 3 = . 36 i 1 8 n t 7 c 7 h W o it t d 4 athf = .h5 n i f e3 n t k c 1 h s = 1 3u 7 S s2 5 C i m 0 a n ,8t eg r A i 5 a l C o r a r l ol s o 1w i 6i o a n c /e : n 1 .

HIL = 34178 = 0.43; /3 = 0.063

R E Q PU I L T R H EA I D C K T N E S S

t=

78

10.063 X134x 10.036 x 1

= 0.18 in

+0.0625 corr. allow = 1/4in.

F
X

FF E

NR I

N AG

w.

0.036

1 X 342 = 2

20.808 lbiin

= 0.3 x 20.808 = 6.24 lb/in Ri = 0.6 X 20.808 = 14.57 lb/in 2

= 0.214 in4

6.24 X 784

~min= 192 x 3Q000,000 x 0.l~T5

1-3/4 x 1-3/4 x 3/16 (.18 in4)satisfactoryfor stiffeningat the top of the tank
B O P T L W T i n u o bm O S A H UM P T PE BO E BR T N EE =eb 4 1 =ea 2 if r mn f c s DA h ; M Y 6 s S

lb =
L 2 5 4 k 0 4 i = 1 n 6 e i m, O u t sp t i l h h inO ac r k a .g t cn 1 a e e le s 8a c su 7b tl s p f as uc p i p o no g r t sr : a m 5o t ae sv d xh

IB=

1=4x0 .187m

216 RECTANGULAR TANKS

WITH VERTICAL STIFFENINGS

N P O = F m T A a d T I O N n n o d lr i r a e n a cs si t g t n i g on height,lf/1 y f i, . t f h d

e c p o et

(SeeTableon page 213)

o o e d l ua p sl t u i

E=

If = heightof tank inches I = momentof inertia,inq

?=
s

= specific gravity of liquid the maximum distancebetweens[iffcnings i a n on the longeror shortersideof [hc t
s = r
=

n c s , p c , -

h k e

, s

L = l
t

e o t n i a gn nt c hk h fe, vt or a p epl l s a u s s t e e i f ae s e p q u t lhi i r ic a ek n d nt e= c s h 9 . 9

. a a k a n nt l e c s e s h e t t lh s iu ic

~
1 L

Q PU

I L T R H EA I D C

K T

O l

A ~

b D 0 .

/S 0

,i 3

n 6 =G0.3W = H R, 2

2 ...
S T I F R FF E e NR I q s N AG M E

Rz = 007W

ue m i c ro t o e dvi d u e o sr l n t tui

if s fc e a n f li

z=
M i rn ei

0 . 0 6 4 2GH31 . 0 . 0 3 6

s
m qm u o u oi m m r ee d n t f

Iti~ =

1 4 192 E t.

217
R E C T A N T G U LA A R N W V E I E X A M P L E S K S

R ST TT II F C F HA E N L I N G S

E D S

IA

TN

E = 30,000,000 psi
L = 78 i H= 34 in B = 52 i

Content:Water n G=l
n

s = 13570psi
1 = 26 in

HI! = :

= 1.31: /3= 0.22

Q PU

I L T R H EA I D C

K T

t=

26 X

0.22 X 34 X 0.036 X 1 = o ~15 in . 1 3 7 5 = l 3/16 i l o w

0 n

+0.0625 corr. a

FF E

NR I

N AG

0.0642 X 0,036 X 1 X 343 x 26 13750

0,172 in3

2 x 2 x 3/16 (.19 in3)satisfactoryfor verticalstiffening 0.036x 2

= 6.24 X X

w=
I

1X342

=2081b,in .
784 X

~1 = 0.3 x 20.8 = 6.24

218 RECTANGULAR TANKS Under Hydrostatic Pressure WITH HORIZONTAL STIFFENINGS NOTATION
E = G= H= I = L = P = R = s =
t = t. =

modulusof elasticity,psi.; 30,000,000tor carbon steel SpeCifiC gravityof liquid

heightof tank,in momentof inertia,in.4

l r e e o t w a an n k g , it n ch h ef s / ne i , n .

pressureof liquid,psi.
sc u t i b i s no c t d rnt i i k cp h atx ts l i th b n i g. o

stressvalueof plate,psi. requiredplatethickness, inches

S P A O C I N G F HI = 0.6H S T I F F E N I N G S

H2 = 0.4H

1 =

0.3

0.036 GH
s

Ob

. A /

w = 0.036 GH2 Dn .2

R1 = 0.06 w Rz = 0.3 W Rz = 0.64 w

M f t
O I S T N I F E F R F E N

r s
11=

m
RI L4 1 R E ta

o i

9 2 T O I F A I N G M i n r e i q m m u u o i om i r m e n e de n r t t f i n t e ro m s e t di i f a frt e n i n g

Rz 1 =

L 192 E to

219

R W I E H

T S N

DESIGN DATA Designed Capacity= 1,000gallon = 134cu. ft. (approx.) Content: water s = 13750psi., using SA285 C material Corrosion allowance = 1/16in. The side ofacube-shaped tank forthe designed capacity: 3~~= 5.12 ft. Preferred proportion of sides: width = 0.667 x 5.12 = 3.41 ft; a p 4 ip r n oc x h . e 2 s L = 1.500 X 5.12 = 7.68 ft; approx. 92 inches H= 5.12 ft; approx. 60 inches

For h

s.

SPACING OF STIFFENINGS: H1 = 0 H =36 i

.

Hzn = 6 0.4H = 24 in. .

REQUIRED PLATE THICKNESS: t = 0.3 x 60 0.036 X 1 X 60 = o.2X ~ . 13,750

+ 0.0625 corr. allow = 5/16 in. LOADS: w= 0.036 X 1 X 602 = ~ .~ ~b,k 2

l .b / Rz 8 = i 0.3 w n= 9

RI = 0.06 w = 3

19.44 lb/in l

MINIMUM MOMENT OF INERTIA FOR STIFFENINGS: 11 = 12 =

1 3 X 9 .: x 30,000,000 9 x 0.25 8 2

= 0.4690 in4
2

19.44 x 924 192 X 30,000,000 X 0.25 = 0967 4

220
T F R IS UOP -E P O D R u T K r e os S

R E C T OA N T G U LR AA R N U Hn y d d r P o s e r t ea r ts i sc

T a t v u o o h h is esto i df a f t e sn ve i o fn ilyg h s t d ,a ma e r b es n s u g p af k p e m e c o n o bms t i rc a t l ol y i d sy e . N O T A T I O N S c u s r ie rc ao e t o id s o r n s a el a f A= R e q t r s i o i q d n e , . . p z ii o n t t ac ln h , . a = h o r i e pr tii i t c c a nl h , . b = v G s p g e rc o li a fv i = i i qc t u y i * f d P= p r o e l s i sl qu r u ei b d f , . ? 4 i, 4 . + + s s v t or ar e m l as = tp uoe s r es i af dl = r e q p ut lh i ir c a i e k dnt e s e n s* , . vt or a p e m ll a s tu a e s r e t i f as e l , i ; = s P p E Q U I R E D P L A T when E a- b T H I C K N E S S L T R S O O R I A O D E N D R

t = 0.7~

P=ab 0.036 Gh

E Q CU I R R E O D S E C TAI O N R A L E O T R I O F E

S A D

E D L

A .h l

M t

P t= ,

L l

E .

E D S IA G TN A e n f g wt hi t 2 =fd 3h t 0 .e th 5 if = g, n = 60 in 0 . hl n 0 . hz = 120 in s0 0 i 0 .

a = 6 i b = 6 i
G= 1

S = 20,000 psi. 0J , S = 2 Sp= 20,000 psi

t =

15

0.7
b

60

x. 1 x 0 120
20,000

= 0.625 = 5/8 in. plate

P =a A = 1 0 1x 1 2 5l 0 = , . = 06 0 3 x 66 0Gx *0 h. 0 23 6 , s . 5 i = 17 5 Zr q 27 n o 8 .d . 5 b5 $ s 2 . 5= 0

20,000

PI = ab0.036Gh1 = 60x60x0.036x60= 7,776 lb. Al = 7,776 = om389Sq.in. = 3/4 # rods 20,000

l I .

C
Vesselsor parts of vesselssubject to thinningby corrosion,erosionor mechanical abrasion shall have provisionmade for the desired life of the vesselby suitable increase in the thickness of the material over that determined by the design formulas,or by using some other suitablemethod for protection(code LJC-25bi). The tie does not prescribethe magnitudeof corrosionallowanceexceptfor vessels with a requiredminimumthicknessof less than 0.25in. that are to be used in steam, water or compressedair seMce, shallbe providedwith corrosionallowance of not less than one-sixthof the required minimumthickness.The sum of the requiredminimum thicknessand corrosionallowanceneed not exceed1/4in. This requirementdoes not apply to vessel parts designed with no x-ray examinationor seamlessvessel parts designedwith0.85joint efficienq. (Code UCS-25). Forothervesselswhenthe rateof corrosionis predictable,thedesiredlifeof thevessel will determinethe corrosionallowanceand if the effectof the corrosionis indeterminate, thejudgmentof the designer.A corrosionrateof 5 roilsperyear(1/16in. = 12 years) is usually satisfactoryfor vessels and piping. The desired life time of a vessel is an economicalquestion. Majorvesselsare usually designedfor longer (15-20 years) operating life time, while minor vessels for shorter time (8-10 years). The corrosionallowanceneed not be the samethicknessfor all parts of the vessel if differentrates of attack are expectedfor the variousparts (Code UG-25c). Thereare severaldifferentmethodsfor measuringcorrosion.The simplestwayis the use of teltaleholes (Code UG-25 e) or corrosiongauges. Vesselssubjectto corrosionshall be suppliedwith drain-opening(Code UG-25 f). All pressurevessels subject to iintemal corrosion,erosion, or mechanicalabrasion shall be providedwith inspectionopening(CodeUG-46). To eliminatecorrosion,corrosionresistantmaterialsare usedas liningonly,or forthe entire thicknessof the vessel wall. The rules of liningare outlinedin the Codein Part UCL,ApendixF and Par. UG-26. The vessel can be protected against mechanicalabrasion by plate pads which are welded or fastenedby other meansto the exposedarea of the vessel. In vesselswherecorrosionoccurs, all gaps and narrowpockets shall be avoided by joining parts to the vessel wall with continuousweld. Internalheads may be subjectto corrosion,erosionor abrasionon both sides.

222
SELECTION OF CORROSION RESISTANT MATERIALS

a i b nh f uo

r ol m t a a e f to ri l o pn l h

oi a w a in g tn e

tg e e

am s

p s n t

Footnotes have been generously used to explain and further clarify information contained in this table. It is most important that these notes be carefully read when using the table. In rating materials, the letter A has been used to indicate materials which are generally recognized as satisfactory for use under the conditions given. The letter F signifies materials which are somewhat less desirable but which may be used where a low rate of corrosion is permissible or where cost considerations justify the use of a less resistant material. Materials rated under the letter C may be satisfactory under certain conditions. Caution should be exercised in the use of materials in this classification unless specific information is available on the corroding medium and previous experience justifies their use for the service intended. The letter X has been used to indicate materials generally recognized as not acceptable for the service. Information on metals has been obtained from the International Nickel Company, the Dow Chemical Company, the Crane Company, the Haynes-Stellite Company, Corrosion Resistance of Metals and Alloys by McKay & Worthington, Metals and Alloys Data Book by Samuel L. White, Chemical and Metallurgical Engineering and The Chemical Engineers Handbook, Third Edition by McGraw-Hill.
a

sw

g e

v oa r e s u ar m c ,c d er s ees f s u l el

a a
per and

ec c on n t d r y ui c c t d ai v l i t y

223
by any

i c

e sm

i t c to a 6a170F l lbut, bs y being l a plastic, e it is not recommended

unless confined a

* Sources of D
E S-

AaA

r tm
U-

s at
&

C r -: o n J -

g
P .

D-

224

C
C w

O M
Resistance Ratings:

A n Good; F G F d e e nnd d i = C a u t op ic o a D u n t u i table o no s : o t ec = N r e c o m o m e n d e t d . x i r t e fh ao o o da u tt i nt n o e g tn ex s t d .

i~ z w 5 c &

v : o & l c a : ~ ~ ~ m E w ~ ~ 2 s

~ 7 b : G F F .F F A
c c
F F

v ; 2 ;: $ A A A A A A A
A2

; ~ 3

E 3 $ : A A
c

g 2 c A
c

; ; z c A
c

: i : & g g $ c F
c

z c F
c

3 ~ c A A A A A
c A
A x

$ c c

a c c ec ............................. rt i i u d c c dc , F ec P ..................................................... u r e x .c F c V ........................ a p ........... o .......... r x s c F c 1 l b @ / 4 s5 C )q O... . *......... F i .x n .0 .- . . x . . x . 4 ac n h e y d ..r............ t i d ........ ei . . c.c . F. . F A a c e t o ................ n e . ............ . . ............. . . .A. A A A a c e t y .......................................... l e n e . . . . .A. x A 4 1 u c m h ........................ il no ur ... x m i cd c ex
.... .................... F
F

- c

A A A A A A
c c
F

A A c c
-

A A A
c F
c

F A A
x A
A

x 4 1 u n .............................................. l s . . . . . . . .x .

F
F

A
A

c c
c

A A c A c A A , A A A A A x A
A
c

A
A

A
-

4 i

gn d ~ ............................ sa r r i y sFa A . A , A . A ............................ ........... ........... F x x A x m mc oh ......................... nl i o u r F m i x d x eA x

hydroxide ................. ...... A

immonium

t l I I

........................... F .................... c .............................. F .............. ............... A ... ....... ............. .................................... h ..................................... ......................................................... c .............................. c

e 1n 2 ez n ........................... z c o n l . .c . A. , . A. . A. A A A e p n e z t e ir n o n t le a he A, pu Ae m A h A rt A h ,A s I ul a l ........................ i f c q a .... u A t k - e o F Fr x a o.............................................. c r i i d xc A . A c c A

.......................................... x c c c x

x x c c x

x x c c x A -

A x A A xy A

x x c c x x x A A

A c c A
A c

c A
c F A A A A
A

A A c A
:

c A :
~ A A A A A
A

A A c :
; A c A A A A
A

A A c ;
: A A c A A A A
A

A A c A
: A A A A A
A

A A A A & A A
A : A

x x A c

A A
A

A A A A F A dA A A
A A

A a A c

A A c

A A A A A A c A A
c x x

A A
x

A A A
c

A A A

2. 5.

12S0 maximum.

All Perrentj;
70.
TO

122.
a

14.

Hasleiloy

h f
18. Sqo

C
( R e

O G
G TN E E e n gs g ) e

C HS E M O E O I C P APP EL O S A S I S n a g ap s m c ai s i R s at t a i ac nf e :

text

a S

er

o e

n t

48~0

U n s a t fi s f a c t o or y R c r t e o m p t e1o r e a s a C 5 t om u rr i 8r e e s

o 9

200F. 26. UPto 176F. 27. 10~0

;

226

O M
A F G

i r

c = C e e n nd i d a - d u t o p ic o o t e fh a o o o d a ut t i nt n oe g t n e x s x G t N d r .e c o m o m e n d et d

u 2 0 i zc aG l w G ~ ~ ~ ~ : m m E c ~ E z & 2 6 3

% + 1 ~ G E s j < A A c c A $ z ~ g : s ; z : m g $

* ( ~ : $

* K ~ .g g ; 2 u

~ t p

$ b o $ g = : s

Butane......._..............-....---.--+---.o-.., A A B a u l bc u t to a n h y ...o... A o l . lA .l . C a c l h c ............ l ~o ............ u r F imF d ~ a h y l p oc ................ c hm l o rci Cm = a a r pb c oh ................ li ei n . A cd c

F ......... ............... .. ...... c ...... ... .. c A A

A ., . A . . A . A F ex F t F ex c F o ,A llc
A A A x

c F F .o... ............... : r~ ........ n e . Ay , A A A ........ ........... .... ..................... x x c F Z h a r ............... o c ................ m i i c c d x x .A ~ i t .-.. acid..-..--.~.. -r ._.-.... -i---x cA A A Z t h e ... r ....... s . ......................... . . . . . . c. . A A A Z t g hl y c o y l - . .l. . . . .e. . . . .n .A . . . .e -A . . - . .A .., A erric chloride . ...................... .... x x x x s e u................ r l r ............... f i a x ct x xe A f o r m a_ l - d e . ....... . .h . y F . d . eA - A . oa .. .................. r c m ........... i i . x dc A A . : d r ........ e .. ........o r n A ,A A y A ... ............. u ................................. r f u r .. ...... a A lA c ;asoline, sour----------------------------c x x A R e .................... f i .... ...... n .. .... eA A d A A ; l yg c l ............ ey r c ....i.. .... en A r,A oA lA H y d r o a c ( hS cl Oo r x iF i c .c . d . -c . c $ y d r o a f cl c u ( o o r ix i6 c x l dx5 d F > 6 5 x % x x c Z h & d
x x A x x A x x A x x A

A c x

A -

A A

x A c A

x x c

A
A

A A

A
x c

A A

i , A c Ao

A
A

A A

: A c A

t c c ,c

A A

i c F A

A
c c

A A

: c c c

A A

; 2 A A c x A ,A

A
x c

A A

A
A

A A

x c

x c

x c

A A

x x

A A

A A

A A A A A A x x x x F c . i A . c A c x F A A A A A x A A A A A A , A A ,c . . lx . c ,x % ,x c . x x c
x x A x x A x c A

A A A A A A A A x x x c c x ,A A A tA c c F F A A A A A A A c A A A , A c F c A A
A A A A A

A A x A c c A A A A x x
x x x A A

A A A A x I A ,A A A A A A A A A A A F
F x c A A

A A A x x
x x x A

A A A x x
x x A

A A A A A

x c A

c oo

n t o t o i epn

p p u s e o l o

d sa

tn g e

DO

A ercents;709. l T f

H b 9
f

i .

1>.

A r

6o n

t m o

C
(SEE

R
R e C s

O G
I T N G E E a i e n gs g ) e

H E M O I O C PA PLP O S S A iR s a t a tS ni ac nf a e g ap s m c:

u n ~ > ~

A s b e s t o Woven C o m p . R u b b e Rubber B o n d e 1U I

s , r d -

isce

2 ~
z
QJ .-

n
3

z :
c c A A : x 1 : A : A

2
PI PI F

DI C c

F
A A

c c c c $ c A c ?
A A A z

c c c c $

c c c c :

k A A

x F

c c A A c c t
A A A

E : A A A A A x x x x A F F x c c F t h n ge e t

>
A A A z A -

A A A E x x x A iee tex
O

t A . -

p r

o h

alloyJ

: oa .

es

f
.

C
C w

O M

R e s i R s c C a c a D u n t u it o a no s : b o lt e e x E N r i r t e fh a o o o d a ut t i nt n o e g tn e x s t d

at : A a t= n( i c l e n F n g O F s oa d u t op ic o o e e n nd i e c o m o m e n d et d .

w z ~ ml i z c a g z m ~ . ~ ~ C m E c ~ E z 2 G 5 i

7 E 5 g Q 8 ; z c .c c A c A A A A A A x x x ,A F g; T e ~ j s c A c A c A A A A A c c x A A z

* ; g $ ~

+ ; g $ A A A A A A ,c A A A A . A A A F

m : g c

g u b y :

p L o > g

; ; ; G 4; A A A A A A A , A i c C A A A A A A A A A

y d pero r xid o e . .g -.... e. c . . .n -. c. . . .F . . . ,c c c x y c s i u ;d l: ( g f ....... ei2 A nd rx 0 e , )x y A x A x c x ----------------------------------------------c )A c A L a ( c sq o u ................... l e v er c n s ct s L a a ....................... cc t ............. i i xdc A A . c F L u b r o i rc a i e ............. t i f l nA ig A s n A A e , Ad A M a g cn h e .................... sl i o u F r m Fi Fd x e F F x k f a gh n y e d .... s .......... ri o uAm x c i cd - e x M a g sn e u................ s l i ..... u f c maA t -e A c x x A x x tiercury......-.......................-..-......., ~ a g t.......... a u..................... r s a A . lc c . A c x { a i c t c ................ rr i ....... iu . x d c xd x , x e x A x x x x A D i ...................................... l u t ex d x x x x A C o n c e ........................... n t r a t xe d x c A 3 a 1 ................................... c e i i ... c d cA A . c c ) a x ..................................... ac l i i cd c A A . x ? a a l .............. m c i ............... ti i c c dc A2a . c CZ1A ? e t Or ( o S 1O l O e luFA-mcc sr u :e . c. A c dA h o a s p............ hc .............. o r e ic c c d C c . C x o t h a y s d ................. s r i o u cx m xi x d x e x x o t sa u s......................... sl i fu c a mA te A A A P r ................ o p .............. a ........ n A eA A A A A S e( ............................ w g a a g.. c s ex ; ) : : A A ; a ( o s s c oad r d b h o i a nF u a ,t m e ) . .c S ob i sd u l ................... if a tu e .x . m .F . .F . A F c S oc hd ....l....... i o ... ....... ur ... Fi m Fd F e A c c s oc d y . _ ai _ n . u ....... . . iA m ._x d . x_ e . x _x. . x _ s o h yd d ...................... ir o u x A m i c d Fe F c x c x c . .F . x $ oh y p d o c i h..... l .......... o u r i xt me H H N c oo n o t t o i epn p p u s e o d sa i tn g e IO.

A
A A

c A c c c c A A c c A A A c A A A A A A A A x A x A x ,A A lA , A c

c A A A A A A A A A A A ,c A , A A A A A An A Am A A , A .A , c A

A A
A A A A A

c 2c A c A c A c
A

A c c 2c A A A A c A c A c A c
A A

c F c 4 F c c F F A A A A A A A A c A c A c

A4 A A A

A. A,, A,, c

c
A c

A
; F

A
x A

8.

H h
f

Pre$ence oj water

temperature.

I
SVO

C
( R e

O G
S A I T N G E E m c : a i e n gs g ) e

C H S E M OE I O C PA EPLP O S s iR s a t a tS ni ac nf e a g ap s

?3. 8070.

3 R c

g a s e s 3 . t e or n tp 1 e o r C a Sto m ~ rir 8 r e o J r w e a i ~ e~ ~ b

; 320.
19.

230

C
C w

O M

R e s i R s at A t a Dn iG c n eF o gD Fs o : a D u n t u it o n ao : s b o lt C e = eC a d u e t op ic o e nnd d i i r t e fh a o o o d a ut i t nt n o e g tn e x x s c N t dr e. c o m o m e n d et d .

u N s i zc a ; l % G w . : ~ u 2 4 & c ~ ~ : & 2 2 5

L : 2 v

~ a K z & : A A A
x

w ~ m 0: : : T z g u Q E z 2 s 2 i A A A

wY

v t ~ w Q $

v $ u L o : g & : : ~ w w e$ : c & , ~ ,

A A ea .A . A . I A . c A Zc A c A A F ~ulfur.........................................., c ,ulfur dioxide, dry.................., A A A A A u d l i wo f ................ x eu i x d tFr e F ,. A A c, u l a f( c u c 1 r ...... i x i o0 cd c c l% A , d H ........................................ o t .x x . x A x 1 0 c - ........................ 7 o 5 lx % x d , x A. x H ....................................... o t .x x . x A x 7 5 c - ....................... 9o 5 lA % c , dc A. c H ........................................ o t .A . x A F u................................. m i n A g A c u l a f ........................ u cr o iX u Fsd F A . F a a r ............................ t c a ri X i cd c A . o l u e ............................ n e _ . . . .A . .A . A A A r i c h l o r o e dt h ......... y lr eAn eA, y A F . A W ..................................... e t .X F . F c u r p e n .......................... t i n e . . C . . . c . c A C J fa ( tr b e t eo r a i s , p l h e, f e e ................................ t e a d A ,A , A )A A ? sa w t .................... ae e t r c A , e 4 aA r i h a i w s .................. ik n X e n c y ce -d s x i c h ............................ l no r X i dc xe A x
inc sulfate ............................... C

; i ; ;

onitrate d...................... i uA A m A o p de ...................... i r o t xlc i c m dos t d eu . . i ............. . l . u. A . .A fm . .A . oS f d......................... ii U ud A c m ec iodium th iosulfate, h A y cp c e itearic acicl...... ...................... F A A

A A A A tA

. c . A A A A A A . c x x .c x x x c x x x x x A x F c A c A A . A r A x c c A

9 A ,A A A A A F x c F x c c c x F A x c E c A A i A A A

c ,A ,A ,A c , A A A ~ ; A Z 7z z 5 c A A A A A A A A . A A A ,A lA , l c c c A A c A c A A c A c A . c A x A A x x x A A c c c A A x x A A F A c A A x c x A , , c ; e ~ A * c A A A A A A c A cA A c x i i A i A Ax cC A A AA xA c A A A

c c A A i A A C A

A - c A x A F

c oo

n t o t o i epn 0

p p u s e o 8

d sa

i .

tn g e

All Percenls; 7

Gas;

b f S

231

C
( R e

O G
) e

C H S E M O E I O C PA EPLP O S S A I T N G E E s i R s at t a S n i ac nf a e g ap s m c : a i e n gs g

. n c a ~ > ; : 3 ; l o s
~
g g s : $ I =

A C R B z ~
& ~
~ u ~ ~

s o u o

2 & ~
: w & g

. :~ . u ~
~ $
~ w ~

e s t o R s W m po . v , R u b b b b e r F n r id o J c te i d . ~ % . w g
c ~ ~ ~ ~ Q : s
w z : ~ ~ Q $ ~ z m ; ~ v ~ ~ ~ ~ Q : z z A ~ *

u e e n e

b n r d

b M i e s c re l l a n e o u

~ L m
2 ~ ; 2 2 *

> m u
a $ & Q

.
$ Q ~ o + 0

~
; m : ~

~
: & +

* :

7 & 0 g ~ u

7 ; ~ ~ u

: ~ g

z g

*J c A A A . A A A F F x

J A i A A

u P P P P P 1 u A u u c A A A A A A c A c A c - - - c F c A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A A 4 A A A A A A c c c x x x c A A c A - - F A F F c c c c c c c i A F i c x : x x A A c c i c x % x x A A c c i c x % x x A A c c x c x i x x i c x i A c z F c : x x F A x x ? x A c : x x c c A c i i A A 2 c x c c x x 2

A : -

c c A A . c F c x A :

D A A A A ~ x x x ~ A A -

c c A A c A A A A A A A
X3 1 Fa]

P A A A A A
A

A A x x A F x x A F
A A

A F A F ;

c A A ;

F x x ;

A A x x x $

A A A : A A A A A A A A A A A

~ x
x

x A A

1:
A ~A ~A ~A x x * 2

2 : A c A x A A A c

: : x x x x A A A A x x x x

;$ : x x x x A c A c x x x x

.
c A A A

: c - x - x - A A A x x x t c c x l es

x F x x x F x x x x x x F A x x A A A F x c A A x x A A

t A A A

t A A

5 A A A

A A A A c A A t a S

A A c A A

A A c A A the e f 0

A A A A c x A A A A e p rx

A A A A x x A A A A o e t oa . i

A A A A A A A A A c A c A A A A A tt h nt a g ebt

e f es

A A F x
A . F

F A F F A A F

A A

a 330. o

l 32. t

i
;
UJe ij

cw r o e

ph a

as n r e e t~ i[

i t
i

232

C
N E

THE TABLES BELOW ARE FOR DATA OF FABRICATING CA}) ACITIES OF THE SHOP WHICH HAVE TO BE KNOWN B T V E D HE S S ST I Y G C E EN OL E L H H R U . BEEN M A LEFT OPEN AND ARE TO BE FILLED IN BY THE USER OF THIS HANDBOOK ACCORDING TO THE FACILITIES OF THE SHOP CONSIDERED. MAXIMUM WIDTH in.

MAXIMUM THICKNESS i

MINIMUM DIAMETE; Rn i

ROLLINGPLATES TENSILE STRENGTH OFPLATE p

NOTE: FOR MATERIAL OF HIGHER STRENGTH THE THICKNESS OR WIDTH OF THE PLATE MUST BE REDUCED IN DIRECT PROPORTION TO THE HIGHER STRENGTH

MAXIMUM SIZE LEG IN LEG OUT

MINIMUM DIAMETER in.

3 Q

L A

LN I G N

LG

S
MINIMUM SIZE MINIMUM DIAMETER in.

.% Q

LEG IN LEG OUT MAXIMUM SIZE MINIMUM DIAMETER in.

ROLLING BEAMS

MAXIMUM
SIZE

MINIMUM
DIAMETER

ROLLING CHANNELS

FLANGES Q
Q IN FLANGES OUT MAXIMUM SIZE

ROLLING FLAT BAR Q

DIAMETEll in.

MINIMUM

ON EDGE

233

F
NOMINAL PIPE S1z i?

C
SCHEDULE MINIMUM RADIUS in.

BENDING PIPES

PLATE THiCK~ESS in.

MiNiMUM PLATE iNSiDE i THICKNESS RADIUS in.

MINiMUM
iNSiDE RADiUS

BENDING PLATES WITH PRESS BRAKE

MAXiMUM PLATE MAXiMUM PLATE DIAMETER in. ::AHMoELTEEi: THiCKNESS in. OFHOLE in ri-ilCKNEss PUNCHING HOLES

vliNiMUM iNSiDE DiAMETER R 3E VESSEL Accessible FO iNSIDE WELDING

TYPES OF WELDINGS AVAILABLE FURNACES FOR STRESS RELIEViNG

inches

WIDTH ft. HEIGHT MAX. TEMPERATURE

ft. F.

LENGTH

ft

234

P I s o b e an p d o t ii

A tnu n o g p

IT bp u

B P N UE o h eet t a b r p a u d

N * E BD D I

EN

G h d n n e sh

, e i se r eh t r r a et n t t f i ce

e c c o mt p a r i e aos t s nre d n e o , o hs p

o us l esn t s i e n tt f qr e ds t eu p s a

li eh

r tube tends to flatten or collapse. To prevent such distortion, the common

practice is to support the wall of the pipe or tube in some manner during the bending operation. This support may be in the form of a filling material, or, when a bending machine or fixture is used, an internal mandrel or ball-shaped member may support the inner wall when required.

MINIMUM R4DIUS:

The safe minimum radius for a given diameter, material,

w at i b a p d h o i p e l i u

and method of bending depends upon the thickness of the p possible, for example, to bend extra heavy pipe to a smaller r

standard weight. As a generalrule, wrought iron or steel pipe of standard weight may readily be bent to a radius equal to five or six times the nominal pipe diameter. The minimum radius for standard weight pipe should, as a rule, be three and one-half to four times the diameter. It will be understood, however, that the minimumradius may vary considerably,dependingupon the method of bending. Extra heavy pipe may be bent to radii varyingfrom two and one-halftimes the diameterfor smallersizesto three and one-halfto four times the diameterfor largersizes.

d
R
( S t 4 3 t a P n f d I d i a r i pd

o )( E e

R to 4d)
Hx

2 Pe t a ir

% va p y

MINIMUMR4DIUS

*FromMachinerys Handbook,

Industrial Press, Inc. - New York

235
PIPE ENGAGEMENT LENGTH OF THREAD ON PIPE TO MAKE A TIGHT JOINT

Nominal Pipe Size

I Dimension [ Nominal I Dimension Pipe A A Size inches inches

I I
I I

1/8 1/4
3/8 1/2

I I
I I I
I

1/4

I
I

3-1/2

3/8 3/8
1/2

4 5
6 8 10 12

I I
I I I

1-1/16 1-1/8
}

I I
I

I
I

1-5/16 1-7/16
1 -

I I

I I
I I I

3/4
1 1-1/4 1-1/2

9/16
11/16

I
I I I

I
I

I
I

I I
I I

1-3/4

11/16

2 2-1/2

3/4 15/16

I
R O N

D I M E D N NS I A O NL F SO V L A R O OI T A WT I I T A OP T P H R I EN A N GD I N R G

DRILLSIZESFORPIPETAPS Nominal Pipe Size

1

Tap Drill Sizein.

/ 1 1 8 /

Nominal Pipe Size

23 2

Tap Drill Sizein.

2 3 /

1/4

7/16

2-1/2

2-9/16

3/8
1/2

19/32
23/32

3
3-1/2

3-3/16
3-11/16

3/4 1 1-1/4 1-1/2

15/16 1-5/32 1-1/2 1-23/32

4 5 6

4-3/16 5-5/16 6-5/16

236
BEND ALLOWANCES For 900 Bends in Low-Carbon Steel Metal Thickness (t) in. 0.032 Bend Allowance Inches With Inside Radius (r) in. 1/32 1/16 3/32 1/8 1/4 1/2

0.050
0.062 0.078 0.090 0.125 0.188 0.250 0.313 0.375 0.437 0.500

0.059 0.087
0.105 0.128 0.146 0.198 0.289 0.382 0.474 0.566 0.658 0.750

0.066
0.101 0.118 0.142 0.160 0.211 0.302 0.395 0.488 0.580 0.672 0.764

0.079
0.114 0.132 0.155 0.173 0.224 0.316 0.409 0.501 0.593 ~ 0.685 0.777

0.093
0.129 0.145 0.169 0.187 0.243 0.329 0.424 0.515 0.607 0.699 0.791

0.146
0.168 0.183 0.202 0.217 0.260 0.383 0.476 0.569 0.661 0.752 0.845

0.254
0.276 0.290 0.310 0.324 0.367 0.443 0.519 0.676 0.768 0.860 0.952

r&I 4 ben~~l~o~~n~e

1 =a+b+c w=a+b+c+d w=a+b+c+d+e (2 x!end allowance) (3x bend allowance) (4x bend allowance)

Note: w = developed width (length) of blank, t = metal thickness, r = inside radius of bend. EXAMPLE: Carbon steel bar bent at two places. The required length of a 1/4 in. thick bar bent to 90 degrees with 1/4 in inside radius as shown above when the sum of dimensions a, b and c equals 12 inches, is 12 -(2x 0.476)= 11.048 inches MINIMUMRADIUS FOR COLD BENDING: The minimum permissible inside radius of cold bending of metals when bend lines are transverse to direction of the final rolling, varies in terms of the thickness, t from 1-1/2 t up to 6 t depending on thickness and ductility of material. When bend lines are parallel to the direction of the final rolling the above values may have to be approximately doubled.

237
LENGTH OF STUD BOLTS FOR FLANGES *

1. Length of the stud bolts do not include the heights of the point. (1.5 times thread pitch) 2. Plus tolerance offlg. thks. Sizes 18in. &smaller 0.12in. Sizes 20 in. andlarger O.19 in. 3. Minus tolerance ofstud length Forlengths upto 12incl. O.O6in. For lengths over 12 to 18 incl. 0.12 in. For lengths over 18 0.25 in. 4. Rounding.offto the next larger 0.25 in. increment. 5. Gasket thickness for raised face, M & F and T & G flanges 0.12 in. For ring type joint see table page 346 and take half of the dimensions shown, since in dimension A only half of the gasket thickness is included. *Extracted from American National Standard : ANSI B 16.5 - 1973 Steel Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings.

238

IN THE PRACTICE THERE A S E RVD E I FRFW EA E R L OE AD N E T TY A I P R E VS S E .U B S R M S EE A TL K D S IR A N HYAWG L I W NW EG T A S S Y T S H A M E C TO N H S O I D T E D R ,A C B IB L E S M A A A A VE T N E N L DI L OI T p OE S DS SH I BO E R A R L O TE R R ES SC OHS ME M M E. N E DE I E T D FH O O L H P D OR ~N O E L N P R A C A T G I EC NA NE A L R CA CL D EL PY T E D .

A. Select the scale so that all HORIZONTAL VESSELS

4

f
3nd View
1-

openings, seams, etc., can be shown without makin the picture overcrowd f or confusing.

Ref.line

ELEVATION w Saddle MIS~~~~~SEOUS

~

B. Show right-end view if necessary only for clarity because of numerous connections, etc., on heads. In this case lt is not necessary to show on both views the connections etc., in shell. end view would overcrowd the picture. On elevatlon show only a simple icture of saddle and ! he centerlines.

C. Show the saddles separateGENERAL ly, If showing them on the SP~~EC~~CA-

BLOCK TITLE

D. Locate davit. E. Locate name plate. F. Locate seams, after everyth.mg 1s m place on elevation. The seams have to clear nozzles, lugs and saddles. G. Show on the elevation and end view a simple lcture F etc., of opemngs, internas, lf a se arate detad has to be mat e for these. H. Dimensioning on the elevation drawing. All locatlons shall be. shown with taded chmenslons measured from the reference line. The distance from ref. line ~odbeshown for one saddle The other saddle shaY 1. be located showing the dimension between the ;-w$~~ bolt holes of the END VIEW I. Two symbolic bolt holes $~aytdy tlgn%~le~~t~ straddling the parallel lines with the principal centerlines of vessel.

239
P R E V S SE D U S E R TE S A( E I cL L Io N n G t . )

VERTICAL VESSELS

-E*
e n t E a tl i e o vn a t Bi G A S c [
TIIle Block

A. Select the scale so t a openings, trays, seams, etc., can be shown without making the picture overcrowded or confusing. B. If the vessel diameter i unproportionally small to na s e the length, draw the width a of the vessel in a l
s t c h s a a e p n f e a d r ea o t l la eL c S i f i tc. T i o o r in e h s in nt t v b i ao s ec i n f o r a m at b t c a o n t o ei z ln i

M I S C E L L AD N E E O UT S

e pI a

r a v e o l r s l

aa t i e o n o h uw e pm , l i oo n h z o lt ne t a w t

D. S

ho

i o e hs n

mS

3 . @ Em : u --.

G. ORIENTATION PLAN

degrees: 00, 900, 1800, 2700 and use it in the same position on all other orientations.

240

PRESSURE VESSEL DETAILING (cont.)

Nozzle on Top or ~ottom

00 ~+ H. It is not necessary to show internals on vessel orientation if their position is clear from detail drawings or otherwise. J. Draw separate orientations for showing different internals, lugs, etc. if there is not space enough to show everything on one. K. For vessels with conical sections, show 2 orientations if necessary, one for the upper section, one for the lower section. L. Two, symbolic bolt holes shown in flanges make clear that the holes are straddling the lines parallel with the principal centerlines of vessel. M. If there is a sloping tray, ,

1800

1 ~

partition plate, coil, etc., in the vessel,show in the orientation the direction of slope.
J O

(JO

27oo
G

. w t 1

1800

8 Lowest 0

Point of Plate D ORIENTATIONS

PREFERRED LOCATIONS Of Vessel Components and Appurtenances

A. Anchor bolts straddle principal centerlines of

vessel.

B. Skirt access openings above base minimum to

clear anchor lugs, maximum 3-0.

c. Skirt vent holes as high as possible.

I
I

D. Name plate above manway or liquid level control, or level gauge. If there is no manway, 5-0 above base.

r I

-.

E. Lifting lugs - if the weight of the vessel is uniform, E dimension is equal .207 times the overall length of vessel.

F. Manway 3-0 above top of platform - floor

plate.
1

G. Insulation ring must clear girth seam and shall

be cut out to clear nozzles, etc.

H. Insulation ring spacing 8 - 12 feet (approx.

length of metal jacket sheet).
.,

J. Girth seams shall clear trays, nozzles, lugs. K. Long seams to clear nozzles, lugs, tray downcomers. Do not locate long seams behind downcomers. Seams shall be located so that visual inspection can be made with all internals in place. Longitudinal seams to be staggered
1 i p 8o s s0 i b 0 l ef .

I & % +

L. Ladderand platformrelation.

3_u

M. Davit and hinge to be located as the manway

i most accessible, or right hand side. s

v
.

N. Ladder rung level with top of platform floor plate. The height of first rung above base varies, . minimum 6, maximum 1-6.

242 COMMON ERRO RS in detailing pressure vessels

A.

Interferences Openings, seams, lugs, etc. interfere with each other. This can occur: 1. When the location on the elevation and orientation is not checked. The

practiceof not showingopeningsetc. on the elevationin their true position, may increasethe probabilityofthis mistake.
2. The tail dimensionsor the distances between openingson the orientation

do not show interference, but it is disregarded,that the nozzles,lugs etc., havecertain extension. Thusit can take place that:
a b c d e

Skirt access opening does not .clear the anchor lugs. Ladder luginterferes with nozzles. . . The reinforcing pads of two nozzles overlap each other. Reinforcing pad covers seam. . Vessel-davit interferes with nozzles. This can be overlooked especially if . the manufacturer does not furnish the vessel-davititself, but the lugs only. f Lugs, open%gs, etc. are on the. vessel seam. on perimeter of the skirt for the required number of ! There is no room 3 . anchor lugs.

Particular care should be taken when ladder, platform, vesseldavit etc., are shown on separate drawings, or more than one orientations are used. B. Changes. Certain changes are necessary on the drawing which are earned out on the elevation. but not shown on the orientation or reversed. Making changes, it is

c. D.

advisable to ask the question: Whatdoesit affect? For example: Billof material The changeof materialaffects: Scheduleof openings Generalspecification Legend Orientation The changeof locationaffects: Elevation Locationof internals Locationof other components. ShowingO.D. (outside diameter) instead of I.D.(insidediameter)or reversed. Dimensions shownerroneously: l4Yinstead of 10 2~0instead of 20etc. Overlooking the requirementof specialmaterial

E.

PRESSURE VESSEL DETAILING (cont.) \

1
.Y X . . D E .

D P T a z o W z u c S 8 E W W W W O P L I P E R BM I R L C I I T B E N F E SS I D E R M E P S P E @ SS R O A U T U R I R E E F

E G

M S W .

A X A H A A M C N O I R G KN & IN GT

. Y T . QC R F E N O . A x R R A . O LSI I L O N O NW .

/ D S S EC C N

FI S EO M

D I O G R A P H I C I T A M I N A T I O N D I ON A E N C SE M 1 E L N 0 L I Y TA T 0 D N T 0

E ( C S E L I E F L A E R W A I

H T II P OP N I G S H ST G U T B ETL H E I I N

G L )O N G I T JU E F F I C I . P W L T . R E H ST OH E A@ 1 T .

LT / S R G G B

5 T T FL ~ E * a z N B c W F A O N O L L o Z T I N Z E I u H G L N N CE G p G K E . S KB A S A BN D . R A CO D L T K S Y

A P H I E H E L . S

.
T T

. E K

G P A

A I

K N

E T

.
m

t I V R E RE S S QE E U L D S I A S W P H P I E L P I R P G B O I X N H . G ST
d

PRESSURE VESSEL DETAILING (cont.) OPENINGS

! I

5 1

Detailingopenings as shownon the oppositepage with data exemplifiedin the scheduleof openings below, eliminatesthe necessity of detailing every single opening on the shop
drawing.

c-1
A/-f M-l /lvLET /%llvw/ly
SEnVICE 1

2 6 3 3 /8 3
SIZE RATING

c 0G w 0~ w0N
TYPE

-& ~ - ? f- . ) 0 ) ( I 5 ( 5343 H . . Y. = 6& S* 53-49 X 0 H . . 24*X~2 S/l 5

M
BORE

29Z MIN. 8 A MlIv.

~/ 5 2

v // /~
~O

yg- Nw.

yd M//u.# 0 %
c

j 0 7T
a

/ &

/~

D R

WE LO SIZE L

LE OF

GS

246

TRANSPORTATION OF VESSELS

Shipping capabilities and limitations. TRANSPORTATION B TRUCK. The maximum size of loads which maybe carried without special permits a. weight approximately 40.000 Ibs. b. width of load 8 ft., Oin. c. height above road 13 ft., 6 in. (height of truck 4 ft., 6 in. to 5 ft., Oin.) d. length of load 40 ft., Oin. Truck shipments over 12 ft., Oin. width require escort. It increases considerably the costs of transportation. 2. TRANSPORTATION BY R41LROAD. Maximum dimensions of load which may be carried without special routing. a. width of load 10 ft., Oin. b. height above bed of car 10 ft., Oin. With special routing, loads up to 14 ft., O in. width and 14 ft., O in. height may be handled.

1.

247

P
O S T S U ER F E AF C L E S

P U R P O S E T m p a h u o r p ipa e i o t ns p t r e ei s n h eo f rg a vs a t s sit e u o nT re f p a er f ac e h l e it . a t c o r 1h rb o p s r e i .v t oe e c n n ot o in c,h n yo tg r aa r o c g fe s tte i vr v n f e e to hsa s r s m s u f ea 2 b r i n .u h ie lb e ics tt r ,i oy -v cp te h e r, m oi c o p at e l pr t m ia a eh s t i e r n fi e a t l . T a p b a r am h i b s un u tie s r t s ae t tb e s le f o ie fh t a a s co i cn toh e ni m o i dc n a l s f . s e on t c v i th re o h sn m i eef m ne t ap , a

S U R P RF E P A A C R AE T I O N T p r r ih e mq f u aa si reus y c i oc p t e ej s a is t f r iru lo e n o mh m to s b vr c i s ae d a u l l li s f g r o e a f a o s m i re n a e, M t i s lt gdi i e r lal .u i h c tn b s lt h l - l eh g r osa iei y o , y c r x e ki o w fh oo i s t r cr u s m h c s t t uu s b r esn a t et l q e h u r e l no h ot lp o el r I o i ate tn m ti g o n i h. s i ic n aa a t d l a t h ne i c te g t s tr mh ed t i e s p h l tr yo p a rv oo l ie tt d ,e t c e s tt s h i t o hen o e e d v t t e r uo r a lh d , l i e o i sn p o n eh l c g ia o n m dt pig e l e n m s f t s ,e t l iia y c s ce al tl l e n c o u i n p t r e ar e c dt i c en . I m s p r o t i in c b al c a r o lf a ld s c e p lks h te r wy dgi , ol m i l i iep oml i re v n nvil i fre o g nl m e e v t l i h dm o es had o rci o at s ug le l r e e i s ea l rt a , l t e s ,m er c ,o , v e. d e . c ae e a t cl u rt

E C O C NO N O SM I D E I RC A T I O N S T s e l o hep c a ta s i eo ui p n rr n n e f pfb a at r c e a d t t ety i o e n oc a h n sn i d n i p a p r oo e c b ol n e o m m i c s f . T c a d e x d i s a n o s S T a t t

o p o h i n a os i r2 e m n 5 t oa l f -lt o l t 3s e yc 0 o p %soh a ai s r s n ts rft e tu i c tt n t f h g u r v oa u n h t s a q g i iue p an i g a laf g pi i p h t Sa y n r p ie e t n oxtrm s . co t t eo t y n t or h o p a pe jn a l s i i et i o s n fu p etrr h ef bp s a a r nt ca e ct e i o o n p noh e t t r e p ta sdr a f d f ee i rv g e a r ni e ra t p y e r os i p on o1s tr g 1 t i n0 oF n e x 1 atf o 2m co p . o l oh e r d bi l a a s 1b t i t n 0o g h i - u it ms1t g t o h eh 2t h h e s a w r aa bh n r i u tn Ts f c h re i d n o e hg u p ~ r e f p saa r hc a b fb t e o i ao u n l a a gl t n a i dc n i e ce lndr ho s et av it s e ee fs d h s e e

E L E O CP T I S A O YN I S T N F E TM S t ao t h b f ol l p el he o ss aw a i n eg gn e g u rt e s i v s t e dp e l e r pse sh ao c s i op nt y t e e si r e s tt n ir m e a q q hd t u u eia o p r n eet f a dv i t ai sy r o e nc i f r o otn v du rT ii s t dc i o en a s h a b t u lh h a b t ea e t de f r a v t ee kS r e S et n t o h r ne u P cm a te C iue o n r l e uts snp i c en i cgl i f a i r e co o m m n n e n d as t i od n s . n s P s ti ds e e r v i v n h a gr e o i pr a a ae b i p ll r ne ots i b ii lan f ed g m v t si r ,s e a t b q tls u e o i p s t m a aa nn c u i fe a c n t u f r et r s . C E O CN D I I A T IL O N S

C o a s S

A B R A S I O N W t ph a m i eh nr t u a e n i b nser tsga ig s a s it o d oht nh o t , e oc s o ei i dp o ah a ntr t i i c fn u e l i m p oF r m t aa n x ao t d .i h m b e u csr l m i l oe i at na b, ns a i a etn h p g i l ns ic ss k e s al t i dt f a cP r t e to r e r sa y t a m . he u np t h s o c oo s wp h p h as a r att ee i x s m cf r e ee h l t lr e co n eh

and rougheningthe surface. Urethane coatings,epoxies and vinyl paints have very good abrasion resistance. Z rich coating,and phenolicpaints are also good. Oleoresinouspaints may develop m greaterresistanceby incorporationof sand reinforcement.

i u

248

H T EI M P E GR A T H U R E B t e e m lp e o r o5a t0 uw 0r e t s o 6 0 ba 0 g t f s F a o u f i rc o o fo n ha optd c h i eo n o s gr t r e ias t a t mi se fAn a ct 5 tb o 0 r 0 y s o .a - blast 6v cleaned 0 0e F is desirable. surface

Recommended Paints:
u

to

2 2 3 3 7 8 0

2 3 4 5 8

05 0 Oil base p paints limited period 0 0 or phenolic 0 An alkyd vehicle 0 0 modified - alkyds 0 Specially 05 0 Colored silicones 0 0 zinc coatings 0 Inorganic above 550 F Black or Aluminum silicones 0 F - Aluminum 1 2 silicones 0 0 up to 1600-1800 F Silicone ceramic coatings A L S

0 F 0 F 0 F 0F 0 F

R COHS EI M V IE C

See tables I and V for the selection of paint systems. THE REQUIRED QUANTITY OF PAINT Theoretically, one gallon of paint covers 1600 square feet surface with 1 mil (0.001 inch) thick coat when it is wet. The dry thickness is determined by the solid (non volatile) content of the paint, which can be found in the specification on the label, or in the suppliers literature. If the content of solids by volume is, for example, 60%, then the maximum dry coverage (spreading rate) theoretically will be 1600x .60-= 960 square feet. THE CONTENT OF SOLIDS OF PAINTS BY VOLUME $%
I

% 1 2 3 4 5 6
8 9 Varnish Paint Aluminum Vinyl Paint White 14 70 103 104 106 Black Alkyd Paint Black Phenolic Paint White or Tinted Alkyd Paint, Black 70 15
1 6

%
50

&
70

37 57 47 - 50

In practice, especially with spray application, the paint never can be utilized at 100 percent. Losses due to overspray, complexity of surface (piping, etc.) may decrease the actual coverage to 40-60$Z0, or even more.

.
)

- .

P T
System Number
s C

I BS A z

G E , TM S

A I P
c o .:?=
~

Y L I S ET N

E;= @
1St Coat

Paint and Dry Thickness, Mi]s See Table IV 2nd Coat 104 ( I .3) 14 104 (i .3)
I (I I ( I

Ps i

~ 0: WL+

3rd Coat 104 (1 104 (1

I

::h,

&

:;::. ness

(:?7) Condensation, chemical fumes, brine drippings and Other extremely corrosive conditions are Q present
I

2 or
3

Not (1.;) Reqd (17)

104 5.0

Steel surfaces exposed to the weather, high humidity, infrequent immersion in fresh or salt water or to mild chemical
a

( lc5) 6 or
8 (I

Not ( 1?)
R ( E

( IC5) 104 (1 .5)

I ( I .5)

5.0 104 (1 (1
I

Steel s exposed to alternate immersion. high humidity and condensation or to the weather or moderately severe chemical atmospheres or immersed in fresh water Immersion in salt water or in many chemical s c severe weather exposure or chemical atmospheres 4.02 Fresh water immersion, condensation, very severe weather or chemical atmospheres Complete or alternate immersion in salt water, high humidity, condensation, and exposure to the weather Condensation, or very severe weather exposure, or chemical atmospheres 4,05 Condensation, severe weather, mild chem]cal atmospheres Steel vessels
p w f t w s f

5, 6, 8, or

I , 2, 5, or 6 3, or ( 1.5)
4

5. or 6 ( I .5)

I 03 (I

5, 6

or 103
*

9 5.5

(1G5) 10
6

Not Reqd 3 ** Not Reqd 3 ** 3

H (lHs) 9 ( 1!5) (192) (1:5) (1%

(1?)

H 6.0

404

or 8 6 or 8 6 or 8
6

8 4,0

9 F G
G

9 F

4.5 4,0 I

G
G

G (2.0)

7.0

6;r

6.03 Dry, non corrosive environment, inside of b t w

t

8 n
c

3 o m
Reqd Not
R

(1.5) i
(1
(

G n
,/

G a l

K 6.25

Longtime protection in sheltered or in8.01 accessible places, short term or temporary in corrosive environments p 9.0 I 10.01
1

ing 1 and 2 or 3 6 ~

3
)

I
(wet) 63

Corrosive or chemical atmospheres, but should not be used in contact with oils, solvents, or other agents Underground and underwater steeJ structures U c p u e w r d

Not Reqd Not

R (

12 63
) 0 ) )

or for high tempera-

ture *Four coats are recommended in severe exposures

Reqd (1!-18)

(25)

(8! 5)

35

**The dry film thickness of the wash coat 0.3-0.5 roils.

250
T
{stem Imber sPcPs Fresh or sea water immersion, tidal and splash zone exposure, condensation, burial in soil and exposure of brine, crude oil, sewageand alkalies, chemical fumes, mists High humidity or marine atmospheric exposures, fresh water immersion. With proper topcoating in brackish and seawater immersion and exposure to chemical acid and

A I P

BS A
o .Uz= Ob

Y L I S ( E cT No G ;
;= gbl ,Zg Not Reqd
E-

n E, T t M i n Su a
2nd Coat

) n

P
1
coat (l:)

a T
3rd Coat

n c nk h i iroils
& ::!t ;;:-

te

See Table IV

?J&~ 6 :;

(l:)

32

I ~,oo

Zinc-rich coatings comprise a number of different commercial types such as: chlorinated rubber, styrene, epoxies, polyesters, vinyls, urethanes, silicones,

subject to chemical exposure such as acid and alkali.

Epoxy Paint System

T R t T 1 I a W b E e f e r e n

A I c l T O

P RB E I T R L E AI T E S P ME E CN ,I F TI C A T I C I N S e To e a iP ut rn l p oe S pee c i f i c sd N u m P C 1-64

T T R I E NA I

G T

E L N

Saturation of the surface layer of rusty and scaled steel with wetting oil that is compatible with the priming paint, thus improving the adhesion and performance of the paint system to be applied. 2
C C P O H o n v t O S L SP U H A D R T TR FE E A A C T M E E S N ST 2 P es r u t of i rsteel hn g f to insoluble a c e salts e

C-

of phosphoric acid for the purpose of inhibiting corrosion and improving the adhesion and performance of paints to be applied. 3 BASIC ZINC CHROMATE-VINYL BUTYRAL WASHCOAT(Wash Primer) Pretreatment which reacts with the metal and at the same time forms a protective vinyl film which contains an inhibitive pigment to help prevent rusting. HOT PHOSPHATE SURFACE TREATMENT Converting the surface of steel to a heavy crystallinelayex of insoluble salts of phosporic acid for the purpose of inhibiting corrosion and improving the adhesion and performance of paints to be applied. SSPC-PT3-64

SSPC-PT4-64

2 . P T % t T 1 I a S b O l L C V L e f e r e A I , n SB U c e T e E E AN N T I N G A I N T I N G

P R L R FE E P A A CRS IA E ~ T ~ lI FO I N C A T I O N S

oa

iP

ut

rn l p

oe

sd

S e p e c i f i c a t i N u m b

1-63

10

Removalof oil, grease, dirt, soil, salts, and contaminantswith solvents,emulsions,cleaningcompounds,or steam. HANDTOOLCLEANING Removalof loose mill scale,loose rust, and loose paint by hand brushing,hand sanding,hand scraping,hand chippingor other hand impact tools, or by combinationof thesemethods. POWER TOOLCLEANING Removalof loose mill scale,loose rust, and loose paint with power wire brushes, power impact tools, power grinders,power sanders,or by combination of these methods. FLAMECLEANING OF NEWSTEEL Removal of scale, rust and other detrimental foreign matter by high-velocity oxyacetylene flames,followedby wirebrushing. WHITE METALBLASTCLEANING Removalof all mill scale,rust, rust-scale,paint or foreignmatter by the use of sand, grit or shot to obtaina gray-wh~te, uniformmetalliccolor surface. COMMERCIAL BLASTCLEANING Removalof mill scale, rust, rust-scale,paint or foreign matter completely except for slight shadows, streaks, or discolorationscaused by rust, stain, mill scale oxides or slight,tight residuesof paint or coating that may remain. BRUSH-OFF BLASTCLEANING Removalof all except tightly adheringresidues of mill scale, rust and paint by the impact of abrasives. (Sand, grit or shot) PICKLING Completeremovalof all mill scale,rust, and rustscale by chemical reaction, or by electrolysis,or by both. The surface shall be free of unreacted or harmfulacid, alkali, or smut. NEAR-WHITE BLASTCLEANING Removalof nearly all mill scale, rust, rust-scale, paint, or foreign matter by the use of abrasives (sand, grit, shot). Very light shadows,veryslight streaks, or slight discolorationscaused by rust stain, millscale oxides, or slight,tight residuesof paint or coatingmay remain.

SSPC-SP 2-63

SSPC-SP 3-63

SSPC-SP 443

SSPC-SP 5-63

SSPC-SP 6-63

SSPC-SP 7-63

SSPC-SP 8-63

SSPC-SP 10453T

252

P T :e t ~ 1 r 1 a e b n l c fe Mo e

A A I

I P

N B A

I W LI

N N E

G T , S

2
3 4 5 6 8 9 1

Red Lead and Raw Linseed Oil Primer Red Lead, Iron Oxide, Raw Linseed Oil and Alkyd Primer Red Lead, Iron Oxide, and Fractionated Linseed Oil Primer
E P Z R A W R tR e L n R d e a ee B ad a oLd r i m e r D Z i u O n s ix a Pi t c n h dV e , n L I e O e a rx a Pd i o h d dV e , n l u V m Pi i n a u n mi y ( hC o i V l o ot P i r eea n dr I O re x Z Ci 1 o h i d r dRo en L n m x

1-64TN0.
2-64 No.

1
2

344TN0.

m
z l : T N + t < Tt N : ~ U l

n dd i O , n i ws e d e di e d 4 6 44 n ea k P o r, l n ai d 5-64T i c i sNo. h n5 6 6 n e a n P o r, l n ad i ic i s hn 64 8-64 No. 8 n l t 9-64 No. 9 i) y n l t , ai O t n c ae s , e iw e d

12 13 14 15 16 102 103 104 106 107 . A B c D E F G H I J K L M N o P

11-64TN0. 11 and Alkyd Primer 12-64 No. 12 Cold Applied Asphalt Mastic (Extra Thick Film) 13-64 No. 13 Red or Brown One-Coat Shop Paint 14454TNo. 14 Red Lead, Iron Oxide & Linseed Oil Primer 15%8TN0. 15 Steel Joist Shop Paint Coal Tar Epoxy-Polyamide Black (or Dark Red) Paint 16-68TN0. 16 Black Alkyd Paint 102%4 No. 102 103-64TNO. 103 Black Phenolic Paint White or Tinted Alkyd Paint, Types I, II, III, IV 10444 No. 104 Black Vinyl Paint 106-64 No. 106 Red Lead, Iron Oxide and Alkyd Intermediate Paint 10744TNO. 107 Paint; Red-Lead Base, Ready-Mixed Type I red lead-raw and bodied linseed oil Type II red lead, iron oxide, mixed pigmentalkyd-linseed oil Type 111red lead alkyd Primer; Paint; Zinc Chromate, alkyd Type Paint; Zinc Yellow-Iron Oxide Base, Ready Mixed, Type II-yellow, alkyd Paint; Outside, White, Vinyl, Alkyd Type Primer; Vinyl-Red Lead Type Vinyl Resin Paint Paint; Antifouling, Vinyl Type Paints; Boottopping, Vinyl-Alkyd, Bright Red Undercoat and Indian Red Finish Coat Enamel, Outside, Gray No. 11 (Vinyl-Alkyd) Enamel, Outside, Gray No. 27 (Vinyl-Alkyd) Compounds; Rust Preventive Coal Tar Enamel and Primers Coal Tar Base Coating Coating, Bituminous Emulsion TT-P-86C

: ~ m & ~

;Z z.~ TT-P-86C ~z TT-P-86C 32 z~ TT-P-645 ~k MIL-P-15929B ~ j MIL-P-16738B ~ 2 MIL-P-15929B ~ & a II VR-3 Lg MIL-P-15931A I > * !+; MAP44 X2 MIL-E-1593513 .5 : MIL-E-15936B ~ ~ 52-MA602a ~ .5 MIL-P-15147C j z MIL-C-18480A ~ ~ MIL<-15203c

2 P T A V C H B E I N IN A T T I C E N F RG I A L

L R M EIS E CI S A O,T L CA N O CA M E T A

Acetaldehyde . . . . . . . . 1 2 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 3 3 2 3 Acetic acid, 10% . . . . . . 1 2 1 1 1 1 4 3 3 4 4 3 4 A a c g e c l . t. . a i. . i 1 c2 dc ,1 4 l 3 3 4 4 3 4 1 i1 1 a Acetone . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3 3 1 1 1 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 Alcohol, amyl . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 3 3 3 3 2 3 A l b c n uo o t h . . r 1. oy 1ml1 l 1 a 1 , 1 l 3 .2 2 2 2 1 Alcohol, ethyl . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 A l ic s o o h . . p. o .r . 1 lo 1 ,p1 y l 1 2 1 111 1 1 A l m c oe . h .t . .o . .h 1 l 1y , 1 1 l 1 . 1 2 1 1 1 11 A l u c m h i l . .no . . 1 ur 1 m i 1 d 2e 2. 2 4 31 1 A l u s mu i l . .n p . . 1 u h 1m a1 1t 1 e1 4. 1 1 2 2 1 2 Ammonia, liquid . . . . . . 1 1 1 3 2 2 3 1 3 A m m c o h n l . i. o . 1 u r1 m i 1 d1 1e 3 .1 1 3 3 1 2 1 Ammonium hydroxide . . 1 1 1 3 2 2 3 1 3 A m m n o i n . t. i. . r1 u 1 am e 3 .1 1 3 3 1 2 1 1t 1 1 A m m s o u n l . i.p. 1 u h1 m a 1 t1 1 e 3 .1 1 3 3 1 2 1 Mdline. . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3 2 24 4 Benzene . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4 4 1 1 1 3 3 3 4 4 3 4 Boric acid . , . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Butyl acetate. . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 4 4 3 31 C a c l h c .l . .i .o . . u1 r 1m i1 1 d 1 e1 2 1 1 2 2 1 C a h ly c d r .i . o . . ux m d1 e 2 . 1 1 2 21 1 1 i1 C a h l y pc o c i . .h . u1 l o 2 mr2 i 3 t 2e 2 4 1 1 2 21 C ad i r s ub . . l. . p .o4 h ni 1 d 1 e 4 4 1 4 4 4 4 4 3 4 C at e tr r a bc .h . . lo4o 4r 4 n i 1 d 1 e 1 . 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Chlorine gas . . . . . . . . . 1 2 2 4 4 4 4 2 1 4 4 3 4 C h l o r o b.e . .n. . z . e. 4 n 4 e 4 . 1 1 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Chloroform. . . . . . . . . . 4 4 4 1 1 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 C h a r 1 oc . .m . . .i 2 i 20 2 cd 4 3 3 , 4 2 %2 4 4 2 4 C h a r 6 oc . .m . . .i 2i 20 2 cd 4 3 3 , 4 2 %2 4 4 2 4 Citric acid. . ; . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 21 1 C os u p l . .p. . .h . e1 a 1 1 tr 1e 1 . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Diethyl ether. . . . . . . . . 4 4 4 1 1 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 Ethylene glycol . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 11 Ferric chloride. . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 1 1 3 3 1 3 Ferric sulphate. . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 F o r m a l 4 d e .h . .y. 1 d 1 e 0,1 1 1 1 3 % 1 1 2 2 1 F oa r 2 c m . . . . 0 i , i1 1 d c1 % 1 1 , 1 3. 1 1 2 2 1 F oa r c c m . .o. .i . i 1 n 1 d c 1 e 1 , 1 . 1 3 21 1 Gasoline . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4 1 1 1 1 2 41 1 Glycerine . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 H y d r o a c h1 lc o . 1 r i0 i c1 1 d1.%1 3 , 1 1. 3 3 1 1 H y d r o a c h3 lc o . 1 r 2 i 0 i c d 1 % 3 1, 1 3. 3 1 3 2 1 1 H y d r oa c h c lc o . 1 r o 2 ii c n 1 d 1 3e 1, 1 3. 3 1 3 2 1 H y d r oa f l 1 uc o . . r , 2% 2 2 21 1 ii 2 c 1 0 1d 1 1 3 H y d r o a f l 4 uc o . .r i c1 01 d1 1 3 , 2 2 % 2 2 1 1 i2

3 1 1 3 3 3 4 4 1 1 1 2 3 3 3 4 3 2 2 1 2 3 2 2 2

2 2

2 3 3 2 4 1 3 2 3 1 2 3 4 2

P T A V C H B

G I T N F RG I E

E L R M EIS EC I S A O,T L CA N O CA E T M A

(continued)

v c
8

3, 2 2 2 2 3 H y d r o a f l 7 uc o . . r1 i2 i c1 5 d % 4 1 .3 3 i ;, 3 H y dp re o r 3 o g .x 1 e 1i n1 d:% e 2 .3 3 : 4 3 2 H y dp e r ro 3 i g o 2ex 2 0 n i1 d e 2 % , 3 1 2 2 1 2 H y ds ru o.l . .gp . . 1 e h n1 i d e 2 1 4 H y p o c h ao l .o. .r . o c 1 u : s1 : i ; : 4 d 1 3 1 4 : 2 4 Kerosene . . . . . . . . . . .4 4 1 1 1 1 2 1 4 4 2 L u b r oi c . . .a . .ti. .i n 4 g1l 1 1 1 . 4 2 4 1 2 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 1 1 M a g sn u e sl . . . ip . 1 u hm a t e 4 3 3 1 3 1l 1 4 M e e k t t h e. . h . .y t1 1 y o l2 1 n e 1 4 4 2 4 1 1 2 Mineral oil . . . . . . . . . .4 4 1 3 3 1 3 1 : 2 2 4 Nitric acid, 5%. . . . . . . . 1 4 3 3 : 4 2 2 ; Nitric acid, 10% . . . . . . 2 2 4 24 : : 3 2d c; N ai 4tc . . r.0 .i . i % , . 3 .4 2 4 34 2 4 N ai c t c . .r o . .i . i n d c :e 3 , . 3 .4 3 3 4 4 1 : 1 1 : N i t r o b .e . . n. .z. .e . n e . 4 3. 4 2 4 4 2 4 3 2 1 1 1 3 Oleic acid . . . . . . . .. ..3 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 Oxalic acid . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 4 1 1 1 ; Phenol, 15-25% . . . . . . . 4 3 Phenol . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 ,3 1 1 d P h o sa p 1h c o . . .r 1i i 1 c0 %1 3 3 1 3 1 1 1 ,3 1 1 d P h o sa p 6 h c o . . .r 1i i 1 c0 %1 3 3 1 3 1 ,3 1 . 1 3 3 1 3 P h o sa p ch c o . . o r 1 ii 1 c1 n 1 d 1 e 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 Potassium alum . . . . . . . 1 1 1 2 2 1 3 P o t h a y s d s r2 i o u 1 x2 mi1 : d 02e 2 , 4 1 1 % 3 2 2 4 52 P o t h a y s d s r9 i o u 1 x2 mi1 d e 2, % P o t p a e sr m s ai . n2 u g 2m a 1 n 3 a 2 t 2e 3 ; ; 3 3 ; 4 1 1. 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 P o t s a us l s . p . i. . h 1 u 1a m1 t 1 e 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Sea water . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Silver nitrate . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 ; 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 m1 . S b oi s d u . . i .l . .p u1 h a 1t 1 e 1 1 1 2 2 1 4 : 4 1 1 2 2 S o c ad r b i. . .o . u .n 1 am t e . 1 1 1 1 1 S oc h d l . i. o . . . ru . 1i m d1 e . ; ; 1 1. 1 1 1 ; S o h yd d i r1 o u .x 1 ;i0m1 d : e ; ,% 4 1 2 S o h yd d i r2 o u .x 1 2 i md 0 e , 2 4 1 1 %2 2 1 3 1 2 2 1 3 4e 2 , 2 4 1 % S o h yd d i r4 o u .x 1 2 i m1 d0 4 e3 . 3 4 1 1 3 3 1 4 S o h y dp o ic . h. u l . 1o 2rm1 i t Sodium nitrate. . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1. 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 S o s ud l . i.p. . . hu . 1a 1 m t1 e S os u d l . i. p. . . h u . 1 i 1mt1 1 e 1. 1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 S u d l i po . . .hx . . . u 1 i 1 dr1 1 e 1 .1 2 1 1 2 2 1 2 1 1 .2 2 1 2 1 1 1 S u l a p 1 hc u . r- i1 i 0c d . 1 1 , 3 % 1 1 3 3 1 3 S u l a p 3h c u . . . r. i1 i 10c1 d 1 1 1 , 3 % 3 3 1 3 S u l a p 6h c u . . . r. i1 i 10c1 d 1 1 1 , 3 % 3 1 23 ; ; S u l a p ch c u . . . r. o i2 i 2 c d 1n 1 1 , 3 e : 4 44 1 1 1 3 Toluene . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 4 4e 1 1 1 4 : : 4 44 : 44 T r i c h l o r o e .t .h. y . .l e n

2 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 4 1 1 2 2 2 3 2

255

CHECK L

1. Codes and Addenda..............................................................................

2. Drawings:
a) All info&

b) c) d) e) 9

detailsrequiredbyQCManual shownon drawing. . . . Headscorrectlyidentified..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..---. All metalcorrectlyidentified. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -----Nameplate facsimiliestampedcorrectly: MAWP,MDMTand RT.............................................. .................. Approvalby fabricator(on drawing) .............................................. Revisionsor metal substitutionshownand approved. . . . . . . . . . . All materialidentifiedas SAor ) SB ----------------....... RequirementsofUCS 79 (d))specifiedwere applicable. . . . . . . . . ) specified ..ti.-....=. Requiredmaterialtest reports ----- . . . . . ) Shoporder, serial number,and/orjob numbershown. . . . . . . . . . ) approved Materialrevisionorsubstitu~on and shownwhenapplicable ... ... . ....... ... ....~..~--.-........~.- Dimensionsused match drawing .................................................... Correctstressvaluesandjoint efficiencies(S &E) used.. . . . . . . Correctformula&dimensions used for heads ---------------Do nozzleneckscomplywith UG-45? -..--..-..---.-.=. .... Requiredreinforcementcalculationsavailablefor all openings. . . Specialflangeorstructural loadingcalculationsavailable . . . . . . Identificationwith S/O or S/N andapprovedby fabricator. . . . . . Externaldesignpressurecorrect-template calculations&template available. .... ... .... . .. ... ... .. ... ... .... .. ... MAWP&MDMT matchesdrawingand specifications. MDMTcorrect formaterials used (UCS-66,UHA-51) . . . . . . . . .

3. Bill ofMaterial:
a b c d e

4. Calculations:

5.P

O a Is job n

b) C~rrectspecification(SA or SB) used ............................................

.......................................

u p

c) USC 79(d) & UG 81 requirements specified as applicable ............ d) Material Test Reports requested ..........................................""."."".""" e) Immaterial ordered identical to Bill of Material or drawing requirements? ...............................................................

d=

6. Welding: al Are correct WPS(s) shown ondrawin~s? ................. ........ b> Are complete weld-details for all welds shown on drawing? ......... c) Are copies of WPS(s) available to shop s u p e for r instruction? v i s .............................................................. o r E

256

CHECKLIST FOR INSPECTORS(corztinuec/) 1 I

QC d) Isa WeldersLog and QualificationDirectory kept up-to-dateand available?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . e) Are WPS,PQR, & WPQforms correct and signed?...................... f) Are weldersproperlyqualifiedfor thickness,position,pipe diameterand weldingwith no backing(whenrequired)?............... g) Is sub-arcflux,electrodesand shieldinggas(es) used t . ........................................... same as specifiedon applicableWPS? h) Do weld sizes (fillet& butt weld reinforcement) . ............................... complywith drawingand Code requirements? i) Is welder identificationstampedor recordedper QC Manualand./orCode requirements?..........................................
7.

Al

Non-DestructiveExamination& Calibration: a) Are SNT-TC-lA cmalification records with currentvisual examinationavail~blefor all RT techniciansused? ....................... . b) Do film reader sheets or checkoff recoid~sbo.wfilm. intemretationby a SNT-~CLeve1 I or II examiner . or interpreter?.................................................................................. c) Are the requirednumberof film shots in the proper locationsfor thejoint efficiencyand weldersused (UW-11, 12,& 52)? ........................................................................ d) Is an acceptablePT and/orMT procedureand personnel qualifiedand certifiedin accordancewith Sec. VIII, Appendix6 or 8 available?............................................................. e) Is the PT materialbeing used the sameas . ........................................................ specifiedin the PT procedure? Do all radiographscomplywith identification, o density,penetrameter,and acceptancerequirements of Sect.VIII and V? ........................................................................ fabrication,is a visual examination !3) For 1331.1 procedureand certifiedpersonnelavailable? ................................. , h) Are tested gasesmarkedor identifiedand calibratedas stated in QC Manual? ................................................ i) Isa calibratedgage size per UG-102available for demovessel?.............................................................................. I

ABBREVIATIONS: Authorized Inspector AI Maximum Allowable Working Pressure MAWP Maximum Design Metal Temperature MDMT Quality Control $; Radiographic Examination Serial Number s/N Shop Order Slo Welding Procedure Specification Wl?s

257

PART II. GEOMETRY

1.

AND LAYOUT OF PRESSURE VESSELS

GeometricalFormulas........................................................................... 258

2. GeometricalProblemsand Constmction.......""".."""."""-""""".".""""""."..."""""-" 268 3. Solutionof Right Triangles .................................................................. 270 4. OptimumVessel Size ............................................................................ 272 5. Flat RingsMade of Sectors .................................................................. 274
6. 7. 8. 9.

Fustrumof ConcentricCone ................................................................. 276 Fustrumof EccentricCone ................................................................... 278 Bent and Mitered Pipes ........................................................................ 280 Intersections.......................................................................................... 281

10. Drop at the Intersection of Vessel and Nozzle ..................................... 291

11. Table for Locating pointS0n2:l Ellipsodial Heads ............................ 293

12. Length of Arcs ...................................................................................... 297 13. Circumferences and Areas of Circles ................................................... 300

A p p u r4 t ............................................................................ e n a n c .e s

312

258
G E O M E T FR O I C RA M L ( S e Q xS ao m t e fp U r ~ . = , d o 7 a =0 T A N r x ~ o a =$ A or- b = a G L e 4 1 A U L i A S eg )

l ap ee h cs a R e E = 4 ; 7 E = = ~ 2 1 a b a a

gn n e

K
l b I b b B

A% A A = a2 d = 1 . a = 0 R E C A A a A d = a = b =

b
o D

P A R A L L E L O G R A M A A r e = a A a x = b = A a T = J A b y R I G H T - AT N G R L IE D A N a G ~ L E

c o A ,6,
900

A
axb

r a .
b I/== ~=

~ =

A=,

a2 +b2

A A b h [

C A A

N U TGR T r

L I e

E A E N DG = a

.
A

; s :
O A

\
L E

* *

B A T N UT G R S L I E A E N DG A r e = a b x h = ~ s -

w: s ; ; ~ : x A : ~ s ( : s - b s

259
E ( S Q U A R
~2 =

X ro

A t m e Fu

E i

S gnn e e g )

F E

o S

l aP ea h c s a

Given: Side Area Find:

a = 8 inches
82 = 1 o n a. a = d = 12 0.7071 d = G 6 s i q n 4 . . 1l 4 . 4 1= 11 4 4 1i x. 83 n1 1 . = 3 / 61 s 2 2 q 2 /. 2 i n4 0 .x 1 7 1= 0 8 .i 7 3 1 1 n 2 = g i * n 2 . . .

A = D i a d g= Area A= Side a = Side a = A

R E C T Given: Side F iArea D i Side Side

N G L E a = 3 in., and b = 4 in. n A = ad x b = : 3 x 4 = 1 s =

q / ~ n

= 4

i f5

n 2 i .

. = i n

a d g= o n a = l_ a = A/b = 1 =3i2 b = A/a = 12/3 = 4 in.

P A R A L L E L O G R A M G i H v e a e= i 8 in g a : t h n s t b = n .1 i hi F iArea n A = a dx b = : 8 x 12 = 9 s q Height a = A/b = 96/12 = 8 in. Side b = A = 96/8 = /12 in.

. a

,d d -

en e i n 6

2 .

R I A N G TGR H L I A T E N DG L E Given: Side a = 6 in., and side b = 8 in. F iArea n A = a dx b = : 6 x 8 = 2 s 2 S c i= dh ~ 6 e +z 8 m S i d e a ~ 8 = ~1 Side b ~c2 az *102 62 =4 1

i =2f l 2 =06 6 0 =3 8

n4 i= i2 i

. i 0 0 n n~ n~

= * = 2 0 1 =

4 6

A C A N U T GR T L I E A E N DG L E Given: Side a = 6 in. Side b = 8 in., and side c = 10 in. + 10)= 12 F iArea n A = sd z % (a : + b + c) = %(6+8

Ad s (s- a) x (s-b) x (s-c) =i12 (12-6) X( 12-8) X (12- 10)= 24 sq. in.

OBTUSE ANGLED TRIANGLE Given: Side a = 3 in., b = 4 in., and c = 5 in. Area A = s = % (a + b + c) = % (3 + 4 + 5) = 6 Find: A= # 6(6 -3) X(6-4)X (6-5) =fi = bsq.-in.

260
G E O M E TF R O I C RA M L U L A S e x S ao m t e fp l ap ee h c s a i gn n e eg R A h [ a A b h a I T = A = a 2 =~ l = 0 = 1 R GI r e .a . 4 7 4 1 0 1 A WH N 2 G 4T I L A e 4 7 4 N a h E N T 5G HL

) Eo

a 2 a 1 h G L E

E Q U I L A TT E R RI A A L 6 m & u D w : = R A f @ A R 2 i R = r = a = R = E e A A A a ~ r x a = 1.155 h E r b h ( 2 G H U E LX AA R G a Z O I e D = e = =

h = 0.866 a T A R A A (c P

a +

N e 4

A r e = a R a o c i d r c i u m c u = s c i r s i b r ef d c l R R ao i dn s ic c ur i i sr b e cf d l e 2 a0. = 2 5 R . = 9 3=5 r8 . 9 z4 8 6 z a = 1.155 r 0 a .= 0 8 R. 6 8 6 6 6 R = 1,155 r E G O U C L T AA R G O N r e a = ao c i d r c i u mcu s c ir s i b r ef = ao i dn s ic c uri i s r b e cf a . = 2 8 R. = 2 3 =8 r8 . 2 z3 a. = 1 3r . 0= 0 7 8 a. = 0 2R. 0 9 7 2 R. = 0 7 r. 6 8 5 2 G P UO L L AY R G O = N u o sm r n e a = @ = ~go a = J

r

A A R R r = R 4 A R 1 r = 1 a = 0 R r
,(3 ~

d c l d l e 8 1 z 2 4 8 ed r

e 4

E A *

N i b e

A a

261
EXAMPLES (See Formulas on the Facing Page) RIGHT TRIANGLE WITH 2 45 ANGLES Given: Side a = 8 in. 64 Find: Area A=~ a2 =7 82 = ~= 32sq.-in. Side b = 1.414a =
=

h = 0

0 . a =7

.x 8 7 = 5 0 0 1

.i7 6

1 5

n6

E Q U I L A TT E R RI A A L N G L E Given: Side a = 8 in. = 0 x .a = 6 8 6i . 6 9 6 n2 8 h F i n d : = 0 8 x .8 6 5 5 h .2 4 2 4 9 a = 8 X 6 x =. = 2 7s 8 . q .7 -1 Area A = ~ 2 2

. i 2 n

T R A P Given: Side F iArea

Z O I D a = 4 in., b = 8 in., and heidt h = 6 in. + 3 s8 ( b h = ( a 4 6 = + .-i . ) ) nA = d z : 2

6 q

R E G H U E L X AA R G O N Given: Side a = 4k. 5 x .a x 49 = 4 8 1 w 2 . F iArea n A = 2 d : = 2.598 r = 0 8 x4 6 x . a = 0.866 = 3.4646in.

- 5

i6 2

8 n

R = a = 1.155 r = 1.155x3.464=4 in.

REGULAR OCTAGON R= 6 in., radius of circumscribed circle Given: Find: Area A = 2.828 R2 = 2.828 x 62 = 101.81 sq.-in. Side a = 0.765 R = 0.765 x 6 = 4.59 in.

REGULAR POLYGON Given: Number of sides n = 5, side a = 9.125 in. Radius of circumscribed circle, R = 7.750 Find: Area r=m=-v= 625ino nra 5 X6.25 X9.125 = 142.58 sq.-in. A = ~ = 2.

262
G E O M E TFR O I C RA M L U e x S ao m t e fp l ap ee h cs a C I A R r C L E L i A S gn n e eg

d
@

C ie r c = u ma f e r e n c e
x

A= r2 x ~ = rz x 3.1416 z
d L C A A I A n = d ag 3 . r= a tn 1 o 0h g. eo a n f R S C

x 4

1 x

6 2 c g 7

c 0f d I x0a r 8 e 7 n 6

UE L CA ra = A e . . U E ra L G e m 2 1 8

R T O R = a=a r A = 4 9 r 6 . N 2 1 0 2A Y T &

a < v

r X r x a x 3 a = 1 5 7a a= r C A A < I A A R S C

AM R E = n

A e

o s r

a c g= C l = c ea i =ot t nar o r f iu r a e

oe sn ga l

c = 2r x sin a T

Q a w x ~ L * + E A A A L A z . x L I P S E r i am e t rP = P ee = =a3 . x xa 1b 4b 1 =x ea z

e 6 t

r er z r

a p p r of x o i m f r a p nt me e u t o il . 1 (a 4 +1 b )6 { 2 P = 3 E L a b x = u L o L p c I P S E a o o t e ii l n n l g

ti

ps

s n ao ao

e if jx r s o i

= R o am . az - ( 2C x y2 )

a ti= i nx ct m

m 4 Y = c

0 D
D

0 0

N = the required number of holes (diam, d) of

which total area equals area of circle diam. D.

EXAMPLES (See Formulas on the Facing Page) CIRCLE

Given:

Radius r = 6 in. A = r2x ~ = A = = 12ZX0.7S5Q C = dx = x if a = 60 dx a =

=
=

= x x =

CIRCULAR SECTOR Given: Radius T = 6 in.,

Area A a = r2 ~ x ~ = rx x xa = r

= = 62 x ~ x ~ = 6x x 6 x

= 18.85 = =

Sq. h.

a =
C I R S C U E

L G AM R E
. x

N
a =

T
X~ =

Radius r = 6 in., A a = r2 x ~ x

A = Chord c = 2r x sin ~ = 2 x 6 x sin ~ = 2 x 6 x 0.7071 = 8.485 in.

Half axis, a = 8 in. and b = 3 in. Area A = ~ x a x b = 3.1416 x 8 x 3 = 75.398 in. P = + ) = @ =

) =

E G

L i A

I P S E va = 8 e x andn b = i 4: in., then s C = ~ = ~ = 2, x = 6 in. in.

c -( 2 ) 2 (2 2 2x ) ~ . . 6

~ = ~

E H

X m %i @holes have same areas as a 6 in. diam. pipe?

N= (/d)2 = (6/0.25)2 = 242= 576 holes= Area of 6 in. @pipe= 28,274 in.2 Area of 576 H in. #holes= 28,276 in.2

G E O M E TFR O I C RA M L U e x S ao m t e fp l ap ee h cs a

L i

A S gn n e eg

C b ~ V = V

U o l

B u

E m e

v=

~3 1

S I I I J L :

P U o

R A l

R I u

ES m e

V = V

.;

:*

,:

&

m w

T f : oh : c r b; m ai Ay r p u efaa e l p so a l n d iso h o nere n es af e s a eu f= a d c i h i p e r p e nt de i c s fu u l a s rr n f a co d e

rrn y p .

C v . . .

Y L I Volume . . ; O Volume 3 : ;

N D E R o = c ry S = A

i sn e d u r ri a c f af la

% +

; C v . ( . h d v

: N

: 0:

x: : 7 = d E o = c r o s 1 6 .x r x 0h = d n u e 4

82

q .

S = A 4 = 1

i r 2 7

c f a a af l 2

1h . .x r x

% L

S = 3.1416 rc F R UO S C

= 1.5708 dc T U O M N F E c f a a af l ~

0 h .

v v

i Volume

S = A o = c r o s n u e i r i 0.2618 h ( D2 + Dd + dz ) = a = Rr c.

s =% 1.5708 C( D + d )

265
E ( C Given: F U Side iV Side F o S X ro A t m e Fu M P L E i gnn e e g )

l aP ea h c s a

B E a = 8 in. o u 8 := m5 n V =l ad = a = G 8i

c e

.1

~=

3 i

n2 n

S Q P U R A R I ES M Given: Side a = 8 in., b =6in., and c 4 in. F iVolume n V = adx b x c : = 8 x 6 x 4 = 192 cu.-in. 1 2 v 1 9 = = 8 -i b = =n = . = 6i a ! 8 4 b 6 x x c = 1 9 ~ 2 = 4i n c . a 2 x x b 6 P G F R I S M s ue A r= nn 1 f s : aq a c . d h -= e 8 iin. n i E v iVolume n V = hd x A =: 8 x 12 = 96 cu.-in.

; x

9 .

2 4

.2 ,

C G F A

Y i

I r v

iV o C ry

N D E R = e 6 in., n and h : = 12 in. o 1h = e4 3 1 .x 6 1 6 x 1 = 4 12 1 3c n V =l 3 d u . x : rm x l i S ne d u r rSi a =f c 3 af a l .cx d x e1h : = 4 1 6 = 3 .x 1 1 x 1 = 44 15 s 2 6 q. .2 3 -2 8

6 u 5 i9 n

. 72 .

- 2 .

C G F

O i iV

N E v r e= 6 in., n and: h = 12 in. 0h = . o e 4 n V =l 1 d u . x: rm x

x7 0

2 = 64 4

z c 25 7

u1 x 2 2.

h- . 4= n 1 i7 n

4n 6 .

c = ~ 3 1 = 6 {4 1 ~ 3i = + . 4 o C r o S n ue i r S = c f 3 a a a f. cr lxc e 1= : 4 1 6 = 3 . x 6 x11 43 = 2 1. 5 6 4 s 2 q 1. . 8 6 -8 R

F G F

UO C S T U O M N F E = . = 1n 4 , 0i d . . 3 2 ,n 7 a eD m = n2 e i : ta e d n r 1 i nh i D vi V = +d D 1 = 8 2 2 d ) iVolume n d 0 :. h ( 2 + D 6 0 . x 1 2 0( 6 + . 21 x 231 8 + 1 7 4 =5 2 2 2 7c 3 2 4 u ( 1 7 2 = 0= 8 42 . C ( D5+ d 7 1 0 . X 1) 85 Surface S = 1 6 7 s 8 q . .5 -8 i 6 n .

2 .7 2 +

266
GEOMETRICAL FORMULAS (See examples on the facing page)

See tables for volume

ical, elliptical on page and

and surface of cylindrical shell, spherflanged and dished heads beginning

267
E ( F o S X ro A m t e Fu M P L E i S gnn e e g )

l aP ea h c s a

SPHERE Given: Radius r = 6 in. Find: Volume V = 4.1888 r3 = 4.1888 X216 = 904.78 CU.-hi. v= 0.5236 d3 = 0.5236 x 1728= 904.78 cu.-in. or = 4 x 3.1416 x 62 = 452.4 sq.-in. Area A =4Tr2 or A= T d2 = 3.1416 x 122 = 452.4 sq. in.
S G F P H ES R E I C G AM L E N T s in. i R v a r e= d6 in. n iand: u m = 3 iV = 3 A S G P o nV = l 3 d .x 3 1 ( Ar 2 r u. x m :m 1( 4= 6 1 1 x e e4 = m @ -4c 6 1 1 u; r 6 2 .. ) - 3 z . 3 q .. -1

i 7 n 1S

= r2 X a 3.1416x= m1 X6 X3 =

i 0

H EZ R I C O A L N E u 8 in.,s C2 = 11.625 in., and h = 3 in. i R v a r e = d6 in., n i Cl : = 3 X 82 + 3 X 11.6252 + 32 = 248.74 cu. in. Find: Volume V = O.5236X3X ~ 4 ( ) Area A = 6 . X6 X 23 = 1 8 1 3s q 3 2 .. - 1 i 0 n .

T G F

O R i Radius v Re = o iV n V =l A A r=

U S 6 in. n and : r = 2 in. 1 x r. = e 1 7 3 9 =7 z 9 9 X6 X. 22 473.7 3 Cu.-in. d u 9R : m 3 9 eR = . 3 a 4 9 x 6 7 x .2 = 8 4 4 s7r7 q 8 3 .

- .

7n

268

GEOMETRICAL PROBLEMS AND CONSTRUCTIONS AJ x z . & q.

D
.+
t

LOCATING POINTSON A CIRCLE y =x =q~

L
=

EXAMPLE = Sin. X= 3 in. ~ind Y == =~ = %= 4 in.

O N F G PF T LC e A H Y T L O IE N D R E E X A M P L E d i s=a = im d 4t e e i r n I g n t h o f 2 e h i oc k :e np 1ie l s a s t n l T a t f x A C U 3 L

E L p

~ ~

,@
T

5 r 8 d i a Lm 2 e t1 1 e FINDTHERAD;USO OF A C I R

e ~

: ~ ~ ~ : ~~ ; : : i n

TO FIND THE CENTER OF A CIRCULAR ARC When the Radius, R, and Chord, C are known, strike an arc from point A and from point B with the given length of the Radius. The intersecting point, O of the two arcs is the center of the circular arc. y .d~

I q
P

o
I

F t

IC

E N O HN AC O T D I

R EE A C RU

L FA

y b

p o t a # k

h C ae h oD i r m n e n d M ea n ,k s i n o , dn r o, p r Ao a f o i P r nn B moo t o i s o i t a d tC o rh e t hn i n sn ct e fe e c. e tc t rh s o w si t in lr at i T t ii s nng t h e h r h p ts s e c o. t i s t lr ha O i i t i n cg f e he o tt h sn c i, t r h esc e r c . ~ C + 41W ; Y=R-A4 = 2

aa t f

Ch

i r

8A4

FJ c . A z~
D

J M

CONSTRUCTION OF A CIRCULAR ARC The Radius is known, but because of its extreme length it is impossible to draw the arc with a compass. Determine the length of Chord and Dimension M. Draw at the center of the Chord a perpendicular line. Measure on this line Dimension M. a B B l n i D As i a e n d c. Connect points

B a m e Ma n d si m uD p /e e rd rn p e se ni d 4 oi cn u l R e p t e p a r th o i t cn g i de uq as rh t er u ee c s ct o a M w cb a e i y b i a l s 4, te c cll i t eTi te m h o ns e v o o r t t t ir i c a ah e t nps g o l rt f e h ei c s n ieht c a u l r a c r .

- .

GEOMETRICAL PROBLEMS AND CONSTRUCTIONS

SOLUTION OF RIGHT TRIANGLES

R E Q U I R E D E X A M P L

NOWNSIDE OR ANGLE

FORMULAS

( E N C I R C L E D ) @4 t b A ~ a Sidea s 6 in. b = 12.S67 in. a F n A A i n n g 0 l .d

= Sidea = 6 in. b = 12.867 in.

a b

e4

tan B = ~
b

F
Sidea

B i n =
=

n g

. 8 6 ~ d. e1 2 l

c b

= 3 in. b = 4 in. c = s

Side a = 6 in. c
c
c @

= 12 in. =
0

A =~ sin 0.S00

A =~
= 30

A
B

Side a = 6 in. c = 12 in. a a B =y

C

c
A

B =+ =
O

= 0

. S

a = 3 in. c = 5 in. b = = 4

A, a

b = a x cot A

A
a AA

A = 250, side a = 6 in. b = 6 x = 6 x =

i e

b
c a A

) A = A n
?300, side

l6

in.

c =-

b A&

a = b x

A = a = =

b = x x

=6

A b
A A

@
b

b A

= F

Angle A = 30, side b = 12 in. = 12 c i n

= 13.856

C AA
A, C A

c @
c

= c x sin A

Angle A = 30, side c = 12 in. a = x = 12 x 0.500 = 6 in. A = 3o0, side c = 12 in. 30 Find side b = 12 x
12 x 0.866 = 10.392 in.

b = C X COS A

971
A

u of Es C t C uE E
Given:

N m C T P

R O I L E

A M d

i e at a the m large a e end, t D n= e 36 rin.

4.

C
of Circles for

Segments

=1

h A The Bottom

e t

300 6Q0 ~oo 1200 1500

Factor c times mean radius = Chords, Cl C2. . . in. c1 = 9.317 Cz = 18.000 C3= 2S.4S2 C4= 31.176 C5= 34.776* 6 =

At The Top Factor c times mean radius = Chords, Cl C2 etc. S 1,2... ft.-in. s:, 2. . . ft.-in. , in c1 = 6.212 s; = 4-0 % S1 = 6-0 ~ s; = 4-1 yz C2 = 12.000 Sz = 6-2 Yle S; = 4-2 IMG s3 = 6-4 ~ C3= 16.968 S4 = 6- 67/lG S: = 4-4 /fj C4= 20.784 Ss = 6-7 I946 S: = 4-5 Yl(j C5= 23.184 *G== 4-511/lG

HZ + & G G. sl~

272

T l T (

b et o p

a v u e ofi a c s l e c so r a d e tw p la athe c minimum i i i n t material, ty theh correct r o a d n i a g s m bt h de eh t t a e e or r m l i nl e e d . p rt h o i a l m eft u et n m d i ig a o c t hm b f fhe tboa te e f ru o l n p n lh r e oo d wc ie y r T ie l s h i st m 1 u eirp a e t0 e e l s ld0s i h np os a0e o ai id s ad as l r u d m se de

F=~

CSE

, where

C S = S E = J

P= c=

Design pressure, psi.

o r a r l ol s oi iw oa n n cne v t or a m ea l tp s e u rs s i ea e of f i c i n e n t c y , lf i , .

E M F

c n o hf t a p a e ac tr ra li h t n g n se h g a t ei d f n t ee c d t sh a d io p t era v tc e e e id s th h o or i z t ov t n l t ar ele l p ih yr e t s n v e n o o te aE i en h gl u e e f t ir n t e orh ms e v cmeto ir e o at n ir v c t a v l ee n loy af h a l d du ) e e f .

The length of vessel = ~

, where V = Volume of vessel, cu. ft. D D = Inside diameter of vessel, ft.

EXAMPLE
Design

D oi

P= 100 p
F t 0 c

a t a : V = 1 s c , fi S 0 = 1 t , u 0 6p .0 , E s= . 0 0 , i 0C . = 0 .0 8 p dt h n ii a am d m l u e e mt nn e rg t d h

., i

00

F =
F

100
.X 1 0 6 6 0, rD = h 5.6 ft., o as

2 0

= 0

05

i . .0

n1 X

.2 8 y

-5

rm 5 ft. 6 in. t a

Length = 4 x 1,000 3.14 x 5.52

= 42.1, say 42 ft. 1 in.

* FROM: Gulf Publishing Company, Houston. permission.

273

100,000 80.000 50,000 1 I I I I I I 1 I 1II 40,000

6
I 1 I I

I I II

I I I I I

20,000
I

,
,

, ,

I0 8 . b.UUU k

1 I

I i 4.000 ..- I 1I1 1[I I I 3.000 2.000 I 1

f 1
I i

5.000

[ , , , ! I I I i

, ,

%~ fz~

w 1+ I 1 I M

1 I [

I t.

1. +[

I
r

,000
400
300 200 100 80 60 50 40 30 20 10. 1

i
1

1 1 I

1 r , I I

910

VESSEL DIAMETER, D FT.

CHART FOR DETERMINING THE OPTIMUM VESSEL SIZE

( f Sap fc eax i p l n ea g o ng a t e i o rn )

274 FLAT RINGS MADE OF SECTORS

Making flat rings for base, stiffeners etc., by dividing the ring into a number of sectors, less plate will be required. ONE PIECE Since the sectors shall be welded to each other, the weMing will be increased by increasing the number of sectors. The cost of the weMing must be balanced against the savingin plate cost. 2 SECTORS The chart on facing page shows the total plate area required when a ring is to be divided into sectors. This area is expressed as a percentage of the square that is needed to cut out the ring in one piece. The figures at the left of this page show the width of the required plate using different number of sectors. D z Outsidediameterof riu. d = Insidediameterof ring. DETERMINATK)N OF THE REQUIRED PLATE SIZE 4 SECTORS 1. Determine D/d and D2 (the area of square plate would be required for the ring made of one piece) 2. R
S 3 6 E 8 C T 3 c r Os e d Re f e c r ( ha f o n t tr a e i i v t n i dn Sc t o p oa a dtc a rm p i g tn q a g h uw e i r t r f h ee d e ne g sh t d u io m ro r s

d Q o+

R E 0,866 D 3 SECTORS

~ u 0,707 D

n
0,500 D
e n D, * ~ T R O P M

~ m

3. Determinethe requiredarea of plate

4. Divide the area by the r
p o

e q w u o ii r a ls a a h t l o t o t e w ep h s th n fa b t l t eo at h np i gl n h ta e ht 8 S E C T O R S 5 A a l l d ( o w 1 m a i n . d f ac n f e xc l c u b t e t s t i ewa n c e a g t t e e onn d r o t Tp t f e e E QH W U I IR E ED D H l h a L F RA I O T FN E G R S O A S E D C T E O RF S S E x Oa eF m a P p cl e a e i gn n

L 13

FLAT RINGS MADE OF SECTORS (cont.) 100 90 % LL 80 o @ ~ 70 u $ 60 & q 50 CA $ do & * 30 CIa + ~ 20 & 10 ~ o 2 w

.L. ~ l.1

EXAMPLE

4 5 6 NUMBER OF SECTORS

Determine the required plate size for a 168 in. O.D., 120 in. I.D. ring made of 6 sectors 1. Did= 1.4; D2 = 28,224 sq. in. 2. From chart (above) the required area of plate is 50% of the area that would be required for the ring made of one piece. 3. Area required 28.224x 0.50= 14,112 sq. in. 4. Divide this area by the required width of plate (facing page). Width = 0.5 X 168 = 84 14,1 12/84 = 167.9 inches, the length of plate. 5. Add allowance for flame cut.

= m a

~ 169

u of Cs O tN C u E m NC T R I O C G D DI = H D e i M M H v e n

N :

a= e e t d ie a a t ml a ne h r n r a e e tm n e d ie a a t ms h n r a = hs e o t if rg u tt u m e iq P hn u le i a r

t te R r

e et d

q Ph u , c

li

r ae e

= D- DI

2 e s

tan c1 = + .r 1

D rl = 1 2
m f +

o T n R i a c

oa n l

P=

x3
T R e q Ph u li r ae

277
F r

of u C s O tN C u E m N C T R I O C

Made from two or more Plates

G D D, = H n = D b
,
I

i M M H N

d ie a a t ml a= e e t a ne h r n r d ie a a t ms a e e t m ne h n r a e o t if f e rg =u h s t t u u o p m (l b s a ee t cr t e o f i q P hn u el i D r a ee l d t

e =

t t e Rr m e D -

tan W = *

-b

D
Elevation

c rl

= ~ +H = D . 2 s DXZ 2 Rxs Rxt exs exc

b 1 R m X 5 > +% ~ + 1 2 ~ 7 c t / &

2 2 + i 9

l%

x Y

. 2 R = i = a = i o

n n n n s

W o it R d e q P t h u= R lh i + r 1f a ee d -t L eo t n R e g q P th ui h li r a f ee d t t F r mu h f s at r u e o dm me 2 P :l 2 Y a +Z t Xe s +

Reauired

Plate

of u Es C t C u E N C m T R OI C
Plate by Layout

Determination

of the Required

and by Calculation

1. Draw the side view and half of the bottom view of the cone. Divide into equal parts the base and the top circle. Draw arcs from points z, 3, 4, etc. with the center 1.

F t p r 1 o 2 o h 3 i e n m t s at w r c r i O e i kn c tet S t f a ap r rto a o i 1 no i g ( m 1 m a e rt s k a p e s a d uh o t b o c o h t i t ct r oc f o e a i n a t 2 e n r s e r d c
2 #
Side view of cone

4 O
of the top circle.

o
C A L C U L A T I O N T f
the

c iu

ro t v hnp a bt o da hr cl u le a ce u l t a f
O

B
only (marked If the bottom C3 . S3 S3) circle divided into 12 equal spaces, 2 R x sin 45 + C;

=~H2

W
circle.

Rh denoted e the mean r radius of e the base

See example. Fig. B

970 L

u of Es C t C uE E X A M

N m C T P

R O I L E

at the large end,

D = 36

in.

C C =1
etc. using

c = . . = = . = = = ~ 1, 2 . . . ft.-in. S1 = 6 -0 % = ~ = = = H2 + D2 = 6$- 8Y2 = = = = =

c = C~ s;, 2. . . s; = 4 -0 % s; = 4 -1 %. = = = 6 ,

BENT AND MITERED PIPE

I C ,
/
.. k\ r [ ./ 1.~ *G1

&
When

\
\ \

F
} : 17 - ---16 ; :b ! .

-w
I

Y
h 1 1 = ( = ( a - a

2==
cq 4 c 4 a

t i n t e r hp s e i cln t i e n a g n p e r p e n t d t i c a u l oa tr x h i o c y l ti n i n d t e hr r is ,a e c t ieo r e l l i p s e . !Cl C O N S T R UOC T T I IO N N H T E IC2 \ \ \ S E C E T L I L N I G P S E D it c v i r ic uh d m o f et e r e ne c e c y il ie n np qd a ea u t dr r a o rn t l a e l a e e m d eia p n n i to v c s ii t h T m a a o h t jxe loi e t il h r i s p l o d n i g b s t e e a ts t in w t cn e e h te s e p c o a t t i m nn a nig t i h ns x d o t d i ao ht m c e y t l T e eh i rn d ef p o o t ie nl c l t b h di s p e a f se t e m bi u nt s c e i h o d n yr g d th o c y l s i pb n p ad r ec o r j a ee c d t i s o h b c o a l cw ua le a n t i x o r y n es i dw h e t .t i h p l b i e fW li t e om m b l o a s a l t o ui b ry p a ei a d ny t f l d o e w n - e c s oT m tte , r h s c hi n o t ep a l s t h r a es n qt f h e u ei c l e sa r a h a b nt a l c ie a l s k nl c o n s i d e r a t i o n . D E V E L O P M E N T T l e H n ih e g t q tt h e c u , a ih c u m fo e t rc e y n l cD h i e ni d v e f e t l i h t i s n i nn a h t u s o em m o b e e pq a a tmlo f e s r e sn e t u c i rr a c u h t c y l hD i n ad e r e el r .e a m t h e r d o i a upv e gr i c ph se ni d h o i c n u t t l h D i e t nit e l r o e me s i .hn e o e e la a es m c o h be cf o h n t w a c u l B a c t o i n o n t n e e. c t i h y g n p o o t ie hm se ln ec t b o n fa e t s t at s it r e n t hc le h e o d t d -i o e u t n i n t e r a s em c tb i u o n nf a s d c u o t p t a fi t p u n tm g e i o i r t t np i e n t g c , . E X A M P L E f c a l co uof l length a t i rof o n e l e m e n t s . T c i r c u h m of te r c e ny e c e l h i n i d i i v 1 ie n d p q e a ts du r oa t T a o n ah s g e = c 2l e t 2 e i - o f d e g r e e s . T a o nt h i ng t e r lh ps e e ec l t f i e a n t t a o t x hc y i= l o h 4 i e ns d f d e g r e e s . c = r x cos 22-1 /2 1 , c, = r x cos 45 c%= r x sin 22-1 /2 a ,o ~ 0 ) s h l h a = l = e 2 2 o 0t a ) s c s 4 a. si 40 in 0t e

282

I
o e d q i

C
a u wm a e a to i n f ie n l rt g ts e r 9 s l e h c te i o 0f n

I
.

1
/4 O
T L D it i e e d p o o o i n t D D c l a D p t o c t

I
1 d
F

O IH IN T E N R S E E C ET I F O N c vi r c i u hm d of te er c e n yec l e h i n np q a au td r aa e o rn t ll a e a s md ai vp ic o s T ii ih n o n t ne h rt s e . c t ie ln ed t hm e s t e t e n lfr e tm s iih e r s e c t i o n f .

E V E L O O P M P EA N T T T E R N F s t r lr o a a e ii g l qw h en t tut n e ag i r c u m o f t e rc e yn c l ei D h n i t d e vr f es i i t sn n n ea h u t o e sm m o pq b e a e eu t c i r c uh m o f et r s ec ne yc e l h i n d a e r l te a hm e r w e d o nna iu t v g i c e r p e nt d t i c u l hl a i r De e n t se e or e s l e o e hn e g a l bte e p m c h r o e jf h e n c c a l c u ( l ae t ix S o ba r n .em e Bl p o e l o n nt e e c pt i oh not g n e il e e nh m d s t r oe h curve t c of the h uintersection ee d t

can be developed.

EXAMPLE for calculationof lengthof elements If the circumferenceof cylindersis divided into 16 equalparts a = 22-1/2 c1 = r sin a C2= r sin 2 a C3 = r c a
c4 = r

I
o u n d ei

C
q a wmu a e a to fi n i le n r t g ts e r 9 s l e h c te i o 0f n

inder into as many equal parts as necessary for the desired accuracy. Draw an element at each division point. Project distances c1, C2 etc. to the circumference of the larger cylinder and draw elements at each points. The intersecting points of the elements of the large and small cylinder determine the curve of intersection.

D E V E L O O P M P EA N T T T E R N F S D a s r t l r of a a e ii lgw t n eg q h etn tu a h t c i r c u m o f te rc e yn c l ei D h n i t d e vr f es i . h l f t i s co n m yh il a e it r n s l n e d l e ah t r n u o e m p qb a tae u c i r rr ac u f h tm l f e s r e sn o t s c m yh l aDi n af l d eer e l r e a . m t h e r d o ia u pv eg i r cp h s e nt i dt h o i c nu l a rh l D i e t nt e l r e meo it .h n n e el g e h t me h e b p r o o j ce a c l t c iu( o l y e a n t x S i o an r .m e b e Bl c oo nw nt )e e c. pt i o h n yo g n i t e l et h s m te r o ne h cte t sc o ut h u ee r d vh i n t e r c s be d c t e iv a o en l o p n e d e . T c u r o hv t a h t u i e tr o hl e al f h er c y l i di e n t e d b r et m r l i n e o es d hn g e l ec C m e es n p 1 t t as a c dch i,i 2 n s .e g t c a b c e e w t ah c t s l i ,. e ,o rc h ,n h g a o t rp a v c rho t t i ls i n ca ae h yl r lw g
1

der.
t s f . d @ f e e 1 r 14= @ R c, , 2 , +

E f D i

c1

X A M P L E c a l co o u ll a t e oi r e on n l g e mt e f h n i t v c i i rd c u i hm n o f t eg rc e n y ec le h i1 =n 1 e n p q at o a t 2 sl 0 , a u = 3r = r sin 30 C2 = r cos 300 C3 = r 1 =

284

I
w n

C
i in t e r o a t s e c h x t i nn g e
a . b .
I I . ,
, I
C

s
d

r ; 1! -+ .

y *-*

-
.

I I

1
I I

T L O IH IN T E N R SE E C ET I F O D it v i r i c uh d e r e ne c e c m of e t b rc y a o l nb i v c n d o ih i e r et n a m e a pq a n an u e sr c ay e t s l f t i n o t a h ec n c D u d r r ee a d rc a e l a e e m d eia p v n n i toc s i i t T p oo ih in t e n r o st t ee c s t i o f c o r r e s e p oln d ed i m n g e n t e t e r m t l o i n iht e r s n e c e t ie o f n . D D t c n c t t o c B e t T m l i w m

E V E L O O P M P E AN TT T E a s r t l r oa e ii l g q w e h n ut n t c i r c u hm o f t e r b e on r ec e h a y al di n i i d nv r d ht e te s n i d a u o em pb q a eat u cr r a f ith l u m f e Dr e a n rc e e .l a e m h e r d o i a upv e gr i c ph se ni d h o i c n t l Di eh t n t e l r e o me i . hn t e l ebh m p re o nf jo e t e c s t a l c u ( l ae t ix n ,e m S oba e l p o e c o n nt ee c p t i o h n o t y n g i l et s m te r o ne h ct t sc o u h u ee r d i n t e r hc s e b c d tei v e o a e n l o c u r o hv t a h t u t er o he c ya il d i e i n t ed b rn t em ri n eo e n l e g c C m te e s h n 1 t tpf s t a dh n i s a e tb c a egn mc t e t ah t l i eo r c a hn o h t gr e t e c ya (l ei il n s e v d a n e te ri o A M P L E l c oo u l l a eo t e i n o lr neg v t il m t

il e

E X f c a D c
c,

i y

i i d n of t g c r c iu h m e r e n ec e i e nn pd q e t 3u r r ot 2 1 a a= a /1 = {

= r sin 30

R + C 2

C2= r cos 30

12 =~ R2-(r 1

+ C1)2

4 R2- (r - C1)2

16 = R

285

B
% / 4

3 2 1 2 3

T D c m t e D r s b e c e o d o o c l e a o a ( D D t d n c t p t j of

O IH IN T E N R SE E C ET I F O N c v i r i c uh d m o f ee t r e ne c e h i i r a te n n w h y l o ib n v d o e e a pq a a n nu e rcay f e t sl s s a o d e a h s c ic u r D r ee a a d r c y . a l a e e m de a i n v ti h o n p t i co s c r i o r p a c v l lw w e i s a i en ar , r de T i l t u2o i s i h c n l ,t n . e o ct tp ii d ol h e tn e ar nm e i nn t p oo ih n i t en r y s o te e c ts i o n f l e a m t e c no r nt r e s d d ie h s p o n i P r cr t l o p e hj s o te . t e c i st n h t e l e vT a i t n i t o e h rn p s . e oc t ii e n g n t p r o a j h e e c l t eo w f ne r m s e i n e t te r l m o ii i nh n t e r ns e e c te t no r eh e .t c t e l e v h T a st i n c u r ou v t a ht u i tr o he l f h i t o b d e n t e br e tm i s n o e d h eo a n a ag r e tt r 2 chta 3 n f s s cf , e f t pr v olohc i a dl amc e ue l n a w e x e m bp l ei T f l s i e s po d ahw c . a a a re m 2 b ct o 3 bf s ac t ,a , i . s h o m ob c w a l as c n u l r a y t e S x ba e e m lp o el w e ) . it

E V E L O O P M N TT P EA T E R a s r t l r oa a l ii ee gw h n nq t g u et t c i r c u h m of te r c eo n e y c e hl a d e i i in v t i s n r d d at h e u o e m pbq a e atu r c ra f t ihl u m f e Dr e a n r c e e .l a e m w h er o d a iu v h os i ihe o nn p g i cp e n d t t i cl u D l i a eh r t n e r e om e l eo t hn e lg eb t hp m e he nr f te e o c b c t a li c tou l l n a e t ir h n y g g n 1~, 1 e t e c *.x b (a S e m e l, p e o l

E X f c a
C6 =

A M P L E l c oo u l l a eo t e i n o lr neg r sin a a R d= h i t u p s ,a

m t ef 6

,=w=

tc

286

K
I

>

-.

-.. 1
1

.r a

. ,
I

al

a
a -3

s .

B
,

R2

THE LINE OF INTERSECTION Divide the diameter of the cylinder into equal spaces. The horizontal planes through the division points cut elements from the cylinder and circles from the sphere. The intersections of the elements with the corresponding circles are points on the curvature of intersection.
D D c t T m D p l c

Iw

E V E L O O P M T EC N T Y LH I N D F a s r t lr a a o ei i g w nt t ut n ea g l q h e i r c u m o f te rc e n y c ale hdi n i i d nf v e e t s n ah u o p m m a ob a t e c e ry r l t h i s p o ah t d c ii p v ne h io a g s d i i f eoe n bi t ln e o e a hn o d t g r c y ty e l c h h i a e r l t e a h m e r ew d o nianu p v t g i coh s e r p e n td it c u l l a Dri e h tn e t r oe me e o t n e gl eb th m p hr e o n f jo e e tb cs t a l c ou t l a l t ei oo nh 1n 1 g e t f he 1 ts 2

E f e

X c l e

A a

M P L E l co uof l length a t i rof o m e n t s .

P i 2 iE l l i pH :p s o e e i n d 1a la T c ep h n o o rt th e e i i ra oeh p n p a r m aa s t p h e s e l er i ty g c r m a al e o hn d w i he 0 iq t cu t i dh . aim a so h lt m e 9e h W e t a ph i dw ieh i a . l tp no i 0 h e e m i t ti d m i a oh e t m he s tt eleh ro ia h i n t e r as e d c e tv i e o nl o n ot p c m y e d n l th i nc b f i oa t a u db n e nh seomd c r av n i e nb , , . a a D p n iH g n e se ic l e ap a h o nr ~ n hu i h a sc i p k nh sl i h ie u t i qt s r c s h .

C a x i g

l t c d u i ls x a thX a t e n e c el e ts 2 , c , etc. x i = x~ v + r xesin a n l s, ; P 2i F i l S i wm t w i t kt r ao w d d i

n eh d e da rtt yh t e ei r o ee e r ts g i cm u a fo h ta hd s

287

T
connecting cylindrical

P
and rectangular shapes

D E V E L O P M E N T D it c v ii i e hr d n c e a al u p q te d a e r l ae a e m d w ea i nv n p o i n t .

er a ti c s

F t li e o en hn e g a l d be t e m c h e t r i a n g o ub l c a at li o c n uT l a t i r o y e l ea m t h e y n pr t oho st t e n eu e s t r i o a n side g of l n which e s is e A A A --e a 2- t t o 1 3 n ,c t h h s i t i h eo d th i t r g e a sn hhe s ti t p i e c e .

A
G

A A A-

B t e d e g v e h li o o t p n m l e e n ti h 1 a d t - r rn t i r a h liSg d a- w nh S g e w bh S o st qh s et u e i ae a aA s s A ai w h dh yn p o o eA t D s e d n u e f b o t r u i a n n g o u cl d a a t i lyo c n u t F i t op i n o1 2 n hi 3 . e n d tt e T l eo 1 h n 2 g 3- e t em 2 h t 3 f ,a b t ea t qkt c ue o e t an o h l r o d i vo i t st i c o iin h t s o ra h c f e l p

small enough for the desired accuracy. Strike an arc with 1 as center and the chord of divisions as radius. With A as center and A-2 as radius draw arc at 2. The intersection of these arcs give the point 2. The points 3, 4 etc. in the curve can be Found ina similar manner.
E f X c
c=

A M P L E l c o o u l l a eot e i no rl d = r x sin a

n eg

m t ef

r x cos a

L E O NE L G E TM H E N T F S I t a db eh so mc r v a n ci e b ne e n d b f to d e u v e hn lf o e t p d m re eno t a s p i tiw i e h o c e n e ns :

one end is square 2. one or both sides of the rectangle are equal to the diameter of the circle 3. the circular and rectangular planes are eccentric 4. the circular and rectangular planes are not parallel

288

T
connecting cylindrical

P
and rectangular shapes

1 2 2

3 4 3
@

3 : - 3 2 1 2 + - A

D E V E L O P M E N T D it c v ii i e hr d n pq c e a al u te d a e r l ae a e m d w ea i nv n p o i n t .

er ti c

F t li e o en hn e g a l d bt e e m c h t r i a n g o ub l c a at li o c n uT l a t i r e l ea m e y n pr t oho st t e n eu e t h t r i one a n side g of l which e s is A A A--e a 2- t t o 1 3 n ,c t h s i t i h eo d th i t r g e a sn hhe s ti p i e c e .

B t e d e g v e h li o o t p n m l e e n ti h 1 a d t - r rn t i r a h liSg d a- w nh S g e w bh S o i ae st qh s et u e a aA s A ai w d h yn p o o eA t Ds h e dn u e f b o t r u i a n n g o u cl d a a t i lyo n c t F i i n n t op o1 2 hi 3 .e n d tt e T l eo 1 h n 2 g 3- e t em 2 h t 3 f b t ea t qkt c ue o e t an o h l d i vo i t st i c o iin h t s o ra h c f e

small enough for the desired accuracy. Strike an arc with 1 as center and the chord of divisions as radius. With A as center and A-2 as radius draw arc at 2. The intersection of these arcs give the point 2. The points 3, 4 etc. in the curve can be found in a similar manner.
E f X c
e =

a ~

A M P L E l c o o u l l a eot e i no rl d = r x sin a + -d ( -

n eg a)( b

m t

c = r x cos a

)2

In the above described manner can be found the development for transition pieces when: 1. one end is square 2. one or both sides of the rectangle are equal to the diameter of the circle 3. the circular and rectangular planes are eccentric 4. the circular and rectangular planes are not parallel

289

C
T p m f c

c I

b m e he f d t si h o v e a o oi c t sd i i ta f tr l i t eo t h n sn c s goo hd a e t a l s h ew u n tr ide ig i ot s v th t e T r e l n eoc t h ne c . g hC = th edo i x c r w c ch i

i e ro r nnc q l fu t h t e a o h a rf e n dr p h he c r u ci idh r e h i r ao f m d e e, t le o s a lt r e o

o
E X A I i r e cf 8s C =D T t f a i A e t i

la f e e at r a c , b eb u t

M P L E : t q d u a ii 2 r i v ed t s i di n a d c o m ie ic e 8 e r t0 nh e sc q r p l t u a e c ao e p f o ta t r c a0 e roh .b s 3 l m 8 e 2 e :6 8 ax m 0 l i b a~ M t q d e . = t3 2 ex 8 r 0 2 . 6=37 8 8 . i 2 60 n6 5 c8 3h 6e

ls s

C = D E X I i r

C = 100 x sin
No. of Spaces

eo c h n n hf g oao d d t e r eh o n ds n fu i s o sm r r pen y b s d ae c ihr t o e o f s w h l e : 1 8 0 m s e t e i r n n uo sm p b a e c r e f s P L E : u a i 1 ri v et ds i d i n 0 da c om eiic e 1 r0 t e nh ec p rq l 2 t a u e ro a 0 t l s 1 8 0 1 x s 1 30 1 = i0 x 0 0 . 0= n 2 0 i= 2 .n 0 6 c 2 6 h 1 2 0

No. of

c
0.00000 1.00000 0,86603 0.70711 0,58779 0.50000 0.43388 0.38268 0.34202
0 0 0 0 @ . . . . . 3 2 2

No.

2 3 4 5 ; 8 9
1 1 1 1

26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34
30 38 35

0,12054 0,11609 0.11196 0,10812 010453 0.10117 0.09802 0.09506 0.09227

90 1 10 80 2 3 90 20 4

51 % 54 55 56 57 58 59

0.06153 0.06038 0,05924 0.05814 0.05709 0.05607 0.05509 0.05414 0,05322

9 05 6 . 7 06 1 . 4 07 8 .

76 ;: 79 80 81 82 83 84
5 40 60 % 5 10 8 5 ) 8 4

0,04132 0.04079 0,04027 0,03976 0.03926 0.03878 0,03830 0.03784 0.03739

20 0 3. 10 1 4. 00 2 6. 4 0 8 0 5 0 3 3 3 3

0. 20 6 8 7 0 3 86 8 0 2 86 3. 5. 20 29 88 68

2 33 2 3 2

15 16 17 18 19 20 ;; 23 24 25

0.20791 0.19509 0.18375 0.17365 0.16460 0.15643 0,14904 0.14232 0.13617 0.13053 0.12533

40 41 :: 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

! 2 08 5. 8 9 4 0 0.04907 7

0.07846 0.07655 0.07473 0.07300 0.07134 0.06976 0.06824 0,06679 0.06540 0.06407 0,06279

65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75

0,04831 0.04758 0.04687 0,04618 0.04551 0.04487 0.04423 0.04362 0.04302 0.04244 0.04188

89 90 91 92 93 % 96 97 98

93 8 5 0 , 0 0.03529 4

1::

0.03490 0.03452 0.03414 0.03377 0.03341 0.03306 0.03272 0,03238 0.03205 0.03173
0 . 0 3

290

m
I P
W

SEGMENTS OF CIRCLESFOR R4DIUS= 1 / l\ Length of arc, height of segment,length of chord, and area of segmentfor anglesfrom 1 to 180 degrees = 1 For other radii, multiply the . values

of 1, h and c in the table by the given radius r, and J the values for areas, by r2, the square of the radius.
1

andradis
0
Deg

e
De[ T . i 4 5 6 -1 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

c 7A

c
A

e
Deg

Area

h
I
2.11? 2.129 2.147 2.164 2.18? 2.199 2.217 ~,?34 2,:5 ]
2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 T 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

l
6

ment

0
2 9 3 3 0 9 0 2 3 i 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 3 3 0 0 3 3 3 0 0 0 o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0.000o m 0 . 0,ooo1 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 I 0 0 0 0 0 0 I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0.667

1
T

A 0

m7 62 1,082

3-F

0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

~ I

0.715 0.73?
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 I

63 1.100 64 1.117 65 1.134 66 1,152 67 1.169 68 1.187 69 1.X34 70 [~q~ 71 I.239 7? 1.257 73 1.274 74 1,291 75 I.309 76 1.3?6 77 1.344 78 1.361 79 1.379 80 1.396 81 I.414 82 1.431 83 1.449 84 1.466 85 1.483 86 1 87 1 88 1 89 1 90 1 91 1 92 1 93 1 94 1 95 1 96 1 97 1 98 1 99 1 100 1 1,763 102 1.780 103 1,798 104 1,815 105 1,833 106 1.850 107 1.867 108 1.885 109 1.902 110 1.920 111 1.937 1.955 1.972 I 1.990 I 2.007 2.025 2.042 2.059 2.077 2.094

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 I 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

121 122 123 124 I15 126 127 ]28 129

I I

; , 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

&6~54

162 2.827 163 2.845 164 2.862 165 2.880 166 2.897 167 2.915 168 2.932 169 2.950 170 2.967 171 2.984 172 3.002 173 3.019 174 3.037 175 3.054 176 3.072 177 3.089 178 3.107 179 3.124 180 3.142

291

Ziii4
I

A R T I N O T EH R SP E C T T IE O N O S H A NE O L N ZF L Z L D ( D i m e In s ni o cn e hd e s

E )

N M
~

I 3

NE 4
0.4375 0.3750 0.3125 0.3125

A %5

1Y2 0.0625 0.0625 0.0625 0.0625 . 0.0625 0.0625 0.0625 0.0625

%3

0.2500 0.3750 0.2500 0.3750 0.1875 0.3125 0.1875 0.1875 0,1875 0.12SC o.1250 0.I 25a
O.

T
6 %8
1.0000 1.8125 0.8125 1.5000 0.6875 1.2.500 0.6250 1.1250

O.125C 0.12 SC O.125C O.125C 0.062S 0.062 ! 0.062: 0.062 : 0.062 ! 0.062! 96 102 108 114 120 126 132 138 144 0.062 ! 0.0625 0.062 ! 0.0625 0.062$ 0.0625 . 0.062: 0.062$ 0.062$ 0.0625 0.062$ 0.0625 0.0625 0.0625 0.0625 0.0625 0.0625 0.0625 0.1250 0.2500 0.1250 0.2500 0.12.50 0.2500 0.1250 0.1875 0. 12s0 0.1875 0.1875 0.12s0 0.1875 0.1250 0.1875 0.0625 0.1250 0.0625 0.1250 0.0625 0.1250 0.0625 0.1250 0.0625 0.1250

292
I I

I i I

dl

A R T O S ( D i

I NO T EH R S PE CT T I EO N H A NE O L N Z F LZ L D md e I ; n ns IN 6 ic o hn (P A 2 8 e E

s , )

S !

h i
1.0625 !.5000 !.0625 [.7500

l ;

l .1

N M 1

P I

20

30

4.1250 3.1875 2.6250 2.3125 2.0625 1.8125 1.6875

7.000 4.1250 3.3750 2.8750 2 5000 2.2500 2.0625 1.8750 8.000 4.8750 4.0000 3.4375 3.0625 2.7500 2.5000 2.3125 2.1250 2.0000 1.8750 1.7500 1.6875

9
5.6250 4.6875 4.0625 3.6250

0
D.000o

[ [ [ [
L .0625 [.0000 ).9375 ).8750 36 38 40 42 ).81 25 ).7500 ).7500 ).6875

40 0 0
.1.0000 7.1875 12.0000 8.0000 6.8125 6.0000 5.4375 4.8125 4.5625 4.2500 4.0000 3.7500 3.1875 2.8125 2.5000 2.2500 2.4375 2.2500 2.0625 1.937.5 1.8125 1.6875 1.5625 1.5000 1.4375 1.3750 1.3125 1.2500 1.1875 1.8125 1.750[ 1.625C 1.5625 2.375( 2.250( 2. 125C
2.000C

6.0625 5.3125 4.8125 4.3750 4.0625 3.7500 3.5000 3.3125 3.1250 2.6875 2.3125 2.1250 1.8750

3.0000

5.0000 0.4375 9.0000 8.1250 7.3125 6.7500 6.3125 5.2500 4.5625 4.0000 3.6250

+
0.875 0.7500 0.6875 0.6250 1.0625 0.9375 0.8125 0.7500

1.5675 1 1.1875
I 1.1875

1.0625 1.0000 0.8750 0.8125 0.7500 0.6875 0.6875 0.6250 0.6250 0.5625 0.5625 0.5000 1. 1.4375 1.3125 1.1875 1.1250 0.875C 0.812 : 0.750C 0.6875 0.6875 0.625C 0.625C 0.5625 0.5625 1.0000 0.9375 0.8750 0.8125 0.8125 0.7500 0.7500 0.6875

1.7500 2.0625 1.5625 1.8750 1.4375 1.7500 1.3750 1.8750 1.2500 1.5000 1.1875 1.4375 1.1250 1.3750 1.0625 1.2500 1.0000 1.1875 0.9375 1.1250 0.9375 1.1250 0.8750 1.0625 0.8750 1.0000 I

96 102 108 114 120 126 132 138 144

0.3 12! 0.4375 0.3 12! 0.37s0 0.250( 0.250( 0.250( 0.250( 0.250( 0.3750 0.1875 0.1875 0.3125 0.3125

0.500( 0.500( 0.437$ 0.437: 0.4375 0.375(

0.375C 0.5000 0.375C 0.4375 0.312 : 0.4375

0.182! + 0.3125 0.1 82! 0.3125

293

TABLEFOR LOCATING POINTS ON2:1 ELLIPSOIDAL HEADS t ~ From these tablesthe dimension y can be found if the diameter, D and dimensionx are known,

~Ient
L i

R=t

n r

e a o h hd

e i

u a e

sd

f .

I
T
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 x
1

3 = 12 Y 2.9580 2 2.8284 3 2.5980 4 2.2360 5 1.6583 0 6 D = 14 x Y 1 3.4641

z 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 T T 2 3 4 i 5 6 7 8 9

7 0 ?.2284 =

3.3541 2 3.1622 3 4 2.8722 5 2.4494 6 1.8027 70 D = 16 Y

3.9686 3.8729 3.7081 3.4641 3.1225 2.6457 1.9364 0 ) = 18

x 7 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

T
Y
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 91 4.4721 4.3878 4.2426 4.0311 3.7416 3.3541 2.8284 2.0615 0
I

7.0710 Y D = 26 6.8738 4.9749 T Y 6.6332 4.8989 T 6.4807 6.3442 4.7697 6.4226 2 6 4.5825 6.3245 3 5.5901 4.3301 4 6.1846 5.0990 4 5 6 4.5 3.5707 6 5.7662 3.7416 3 7 5.4772 2.6925 2.1794 5.1234 8 0 0 4.6904 9 ~= 32 )= 22 4.1533 10 T Y 3.4641 11 Y 7.9843 2.5 12 7 5.4772 7.9372 0 13 2 5.4083 7.8581 3 5.2915 ) = 28 7.7459 4 5.1234 T Y 7.5993 5 4.8989 - Y 6.9821 7.4162 6 4.6097 6.9282 2 7.1937 7 4.2426 6.8374 3 6.9282 8 3.7749 6.7082 4 6.6143 9 3.1622 6.5383 5 2 . 2 9 1 2 6.245 6.3245 6 5.8094 11 0 6.0621 7 5 12 =24 5.7445 8 4 13 Y 9 5.3619 3.8729 14 5.9791 4.8989 10 2.7838 15 5.9160 4.3301 11 0 16 5.8094 3.6055 12 ) = 34 5.6568 13 2.5980 Y Y 5.4543 0 14 8.4852 7 5.1961 ) = 30 8.4409 2 4.8734 x Y 8.3666 3 4.4721 7 7.4833 8.2613 4 3.9686 2 7.4330 8.1240 5 3.3166 7.3484 7.9529 2.3979 l L l (

5 6 7 8 9 0 ,1 ,2 ,3 ,4 is

7 8 9~ [0 ~ [1 [2 [3 ,4 .5 ,6 ,7 T T 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

7.7459 7.5 7.2111 6.8738 6.4807 6.0208 5.4772 4.8218 4 2.8722 0 =36 Y 8.9861 8.9442 8.8741 8.7749 8.6458 8.4852 8.2915 8.0622 7.7942 7.4833

6.7082 6.2249 5.6568 4.9749 4.1231 2.9580 0

-J

D =38 x Y 9.4868 2 9.4472 9.3808 T3 41 9.2870 5 9.1651

294

TABLEFOR LOCATING POINTS ON 2: 1 ELLIPSOIDAL HEADS(Cont.)

T
7 8 9 10

11
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 x

=38 9.0138 8.8317 8.6168 8.3666 8.0777 7.7459 7.3654 6.9282 6.4226 5.8309 5.1234 4.2426 3.0413 0 =40 Y 9.9874 9.9498 9.8868 9.7979 9.6824 9.5393 9.3675 9.1651 8.9302 8.6602 8.3516 8 7.5993 7.1414 6.6143 6 5.2678 4.3589 3.1225 0

8 9 10
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

20 21
x

T
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

9.7082 9.4868 9.2330 8.9442 8.6168 8.2462 7.8262 7.3484 6.8007 6.1644 5.4083 4.4721 3.2015 0 =48 Y 11.9896 11.9583 11.9059 11.8322 11.7367

6 7 8 9 10

T =42 x , Y 1 10.4881

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 T

11.619 11.4782 11.3137 11.1243 10.9087 10.6654 10.3923 10.0871 9.7467 9.3675 8.9442 8.4705 7.9372 7.3314 6.6332 5.8094 4.7958 3.4278 0
= 54 Y 13.4907 13.4629 13.4164 13.351 13.2665

11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27
x T 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

13.1624 13.0384 12.8939 1 12.7279 2 12.5399 3 12.3288 12.0934 4 5 11.8322 11.5434 6 11.225 7 10.8743 8 10.4881 9 10.0623 9.5916 9.0691 8.4852 7.8264 7.0710 6.1846 5.0990 3.6400 0
1 =60

24 25 26 27 28 29 30

1
12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23

-L
2 3 4 5 6 7 10.4523 10.3923 10.3078 10.198 10.0623 9.8994
1

Y 14.9917 14.9666 14.9248 14.8661 14.7902 14.6969 14.586 14.4568 14.3091 14.1421 13.9553 13.7477 13.5185 13.2665 12.9904 12.6886 12.3592 12 11.1803

2 3 4 5

10.7121 10.198 9.6306

17.9374 4 17.8885 5 17.8255 6 17.7482 7 17.6564 8 17.5499 9 17.4284 10 17.2916 1 66 11 17.1391 x Y 12 16.9706 1 16.4924 13 16.7854 2 16.4697 14 16.5831 3 16.4317 15 16.3631 4 16.3783 16 16.1245 5 16.3095 17 15.8666 6 16.225 18 15.5885 7 16.1245 19 15.2889 8 16.0078 20 14.9666 9 15.8745 21 14.6202 10 15.7242 22 14.2478 11 15.5563 23 13.8474 12 15.3704 24 13.4164 13 15.1658 25 12.9518 14 14.9416 26 12.4499 15 14.6969 27 11.9059 16 14.4309 28 11.3137 17 14.1421 29 10.6654 9.9498 18 13.8293 30 19 13.4907 31 9.1515 32 8.2462 20 13.1244 7.1937 21 12.7279 33 5.9160 22 12.2984 34 23 1 1 . 35 8 4.2130 3 2 24 11.3248 36 0 10.7703 =78 ;; 10.1612 Y 27 9.4868 Y 19.4936 28 8.7321 -i29 2 19.4743 7.8740 30 3 19.4422 6.8738 31 4 19.3972 5.6558 32 5 19.3391 4.0311 33 6 19.2678 0 7 19.1833 =7 8 19.0853 Y 9 18.9737 1 17.9931 10 18.8481 17.9722 ~ 2 18.7083 9 8.2915 7.4833 6.5383 5.3851 3.8405 0

-7

295
I

TABLEFOR LOCATING POINTS ON2:1 ELLIPSOIDAL HEADS(Cont.)

D=78 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39
F

18.554 18.3848 18.2003 18 17.7834 17.5499 17.2988 17.0294 16.7407 16.4317 16.1012 15.748 15.3704 14.9666 14.5344 14.0712 13.5739 13.0384 12.4599 11.8322 11.1467 10.3923 9.5524 8.6023 7.5 6.1644 4.3874 x 0 T 1 =84 2 x Y 3 4 20.994 -i2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 20.9762 20.9464

19.2029 18 18.9737 19 18.7283 20 18.4662 21 18.1865 22 17.8885 23 17.5713 24 17.2337 25 16.8745 26 16.4924 27 16.0857 28 15.6525 29 15.1905 30 14.6969 31 14.1686 32 13.6015 33 12.9904 34 12.3288 35 11.6082 36 10.8167 9.9373 37 8.9442 38 7.7942 39 6.4031 40 4.5552 41 0 42 =90
v

22.4944 22.4778 22.4499 22.4109

2 2 2 2

:
7

2
20.8507 20.7846 20.7063 20.6155 20.5122 20.3961 20.267 20.1246 19.9687 19.799 19.615 19.4165

8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

21.8174 21 21.5812 21 22 21.3307 22 23 21.0654 23 24 20.7846 24 25 20.4878 25 26 20.1742 26 19.8431 27 27 19.4936 28 28 19.1246 29 29 18.735 30 30 18.3235 31 31 17.8885 32 32 17.4284 33 33 16.9411 34 34 16.4241 35 35 15.8745 36 36 15,2889 37 37 14.6629 38 38 13.9911 39 39 13.2665 40 40 12.48 41 41 11.619 42 42 10.6654 43 43 9.5916 44 44 8.3516 45 45 6.8556 46 4.8734 47 x 0 48 7 7 = 108 2 Y Y 3 4 26.9954 -i. 5 3 2 6 3 0 . 7 6 9 2 8 26.9815 . 6 2 2 9 3 9 . 1 8 1 1 3 26.9583 7 23.7434 4 26.9258 8 23.6643 5 26.884 9 23.5744 6 26.8328 10 23.4734 7 26.7722 11 23.3613 8 26.7021 12 23.2379 9 26.6224 13 23.103 10 26.533 14 22.9565 11 26.4339 15 22.798 12 26.3249 16 22.6274 13 26.2059 17 22.4444 14 26.0768 18 22.2486 15 25.9374 19 22.0397 16 25.7876 20.1556 19.8997 19.6278 19.3391 19.0329 18.7083 18.3644 18 17.6139 17.2047 16.7705 16.3095 15.8193 15.2971 14.7394 14.1421 13.5 12.8062 12.052 11.225 10.3078 9.2736 8.0777 6.6332 4.7169 0 =96 Y 23.9948 23.9792 23.9531 23.9165

7
18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48
4

50 8 51 52 53 54 7 x

2 3 4 5 6 7

25.6271 25.4558 25.2735 25.0799 24.8747 24.6577 24.4285 24.1868 23.9322 23.6643 23.3827 23.0868 22.7761 22.4499 22.1077 21.7486 21.3717 20.9762 20.5609 20.124F 19.666 19.1833 18.6748 18.1384 17.5713 16.9706 16.3325 15.6525 14.9248 14.1421 13.2947 12.3693 11.3468 10.198 8.8741 7.2801 5.1720 0 = 120 Y 29.9958 29.9833 29.9625 29.9333 29.8957 29.8496 29.7951

296 TABLE FOR LOCATING POINTS

10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 &

K 120 29.7321 29.6606 29.5804 29.4915 29.3939 29.2874 29.1719 29.0474 28.9137 28.7706 28.6182 28.4561 28.2843 28.1025 27.9106 27.7083 27.4955 27.2718 27.037 26.7909 26.533 26.2631 25.9808 25.6856 25.3772 25.0549 24.7184 24.367 24 23.6167 23.2164 22,798 22.3607 21.9032 21.4243 20.9225 20.3961 19.8431 19.2614 18.6481 18 17.3133 16.5831 15.8035 14.9666 14.0624 13.0767

r
55 56 57 58

ON 2:1 ELLIPSOIDAL HEADS (Cont.)

10.9896 10.7703 9.3675 7.6811

z
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 7 Y T 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18

59

54543
0

60

D = 132

x
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 ;; 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39

Y 32.9962 32.9848 32.9659 32.9393 32.9052 32.8634 32.8139 32.7567 32.6917 32.619 32.5384 32.45 32.3535 32.249 32.1364 32.0156 31.8865 31.749 31.603 31.4484 31.285 31.1127 30.9314 30.7409 30.541 30.3315 30.1123 29.8831 29.6437 29.3939 29.1333 28.8617 28.5788 28.2843 27.9777 27.6586 27.3267 26.9815 26.6224

26.2488 25.8602 25.4558 25.035 24.5967 24.1402 23.6643 23.1679 22.6495 22.1077 21.5407 20.9464 20.3224 19.666 18.9737 18.2414 17.4642 16.6358 15.748 14.7902 13.7477 12.5996 11.3137

Y
20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53
5

9.8361 8.0622 5.7227 0

= 144 Y35.9965 35.9861 35.9687 35.9444 35.9131 35.8748 35.8295 35.7771 35.7176 35.6511 35.5774 35.4965 35.4083 35.3129 35.2101 35.0999 34.9821 34.8569

34.7239 34.5832 34.4347 34.2783 34.1138 33.9411 33.7602 33.5708 33.3729 33.1662 32.9507 32.7261 32.4923 32.249 31.9961 31.7333 31.4603 31.1769 30.8828 30.5778 30.2614 29.9333 29.5931 29.2404 28.8747 28.4956 28.1025 27.6948 27.2718 26.8328 26.3771 25.9037 25.4116 24.8998 24.367 23.8118

L
67 68 69 70 71 72 13.1814 10.2835 8.4261 5.9791 0
N O T

T c u r h v a o a e l l i p s h e ei t a i n o o su it i at r e l l i p s T p a r h a l c o u t r o p sp o si i n e l l o i a t n h d o a t t t ha bi a n r o a p p l i c a t l o c a p o i n t g eh o m a r iu c a ln d e t e r m i c u r v ( e i t o h w s c h a p e

5
56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 J@

2
22.6274 21.9943 21.3307 20:6337 19.8997 19.1246 18.303 17.4284 16.4924 15.4839 14.3875

c i a 4 ah e a l e la

297 LENGTH OF ARCS 1. These tables are for locating points on pipes and shells by measuring the length of arcs. 2. The length of arcs are computed for the most commonly used pipesizes and vessel diameters. 3. The length of arcs for any diameters and any degrees, not shown in the table, can be obtained easily using the values given for diam. 1 or degree 1. 4. All dimensions are in inches. EXAMPLES A. w
3P

O.D. = 3
N F 7 9 o l t V @

/ 2
6

4 1 C

0 oz @ 3 cz a l t ee 0 d rt al oeb o h n lm g e t e a =7 . i r 8 4 n3 c

? h 8

6 . Y

2 @

7 9

. O =3 P . V D0 N o l oz @ 6 cz a l t T a t b mh e r a f st c P 0l c o e ns t @ e e rs l T n o i 3 hz f z t s 9r l ~ T l eo t hn a 7gh &

. e0 e e ur c r i t n e 0 e r ti e .

d oe e o h d m e o h@ 0 m e ih c 4 f s 8 n3 : 8

3m )

2 4

. I =3 O = N o l FW t d

. W t h D0 a i c 3 k . ln t / e s l8 h s = a ?. 3 D 4 . 0 oz @ 3 cz a l t ee 0 d ? r l a eo W o 3b na f lg m 0 t e r ho f c 2 a 6 1 x2 3 6= 0 81 . 8 .8 i. 0 0 0 7 5 n 50

1= 0 i . 0 . @

p 22%0

! 2
&

7 {
1

9 (

0 N o l oz @ 2 cz a 2 l t ee ? d 4 F t r l a eo o1 ba n o lg m te r h 3Y O P .0 (i ) D 2 e 6 . 1 =8 0 J .p 0 . x2 2 6 1 2 = 5i 8 .
8 W

. O.D. =3

f c 0 0 . 8

n9

298
L D D 1 1
1Y2

E E

O NA G 1

G R

R T E 2 E

C S 02

i 0 0

1 . .

a 00 00

m 5 0. 8 0 0

. 1 7 4 . 3 3 0

53 04 20 5 1. 3 8 2 8 . 8

6 .8 2 .2

3 17 0

32 .

07 10

97.

1 6

1 . 0 1 0 4.

680 1

50 15

.80 0 27

. 1S 2 08

1 3

: z w & z ~ z 0 z

2 3 a 5 6 8

w w ~ ~ A m x a 8 $ & a z ~ n

- ,

E D

O NA E 9 5 G

G R 01

R T E

H E 5 2

C S 8

D 1
1
1Y2

i 0

3 a .

4m 3 0 0 .
0.4688 0.6563 0.8438 1.0000 1.2188 1.4003 1.5625 1.9375 2.3125 3.0938 3.7500 4.4375 4.1875 4.8750 5.5938

.4 0 3 5
0.7500 0.9375 1.1250 1.3750 1.5625 1.7813 2.1875 2.5938 3.3750 4.2188 5.0000 4.7188 5.5000 6.2813 7.0313 7.8438 8.6563 9.4375

03

7 0

. 4 4

3 0 9 3

9 . 0

7 21

8 7.

2.35619 5 05 47 3.0938 4.4688 5.5938 6.7813 8.2500 9.4375 10.5938 13.0938 15.6250 20.3125 25.3438 30.0313 29.2813 33.0000 37.6875 42.4063 47.1250 51.8438 56.5625 61.2500 65.9688 70.6875 75.4063 80.1250 84.8125 89.5313 94.2500 98.9688 113.0938 127.2500 141.3750 155.5000 169.6S63 183.7813
16 1 . 89 9 0 18 2 . 71 3 8 5 00 2 . 62 7 0 02 2 . 54 2 3 91 3 . 25 6 93 2 . 16 0 3 8 5 2 . 08 5 0 6 2 . 89 9 7 8

8 003.14159
4.1250 5.9688 7.4688 9.0313 11.0000 12.5625 14.1250 17.4688 20.8125 27.0938 33.7813 40.0625 37.0625 43.9688 50.2500 56.5625 62.8438 69.1250 75.4063 81.6875 87.9688 94.2500 100.5313 106.8125 113.0938 119.3750 125.6563 131.9375

0.4063 0.5938 0.7188 0.8750 1.0625 1.2188 1.3750 1.6875 2.0313 2.6250 3.2813 3.9063 3.6563 4.2813 4.8750 5.5000 6.0938 6.7188 7.3438 7.9375 8.5625 9.1563 9.7813 10.3750 11.0000 11.5938 12.2188 12.8438 14.6563 16.5000 18.3125 20.1563 22.0000 23.8125 25.6563
2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 7 9 1 3 4 6 8 0 2 3

0.5313

1.0313 1.5000 1.8750 2.2500 2.7500 3.1563 3.5313 4.3750 5.2188 6.7813 8.4375 10.0000 9.4375 11.0000 12.5625 14.1250 15.7188 17.2813 18.8438 20.4063 22.0000 23.5625 25.1250 26.7188 28.2813 29.8438 31.4063 33.0000 37.6875 42.4063 47.1250 51.8438 56.5625 61.2500
.6 . 07 0 . 57 0 8 .3 9 8 .0 8 8 .5 8 9 .3 7 9 .0 6 56 1 . . 1 35 85 1 . 05 20 6 65 0 10 3 4 4 7 79 1 14 5 48 8

2.0625 3.0000 3.7188 4.5313 5.5000 6.2813 7.0625 8.7500 10.4063 13.5625 16.8750 20.0313 18.8438 22.0000 25.1250 28.2813 31.4063 34.5625 37.6875 40.8438 43.9688 47.1250 50.2500 53.4060 56.5625 59.6875 62.8438 65.9688 75.4063 84.8125 94.2500 103.6875 113.0938 122.5313
1 0. 1 4. 3 8 .1 0 2. 1 8 0 . 1 5 1 8. 3 1 2 .0 6 .1 8 9 03 6 34 74 5 1 56 8 66 5 17 8 52 89

w N G m & z d 4 g z $?

2 2% 3 3% 4 5 6 8 10 12 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 ;:

6.2813 6.9688 7.6875 8.3750 9.0625 10.2188 9.7813 11.0000 10.4688 11.7813 11.1563 11.8750 12.5625 13.2500 13.9688 14.6563 16.7500 18.8438 20.9375 23.0313 25.1250 27.2188
. 3 . 3 0.3 0.3 1.3 2 .4 2 .4 3.4 3.4 4. 5 5 1 3 3 15 07 89 61 53 36 18 9 0

m : u ~

A 48 a LLl g 54 60 5 * m + E
4 s 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

12.5625 13.3438 14.1250 14.9375 15.7188 16.5000 18.8438 21.2188 23.5625 25.9065 28.2813 30.6250
3 5 04 7 25 6 20 65 82 06 49 27 07 68 69 09 21 20 84 61 46 82 3 0 . 3 1 . 4 5. 4 0. 4 1. 4 5. 0. 4 1. 5 5 . 6 . 5

66 78 :;

150.7813 169.6563 188.5000 207.3458 -.. 226.1875 245.0313

8 7 3 2 . 7 6 9 53 0 5 2 7 2 . 5 8 0 02 6 3 6 83 . 10 1 31 8 0 1 3 . 8 2 3 80 4 5 4 53 . 63 4 39 6 3 8 63 . 25 5 58 9 0 2 0 3 . 0 7 7 07 5 . 6 . 2 . 7 . 3 . 8 . 3 . 0 . 5 . 1 . 6 . 1

29.3125 3

0 8 2 34 2 5 . 30 6 0 1 6 88 2 3 . 71 3 1 5 0 36 2 0 . 22 0

8 6 0 3 . 6 9 8 35 7 7 5 3 . 6 1 3 3 1 44 . 31 0 84 3 8 5 6 7 3 . 5 2 7 0 5 84 . 13 1 33 5 6 9 3 . 3 3 1 8 9 8 4 . 7 5 2 52 8 5

300

C
D

A
Area a
. . 4 9 c 0 9 8 Q 0

i Circum.
. .

I
0 0

Circum.
0 6.2832 o 9 1 6.4795 0 8

Area
1 3.1416 9 7 3.3410 7

Circum. 16.297 16.493 16.690 16.886 17.082 17.279 17.475 17.671 17.868 18.064 18.261 18.457 18.653 18.850 19.242 19.635 20.028 20.420 20.813 21.206 21.598 21.991 22.384 22.776 23.169 23.562 23.955 24.347 24.740 25.133 25.525 6 25.918 3 26.311 9 26.704 5 27.096 2 27.489 8 27.882

Area 21.135 21.648 22.166 22.691 23.221 23.758 24.301 24.850 25.406 25.967 26.535 27.109 27.688 28.274 29.465 30.680 31.919 33.183 34.472 35.785 37.122

. . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2

. . . . . 5 . 6 . 7 8 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2

1 1 2 3 4

0 0 0 0 0 8 0 8 0 8 8 8 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 3 5 7 9 1 3 5 7 9 1 3 4 6 8 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 6 6 6 7

4 9 9 9 9

0 2 0 3 0 3 1 7 1 8 2% 7 3 2 5 3 1 7 7 7 7 7 7 6 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 4 4 6 7 9 1 2 5 7 9 2 4 7 0 3 7 0 4 7 1 5 0 4 9 3

7 6 4 2 0

4 5 7 9 8 6 4 0 4 2 9.4248 2 6 0 9 7 5 3 1 9 8
9.6211 9.8175 6 8 10.014 1 0 10.210 8 1 10.407 6 3 10.603 6 5 10.799 8 7 10.996 1 8 11.192 5 0 11.388 11.585 1 2 11.781 9 4 11.977 8 5 12.174 9 7 12.370 1 9

6.6759 1 6 6.8722 3 5 7.0686 6 2 7.2649 2 0 9 7 7.4613 7 5 7.6576 7.8540 7 2 8.0503 8.2467 9 0 8.4430 2 7 8.6394 6 5 8.8357 2 9 9.0321 0 1 9.2284 9 3

7 0 9 2 1 6 5 0 1 7 8 4 6 3 5 3 6 5 8 8 2 2 7

3 3.5466 7 3.7583 0 3.9761 7 4.20Q0 7 4.4301 1 4.6664 4.9087 8 5.1572 5.4119 9 3 5.6727 5.9396 0 6.2126 1 6.4918 5 6.7771 2 3 7 5 6 0 8 0 4 2 4 9 7 9 4 2 4 12.566 .9 12.962 .8 . 13.364 13.772 .4 14.186 .6 .0 14.607 15.033 .5 .2 15.466 . 15.904 0 16.349 . 9 16.800 . 0 . 17.257 1 17.728 . 5 18.19u . 9 18.665 . 5 . 19.147 3 2 2 3

3A

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 6

. . . . . . . . . . . . .

4 7 8 3 9 3 3 2 2 1 1 1 0 0 0 9 9 9 8

1 2 3 4 6 7 9 0 2 4 5 7 % 9

6 7 4 3 2 4 0 1 8 3 7 5 1 0 5 10 2 22 3 17 4 20 1 2 3 18 1 6 5 1 3 78 9 6 3 49 1 3 4 1 7 0 0 6 3 2 0 3 7 7 1 3 1 5 3 4 3 8 7 4 4 9 1 1 6 2 0 4 3 2 1 6 4 4 7 1 7 4 7 8 1 1 1 3 5 5 7 1 5 1 3 4 6 1 8 5 5 7 0 4 8 1 0 15.708 0 6 5 1 15.$04 4 6 16.101 8 8

5 7 9 1 3 5 7 9 1 3 5 7 9 1 3 5

6 6 5 5 S 4 4 4 3 3 3 2 2 1 1 1

4 1 28.274 7 28.667 4 29.060 0 29.452 6 29.845 3 30.238 9 30.631 5 31.023 2

31,416 31.809 32.201

301

I(

D o ; % % 3 % 1 % % % % % 3 ~ 1 % % % % ~ % 7 1 ; % % % s % 1 ~ x % % ~ ? % % % % ~ % % 7 1 %

C 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5

i i 2 2 3 3 4 41 4 5 5 6 6 6 7 72 8 8 8 9 9 0 0 03 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 34 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 75 7 7 8 8 9 9 9

A r 8 . 8 . 8 . W. 9 . 9 9 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ac 45 69 83 7. 21

r .mC e u D .i i 5 5 5 5 5 6 5 5 8 5 0 5 2 5 4 5 . 5 . 5 . 5 , 5 . 5 . 5 . 5 . 5 . 5 . 5 . 5 . 5 . 5 . 5 . 6 . 6 . 6 . 6 . 6. 6. 6 . 6. 6. 6. 6. 6. 6. 6. 6 . 6 . 6 . 6 . 6 . 6 . 6 . 6 . 6 . 6 .

r A aa c .1 .0 .4 .3 .6 . 3 .5 .2 . 2 . 7 4 . . 3 . 5 . 0 . 7 . 6 8 . . 2 . 9 . 8 9 . . 3 . 0 . 9 . 0 . 4 . 0 .9 .0 . 4 .0 .8 .0 .3 .9 .7 .8 . 1 . 7 . 5 . 6 . 9 . 5 . 3 . 3 . 6 . 2 0 1 1 1 2 2 0 4 8 2 6 0

u r D

. mC . 6 . 6 . 7 . 7 . 7 . 7 7 . . 7 . 7 . 7 . 7 . 7 . 7 . 7 7 . . 7 . 7 . 7 . 7 . 7 . 7 . 7 7 . . 7 . 7 . 7 . 7 . 8 . 8 . 8 8 . . 8 . 8 . 8 . 8 . 8 . 8 , 0 8 . . 8 8 8. 8. 8. 8. 8. 8 .

e .i i 1 4 6 9 2 4 7 0 2 5 8 1 3 6 9 1 4 7 9 2 5 8 0 3 6 8 1 4 6 9 2 5 7 0 3 5 8 1 3 6 69 2 4 7 0 2 5

r ac A a 9 . 0 . 2 . 8 . S . 5 . . 8 3 . 1 . 0 . 3 . 8 . 5 . 5 . . 7 2 . 9 . 8 . 0 . 5 2 . 1 . . 3 7 . 4 . 3 . 5 . 9 . 5 4 . . 6 0 . 6 . 5 . 6 0 . 6 . 5 . . 6 0 . .5 .4 .5 .8 .4 .3 . 3 8 8 9 9 0 0 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 .7 7 8 8 9 9 0 0 1 1 5 2 2 3 3 4 8 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 s 9 2 6 0 4 8 2 6 0 4 8 2 6 0 3 7 1 5 3 7 1 s 9 3 7 1 8 2 6 0 4 2 6 0 4

ur 4 8 3 7 2 6 0 5. 0 4 9 3 8 3 7

.m

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

06 2 . 0 2 .

~ .. 9 % . 8 % . 7 % 77 %A ~. 6 % 55 .. 5 7 91 . 5 93 % . 4 0 7 K 1 3 0 1 3 3 2 0 5 % 6 2 0 9 % 8 A 1 1 3 % 0 0 8 ~ 1 6 3. 9 1 01 5 9 1 4 ;7 8 2 8 0 7 2 2 ~ 2 7 2 6 % 5 6 8 2 0 % 7 5 3 4 ? 0 4 8 % 3 8 2. 4 3 21 5 3 3 6 % 7 2 4 0 ~ 0 1 4 4 % 3 1 4 8 ;5 0 ~ 4 1 8 9 5 5 % 1 9 % 5 9 3. 8 5 32 6 7 5 7 % 9 6 6 1 ~ 2 6 6 5 ~ 5 5 6 9 % 7 4 7 3 ~ 0 3 4 7 7 x3 3 & 7 1 6. 2 7 52 9 1 8 9 g 2 0 8 3 x 5 0 8 6 % 8 9 9 0 Y 1 8 9 4 % 4 8 9 8 7 7 8 ~ 0 2 1. 6 0 62 4 5

4 2 4 1 7 1 9 2 6 2 9 1 2 2 6 2 8 2 5 2 3 2 8 3 0 7 2 0 3 0 2 3 3 4 2 6 6 4 2 8 8 4 2 1 1 5 2 4 4 5 2 6 7 6 2 1 9 68 2 2 4 6 2 5 8 7 2 7 2 0 7 2 8 2 3 1 8 2 5 6 8 2 8 1 9 2 1 7 39 2 3 9 8 2 6 0 0 2 9 5 1 2 2 0 1 4 8 2 4 3 7 1 0 2 3 2 3 2 9 70 3 5 2 4 3 8 3 3 3 0 1 3 3 4 9 3 6 4 8 3 8 4 7 3 1 5 S 3 4 7 61 3 7 5 9 6 3 2 6 3 7 3 5 6 7 3 7 7 3 0 8 3 3 3 9 8 3 5 0 92 3 8 2

~ 7 5 0 4 X 3 3 $ ~ 7 2 0 2 % 3 1 3 Y 2 4 6. 0 3 82 0 0 3 1 % 3 9 3 5 X 7 A 8 4 9 9 0 7 4 3 % 3 7 4 7 % 7 6 5 1 3 0 5 8 % 5 5 4. 4 5 92 8 4 6 3 g 1 3 6 7 ?5 2 6 1 9 8 1 7 5 ? 2 1 7 9 % 6 0 4 7 2 ?9 9 ~ 8 6 3. 9 8 02 7 8 9 4 ~ 1 7 9 8 4 6 9 2 ~ 8 6 0 6 % 2 5 0 0 ~ 6 4 1 4 % 0 3 ~ 1 8 4. 3 1 22 8 2 2 6 % 2 1 2 0 x 6 1 3 4 % 0 0 3 7 Y 4 9 8 3 1 % 8 8 4 5 ~ 2 8 % 4 9 6. 7 5 32 0 6 5 7 4 % 5. 5 1 % 8 5 6 5 33 4 2 6 9 ;7 3 7 3 1 A 3 7 7 ?5 2 % 8 1 0. 1

3 3 9 6 9 3 8 0 3 0 3 3 1 4 6 4 1 1 4 9 3 23 4 7 2 4 1 4 3 5 3 4 9 4 3 4 4 9 4 4 5 4 4 0 54 4 5 4 1 6 4 8 4 6 46 4 1 4 7 8 4 7 8 4 5 25 4 8 0 4 8 8 5 9 6 5 9 4 5 0 30 5 2 5 0 1 5 1 16 5 0 2 5 0 2 5 20 5 . 1 5 3 1 5 3 2 5 4 4 5 3 57 5 4 54 5 8 5 5 0 5 6 / 2 5 6 5 5 6 8 6 7 7 6 1

O 0 9 6 8 7 7 A 6 E

5 4 4 3 8 2 2 1 A 0

2. 9 7 9 1 8 4 6 7 6 1 %4 6 6 1 5 4 5 4 8

0. 4 5 3 0 2 5 1 8 0 1 50 0 9 5 8 8 0. 6 1 66 1 6 2 7 2. 7 3 8

8 7 6

5 2 4 3 3

8 2 6 0 93 9 7 0 1 1 5 4

2 1 0 0 8 3 9 9 8 4 7 4 0 7

Area 615.75 621,26 626.80 632.36 637.94 643.55 649.18 654.84 660.52 666.23 671.96 677.71 683.49 689.30 695.13 700.98 706.86 712.76 718.69 724.64 730.62 736.62 742.64 748.69 754.77 760.87 766.99 773.14 779.31 785.51 791.73 797.98 804.25 810.54 816.86 823.21

C 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

i 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Area c r

u 8 2 6 9 3 7 1 5

m 1 0 0 9 8 7 7 6

. 4 125.664 7 126.0s6 0 126.449 126.842 2 127.23s 5 127.627 8 128.020 0 128.413 3

128.805 129.198 129.591 129.983 130.376 130,769 131.161 131.554

6 7 7 7 8 8 9 9

. . . . . . . .

~ % % %

1320.3 1328.3 1336.4 1344.5 1352.7 1360.8 1369.0 1377,2

1075.2 1082.5 1089.8 1097.1 1104.5 1111.8 1119.2 1126.7 119.381 119.773 120.166 120.559

135.088 135.481 135.874 136.267 136.659 137.052 137.445 137.837

1 8

139.801 4 . 1 2 140.194 140.586 140.979

141.372 141.764 142.157 142.550 142.942 143.335 143.728 144.121

122.522 122.915 123.308 123.700 124.093 124.486 124.878 125.271

303

C 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

i i 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

r ac Area 4 . 1661.9 4 . 1670.9 5 , 1680.0 5 . 1689.1 6 . 1698.2 6 . 1707.4 6 . 1716.5 7 . 1725.7

1734.9 1744.2 1753.5 1762.7 1772.1 1781.4 1790.8 1800.1

u 5 9 2 6 0 4 8 2

. m Circum. . 1 0 9 9 8 J 6 6 3 163.363 6 163.756 9 164.148 1 164.541 4 164.934 7 165.326 9 165.719 2 166.112

166.504 166.897 167.290 167.683 168.075 168.468 168.861 169.253 169.646 170.039 170.431 170.824 171.217 171.609 172.002 172.395 172.788 173.180 173.573 173.966 174.358 174.751 175.144 175.536

Area 2123.7 2133.9 2144.2 2154.5 2164.8 2175.1 2185.4 2195.8 2206.2 2216.6 2227.0 2237.5 2248.0 2258.5 2269.1 2279.6 2290.2 2300.8 2311.5 2322.1 2332.8 2343.5 23S4.3 236S.0 2375.8 2386.6 2397.5 2m8.3 2419.2 243J1.1 2441.1 2452.0 2463.0 2474.0 2485.0 2496.1 2507.2 7 . 2518.3 2529.4 2540.6 2551.8 2563.0 2574.2 2585.4 2596.7 2608.0 2619.4 2630.7 60. 182.212 182.605 182.998 183.390 183.783 184.176 184.569 184.961

Area 2642.1 2653,5 2664.9 2676.4 2687.8 2699.3 2710.9 2722.4 2734.0 2745.6 2757.2 2768.8 2780.5 2792.2 2803.9 2815.7 2827.4 2839.2 2851.0 2862.9 2874.8 2886.6 2898.6 2910.5 2922.5 2934.5 2946.5 2958.5 2970.6 2982.7 2994.8 3(X)6.9

147.655 148.048 148.440 148.833 149.226 149.618 150.011 150.404

? % % %

?4

?4 %

5 1 0 7
177.893 178.285 178.678

0 1 0 %

160,221 160.614 161.007 161.399 161.792 162.185 162.577 162.970

2042.8 2052.8 2062.9 2073.0 2083.1 2093.2 2103.3 2113.5

w14

Area

Dia.

Circum. 238.761 239.154 239.546 239.939 240.332 240.725 241.117 241.510

201.062 201.455 201.847 202.240 202.633 203.025 203.418 203.811 204.204 204.596 204.989 205.382 205.774 206.167 206.5&l 206.952 3421.2 3434.2 3447.2 3460.2 3473.2 3486.3 3499.4 3512.5 210.487 210.879 211.272 211.665 212.058 212.450 212.843 213.236

X i % % % % X % % % % % x ~ % % % % ; % ; % % X % % % % % % X % ~ % %

245.044 245.437 245.830 246.222 246.615 247.008 247.400 247.793 248.M6 248.579 248.971 249.364 249.757 250.149 250.542 250.935 251.327 251.720 252.113 252.506 252.898 253.291 253.684 254.076 254.469 254.862 255.254 255.647 256.040 256.433 256.825 257.218

305

Dia. 82. ;~

Circum. 257.611 258.003

Area I. 5281.0

Dia. 88.

Circum. 276.460 276.853 7 277.246 36 277.638 99 278.031 51 278.424 14 278.816 87 279.209 49

Dia. 6082.1 6099.4 1 3 6116.7 6134.1 4 6151.4 6 6168.8 8 6186.2 1 6203.7 3 6221.1 6 6238.6 9 6256.1 3 6273.7 6 6291.2 0 6308.8 4 6326.4 8 3 6344.1 94. B % % ti 5A 3A % 95. >,; x $6 % %

Circum. 295.310 295.702 296.09s 296.488 296.881 297.273 297.666 298.059 298.451 298.844 299.237 299.629 300.022 300.415 300.807

Arc 6939,8 6958.2 6976.7 6995.3 7013.8 7032.4 7051.0 7069.6 . 7088.2 7106.9 7125.6 7144.3 7163.0 7181.8 7200.6

x ~ % % % % 8 % x % % % % % Y % % % % % % 8 % % % % % 3 Y
86. % % % % 5A 3% % 87. ~8 % % % 5A 3% %

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

5 5 5 5 5 6 ~ 6 I3 5 0 .4 6~ 5 1 .4 6 1 .4 5 6 1 .4 5 6 2 .4 5 6 2 .4 5 6 3 .5 5 6 3 .5 5 6 4 5 3 .5 6 4 .5 5 6 4 .5 5 6 5 .5 5 6 5 .6 5 6 5 .6 5 6 6 .6 5 6 6 .6 5 6 55 7 6 7 5 6 7 5 6 8 5 6 8 5 6 8 5 6 9 5 6 9 5 .
5808.8 5825.7 5842.6 5859.6 5876.5 5893.5 5910.6 5927.6 5944.7 5961.8 5978.9 5996.0 6013.2 6030.4 6047.6 6064.9

5 9 5 8 5 9 5 9 5 9 5 0 5

2 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3 .3

$; 9

3 ~ 1 7 2 1 $ 4 5 % 6 9 ~ 7 3 9 7 1. 89. 1 Y8 1 s % 4 9 5 3 ~ 7 7 % 9 1 3A 0 5 % 2 8 4. 90. 2 % 5 6 % 7 0 % 9 4 ~ 0

9 ~ 8 8 7 6 5 5 4 3 3 2 1 0 0

. . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

279.602 02 279.994 65 280.387 38 280.780 90 281.173 63 281.565 26 281.958 88 282.351 51

9 8 7 7 6 8 % 2 5 2 4 5 6 % 5 4 3 2 2 2 ?6 1 4 0 % 5 9 % 9 7 A 3A 9 8 s %
% ~ ?4 ~ 5% % %

282.743 14 283.136 86 283.529 49 283.921 12 284.314 75 284.707 47 285.100 10 285.492 73

285.885 45 286.278 18 286.670 71 287.063 43 287.456 16 287.848 89 288.241 52 288.634 14 289.027 289.419 289.812 2?0.205 290.597 290.990 291.383 291.775 292.168 292.561 292.954 293.346 293.739 294.132 294.524 294.917

.6 .6 .7 .7 .7 .7 .7 .7

91. 0 7. 4 % 9 8 ~ 0

2 6 9 3 7
92.

6361.7 8 6379.4 3 6397.1 8 6414.9 4 6432.6 9 6450.4 5 6468.2 2 6486,0 8 . 6503.9 5 . 6521.8 2 . 6539.7 9 . 6557.6 7 . 6575.5 5 . 6593.5 3 . 6611.5 1 . 6629.6 9

% x % % % ~

~ % % % %

270.177 270.570 270.962 271.355 271.748 272.140 272.533 272.926 273.319 273.711 274.104 274.497 274.889 275.282 275.675 276.067

6647.6 6665.7 6683.8 6701.9 6720.1 6738.2 6756.4 6774.7 99.

7 8
7581.5 7600.8 7620.1 7639.5 7658.9 7678.3 7697.7 7717.1 7736.6 7756.1 7775.6 7795.2 7814.8 7834.4

.5

?
% % % % %

308.661 309.054 309.447 309.840 310.232 310.625 311.018 311.410 311.803 312.196 312.588 312.981 313.374 313.767

2 6 6 4

29

93. % % % % $% %

% % 3/8 % % ~ %

306

If
A r 15 2 25 26 37 38 39 40 41 . . . . . . . .

1 % x % % % 3 % 1 % % % % % % ~ 1 % X 3 ? % 3 ~ 1 % % % ; 3 ~ 1 % % % % % 3 % 1 % % ~ x % % ~

3 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 0 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

4 0 4 4 5 5 6 6 6 7 1 7 8 8 8 9 9 0 0 2 0 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 5 6 4 6 7 7 7 8 8 9 9 5 . 0 0 1 1 1 2 2

.1 8 . 8 . 8 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 . 9 .1 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 1 . 1 . 1 .1 1 . 1 . 2 . 2 . 2 . 2 . 2 . 3

. 1 %5 ~ 9 3 %7 %1 ~ 5A 5 9 .3 ~ 6 ~ 0 ~ 4 %8 ~ 2 %6 ~ 0 . 4 ~ 8 x 2 % 6A % 04 %4 ~ 8A Y 18

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

06 5 7 5 5 9 1 4 3 2 5 2 7 1 9 1 00 3 9 9 5 8 7 7 9 7 1 6 3 5 04 7 9 4 1 3 2 3 5 1 7 1 9 0 9 1 3 09 8 5 7 6 9 1 6 3 5 4 5 3 7 9 13 1 2 1 3 1 5 0 7 9 8 1 8 3 1 5 6 7 0 5 2 5 4 6 3 2 8 0 2

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5

8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9 9

3 64 33 33 43 43 42 52 52 62 7 62 62 71 71 81 81 81 81 9 91 01 01 02 12 12 22 9 22 22 32 33 43 44 44 54

.1 8 . 0 . 8 %4 . 8 %8 . 8 %1 . 9~ 5 . 9%9 . 9s 3 . 9%7 .1 9 . 1 . 0 % 58 . 0X9 . 0 N 38 . 0g 7 . 0%1 . 1%5 . 1 % 98 .1 1 . 2 . 1 6 . 22 0 . 2~ 4 . 2%8 . 2%2 . 2 x 6~ . 3 % 08 .1 3 . 4 . 3g 8 . 3%2 . 3 %6i . 4%0 . 4 % 4A . 4 3 7A . 4 % 14

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

2 11 4 0 6 0 8 9 0 8 2 7 5 7 7 6 9 15 1 4 4 3 5 3 7 2 2 9 1 4 0 6 19 8 9 8 0 2 7 6 4 6 5 8 1 4 13 3 5 2 7 1 9 1 0 3 6 9 8 0 18 2 7 4 6 6 5 8 5 1 4 3 3 12 1 2 0 4 0 6 9 8 0 7 3 7

5 9 5 9 5 9 5 9 5 9 5 9 5 9 5 l

8 . 8 8 9 9 9 9

5 1 3 52 0 . 5 1 54 0 . 5 1 55 0 . 5 1 66 0 . 5 1 67 0 . 51 860 5 1 79 0 . 5 1 70 0 . 5 5 5 5 5 1 1 1 1 1 &1 6 1 6 1 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 81 0 . 83 0 . 84 0 . 95 0 . 96 0 . 8 l0 09 0 . 00 0 . 11 5 13 24 26 27 39 30 41 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.

.1 3 . 5 . 3~ 9 . 3~ 3 . 3? 7 . 4 M1 . 45 5 . 4 3 9A . 47 / 3

3 0 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

.1 4 . 7 3 . 5%1 3 . 5? 5 3 . 5~ 9 3 . 5 %3 3 . 5; 6 3 . 6 x 0A 3 . 6~ 4 3 186 . 7 3 . 6B 2 3 . 7%6 3 . 7~ 0 3 . 7%4 3 . 7~ 8 3 . 7~ 2 3 . 8 ~ 68 3

9 0 55 9 55 9 66 9 66 9 77 9 77 % 78 % 88 %1 89 % 99 9 90 9 91 9 01 9 02 9 13 9 14

.1 5 . 5 3 . 5 %9 3 . 5 X 34 3 . 5 %7 3 . 5g 1 3 . 6 ~ 5~ 3 . % 9 33 53 . ~ 38 .1 . 7 7 3 . %1 93 . 7X 5 3 . 7%9 3 . 7% 2 3 . 7% 6 3 . 8~ 0 3 . 8 ~ 48 3

1 1 1 1 1 1 61 6 1

6 43 0 . 45 0 . 56 0 . 58 0 . 69 0 . 61 0 . 360 75 0 . 0. 0 0. 0. 0. 0. 0. 0.

6 1 77 61 87 6 1 80 6 1 82 6 1 94 6 1 96 6 1 98 7 1 00

I (continued)

1 3 , 409.19 4
409.59 409.98 410.37 410.76 411.16 411.55 411.94 412.34 412.73 413.12 413.51 413.91 414.30 414.69 415.08 415.48 415.87 416.26 416.66 417.05 417.44 417.83 418.23 418.62 419.01 419.40 419.80 420.19 420.58 420.97 421.37 421.76 422.15 422.55 422.94 423.33 423.72 424.12 424.51 424.90 423.29 425.69 426.08 426.47 426.87 13324 13350 13375 13401 13426 13452 13478 13504 13529 13555 13581 13607 13633 13659 13685 13711 13737 13763 13789 13815 13841 13867 13893 13919 13946 13972 13999 14025 14051 14077 14103 14130 14156 14183 14209 14236 14262 14288 14314 14341 14367 14394 14420 14447 14473 14500

%
% % %
125. 3A % % 3A ~8

3
390.74 391.13 391.52 391.92 392.31 392.70 393.09 393.49 393.88 394.27 394.66 395.06 395.45 395.84 3%.23 3%.63 397.02 397.41 397.81 398.20 398.59 398.98 399.38 399.77 400.16 400.55 400.95 401.34 401.73 402.13 402.52 402.91 403.30 403.70 404.09 404.48 404.87 405.27 405.66 406.05 406.44 -.~ 407.23 407.62 408.02

12125 0 12150 12174 12199 12223 12248 12272 12297 12321 12346 12370 12395 12419 12444 12469 12494 12518 12543 12568 12593 12618 12643 12668 12693 12718 12743 12768 12793 12818 12843 12868 12893 12919 12944 12970 12995 13020 13045 13070 130% 13121 13147 13172 13198 13223 13248

% ?-6 >~ 3A % 131. % X E % ~ % 132. % X % % ~ x % 133. % X % % % x ?4 134. ~ X % % % % % 135. ; % % % % %

% x % %
126.

% % g % ~ % ?4

% % % % % % %
127.

% ~ M ~ ~ g %

g X % % % x %
128.

~ % % % % % g

~ x % % % %
129.

384.06

% % % % % %

% % % %
%

% X Y8 S % 3A %

308

C
1

I( .

Dia. 136. % x % % % % % 137.

I Circurn. 427.26 427.65 428.04 428.44 428.83 429.22 429.61 430.01

Area 14527 14553 14580 14607 14633 14660 14687 14714 142. ?~ x ?~ ?4 96 3A 446.11 446.50 446.89 447.29 447.68 448.07 448.46 448.86 449.25 449.64 450.03 450.43 450.82 451.21 451.61 452.00 452.39 452.78 453.18 453.57 453.% 454.35 454.75 455.14 455.53 455.93 456.32 456.71 457.10 457.50 457.89 458.28 458.67 459.07 459.46

Area 15837 15865 15893 15921 15949 15977 16005 16033 16061 16089 16117 16145 16173 16201 16229 16258 16286 16314 16342 16371 16399 16428 16456 16485 16513 16542 16570 16599 16627 16656 16684 16713 16742 16770 16799

.I % X % %

I
%
% % % % %

430.40

143. % x E % % % 144. % x % % ~ ~ x

X % % % % % ; %

17790

%
~ % 474.38 474.77 475.17 475.56 475.95 476.35 476.74 477.13 477.52 477.92 478.31 17908 17938 17%7 17997 18026 18056 18086 18116 18146 18175 18205

436.68 437.08 437.47 437.86 438.25 438.65 439.04 439.43 140. % % y; % % % % 41. % g /8 % % % x 439.82 440.22 440.61 441.00 441.40 441.79 442.18 442.57 442.97 443.36 443.75 444.14 444.54 444.93 445.32 445.72

15175 15203 15230 15258 15285 15313 15340 15367 15394 15422 15449 15477 15504 15532 15559 15587 15615 15642 15670 15697 15725 15753 15781 15809

145. % % % % % % 146. % % %

459.85 16827
460.24 460.64 461.03 461.42 461.82 462.21 462.6Q 462.99 463.39 463.78 464.17 464.56 16856 16885 16914 16943 16972 17000 17029 17058 17087 17116 17145 17174

x
~ 3A B 147. % % 3A N % % %

478.70 479.09 479.49 479.88 480.27

480.67 481.06 481.45. 481.84 482.24 482.63 4S3.02 483.41

1
18265 18295 18325 18355 18385 18415 18446 18476 18507 18537 18567 18597

309

C ?
Dia. 1s4. Circum. Area i8627 18658 18688 18719 18749 1&3779 18809 18839 18869 18900 18930 18%1 18991 19022 19052 19083 19113 19144 19174 19205 19235 19266 19297 19328 19359 19390 19421 19452 19483 19514 19545 19576 19607 1%38 19669 19701 19732 19763 19794 19825 19856 19887 19919 19950 19982 20013 20044 20075

I(

Dia. 16Q. >8 X % Y2 % % ~8 161. % x % % % % % 162. ~ x 3A % ~8 3A ~8 163. ; % % % % Y8 164. % ~ ?$ % % % x 165. % % ?6 % % 3A %

Circum. 502.&5 503.05 503.44 503.83 504.23 504.62 505.01 505.41 505.80 506.19 506.58 506.98 507.37 507.76 508.15 508.55 508.94 509.33 509.73 510.12 510.51 510.90 511.30 511.69 512.08 512.47 512.87 513.26 513.65 514.04 514.44 514.83 515.22 515.62 516.01 516.40 S16.79 517.19 517.58 517.97 518.36 518.76 519.15 519.54 519.94 520.33 520.72 521.11

Area 20106 20138 20169 20201 20232 20264 20295 20327 20358 20390 20421 20453 20484 20516 20548 20580 20612 20644 20675 20707 20739 20771 20803 20835 20867 20899 20931 20964 20996 21028 21060 21092 21124 21157 21189 21222 21254 21287 21319 21351 21383 21416 21448 21481 21513 21546 21578 21610

Dia. 166. B % ?4 % % % % 167. ~8 X pa ~ % 3A ~8 168. % x % % % 3A ~8 169. B x 3A ~ % x % 170. ~ % % % % 78 171. g

Circum. 521.51 521.90 522.29 522.68 523.08 523.47 523.86 524.26 524.65 525.04 525.43 525.83 526.22 526.61 527.00 527.40 527.79 528.18 528.57 528.97 529.36 529.75 530.15 530.54 530.93 531.32 531.72 532.11 532.50 532.89 533.29 533.68 534.07 534.47 534.86 535.25 535.64 536.04 536.43 536.82 537.21 537.61 538.00 538.39 538.78 539.18 539.57 539.%

Area 21642 21675 21707 21740 21772 21805 21838 21871 21904 21937 21969 22002 22035 22068 22101 22134 22167 22200 22233 22266 22299 22332 22366 22399 22432 22465 22499 22532 22566 22599 22632 22665 22698 22731 22765 22798 22832 22865 22899 22932 22966 22999 23033 23066 23100 23133 23167 23201 I

155.

483.81 ! s I 484.20 ;~ 484.59 484.99 38 485.38 % 485.77 % 4S6.16 % 486.56 % 486.95 487.34 497.73 488.13 488.52 488.91 489.30 489.70 4S0.09 490.48 490.88 491.27 491.66 492.05 492.45 492.84 493.23 493.62 494.02 494.41 494.80 495.20 495.59 495.98 4%.37 496.77 497.16 497.55 497.94 498.34 498.73 499.12 499.51 499.91 500.9 500.69 501.09 501,48 M1.87 S2.26

% % $8 % 96 3A Xl 156. >~

x 3A ; % % 157. ~ 96
Y2

158.

% % B

% % y~ % % % % 159. % x 3/8 % % 3A %

x y~
% % % 5

I(

, ~

Dia. 178. % % % ~ % ~ ~8 179.

Circum. 559.21 559.60 559.99 560.38 560.78 561.17 561.56 561.95 562.35 562.74 563.13 563.53 563.92 564.31 564.70 565.10 565.49 565.88 566.27 S6.67 567.06 567.45 567.84 568.24 568.63 569.02 569.42 569.81 570.20 570.59 570.99 571.38 571.77

Area 24885 24920 24955 24990 2%25 25060 25095 25130 25165 25200 25236 25271 25307 25342 25377 25412 25447 25482 25518 25553 25589 25624 25660 25695 25730 25765 25801 25836 25872 25908 25944 25980 26016 264351 3 26087 26122 26158 26194 26230 26266 26302 26338 26374 26410 26446 26482 26518 26554

Dia. 184. g x 3A % % % % 185. ?6 x % % % % ~8 186. B x % % ~ x ~8 187. ~ % 3A % % 3A % 188. ; 3A % % % % 189. % % % % % x ~8

Circum. 578.05 578.45 578.84 579.23 579.63 580.02 580.41 580.80 581.20 581.59 581.98 582.37 582.77 583.16 583.55 583.95 584.34 584.73 585.12 585.52 585.91 586.30 586.59 587.09 587.48 587.87 588.27 588.66 589.05 589.44 589.84 590.23 590.62 591.01 591.41 591.80 592.19 592.58 592.98 593.37 593.76 594.16 594.55 594.94 595.33 5U5.73 5%.12 5%.51

Area 26590 26626 26663 26699 26736 26772 26808 26844 26880 26916 26953 26989 27026 27062 27099 27135 27172 27208 27245 27281 27318 27354 27391 27428 27465 27501 27538 27574 27611 27648 27685 27722 27759 27796 27833 27870 279Q7 27944 27981 28018 28055 28092 28130 28167 28205 28242 28279 28316

~ % % % x % ; % %
180.

~ % g % %

% % % % % % % g x % % ~ % %

E % Y2 % % ~8 181. % x % S % % ~8

182.

5 2 3

4.

3 572.16 3 16
572.56 572.95 573.34 573.74 574.13 574.52 574.91 575.31 575.70 576.09 576.48 576.88 577.27 577.66

%
% % % % %
183.

3A % ~ % %

% x % % %

% x % ~ % % Y8

I
I

311

I( ?

Dia. 190. 1,/ /8 Id 36 il ;: % % 191. ~

Circum. 5%.90 597.29 597.68 598.08 598.47 598.86 599.25 599.64 600.04 600.44 600.83 601.22 601.62 602.01 602.40 602.79 603.19 603.58 603.97 604.36 604.76 605.15 605.54 605.94 606.33 606.72 607.11 607.51 607.90 608.29 608.58 609.08 609.47 609.86 61026 610.65 611.05 611.43 611.83 612.29 612.61 613.00 613.40 613.79 614.18 614.57 614.97 615.36

Area 26353 28390 28428 28465 28503 28540 28578 28615 28652 28689 28727 28764 28802 28839 28877 28915 28953 28990 29028 29065 29103 29141 29179 29217 29255 29293 29331 29369 29407 29445 29483 29521 29559 29597 2%36 2%74 29713 29751 29789 29827 29865 29903 29942 29980 30019 30057 30096 30134

Dia. 196. % x % ~ % ~ ?4 197. % g Z? % x vu 198. % % 3/8 % % x % 199. % % 3/8 >5 % 3A ~8 2W. g X 2 % % ~8 201. % x ?5 % % % ~8

Circum. 615.75 616.15 616.54 616.93 617.32 617.72 618.11 618.50 618.89 619.29 619.68 620.08 620.47 620.86 621.25 621.64 622.04 622.44 622.83 623.22 623.62 624.Oi 624.40 624.79 625.18 625.58 625.97 626.36 626.76 627.15 627.54 627.94 628.32 628.72 629.11 629.51 629.S(3 630.29 630.58 631.08 631.46 631.86 632.26 632.65 633.05 633.43 633.83 634.29

Area 30172 30210 30249 30287 30326 30364 30403 30442 30481 30519 30558 305% 30635 30674 30713 30752 30791 30830 30869 30908 30947 30986 31025 31064 31103 31142 31181 31220 31263 31299 31338 31377 31416 31455 31495 31534 31574 31613 31653 31692 31731 31770 31810 31849 31889 31928 31%8 32007

Dia. 202. ~8 % >8 % % % B 203. ?6 % 58 % % % ~ 2W. % x ; % % % 205. ; 3/8 % % % % 2@5. % x >s ti % % ~8 207. z % % % % y8

Circum. 634.60 635.00 63S.40 635.79 636.18 636.S7 636.97 637.36 637.74 638.15 638.54 638.93 639.32 639.72 640.11 640.50 640.88 641.28 641.67 642.07 642.46 642.85 643.24 643.63 644.03 644.43 644.82 645.21 645.61 ~.~ 646.39 646.78 647.17 647.57 647.96 648.35 648.75 649.14 649.53 649.93 650.31 650.71 651.10 651.50 651.89 652.28 652.57 653.07

Area 32047 32086 32126 32166 32206 32246 32286 32326 32366 32405 32445 32485 32525 32565 326435 32645 32685 32725 32766 32806 32846 32886 32926 32966 33006 33046 33087 33127 33168 33208 33249 33289 33329 33369 33410 33450 33491 33531 33572 33613 33654 33694 33735 33775 33816 33857 33898 33939

% >4 % ~8 192. % x :.4 % % % ~8 193. % % 3A % % % % 194. % % 3A S % % 78 195. % % % M % % 7/8

312

..

C F

II

..

Y s

H N O 1 2 3 4 5

Z O O T A l E l A w T d U d F f r

O f N P iT E m c Sa 3 ec h b a s l a r e uq

A N l

F I L

V N

E G

R O OT

P I

C E R AN L I

t s a : e rr t i ab . le o en l o l /ln f t w id .8 n i lus o el u s el t d h t v ae a ge is . e x a e ttc di e se n n fs ld s s e i tc v t e i o i i r ev n oe t .q i s g wu o t t hiu so r ih m ea sh di t s nn h o ou e psd n e t.i n plrae y r i e tn v fd g e , i r r t e sd hinge

n e g e o

STIFFENER

>

313 FIXED STAIR

AND HEALTH (OSHA) STANDARDS

F F b M A R p E S t S f A b D i n

s i

wt

b x p a

ir e i w o

rd vo l hi ps e d n e lr eea e c dtr e ri s o e est n i gstb r a u et a l e lt e va w vre e e e l

s i t a s x i b rdh ewe a ts ac dy i a s llg a o nf l re t o e dt iri n a o o y r d a e in fm eo lm v l h t s i a cv e i al p a e l e t ut v e c ham e a s t o a crr o v ns c rn e l i o no yt n 1 r oa g p t , e o d a 0u n 0d d f 0s . i wn t i 2 i i m d nu t m c h h g ra : e 2 s :r e e s0 . o n s t i t l rhi o we r ai sfh zy 5 o dn ete a o g el

a s i bl p h i r na o o g t v osI i s d l o pe ha i e ed d x e s n pt ee l an oH i sra wn e f s a l dd by rh s a . i a l r o o a lv o i ed s o en a c di s l s t cn o a td p ti sr re e we of at f ey d r rs s a, ib h l s ig y c e hnn d d e it n d e t aa r n o e sc b ns r a h h ei ad a sn l d oi l p g n- a r elb s l ie s y t a n t . lh sg v d e e p rt i e 6t rae s n s e ty 0 i . ht t aa a r d ee f i a us m K o e rn o r vil te ir n e n a si h n w g d e s ss -ai i h h f n s do n o c rh a t u ip o s fa o ir r d u sa s t bo t l se a e i i d r e s . d u n i o m ir e em Bn e sn d r a b rh l g ser s u Y0 i ro m o B n hl s a m d e po l s v .7 o o t el de . e o) d w : 1 s ll l e rh s (

m e g i

ia o t n s rs rR ( en t u ea f s bb a) u T n del d a l s t g R z (o i n
0

A t n H o r i
3

l i e T o Rsr tn a cl i { h i en

e e ua e cn i ~ h e

d an

n )

HINGE

+iiik-w
ICl

b
N F w t T f
R s r =

E L UW l a p u is t n p g ii hl t s o dia n o o t s c hi o b o e u v W l en lt p e r e us d l g . f l w a f n p i eg u n e to w t sr l a e h t i l ol n u o d p h ar s e t hv f ei e s ir e n pr f et e gc d i e a ol f r e u q ou p es e n tn l r ie y n g ds , A = ~ ( RR 1 R / +t / / a 2) 2 2 1 2 +

T L-B n s e d s d . , l y D .
I

G E

DA F L E L ID A N

B = ~ R ( c = R + 2!4 A D = R+ R i d
2/2

D P

ao f d t di i ao hm =e i a+ 1I im 1 i

i a u n s g f e am o m h - e e ot s e r l t o e r l f e e t e n rn 6 . L U W K t ON L E G 1 3 1 / 3 . ] / 3 2 1 / 1

f e GE T L -F DL B EA

DN

T R A TI 3 F L DIAM.

H I

C N 3

OF S AND S U , DIAMETER G F PINS S

5

I
2 14

# 300* 14 / 2 2 11 4 4 4 4

/ 3 4 / 3 4 / 3 4 / 3 4 / 3 4 / 3 4 / 14 3 4 1 6 3 18 1 / 10 2 4

12

1 G 3 I N

3 R A T

1 / G

1 / 1

I
I

900*

LADDER

S
2 3

S
in. min. in. max.

E
7 0

PT

H
2

RS O

UT G

HE
4

in. min. 30 in. max. m

SIDE R [note

N 1 C l 2 H c a 3 A 4 I e i c 5 T t 6 A 7 P g

O T E S i n ar e g q w o u t .hi el r se ee ot c d hnr i l 2 g ef it o e l he m fe s ot v a g b e r s o0 e v e l . o r i z oo n f lt a af l p l. n ysl d ase it b tf h np o g r ar oa m lv l e i e dl 3 v e fa e od e s r t l il me W b n i sg h n ta d g e hef a .rvu e i ret s c p r yl e e e a s t db f sh e po ,rr am ot v s l i m a i x ni t m o e 2r u w f tm a l e l5 s e tf 0 . m a t s e l cr to i n a .e f tl o A: r e m A i3 Sl n g T o M 6 n o st ta e s b ap h . ed os c t irv f f u s e i c e he ta u do a r asp t lt n re h et y u s sc o t u r re a q u s i vt a r ml e e b u n n t gT a s a t hd e v a yddo me u sa . i hg ro o i degi p a s p n l i v g na s t nr u a c g na t u w g r ,a i ul l r d f e s s e sr a l iee ov y a e d mr d n ie tr o ie mt c l b a d e l a g e . r e c o h m m m e i n .s n d e e oi ds m i r u ui am z nn i d oa e d t lr fm e e o mc ss p rao h eln r 2 1 ix 3 i f o / b a/ l nn l a t2 2 xa h 1 8 b r o . au t f ga ,r / h e q u r ru i e p4s nr s t a e l cy e t b a u s l r e h ns r d .a b l h rs g r e d am e p o lsv el de . r o C t eo c a t its v i. ce n h o pn g or:a ooi fa emc pn i e o tnp e o r o a h d l d ae i d n o t a l v a n i z i n g .

u
1
in

316

M IST
M e t e

E XT R A CT OR

x it r b a s sc e t p o m a t rr us a in t d i esn y l s gii tr f q a v b, u l r a e si p d t lo ise o q m a ru i mt t p p r e c r of h ov o. r v m e a a pn rec r ee i o q o u c i u pe fT m s sa e n m sh t a s . n er u fu m r r o e pe o l t m d a a am s a e tl v a ii r sni ac l r a h e b q sdln u ae is i r nh e y n za d

4
d - A

e
B

Y O

M P E XE I T R SA S C F T O T R S

E A

E C

S U

PO

P M

OE X R I T TR A S C F T O T R S

6I 1 than 6 ft.

s 2 e beam support in .center of mist 5 extractor, when the diameter is greater

SPECIFICATION THICKNESS OF PAD THICKNESS OF WIRE MATERIAL OF WIRE DENSITY lb./Cu. ft. PRESSURE DROP MATERIAL CARBON STEEL BEARING BAR
R B C W IC E W

WIRE MESH

6 >! .011 .01 1 TYPE 304 S.S. TYPE 304 S.S. 9.0 5.0 0.5 TO 1 WATER GAGE 1x3/1 6
9 .

~>,

lx3/16
Y4qi

R B D O A S S % R A B R S IP N A GC I 3N R -G 4 R B S O P A S C S I N R G E l I bf G . H / sT t q5 . E T N C HT IF 1 O E N

3/ 1 4 .7 21

1 -

4 6 7. 2

O I O DS

317 -

NAME PLATE Pressure vessels built in aemrdanee with the requirements of the Code maybe stamped withtheofficialsymbol UtodenoteTheAmerican SocietyofMechanieal Engineers standard. Pressurevessels stamped with the Code-symbolshall bemarkedwith the following: 1. manufacturers name;preeededwiththe words:eertifledby; maximum allowable workingpressure,(MAWP)psiat temperature,F; minimum designmetaltemperatureat pressure,psi;(MDMT) manufacturers serialnumbeq(S/N) year built Abbreviations maybe usedasshownin parenthesis. 2. theappropriateabbreviations indicating the typeofccmstruction, sexvice, etc. as tabulated: Wheninspectedbya usersinspector USER Arcor gaswelded w LethalseMce L Unfiiedsteamboiler UB Directfting DF Fullyradiographed and UW-ll(a) (5)not applied RT 1 JointsA & D fullyradiographed; UW-1l(a) (5)(b) applied RT 2 Spotradiographed RT 3 WhenRT1,RT2or RT3are not applicable RT 4 Postweldheat treated HT Partof the vesselpostweldheat treated PHT Nonstationa~PressureVessels NPV

1.S UM y s m b u hb w to as v h l i el e x h se fl e i esm dn n rp s e[ p et U le e C o cs -d t o li m o( n d k ) e ] 2 F v e m os o 8sa f a 9 e n 5 ld , s r iY s% n tt c u Y e o e n, k e a0m h e d il m s 0 e s la p f ln, sa d e e o k se y e l s l sr tt a heh fti s b c er n Mi n p n a a[ p r a .oem a t f r he ; ie r e cC k rs U lne e e 1d o s Ls e5 n sl T d. ( - e c 1 ) USER
C E R B T I F I ( s T T E D v e r N E Tw e v MA P A L Y X A M P E T L E dr

ml
W H [ R 1 s b s h t

OMEGA TANK CO. MAWP250 650F MDMT 650F at 250 psi

S/N-19560 b 1996

i s n h s sb p au ee e sc l t e e s i c e ,

inspector,arc welded,usedin lethal

used on skirts, supports, etc., it shall be marked: Duplicate. b n h l ta 5e o l ih h / l s T a e i Ct 3 no s g d n e h -a 2h s s y . m . ne b e o n ur l Lettering sizes

m i b a d at o m l p d t em lh db h ea s , t e a te e m r t c pac o ey ih d m ae e p , rd se , s s te dr . Commonly u m a s f t n e e pr a0 i o l da i s lm a . t as r t i n e 3 o n 1 t el i c e 2 e s .as s) e r nt l b e r 8 oe T n p a sh l b s hm aw a e e t e t eu l l n e ia d nl v s e eu o e l l md a st o eo db n er i t al e c r d k h e n o su v ie i n s s au s ll e a o ti ls c en d s a , ot e dp m d n n a e ae c n e l m l w el ia a ; qy e rs u v , i c o l n gt e r a a ov5 b fl a g , e og b e l ru e o , o t vtu t n e c d .

318
PLATFO Conforms RM

3 f!. 6 an. max. 30 an,min. t

IF
tiANORAl L POST ANGLE 2x2x3/8 MI DRAIL BAR 2.1/4

jA%&l/4

P i n f P b d

l e

a s t bf f h o a r b am i r s is l c e c s e u s fis sa t e ec t li

ac l t t e e id pe

n n s g d

h ra f y iab o p l o dn . e t

i n nr

e ir l s f

a f t a f b o ri r is m ce a s s ct f s o c io hi m t h i wp o n l ne a e ao t a p k re e n p k d

h di o n ,e

o a nn s l l S E C A T A I c d k ed d
4 Clearance

in n

g r

. s l t
I $

A f

c t lt b ibl o d o n r

ee
-

od e
-.

.
r

M a n u f sa c f t hu u r 1 er ar e n l ix 0 sl b A m P w M M D p B B h o b o ao o oe s l a u s l v si k r a f i s t re h e cn d h p n t c z ps . o r e :o i g e s xm a e . p c e oa f e h r s d ae p

t h e r .

CHECKERED r % aPLATE -

n sr d a lb h s rg r

l es

1/4 BENT PLATE

tre

, p

a s lu s s 9 r

fi a n c u c x x c a

p a o a s p a o ah 6 # di

p 6i f p n . n p i

o g r

t f s a s if

d . n 6 ofr g a o l h

n h rl/ i c

e ic 1 l k ne oe0

$---+Fl
. l tt s . re e CHANNEL n d
6x8.2

f le 1 o@

1a s a o f ta l / t l/l

oc e f q r r tl h s e 1 t s 2 6

. o . a r f . A L T E R NS A U T IPV P E

9 oo $

SKIRT

OPENINGS

1/4 IN CONTINUOUS FI L LET WE LO / INSIOE ANO

VENT HOLES

I s eo h m y d r i o o cc o a n r e b to n f sh c o m b l u s i t oi q b g lu e t ai ds s s s k b i hp rr a ow t vm l s i i dli e e tn d m o t 2u i v wn h m el o cf o n l c a a h a p t io e 1s dg s d e i s bgh 8 l rs e a pT a v hr e hst o c . h n l l e ae t e h i n e s u Fl a a o n s t il m od b e . e a v u c os o u p p e l i i d np g e r

ACCESSOPENINGS
PIPE OPENING

The shape of openings may be circular o any other shapes. Circular openings are used most frequently with pipe o bent plate sleeves. The projection of t thickness of h sleeve equals fireproofing minimum 2 inches. The projection of sleeves shall be increased when necessary for reinunder k certain i load- r forcing the s ing conditions.
D i a ( m = 1 e i t6 D e n r c 2 )h

& u
D

PIPE OPENiNGS
The shape of pipe openings circular with a diameter of 1 inch larger than the diameter of flange. Sleeves should be provided a for a copenings. c e s s
E C I C S E R S F ST E S

O Y S

P A K

320 VORTEX
T l C n F t s l p i q u

BREAKER
e x mh

or h v p o b o rr s e ei tet a e ek l f eix t m r us i n nd a es hvsto i oe r r a otb e el u i d s . t d dt i th w

a r f l o a btn s- a p a f s lf a rf dt e le qu r u e w e sn a s wt e il o yi et o d i z a m z e l t e e r .

a h d oi eo e g f fg e r c r tu e i h v sen e n e s f s dw sv c i e o e r n lr d t ii we tn o i g i o h n ds b s a hh fb f o f t u lo te i n e l m o u d d i hz ea rTm z h s e l tee a e e hi tr b o . g ou h e h tv t h b a o h bu t l no a dod u h il z e ab t zm mf l e b e s t e u e ia r v ni e a e u le i r tc er y qh a c l r e f ag o r r e at n e o r c ah e s e o rn r s .

. . . @ #

. . . . q

..

V
2D

. 62!!3
,

T OE L X

II N Q G U
O = D

DF

2D

O MP

I E

tl + +

tl

GRATING

F--i
I

1
u

I
I

3
-

>

%
F M a A LC R P AN L O B T AA S DF S T F t 1 ec r a is a / p r lt : ob l g e or 4 w a e a n

r i 1 I

G L E E

R S

A B

TA I

FN

FG

xt1 l i i b e - n tr ag1

rh /

s8

R J

oe . pn x r i en a vg Te O n e f e Fr M e Pn ac t e t : V e o r r cs t. b o A u r u4 n 1 ga l9 u , s6 t 9 , .

a t n eG d h e i

321

PART III. MEASURES AND WEIGHTS

1. Table ofProperties ofPipes, Tubes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 322 2. Dimensions............................................................................................ 334 of Heads, Flanges, Long Welding Necks, Welding Fittings, ScrewedCouplings. 3. Weight..----ti ----------------------------------------of Shells and Heads, Pipes and Fittings, Flanges, Openings, Packingand Insulation,Plates, CircularPlates, Bolts. 374

5, Area ofSurfaces ofShells and Heads. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425 6. ConversionTables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 426 DecimalsofanInch, Decimalsofa FooCMetricSystem,Inches to Millimeters,Millimetersto Inches, Square Feetto Square Meters, Square Meters to Square Feet, Pounds to Kilograms, Kilograms to Pounds, U.S. Gallon to Liters, Liters to U.S. Gallons,PoundsperSquareInches to KilogramperCentimeter, KilogramperCentimetertoPounds perSquareInch,Degreesto Radius,Minutesand Secondsto Decimalsofa Degree,Centi-

322

P
S c c aa
Sched & alloy
s

h n ar

eu
e No.

d am w u bl e de e en s ir i g sg a n i ah ad t g i to r n rw e s e A m iBe -e N 1 for tt 3 -n -n. s bl pn to a l A ne i o Bd eN 1 n p y f 3 s l t Se as d 6 io pI nt l . i ee9 s r p s e

Weigh[ Designation

S h e l

o
side diam. in.

In- u side diam. in.

Wall
t

Weight t per foot lb.

ft.

3 ;

lb.
0.03!20 6.0246 .0157 1 , . .

iq. ft.
7 .106 9 .106 5 .106 0 0 0

Inside $urfac( per ft. Sq. ft. .0804

Transverse area sq. in. .0740 .0568 .0364

7 5 1 0 1 0

80 ... 40 80

4 8

S
X

.405 . 0 . .405 - .405 0 s .

,049 3 .068 s 2 g $ .095 S .065 .088s g S .119

.186
?.

4 8 1 4 8

S
X S

0 0 0 0 t 0

.410 .364 s .30s!t .545 .493 .423 .670 .622 .546 .466 .252 .834 .824 .742 .675 .614 .434

.330 .424 . .535

5 .1073 4 .0955 3 .0794

80

.
d

X-stg.

s s S

0 .423 : .567 .738

.1550 ,1316 .1013 .0740 .0216 .857 1.130 1.473 1.727 1.940 2.440 1.404 1 1.678 1 2.171 1 2.561 1 2.850 1 3.659 1 1.806 2.272 .2660 .2301 .1875 .1514 .1280 .0633
5 5 5 5 5 5

6 .177
.177 .177 .220 .220 .220 .2!20 .220 .275 <275 .275 .275 .275 .275 .344 .344 .344 .344 .344 .344 .434 .434

.1497 5 ,1295 .1106 .1764 .1637 .1433 .1220 .0660

.2333 .1910 .1405 .3568 .3040 .2340 .1706 .0499

, . . , 2 , 6 5 4 3 9 1

80 160 ...

4 8 ... ...

Std: X-stg. <X-stg

0 0

.083 ,109s .147S .187 .294 .083 .113 s .1545 .188 .218 .308
3 s 3 3 3 3 3

80 160

4 8 .

std.
<X-stg

0 0

80 140 ...

40s 80S . . .. ... ...

1 4

std. .... .

1 0 1 1 1 1 1 0

. . . . . .

, .

9 2 ,2

8 4 87

...
40 80 160 ... ... 40 80 160 ...

1.660 0 1,660 0 1.660 1.660

.109 s .140 s

.7080 .6471

.3775 .3620

1.633 1.495

8 . .. ... 1 4 8 ... ...

1

9 3 5 2 20 30 40 6 0
1 2.638 3.652 0 3.938 0

. . .. ..
.9630 . .8820 . 0 .7648 . 0 .6082 . 0 .4117 . 0 1.583 5 1.452 6 1.420 4

5 , 4 .7 2 ,2
.497 0 .497 7 .497 6 .497 8 .497 4 .622 7 .622 7 .622 1

W, 5 4 . 56 4 . 71 4
.4403 8 .4213 1 .3927 3 ,3519 6 .2903 0 ,5647 .5401 .5360

1 3 56 3 74 2 34
2.221 5 2.036 7 1.767 1 1.405 2 .950 8 3.654 3.355 3.280

33 3, 305 3 32

0 1.900
1 1 1 t.

0 0

. . . 9 2 2 2

.109 s .145 9 s .200 9 S .281 9 .400 .109 . s .154 . .167 .

.40 ...

40s

0 2.375 2.375 2.375

323
P R O P E O R P T ( I EI t S c
S

P o ) u ) f q f

. Fn E u Inside t Trans-s rsurfac f verse a e t per ft. area t Sq. ft. sq. in.
.5237 .5074 .4920 .4581 .442$! ,3929

) i c

Nominal pipe size

V
Stainless steels iesigm ion

e Outsidt i Insideg Wallh

diam. in. diam. in. thickness in. .188 .218 .250 .312 .343 .436t
. s

; k a t

t Weighi per foot lb.

. 4.380 5.022 5.673
6.883 7.450 g 9.029 1.363 1.279 1.196 1.041 .767 .769

! . . .

80s ,, ,.. ... ...

1 4 8 ... ...

.
X-stg. ... ..,
:

2.375 2.375 9.375 2.375 9,375 X2.375 0 2.875 0 2.875 2.875 0 2.875 2.875 2.875

.622 .622 .622 .622 .622 .622 .753 2. .753 . .753 . .753 . .753 . .753 .
. . . . . . . . . . . . .

21

.40 ,..
80 160 ...

2.635 2:469 2,441 2.323

s .203 .217 S ,276 .375 .552

3 5 6 7

13.69 4.33 4.52. 5.30 6.65 7.57 8.39 8.80 9.91 . 0.25 0.64 3.42 4.32 8.58. 4.971 5.38 5.58 6.26 7,71 9.11 11.17 I 2.51 13.42
I

2 2 2 1 1 1
3.62 3.60 3.52 3.34 3.20 3.10 3.06 2.91 2.86 2.81 2.46 2.34 1.80 4.81 4.78 4.75 4.66 4.48 4.28 4.02 3.85 3.73 3,19 2.53

. . , .

30 5.6900 7.6462 0 1.6381 0 6.6095 8 .5564 5 .4627 0

.853 9 .851 9 .940 9 .819 9 .802 9 .790 9 .785 9 .765 9 .761 9 .753 9 .704 9 .687 9 .601 9 .984 0 .981 .978 .971 .950 .929 .900 .880 .867 .802 .716

5.453 63 4.788 79 4.680 26 4.238 36 3.547 3 2.464 6 8.346 8.300 8.100 7.700 7.393 7.155 7.050 6.700 6.605 6.492 5.673 5.407 4.155
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

0 2 6 4 5 7

... ... ... ...

40 ,. .. 80 ... ;60 ...

...

.... , .

3.500 3.500 3.500 3.500

.120 ,125 .148 ,188 .2) 6 .241 254 .289 g .300 .312 .406 .438 .600g
. s

40s std. 3.500

3.500

S . . . . . . . . . . . .
1 . ... ... 4 8 ... . ...

.... ..,
< .... .... . .. X

3.500 3.500 - 3.500 s 3.500 3.500 3.500 -3.500 s

0

... ... , ...

.... ... . .. . ....

3.760 3.744

1.047 2 I .047 I.047 I .047 I.047 I.047 1.047 1,047 1.047 I .047 1,047

3F

4 8 ... ... ...

0 0

. 3.732 3.704 3.624 3.548 0 3.438 3.364 0

3.312 3.062 2128

13.75 10.32 9.89 9.28 8,89 8.62 7.37 5.84

s S

... ... ... . ...

. ...

4 4

.1 ?8 .134

5.61 5.99 6.26 6.61 . 7.64 8.56

6.18 6.14 6.1 i 6.06 5.99 5.80

1.115 1.111 : 1.105 1.093 1.082

4 4

,142 ,165 .188

324
P R O P EO RP T I ( E It S c
Schedule Nominal pipe size arbor alloj eels No. ;tainess teels )utsidt liamrt.
, l

P o
ll
Urliice

.F n E tl

in.

~ater ]er ft.

[ ;

)er

Transverse area sq. 13.15 12,73 12.57 12.31 12,17 11.96 11.80 11.50 11.04 10,32 9.62 9.28 7.80

40

40s

4.500 ~, :()() 4.500 4.500 4,500 4,500 4.500 4,500 4,500 4.500 4.500 4.500 4.500 5.563 0 5.563 5.563 5.563 5.563 5.563 5.563 5.563

4
I

4.090 4026 4.000 3.958 3.938 3.900 3.876 3826 3750 3.624 3.500 3.438 3.152 5.295 5.047 4.859 4,813 4,688 4.563 4.313 4.063 6.357 6.287 . 6.265 6.24? 6.187 6.125 6.011 6.065 5.875 5.761 5.625

.205 .237 ,250 ,271 .281 .300 .312 .337 .375 .438 .500 .531 .674 .134 s .258 .352 .375 .437 .500 .625 .750 .134 s .169 .180 .188 .219 .250 .277 .280 s .375 .432 S .500 .562 ,718 .864 .148 s .158 .165 .188 . .203 . .219

939

10.79
11 35 12.24 12.67 13.42 14.00 14,98

5.71 5.51 5.45 5.35 5.27 5.19 5.12 4.98 4,78

,.,

80

80S

16.52
19.30 21.36 2260 27.54 7.770 14.62 19.59 20.78 23.95 27.10 32.96 38.55 9.29 11.56 , 12.50 12.93 15.02 17.02 18.86 18.97 25.10 28.57 32.79 36.40 45.30 53.16 13.40 14.26 14.91 16.90 18.30 19.64

120 160 ...

... ... ... ...

...
40 . 80

1
40s 80S ...

9.54 8,66 8.06 7.87 7.47 7.08 6,32 5.62 13.70 13.45 13.38 13.31 13.05 12.80 12.55 12.51 11.75 11.29 10.85 10.30 9.15 8.14 23.6 23.6 23.5 23.2 23.1 22.9

1.456 1,456 1.456 1,456 1.456 1.456 1.456 1.456 I .735 I .735 I .735 I .735 I .735 I.735 1.735 I .735 I .735 I .735 I .735 I.735 I .135 1.735

1.386 1.321 1.272 1.260 1.227 1.195 1,129 1.064 1.660 1.650 1.640 1,639 1.620 1.606 1.591 1.587 1.540 1.510 1.475 1.470 1.359 1.!280

22.02 20.01 18.60 18.19 17.26 16.35 14,61 12.97 31.75 31.00 30.81 30.70 30.10 29.50 28.95 28.99 27.10 26.07 24.85 23.77 21.15 18.83 54.5 54.3 54.1 53.5 53.1 52.7

120 160 ... ... ... ... ... ... ...

... ... ...

1 ... . . ...

... .

6.625 0 6.625 6.625 6.625 6.625 6.(525

40 ... 80 120 150

4 8 .. ...

std. X-stg.

6.695 6.625 0 6.625 6.625 0 6.625 6625 6.695 6.625

0 8,625 8.625 8.625

Xx-stg
... ... .. ... ... ...
1 ... ... ... . ,

.., . .... .... .... .... .,.

2.26 2.26 2.26 2.26 2.26 2.26

2.180 2.178 2.175 2.161 2.152 2.148

8.625 , 8.625 . 8.625

P R O P E O RP T ( I EI t Sc
Schedule No. Nom
inal pipe size

P o
Outs id iurface >er ft. ;q. ft. 2.26 2.26 2.26 2.26 2.26 2.26 2.26 2.26 2.26 2.26 2.26 2.26 2.26 2,26 2.26 2.26 2.81 2.81 2.81 2.81 2.81 2.81 2.81 2.81 2.81 2.8 I 2.81 2.81 2,81 2.81 2.81 2.81 2.81 2.81 2.81 3.34 3.34 3.34 2 3.34 3.34

.F n E
Inside surface )er ft. iq. ft.

Iarbon i alloy teels

;tain ess teels . .

Weight designa tion

)utsid liam !l

:nsi de iiam. in.

thickness in. .238 .250 .277 .322 .344 .352 .375 .406 .469 .500 .593 ,6~5 .718 .812 .875 .906

Weight per foot lb.

01 water per ft. pipe It 22.7 22.5 22.2 21.6 21.4 21.3 21.1 20.8 20.1 19.8 18,8 18,5 17.6 16.7 16.1 15.8

Transverse mea $q. 52.2 51.8 51,2 50.0 49.5 49.3 48.7 47.9 46.4 45.6 43.5 42.7 40.6 38.5 37.1 36.4

.,. 40s

. .

8.625 8.625 8.625 8.625 8.625 8.625 8.625 8.625 8.625 8,625 8,625 8.625 8.625 8.625 8.625 8.625
0 0 0

, , 0

. .

...

... ,,. . ...

....

...

80S ..

...

,.. ... ... ... 10s .,. .. .. . . ,..

.. .

... ... ...

.. . , . , . .

0.420 . 0.374 .. 0.344 . 0.310 .. 0.250 .. 0,192 .. 0.136 . 0.054 . 0.020 . 9.960 . 9.750 .
9.

.165 7 .188 7 .203 7 .219 7 ,250 7 .279 7 .307 7 .348 7 .365 7 .395 7 .500 7 .531 7 .593 7 .718 7 .750 7 .843 7 I,000 7 1,063 1.125 7 .180 .203 .219 .238 .256

18.65 5 21.12 5, 22.86 5 24.60 5, 28.03 5, 31,20 5. 34,24 5 38.66 5 40.48 5 43.68 5 54.74 5 57.98 5 64.40 5 77,00 5 80,10 5 89.20 5 04.20 5 09.90 5 i 6.00 5 24.16 27.2 29.3 31.8 33.4

36.9 0 36.7 0 36.5 0 36.2 0 35.9 0 35.3 0 35.0 0 34.4 0 34.1 0 33.7 0 32.3 0 31.9 0 31.1 0 29.5 0 29.1 0 27.9 0 26.1 0 25.3 0 24.6 0 52.9 52.0 51.7 51,5 51.3

2.73 2.72 2.71 2.70 2.68 2.66 2.65 2.64 2.62 2.61 2.55 2.54 2,50 2.44 2.42 2.37 2.29 2.26 2.22 3.24 3.23 3.22 3,22 3.12

85.3 84.5 84.0 83.4 8?,6 81.6 80.7 79.3 78.9 77.9 74.7 73,7 71.8 68.1 67.2 64.5 60.1 58,4 56.7 120.6 119.9 119.1 118.5 118.0

0 0 0 0 0 0

,.. 40s

... ....

80S ... .. .,. .,, ... ... ... ... , ....

0 0 0 0 0

. , . . . 7 .

... .... .... ....

0 0 0 0

... ...

10s

.. .

... ...

,,. ...

326
P R O P EO RP T I [ EI t Sc
S~hel Nom inal pipe size ~isrb Or allo) eels

P o
l ) u

.F n E
l

t No.
t

Weight iesigne lion

Outsidt jiamn.

I ~

thi~ kness in.

at ~te igh per root lb:

Mt.01
v

I u

rranserse Irea q. in.

12.750 1!2.750 12.750 12.750 40s .,. I!2.750 12,750 12.750

.279
S . 2

37,2 43.8 3
3 45.5

50.7 49.7 49.7 48.9 48.5 48.2 46.9 46.0 44.9 44.0 41.6 41.1 39.3 0
1 37.5 2 36.3 3 34.9

3.34
0 1 3.34 3 3.34 4 3.34

3 C 3 3 3 0 0 4

. 116.9 , 116.1 . 114.8

40.0 3 . 50,5

12.090 .
12.062 I 2.000 11.938 11.874 11!750 11.626 11.500 11.376 11.064 11.000 10.750 1 10.500 1 10.313 1 10.126 1 .188 .220 .238 .250 .312 .375
. . . . . . . . . .

114,5 . 113.1 .
. 111.9

49.6 3
4 53.6 4 57.5 5 65.4

3.34 7
0 3.34

3 5 3 3 6 8

3.34 3

111.0 . 108.4 . 106.2 . 103.8 .

. . . . . . .

1
CONT.]

80S

12.750 I !2.750 12.750

73.2 5
6 80.9

2 63.34
3.34 2 3.34 8
4 3.34 7 3.34

3.34 0

3 0 3 2 3 5 2 7 2 3 2 5 20 25 29 22

.. .,,

.... .

12.750 12.150 12.750

88.6 6
8 108.0 8 110.9

. ... . ... .... ....

12.750 12.750 12.750 12.750

125.5 .
. 140.0 . 150.1 ! . 161.0

3.34 0
2 3.34

3.34 1
1 3.34

. .

. .. .

I4.000 t 3.624 . I4.000 I 3,560 I4.000 13.524

28 32 35 37 46 55 58 631
0 64 0 75 8 85 7 86

53.4 53.0 52.5 52.1 50.8 59.7 59.5 58.5 2

6 0

3.67 3.67 3.67 3.67 3.67 3.67 3.67 3.67 4

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

. . . . .

I4.000 13.500 0 Std. I4.000 13.375 I 4.000 I 3.250

I I

. . .

I4.000 I 3.188 .406 I4.000 1 3 .438 . .

,
X-stg.

I .

1 1 1 1 1 41

3 3 2 2 2 .2 2

. . . . . . . ,

. . . . .

63.67 2 03.67 0 4 93.67 0 23.67

8 53.67 53.67 0 0 33.67 5 3

3 9 3 0 3 3 3 5 3 6 3 0 3 7 33 30 94 26

.8 .2 .5 .9 .4 . 7 1. 1. 1. 2. W. !

I I I I
1

55.9 1 55.3 5 54.7 8

00 51.2

0. . .

14,000 1 14.000 1 14.000 1 .... 14.000 1 14.000 1

96 7 1 05 9 1 1 .1 .1 .1 .I
8 5 3 1

50.0 2 47.5 0 1 45.0 20 43.5 31 42.6 48

11 11 11 11

3.67 9 4 5 3.67 5 0 7 3.67 4 8 3 3.67 0 8

, ... ...

..
. .

327
P R O P E O RP T ( I EI t Sc
S~hedule No. Nom iniil pipe size ;tain ess (eels Weight designa
u

P o
l )utsid urface )er ft. q. ft.

.F n E
l

Inside ~iam.
in.

thickness in.

tVe aI per foot lb;

wt. o
Jipe II

[ ; q

ft.

..

... ...

5 5 5

. . .

0 .188 0 .238 0 .250

0 0 0

0 0 0

4.20 4.20 4.20 4.20 4.20 4.20 4.90 4.20 4.20 4.90 4.20 4.20 4.90 4.20 4.%!0 4.20 4.20 4.20

192.0 1W.o 189.0 187.0 185.6 184,1 182.6 181.0 180.0 178.5 176.7 175.2 169.4 168.0 165.1 160.9 152.6 144.5
8 0 3

.281 1 t ... ... .... . .312 344 .375 .406 .438 .469 .500 .531 .656 .687 .750 .843 1.031 1.218
1 . . . 4 5 5

...

... ..

1 1 .... , ... . .... . .... . .... .... ...

.

... ... . .. ... .,. ... ... ...

1 2 , 3 4 ..

4.90 3 4.20 0 4,90 9

1 1 8.000 8.000 8.000 8.000 8.000 8.000 ~

0 0 . 0 0

1 1

135.3 132.7 129.0 241.0 237.1 233.7 229.5 927.0 924.0 92!?.0 220.5 213.8 210.6 204.2 193.3 182.7
1 7

... ...

04.6 102.5 01.2 99.5 98. 2 97.2 96.1 95.8 99.5 91 .!2 88.5 83.7 79.2 75.3 79.7 71.0

4.58 4.55 4.51 4.48 4.45 4.42 4.40 4.39 4.32 4.29 4.!22 4.11 3.W 3.89 3.83 3.78

.. . . .. ... .,. .. . ...

8.000 8.000 8.000 8.000 ).000 $.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 I.000

.
b 1 1 1 1

... .... .
0

o 0 0 0 0

,.. ... . .. . ..

.2 ... .4 ... .... .6 ...

328
P R O P E O RP T ( I EI t Sc
Schedule No.

P o

.F n E
Inside surface per ft.

.
alloy less :eels s
1 ...

tion

in.

in.

ness

per foot

~utsidi, water surface per ft. per ft.

verse

....

... . ... ... ... . .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . .. . . .... ... ... .... ....

...

... .... .... .... .... .... ....

.... .... ...

. . .... .... ....

. 2 . . X ....

... ... ...

.... . ....
2 2 2 .2 , 42 42 42 s42 .3 . 0 .3 . 0. 0, 703 3 902 3 1 01 4 00 1 . 5 1 07 1 05 1 02 6 8 1 6 6 8 7 0 3 6 8 1 5 6 6 62 . 63 5 . 6 17 . 0 4 3 . 4 . 9 . 239 4 . 5 . 22 8 4 .0 . 5 228

, .3 . 0. t. 3 . g 0 . .

00 181.0 00 2

. . ... .... ....

.. . , ....

. . I

329
P R O P E O RP T ( I EI t Sc
S a a tain!ss eels

P o

.F n E
l

Weight iesigna lion

n i

w s

Veight i a )er Oot b.

mv

wt. d of
tipe

1
6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7

ft. lb

) lutside e . urfa~e er ft. q. ft. 6.28 1

n u

2
I

2
.. . ....

2 2 2 k ?

4 4 4

140 160

....

. . .... ....

0 . 1 . . 4 .

0 0 0 0

0 0 0 0

141.4 80 134.4 0 130.9 0 127.0 0

5,33 2 5.20. 5.14. 5.06. 6.68. 6.64 . 6.61. 6.58 . 6.54 . 6.51 . 6.48 . 6.45 . 6.41 . 7.69 . 7.66 . 7.62 . 7.59 . 7.56 . 7.53 . 677.8 672.0 666.2 660.5 654.8 649.2

2 2 2 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8

... ... ...

.... .... . .... .... , . .. . . .... .... .... .... .... . ..

.... # . . . . . .... .. .. .. .. .... . . ,

... ... ... ... ...

1 ...

! 2 2, 2 2 2. 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3

! 6 . 6 6 , 6 , 6 . 6 6 6

6 . . . . . . . .

. 0
.0

0 0 . 0 0 . 0 136 . 0 153 . 0 169 0 186 0 0 99 0 119 138 .0

1580 0 177 1960

0 0 0 0 0 C C 0 0 C C ( ( ( (

0 0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

0)9.3760 . 0!9.250 . 0 . 19.125 . 0 0 0 . . .

?30

X2 x:
,,!

, , ,

, ,

, ,

, ,

, ,

, ,

w
z
q I

A-* l-lmm

* N.tl-l ,

0
N m q
0

, ,
,),

, ,

,, ,

, ,

,, ,

, ,

O
-

, ,

, ,

*, ,

,, ,,

,, ,

,, ,,

, ,

u) q

, ,

, ,
a

, ,

, ,

,, ,,

, ,*

,, ,,
,), ,,,

, ,,

, ,

, ,

; i

332

PROPERTIES

OF STEEL TUBING

Sq. Ft. Kall

O Do
Tubing

T
ness

E x I w r n a l h Inlernal i S c u S k rf u T - rh a ef c f oI a r e ec [ e i
Area Per Ft. Per Ft.

Sq. Ft.

Tubing

Constant

c OD A
ID

Ft. L

Metal Area (Transverse D Metal Area)

.I

.1518

.604

I ]

.
7/8 7/8 1 .055 .050 .150

.4477 0 .4596 .4717 .3848

.229 I .2291 .2291 .2618

.1977 .2003 .2029 .1833

0 .522
.482 .441

.755 .765 .775

698 717 736

I.159 1.144 1.129

.1536 .1417 .1296

1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1
G

.135 .125 .110 .105 .095 .085 .075 .065 .060 .055 .050

.4185 .4418 .4778 .4902 .5153 .5411 .5675 .5945 .6082 .6221 .6362

.2618 .2618 .2618 .2618 .2618 .2618 .2618 .2618 .2618 .2618 .2618

.1911 .1964 .2042 .2068 .2121 .2: 73 .2225 .2278 .23(M .2330 .2356

1.362 1.247 1.168 1.046 1.004 .918 .831 .741 .649 .602 .555 .507

.700 .730 .750 .780 .790 .810 .830 .850 .870 .880 .890 .900

600 653 689 745 764 804 844 885 927 949 970 992

1.429 1.370 1.333 1.282 1.266 1.235 1.205 1.176 1.149 r. 136 1.124 1.1[ 1

.4006 .3669 .3436 .3076 .2952 .2701 .2443 .2179 .1909 .1772 .1633 .1492

Liquid velocityin feet/second : pounds per tube per hour Cxs g l

S

gravity w

F=

o cu H r

Et

X E e! C s I H yN A AS N !T TG I

T E

333

PROPERTIES
W T
BWG ness

OF TUBING
w L C W ( L S M v T C Inches C ID V ,

l
,Area

E S
per

I S L

I
i8

/8 /8 /8 /8 1 /8 i8 /8 !8 !3 /4 /4 /4 /4 /4 /4
/4

[ [2 13 14 1 [ [7 18 19 20 ~ 1 1 12 13 [4 15
16

i2 I0 , . , . . , . . . . . . , .

I1 . . . . , , . . . . . , , . , . I 0 0 0 0 0 I0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0

I~

I6 . 6 , 1 .1 9 1 4 . .1 [~ 8 1 6 . 1 7 1 8 . 1 [ 1 9 . 6 8 . 1 2. ( 5 .1 3 4 . 2 .1 2 4 .I6 .2 2 4 3 . .1 2 2 5 . 1 [ 1 3 8 .1 1 2. ( .1 3 ~ ~ 0 . .1 2 9 . .14 6 8 .2 1 [ 7 2 . .[ 18
I

1 ,1 3 0 3 .16 9 85 .16 53f .6 5. 6 1~ 2 2 1 6.6 5 8 .16 3 1 .16 9 2 ,1 93 ,16 15 ~ .6 48 4 0 . 92 4~ 1 .19 4 o 29 .19 .196 5 . 97 3 5 . 98 ~ 5

. 0 74 . 0 7 0 6 6 . 8 06 .601 5 6 . 03 666 ,4o7 65 . 366 , 8 5 . 13 9 5 ,3 5 . 3 65 , 2 42 7 4 ,5 64 . 6 49 ,3 4 2 9 6 2 3 . 3 4 . 64 . 53 . 364 8 . 33 . 3 83 . 863 . 2 3 . 53 0 . 49 2 . 12 8 2 6 . 6 ~ . 562 .4 2 9 . 43 3 3 .3 1 .9 62 9 . 10 9 .6 1 65 . 3 6 . 0 82 3 . 36 8 . 339 8 5 . 8 3 8 . 36 [ . 93 1 3 . 87 , 463 7 . 637 2 . 6 . 69 6 .2 [ 36 4 . 9 , 64 5 .8 35 6 . 57

l3 3 5 1 4 8, .8 g 7 [ 6 5 5 7 28 5 [ 5 1. 0 ~1 4 3 3 8 4 55 6 1 3 3[. 24 4 4 1 8 8 1. 5 5 0 3 49 [25 4 . I. 2 5 18 3 1 28 4 4 1.263 8 3 I144 90 9 5 34 4 3 1 5 0. . 30 5 01 1 12 9 34 5 9 1 0 4, . 24 1 01 7 6 8. 4 5 2 0 5 1 5 [1 39 5 0 1 2 1. . 35 5 5 7 1 01 5 0 5 1 7 4. . 69 9 00 9 3 5 1 18 5 . . 4 88 2 25 2 2 0 0 [ 0 0. .1 1 7 2 4 0 32 5 . 4 6 24 2 3 1 4 5. 3 3 5 4 I.6 8, 6 835 1 0 35 5 . 1 9 2 74 4 [8 4 1 47 5 5 9 8 [ 2 4 4 . . 53 1 1 2 6 46

I .

/4 ;:
l/4

17 19
20

1/4 /8 8 ~/8 )/8 7/8 7/8 7/8 7/8 7/8 7/8 7/8 7/8
1
1 I [ [

22 10 12 13 14 15 16 17 [8 19 20 22
, , . . .

I .

I I 1
. , , . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . . I

.777 740 .

L 1 [ i I I 1
S

. 1 . 16 .065 [ . [ . [ . 20 .035 ~ .
v g f
w

. 0 0 . .5945 . 0 . 0 . 0 . . 0

.5 .5 . .6 .6 .6 .6 .6
= p

8 4 .2 .2 7 7 .2 5 1 .2 4 3 .2 4 5 ,2 ,27 ,2 2 9 [

.266 3 5 2 5 .26 .26 7 .263 8 8 .269 9 9 .269 2 .269 1 ! 692 8

.113 8 . 889 8 . 8 3 7 , 488 7 7 .~[5 . 1 . 217 . 787 0 . 6 8 . 318 6 . 186 3 . 5 4 . 310 5 . 685 4 . 4 1 4 . 984 6 . 310 . 4 8 . 413 I . 38 9 3 . 43 5 4 7 . 19 3 . 83 1 . 2
W o m

2 8 1 8 4 9 6 9 6 9 9 1 1 3 1
f

6 8 8 8 6 8 9 2 8 9 9 3 7 9
.

1 1 1 1 4 1 8 1 9 1 3 1 6 I. 9

7 4 0 5 7 0 0 1 0 1 0

. . . 3. 53 . 5. 94 .[ . 7 29 . 8. 54 . 0. 98 [I. 0 . 3. I 1 .4 1 0
c

22 21 4 21 6 1 90 11 4 11 2 2 0 26 5 01 0 09 4

s g l 9
7 7

w A
A A

Cxs
F z

1
7 1

o ou H r

E t

X E e

C s I H yN A AS N f T TG I

T S P t Sa 3 - i 1 t n 0 l . ee 4 s 0 es T E U T E

334

H
F c f H S T v e o so s a m em l r ae d sn d l i a f i el m l ueld it m hpe s rao e si u d am a l s r d o se s e o m w m ol h n d la y i , av r l me a g ee s u t ss e eb e u r r w lu a h se l m ii l i e s y l po t h e tr i c h a l l a a d n ih g n s e e h da e dd ds . me R b oa s FA ea d a o wm s N T l ecy o e ln e ssf t ds r u e c r t d i o n . G E

IL G A H

F o h r be u m t a t e -t w tdd es l d n s h e nd h he e s lo t ae oefr l a lw vd i at g t h e n h t g e h e h i n et h t a i ot c s h d k a h sc e th a c rteo t r n C ld eP i lno U h g a& G3 d o E r e - e 3 3. 2 i p r ha ce e t xh i e a m c c ni ed se p ah p s u e r w it c s a s rl t i fr e l a ta ie n dg g h h et s . T u l s he o u s n t afg r e la tl ai n g n g hf e etc l sl h 2 ih f i : pIo 1 se oi i s dnf a r l /c , h o e 2 f l a a d n ia g n O s ie h d nf n hec e d m dhi s o ph d eh ee sr i ca ra l d s . F f o h l a r t e mh . t ae i t cdd sh k a s he ba h ur e t t n n -t l w i es e l hd h d es d t a a n g e . r a l o v i t lg

On the following pages the data of the most commonlyused heads are listed. Thedimensionsof flangedand dishedheadsmeetthe requirementsof ASMECode.
W V E O IH O O LH G ES Ht A Ta b U ES M p A E 4 e De bg Fo i S lp n e 3n e i as n De Fa! S 1e w g g 7 6 n e 4

SURFACE OF HEADS See page 425

335

DIIU EN SIONS

OF

HEADS

n
D
D
A F S L
D

Y n d eo ih n d nr ih x

M U

B I O T S

L T

SEA

H B D L N E E

D=

i h d

i s ao h i me m e d i ts ep ae h ee r l r il c i a fnpl s a u d t d i s as o iA m , de f e tS l e &ar M n se ha ed ds . o s ed io p F& di D ht e se h fa h fd

H E M I S P H E R I C A L h = i

L(R) = i
d o e E L L I P S O I M= D A L f au k . t h

sa o d i d o d iA i eu f S s l &a fM n h s a e u h i af e s o ddrf im es n u t s l doe a n pt re e r s n s a u r lr e . c i f sto o d cA l ro f em i r n u p d tl ore an e s r s n s Mns i

r = ~ t = w
A N M D G I E ES D &H

~n m u a i c n

k fi ~ lS l & e ud a

f Ee gs mr

k o ln o m e m s i l s nn ,

i a m l u

AE D D 1 M E L I NI S 1 N O LN C S H

E N

WALLTHICKNESS
3 L( r h M L( r h M L( ; 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 3 1 2 1 3 1 2 1 3 1

14

16

18

20

22

24

M L (R) r h M L (R) r h M L (R) r h M

1 / 8 2 1 1 2 2 R ) .1 1. 1 25 . 508 07 5 . 2.750 6 2 2 . 59 3 8 . 1 5 . 6 3 9 5 15 4 R )1 14 . 1.500 1 1.875 2 2 5 . 2 5 0 . 2.875 7 3.188 5 3 0 . 3 7 5 . 6 5 1 . 3 6 1.44 1.54 8 R )1 1 5 5 1 6 1 8 .1 1. 1 25 . 2 50 8 . 2 556 5 02 0 72 . . 8 3 7 .3 5 5.3 67 . 356 02 5 . 7 5 1. .4 36 9 1 1.56 1.41 1 8 1 8 1 1 8 8 18 .1 2. 1 55 . 2 00 8 . 2.6,25 0 00 0 72 3 55 . .3 5. 3 05 . 3 06 7 . 4.063 5 52 3 58 4 07 . 1 42 . 6 3 1 .6 9 . 52 1. 1. 6 1.41 1 2 2 2 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 .1 3. 1 75 . 2 50 8 . 2 0 72 . 3 556 . 3 020 . 50 3 .3 6. 4 88 . 4 810 . 4 815 . 083 . 4 301 . 4 306 1.4 0 .34 1. 56 1. 7 1. 1 .6 2 1 . 55 4 24 24 2 4 2 4 2 4 2 2 4 .1 5. 1 05 . 2 00 8 . 2 556 . 3 0 72 . 3 020 .3 503. .3 8. 4 78 . 4 510 . 4 083 . 4 301 . 4 875 .5 56 8. 1.5 8 1 .40 1. 1. 7 1 .7 5 1 . 65 1. 5 5
%

3A

8 0 0 6 0 0 0 39 4 0 3 . 46

336
D I M E N S I OO NHEADS S A D I M E L I N I S IN O LN C S H W
D ~

F E N S E L S S
i

T A H

C LK

L (R)
26

; M
L (R) r h M L (R) : M
L( r h M L( ; M L( r h M E r h M E r h M L( r h M L( r h M L( r h M L( r h M

m1
4 1 2 1 4 1 3 1 4 1 3 2 5 1 3 2 5 1 7 2 5 1 3 2 6 1 4 2 6 1 z 2 7 1 4 3 8 1 5 3 8 1 6 3 i0 1

Y T 1 . 4 . 1 , 2 1 . 4 . 1 .

28

3A % 5/8 24 2 2 .1.875 2 62 2.2 6 5 .4.50C 0 44 3.4 5 0 . 7 1 7 21 . 1.65 6 24 2 2 .1 7 5 . 8 7 5 0 2 .2.625 .4 74 5 . 7 8 1 3 .5.375

1 . 7

30

30 30 1.875 . 8 4.813 84 .
. 1 7

32

30 R 30 2.000 . 02.000 5.500 . 55.375 1.72 1.72 7 .

3R 2 . 5 . 1 . FR 2 . 5 . 1 . 3 . 2 . 6 1 . 4 . 2 .6 1 . ? 4R .2 .7 1 . 4R .3 .8 1 . 4R .3 .9 1 . 6R .3 .9 1 . 3 .2 1 .6 5 1 . 7 3 .2 2 .5 9 . 7 1.75 3 3 .2 5 .6 1 . 7 3 5 .2 6.6 1 . 6 i 6.2.625 1.7.063 . 7 1.72 4 0,3 0,8 1 . 6 4 2.3 9.9 1 . 7 5 6.3 0.0 1 . 7

34

36

38

40

42

48

54

l% 2 1 l;~ 2 2 42 5 0 6, 2 3 .3 2.3 5 0 8 8.5 7 0.5 6.5 8 8 21 . 5 1 . 5 61 . 62 62 62 3 . 3 0 7 5 2 5 00.3 0 5 0 5 . 5 .5 9 3 85 1 . 7 2 1 . 6 9 1 . 5 2 . 1 6 01 . 0 30 30 3 03 3 2.625 7 5 2 . 2 3.000 5 3 0 .3 , 8 1 5.375 0 35 75 5 .5.125 0 0 .5 . 7 51 . 1 1 . 6 51 . 6 5 1 . 3 03 3) 03 3 02 0.2 6. 2 2.3 5 0 0 3 .3 65 3.5 5.5 0 0 66 2 . 8 .6 21 . 1 1 . 6 1 . 6 51 . ) 43 3 03 03 43 6. 2 0 .2 2.3 5 0 12 2 5 2 5 . 1 3 .3 1. 8 3 . 6 0 3 56 0.6 0.6 6 3 6 .6 1 . 7 51 . 6 5 1 . 6 9 1 . 6 5 1 . 3 3 63 3) 63 6. 2 0 2. 5 0 5 0 2 5 0 2 .2 2.3 5 3 0 .3 9. 3 1 85 7 5 3 8 . 8 1.6 3 .5 7 5 6 0 .6 7 51 . 51 . 7 1 . 6 5 1 . 1 63 63 63 3 63 6.3 2 0.3 7 5 .2 3 7 5 . 3 7.3 5 32 7 5 0 0 . 3 7.6 5 46 3 8 .6 .6 3 7 5 46 . 3 5 1 . 7 21 . 7 2 1 . 7 2 1 . 6 2 1 . 03 03 63 3 63 6.3 2 0 0 0.3 5. 0 2 .2 5,3 0 5 0 0 2 5 5. 6 3 7 .7 7 .7 0.7 0. 01 9 3 8 1 . 6 91 . 6 9 1 . 6 9 1 . 6 9 1 . ) - 4 0 3 3 2 6 3.375 2 3 62,625 5 22 5.; 8 17.000 8 27 5,7 0.7.125 0 18 21 . 1.727 2 1 . 7 1 1.56 24 24 4) 2 42 24 0. 0 0.3.375 0 0 3 0 .3 0 0.3 0 03 7. 5 0 0 0 5.8.625 5 6 58 8 6 .8 8 6.8 8 2 . 6 91 1 . 6 9 1 . 6 9 1 . 6 9 1.62 84 4) 84 44 8 48 5 0 2. 5 0 2. 5 3 .3 2.3 5 23 2 5 0 3.375 0 5.9.438 5 0 7 5 0 39 9 .9 6.9 2 3 8 7. 5 0 . 7 21 1 . 7 7 1 . 7 2 1 . 7 2 1.69 4 54 05 05 5) 45 2 5 6.3.625 5 2 6 2 5 63 3 .3 6.3 2 6. 2 5 , 5 0 0 1 05 1 . 08 5 . 56 0 . 6 2 0.438 8. 7 6 8 1 . 7 7 1 . 7 7 1 . 7 2 1.72 . 7 21

4 0 5 3. 4 5 0 1. 5 4 01 . 4 2 0 . 34 66 . 4 01 . 4

4 0 7. 0 8 3 . 6 4 0 7. 3 8 8 . 6

. 3

. 3

3 . 2 7 7 34 . 7 55 0 . 5 01 . 5 4 03 0 5 0 0 . 7 34 7 . 5 16 3 . 1 0 0 . 5 01 . 5 4 030 0 5 . 7 0 0 34.125 7 8 . 6 1 3 46.813 5 01 . 5 4 63 6 5 . 0 0 34 7. 8 2 5 5 3. 6 1 . 6 91 . 5 2 63 6 5 0 0 4 3. 7. 9. 7 5 8 6.7 3 6 91 . 6 2 63 6 5 4 0 0 3. 7. 4. 0 2 5 3.7 1 6 91 . 5 2 0 5. ::125 7 0 0 8.125 5 2. . 6 2 1.48 5 24 2 7 0 4 . 0. 0 8 9 . 3 0. 0 6 91 . 9 84 8 . . 7 0 54 0 9 . 6 0 7. 5 7 21 . 2 45 4 . . 7 5 24 5 0 0 . 3 0 0 . . 1 7 2 2

. 4

. 5

. 4

. 5

. 5

. 5

. 5

. 6

4 . 6

337
D D E D I T A E

ENS IONS I
A M R

OF HEADS M D I M E L IN I S 1N O LN C S H WALLTHICKNESS 2 21A 17%

E N S

l%

26

28

L (R) r h M L (R) r h M
L( r h M

30

30 4.500 6.125 1.39

3

32

L (R) r h M

30 R 4.875 6.375 1.36 30

4 6 1 . 3 .4 .7 1 3 .4 .7 1 3 .4 .7 1 3 .4 .8 1 3 .4

4.500 6.563
1 3 4 7 1 3 4 6 1 3 4 7 1 3 4 7 1 3 4

3 .5 8. . 7 6 . 1 . 3

0 7 2 5 9 . 3 9

5 0 3 3 6

0 0 8 4

34

36

38

40

42

48

8.313 1.46 42 4.500 9.188 1.52 48 4.500 9.875 1.56

5 4 1 1 0

3 0 0 0 2 0 5.5 0 8. 0 7 5 . 3 7 5 07 . 0 1 0 8 8 1 . 3 . 3 9 3 6 4 . 3 3 6 6 6 5. 0 8 0 7 5 5 .5 2. 6 0 2 7 .7 3. 1 5 3 0 8. 7 0 5 6 3 3 1 . 1 . 4 1 . 4 6 . 4 4 3 3 6 3 6 6 + 5. 0 8 0 7 5 5 .5 2. 6 0 2 6 . 0 0 3. 1 5 3 0 0 7 . 7 8 .8 1 8. 3 7 . 1 . 4 1 . 4 61 . 4 4 . 3 1 63 6 3 3 6 5. 0 8 0 7 5 5 . 5 2 .6 6. 0 2 0 88 . 1 0 3 0. 0 8 . 5 .8 1 2 3 5 1 . 1 . 4 1 . 4 6 +1 . 4 4 . 3 1 63 6 3 3 6 5. 0 8 0 7 5 6 . 5 . 5 2 . 6 0 2 9 8 .8 8, 1 . 6 2 5 8.438 8 1 . 1 . 4 . 3 1 1.44 1 4 4 4 24 4 42 6 .6 4.875 5 . 5 2 . 5 6 0 2 .7 9 . 7 . 9 4 . 3 5 6 1 08 1 9.250 9 1 . 1 . 4 1 . 4 61 1.48 1 4 4 4 84 4 48 6 .6 5 . 6 2 .7 4.875 5 . 2 5 0 15 01 . 0 [ 1 . 0 1 83 . 0 87 10.063 1 1 . 5 1. 4 01 1 . 1.54 1 5 5 45 5 45 45 6 .6 8. 7 5 .4 5.5 0 0 5 2 . 5 6 0 2 .7 .1 . 0 1 6 . 11 88 . 1 8 [1 1 1 70 . 51 0 03 8 1 1 . 6 1 . 5 21 . 5 8 1 . 5 4 1 1 .

1
6 5 0 9 6 6 5 0 0 6 3 5 3 9 6 6 6 5 0 0 0 0 3 3 9 6 6 6 0 0 5 8 3 3 9 6 2 2 07. 05 5 5 5 1 . 02 5 . 03 . 3 1 . 4 4 8 84 . 078 05 5 . 5 6 8 . 1 3 72 . . 5 11 . 4 81 . 4 6 . 45 45 8 . 07 05 . 5 5 9 . 8 2 1 6 . 2 38 20. . 5 21 . 4 01 .

2 0 0 5 0 3 6 8 2 0 0 5 56 3 1 4 2 0 0 . 8. 03 4 6 .

338
D I M E N S I OO NH S I N
DIAM ETER D

E C C LK

A H N

DF E E L S S S

T A H
%

96
6 L( 4 r h 1 M 1 7 L( 4 1 ; M 1 L (R) 7 4 : 1 M 1 8 L( 5 r h 1 M 1 9 L( 5 : 1 M 1 9 5 . 1 9 6 1 1 1 6 8 1

66

72

78

84

90

96

102

108

114
L r h M

126

L (R) r h M
L(

6R .4 1 1 . 1 . 7R .4 2 1 . 1 . 7 .4 3 1 . 1 . 8R .5 4 1 . 1 . 8R .5 51 . 1 . 9 .5 6 1 . 1 . 9 .6 7 1 . 1 . 1 .6 . 1 1. 1 6 1 1 1 7 2 1 1 7 2 1 R

132

; M

66 6 60 0 6 06 6] 06 6 . 0 0 ( 4 . 0 0 C 0 04 0. 0. 0.4 0 .4 C 0 4.000 0 4 4 0. 01 0 0 .9 7 0 1 3 6 1 04 . 1 0 33 . . 1 5[1 . 1 1 C5 . 1 21 11 6 :5 . 1 31 1 . 7 1 . 7 7 1 . 7 71 . 7 2 1 . 7 2 1 . 7 2 1 , 7 2 . 26 7) 26 7 26 66 6 26 4 . 3 7 4 .4 3. 3. 7 5 3 7 5 3.4 7 5 3 7 5 4 .4 3.4 7 5 3. 7 5 2 5 . 2 51 11 0 . 11 38 . 2 81 76 . 2 51 04 . 2 033 78 . 2 51 0 9 . 1 01 1 . 7 1 . 7 7 1 . 7 7 1 . 7 71 . 7 71 . 7 2 1 . 7 2 . 87 7 27 27 7 27 27 2 74 5 0 . 7 5. .4 7 7.4 5 0 . 7 5.4 0 7.4 5 0 74 5 0 .4 7 5 0 1 3 1 3 . 4 33 1 3 . 1 3 . 5 0 0 86 3 31 0 . 3 1 17 . 3 35 6 . 0 8 5 0 8 . 3 01 1 . 7 1 . 7 71 . 7 2 1 . 7 2 1 . 7 2 1 . 7 2 1 . 7 2 . 48 48 4 8 47 8) 47 47 1. 2 5 1. 1.5 2 1.5 2 5 1 2 5 5 . 1 2 5 1.5 2 5 5 .5 1.5 2 5 0 9 . 3 01 1 6 . 0 41 45 84 . 4 833 31 0 . 31 38 . 3 81 78 . 3 51 7 . 3 1 . 7 1 . 7 7 1 . 7 71 . 7 7 1 . 7 7 1 . 7 7 1 . 7 7 . 08 4 48 48 8 48 8) 48 5 . 5 . 5 5.5 0 0 5 . 5 0 0 5.5 0 0 5. 0 5.5 0 5.5 05 28 . 5 51 65 . 5 304 51 1 . 51 17 . 5 31 56 . 5 01 2 5 . 51 86 . 5 81 1 . 7 1 . 7 71 . 7 21 . 7 2 1 . 7 2 1 . 7 21 . 7 2 . 09 69 0 9 09 08 9 09 5 8 7 5 8. 7 5 5 . 8 5 . 8 7 5 5 . 8 7 5 5 . 8 7. 5 . 8 7 5 5 . 8 7 5 65 . 7 3 04 61 1 . 61 78 . 6 51 7 . 6 28 . 6 51 5 6 . 6 01 25 . 6 51 31 1 . 7 1 . 7 7 1 . 7 2 1 . 7 2 1 . 7 21 . 7 2 1 . 7 2 . 69 9 69 9 69 6 69 69 6 6 . 1 2 6 . 1 2 5 6 . 1. 6 . 1 2 5 6 . 1 2 5 1. 2 5 6 . 1 2 5 1 2 5 2 5 . 8 51 56 . 7 01 65 . 8 303 3 8 . 7 8 17 7 . 75 1 86 . 81 71 9 . 71 1 . 7 1 . 7 5 1 . 7 5 1 . 7 51 . 7 5 1 . 7 5 1 . 7 5 . 01 2 01 9 2 29 0 2 9 20 1 01 20 5 .6 0 0 5 0 5. 0 0 5. 6 .6 5.6 5. 0 0 5 0 0 6 .6 5.6 0 1 9 1 8 . 8 81 5 6 . 9 01 85 . 9 864 . 333 89 . 83 77 . 8 51 1 57 . 8 01 1 . 7 1 . 7 5 1 . 7 51 . 7 51 . 7 5 1 . 7 51 . 7 5 . T - 01 1 0 8 1m 0 81 80 0 81 r r 8.6 7 8 7 5 6 .6 8.6 7 5 8.6 7 5 8.6 7 5 .6 8. 7 5 8. 56 . 9 08 17 . 9 31 25 . 9 56 5 16 . 5 91 91 . 91 8 . 91 78 . 9 51 1 . 1 . 7 1 . 7 51 . 7 51 . 7 5 1 . 7 5 1 . 7 5 . 1 1 0 1 1 4 1 11 40 1 4 1 41 7.250 5 2. 27 5. 7.250 0 2 7.250 5 7 0 .7 ,7 2. 0 . 3 21.500 6 8 8 2 12 . 1 4 20.625 02 . 0 20.750 8 . 2 78 0 51 . 1.75 1 . . 7 1 7 5 1.75 5 1.727 1 . 51 . 1 1 2 1 2 0 120 120 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 0 6. 67.625 5 27 5.7 .7 6.7 2 5 6.7.625 5 2 6.7 2 1 . 2 5 . 8 82 12 . 12 8 . 12 78 . 1 5 21.625 56 02 1 7 . 3 21.563 . . 7 5 1.75 7 5 1 51 . 1 . 7 1 . 7 5 1.75 1 . 1 2 6 2 - ) m 120 1 2120 - 1 01 8 .8 0. 0 0. 0 0 8.000 0 8 8 .8.000 i0 0.8 3 . 3 4 . 2 22 . 2 2 8 . 3 23.563 7 8 . 5 23.500 16 32 8 82 1 1 . 7 1.72 . 7 5 1.727 5 1 21 . . 1 .

3A

11A

339

DIMENSIONS
A
D

OF

HEADS
E N S

D I M E L IN I S 1N O LN C S H

23A ] 3 60 Tir L (R) . 5 8.250 59 r 66 h 2 . 0 13.125 1 18 M 1 5 1.41 , . 41 1 . . 6 1.586 5 1 2 1.50 1 1.58 6 6 6 66 6 66 66 66 66 66 L( R ) .8.250 5 9 4 .4.875 55.250 0 5.625 0 6.000 6.750 7 7 r 1 5 3 13.938 . 1 2 12.500 . 12.625 3 1 3t12.938 13.250 1 12.750 h 1 . 1 M 1.46 1 . 7 2 1.69 7 7 72 7 2 72 * L( R ) 6.000 5 4.875 5 . 66.750 0 27 5 .8.250 59 5 7 . 4 . 52 r 78 h 4 . 1 3 6 3 14.750 1 3 [3.250 . 5 0 13.750 12 31 . 3 4 . 14.063 35 81 1 . 1 . 5 1 M 1.48 1 . 6 5 1.72 1 . 2 1 7 . 6 9 ~ 7 8 7 8 7 7 87 78 78 7 8 L( R ) . 2 56.750 2 07 .6.000 6 5 .8.250 59 5.125 1 5 5 . 25 5 r 84 h 1 2 41 . 4 2 . 14.875 53 01 5 15.500 . 1 1 7 1 4 14.188 . 5 0 14.500 M 1 7 1 . . 6 1 . 7 1 6 21 . 9 1.52 1.72 1 . 2 1.65 8 8 48 r 8 48 8 4 84 84 E . 59 , 5 0 6 .6 0.7 0 78.250 0 5 . 6 2 5 5 .5.500 55 05 0 r 90 h 13 . 8 6 16.313 21 . 5 58 1 6 . 31 2 0 1 5 15.188 . 1 2 51 5 . 5 01 1 . 5 1 M . 6 9] 1.72 1 . 21 . 7 1 . 7 2 1 . 6 2 1.54 1 7 1 . 8 8 48 84 48 8 48 8) 4 84 L( R . 59 5 .5,875 85 7.5 5 78.250 5 .6 0 0 0 86 7 5 . 8 7.7 5 96 : 1 1 7 . 1 7 17.125 . 1 2 7 1 5 . 7 01 0 . 7 1 17.875 3 3 6 6 0 . 7 3 00 . 06 M 1 . 1 . 6 91 1 . 6 1.54 . 6 91 1.69 9 09 9 90 9 09 F m * 6 .6.125 1 6 2 .6 5 . r 6 .6 1. 7 2 78.250 5 59 1. 2 1 5 2 5 102 h 1 8 18.125 . 2 51 0 . 7 1 19 . 0 8 18.688 3 1 . 81 2 3 11 81 . 8 60 . 8 30 M 1 . 2 1 . 7 1 . 7 2 1 . 7 2 1.58 1.72 . 6 21 1 7 1 . 96 9 69 69 96 96 96 9 96 L( R ) r 78.250 5 6 .6.500 5 6 0. 0 5.7 0 . 59 6 5 .6 0 5.6 0 0 108 h 31 1 9 19.125 . t1 2 5 01 0 . 8 1 91 . 9 60 . 8 31 09 . 9 0 19.500 3 9 . 81 M 6 1 . 2 1 . 7 1 . 7 2 1 . 7 2 1.60 2 1 7 1 . 1.72 1 , 1 01 1 01 80 102 201 1 01 2 20 102 m 6 .6.875 8 6 76 58 r 59 6 .6 8 7 8. 7 8.250 5 . . 8 7 7 5.7 5 114 h 1 9 20.125 . 1 31 0 . 9 1 3 8 . 82 10 23 02 . 0 60 . 9 32 0 9 . 0 20.312 M 1 1 . 7 5 1 . 1.62 1.72 1 1 ~ 8 1 108 0 108 R * 0 L ) 7 .7.250 2 7 5. C 2.7 5 2.8.250 0 59 7 2 .7 2 5.7 5 0 C r 120 h 2 2 1 21.250 . 3 1 3 38 . 818 2 12 . 12 1 . 02 80 . 0 82 69 . 0 3 21.125 M 1 1 . 2 . 7 . 1.72 1 7 1 . 7 21 2 1.65 1 1 1 11 41 1 1 4 114 114 41 E 69 6.7 2 6.8.250 5 2 6.7 2 6.7 5 2 5 7 .7.625 67 2.7 : r 1 h 3 8 . 82 1 6 2 2 22.188 . 2 2 2 25 . 2( 2 1 . 1 2 20 . 1 52 69 . 1 3 21.938 M 1 1 . 1 1 . . 7 7 2 1.69 1.72 1 . 7 2 1 1 ( 01 120 R * 2 L ) 2120 02 21 I 1 r 9 8 .8.000 0 8 08 C0 . 8 .8 08.250 00 . . 0 0.8 0 132 h 2 3 23.250 . 1 2 22.750 0 8 . 02 7 7 23 32 . 32 1 . 3 2 20 . 2 52 60 . 3 M 1 . 2 1 . 7 1 . 7 2 1 . 7 2 1.72 1.72 . 7 21 1 7 1 .
1

l%

60 4.500

60 4.875 5 1 [ 1 . 1. 5

m I

WALLTHICKNESS

2 21A 2% 60 60 6 .5 26.000 . 5 66.750 0 27 11 10 31 0 12.438 0 0*12.125 6 . 2 8 8 . 8

0. 31 4 0. 4 6 5 0. 5 7 5 6 8 0. 5 8 5 0 4 0. 0 6 5 0 5 2 4 0. 0 8 3 2 5 2 0 5 0. 9 5 7 6 5 .

. .

+--l+

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

T I I -L + 1
1

0 0. 88 . 9 6 9 . 2 0. 5 0 30 . . 6 0. 1 31 7

. .

2. 5 2 3 2 . 7 2 . 0 . 00 3 5 5 . 7 2 .

340

DIM EN S1ONS
DIMENSIONS 11AM tTER D

OF
IN

HEADS
I N C H E S

WALL THICKNESS 5/8

L(

%
1R . 8

l%

l;~

13A

l%
2 2 3 3 5 3 7. 7 5 3 8 25 . 56 5 3 7 5 . 7 5 23 2 3 0 7 . 5 7 5 0 3 o4 5 o3 7 2 . 7 2 4 E L S S

;
M L(

1 8 2 1 1 8 2 1

144 ;
M
)IAM SEE

3 ) 31 1 3 7 .8 3.8 32 . 32 9 . 32 38 1 . 1 . 7 1 ) 31 1R 31 8 .8 7.8 5 7. 5 2 . 5 28 . 52 7 8 1 . 7 1 1 .

2 31 5 7 3.8 82 . 3 78 . . 7 51 . 23 1 8 7 . 0 5 . 52 1 7 . . 7 21 . T A A H

231 23 1 23 1 5 7 5 3.8 7 38 5 7 . 3 .8 52 1 7 . 32 3 56 . 3 02 86 . 7 5 1 . 7 51 . 7 5 1 . 2 31 23 231 1 .8 7 5 .8 5 7 0 58 . 0 7 0 5 6 5 . i 56 , 5 02 25 . 5 52 32 7 2 1 . 7 21 . 7 21 . I C LK N

p ~ 1 $ E : R ]3~ 5 lx L( 1 8 2 1 1 8 2 1 1R .8 3 2 . 3 1 .

,E

21

23A
31 2 3 5 7.8 3 32 o3 7 51 31 2 7.8 0 5 4 52 69 7 21

3
03 3 . 5 7 3 5 51 . 7 2 . 23 7 . 0 5 4 816 . 7 2 . 3 0 0 7 5 022 7 2 3 2 0 5 326 7 2

[38 ;
M L(

144 ;
M

) 31 31 3 .8 7 3.8 24 . 33 2 3 1 . 7 1 R ) 1 31 3 1 8 .8 7.8 5 7. 52 . 52 2 . 52 51 1 . 1 . 7 1

23 1 1 23 5 .8 38 . 7 3 7 5 . 8 32 15 . 73 . 3 52 . 7 5 1 . 7 51 . 23 1 2 31 8 .8 7 . 5 7 0 5 0 . 5 20 . 02 81 . 4 82 . 7 21 . 7 2 1 .

1 3 0 9 . 7 3 5 . 3 o2 72 . . 7 21 . 1 23 9 . 5 7 0 2 . 4 3 3 8 . . 7 21 .

TOLERANCES WALL THICKNESS (APPROXIMATION) * OTHER TYPES MINIMUM HEMISPHERICAL .EQD.THICKNESS UP TO 150 I.D. incl. OVER 150 I.D. To 1 1 To 2 2 To 3 3 To 3.5 3.5 To 4 4 To 4.5 4.5 To 5 excl. 0.1875 0.3750 0.6250 0.7500 1.1250 1.5000
1 2 5 . . 7 0 5 0

0.0625 0.1250 0.2500 0.3750 0.500 0.6250

0 0 0 0 1 . 0 7 . 0 8 . 0 d e f er ) ) s i

0.1250 0.1250 0.2500 0.3750 0.5000 0.6250

5 0 0 . 7 0 5 . 0 1 0 . n n g . 0 7 0 8 0 0 5 7 0

5>>T. 5 5>> >> 5 & .

2.0000 nq m weu i s o i HSh .O .e i u d r 5 n F

*S I 4 O O W

p m e i c tn i h i i f (mc r y k u e N D O 4 O ti a Ov R S O E ID u ,8 P D( I E T d m l i D

sr h d e H su

pn 0 n D

t 9 .8 e O O UU N

Dr p.6 n 0 NTE F S

. lD . c m o 7 Ol i u O . 5 9 .n O sv up , S e y e .

1.6 e sml

O D i r

l t

p i heh m ri b mi t n i C tt e t o seh d d

341

FLANGES
FLANGE FACING FINISH In pressure vessel construction only gasket seats of flanges, studded openings, etc. require special finish beyond that afforded by turning, grinding or milling.

The surface finish for flange facing shall have certain roughness regulated by Standard ANSI B16.5. The roughness is repetitive deviationfrom the nominal surfacehavirigspecifieddepth and width.
Raised faced flange shall have serrated finish having 24 to 40 groovesper inch. The

cutting tool shall have an approximate0.06 in. or larger radius resulting 500 microinchapproximateroughness/ANSI B16.5, 6.3.4. 1./ The side wall surface of gasket groove of ring joint flange shall not exceed 63 microinchroughness. /ANSI B16.5-6.3.4.3./
Other finishes may be furnished by agreement between user and manufacturer. The finish of contact faces shall be judged by visual comparison with Standard ANSI B46-1 . The center part of blind flanges need not to be finished within a diameter which equals or less than the bore minus one inch of the joining flange. /ANSI B 16.5-6.3.3/ Surface symbol used to designate roughness ~ is placed either on the line indicating the surface or on a leader pointing to the surface as shown below. The numbers: 500 and 63 indicate the height of roughness; letter c the direction of surface pattern: concentric-serrated.

&cED

1 J CONCENTRIC SERRATED FINISH

SYMBOL USED IN PAST PRACTICE

342

1 l F
S 1 A 2. M s s 3. T d 4. T t 5. B d 6. F l 7. F a S d i T A N A D B A N R1 D S 6

m ea l ni is i n o . rn c l s h e es n . a m t ec ro o im a u m sl f o s n ot le r y dg e , d S t 1 A e v 8 e a a i i 1l s a lA t ba . l i se n l eo s n s WELDING a t se l a et ln o l en o ,- n m fe y e re lr ot d u s a l . 1 6 i rh a /f n ii i ea s n 1 cie c l . du de e s d n i m eC n D as J i o n sn , d . l e o n sh g b td on he i u sl n c f t od l s u o d t e h e o c hi r g o h e w t n f . h o a o 1 i ll l r e at t/ n r b s hg e 8 oe a . r l n t i a m e t e r s . l b a tno d gi rme e s s en s u h id o o n o s w n SLIP-n ON o t e h s e p r se w c i i sf i e e d . l f a p n s g i 2o i e2 2 sz pa 3 2r e 6e sn , , 8 d 0 n c o rb v o A e B 6 rN e et d . S y 5I 1 .

d
. I

F A

A P E C F IA D NIE M G G O E KN E S D O N A B O L T T D IA N

I RO N BLIND N G .

A
3/4

G
156 1Y2 11%6 . 2%6 . 2%6 . 3?46 . 3%6 . 4% . 41%6 .

H 3 3 6
59 63 78

J
86 /2 9h6 2 s%6 I1~6 0 !

1 1 1 2 2 3 4

2 3 4

5 0 5 5 6 6 7 7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 38%

Y88 0 1%6

0 0

5 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30

5.05 6.07 7.98

5,66
6 8 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 7 8 8 1 1 1 2 2 2 o 2e 2 2

4 5 6 2 8 2 1 8 1 8 1 4 1 6 1 8 2 0 2 2 2 5 2 5 2 5 3 5

. 5%6 , bg6 . 7%6 . 91%6 0 12 . 2 14% . 4 15% . 6 18 . 8 19% . 0 22 . 2 24% . 4 Z6~8 . 6 Z8Y2 . 8 3 . 0 3 .

1%6 6 1

1!/s 3 5 1%6 5 1% 1%0 136 0 1Y6 0 11!46 0 11%6 0 1% 0 2

T b

2 2 3

0 0 ? 0 ?

343

344

3
S 1 A 2 M s s 3 T d 4 T t 5 B d 6 F l 7 F a S d T

l F
A N A D B A N R1 D S6 . I

I--l
5

i m ea l ni is i n o . rn c l s h e es n . a m t ec ro o im a u ,m sl f o s n ot le r y dg e , d S t 1 A e v 8 e aa i i 1 l s al t A ba . l i se n l eo s n s WELDING a t se l a et ln o l e no ,- n m fe y e re lr ot d u sa l . 1 6 i rh a /f n ii ,i ea s n 1 cie c l . du de e s d n i m eC n D as J i o n sn , d I . ,n he i u l e o n sh g b td o sl n c f t od l s u o d t e h e o c hi r g o h e w t n f . , at t h o ao 1 i il l r e / n r b s hg e 8 oe a . r l n t i a m e t e r s . l b a tno d gi rme e en s u h id o o n o s w n ,ss -n o t e h s e p r se w c i i s s f i e e d . l f a p n s g i 2o i e2 , 2 sz pa 3 2r e 6e sn , , 8 d 0 ~ c o rb v o A e B 6 rN e et d . S y 5I 1 .

I--l

F A

A P E C F IA D NIE M G G OE KN E S D O N A B O L T T D IA N L e T h H n
to

I RO N BLIND N G . g u t g
G
1 !/2

u E

h h

b H J

B
1.09

1 1.90 2
2Y2 3 3112 4 5 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 To be

1~8 2~8 2Y2 2% . 3%6 315A6 . 4Y8 . . 51A 5% . 7. 8V8 . 10M . 0 12% 2 14%

JA
3 8 5 90 5 5 6 . . . . .
156 17~27 7 20Y2 23 0 25% 0 28 0 30~z0 33 0 36 0 38% 40% ! 43

2 2 3 4 4 5 6 8 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3

8
1 8 1%0 1%0 1!4 0 1%6 1 3

3 5 25 0 0 20
21/2 0 0 2% 0 2% 3% % 3% % 3% A

4 163L 6 19 8 21

0 23?48 . 2 25% . 4 27% .

28~8 30M 0 32Y6

6 8

345

L
A 2

W
l

N
l .

3
J

. . .

4 5 6

I
S

a t l o F

M . b oa r d so ma e e ma da t jn n u a o f w w d e. ni c g n i e g k c t u Lr e o er n l s n ot ln hi a g a sev a ato r r i s eln p a d eb le c r d e r .

P EC O u

F I A DNEI t s

G GO E J N E S M i d e

IR

Bolt

Diameter

,ength

Bore

K
4 4 4 4 4 8 8 8 8 8 8
% % %

M
3

1
1y

5 5

2 Z 3 3I 4 5 6 8

7 1

1 1 1 1
9
93A 101A 11 11Y2 12M

ly2

2 2 2 2 2 3

346

F T
H

m ea ni i s i n o rn c s h e es n . a m t ec ro o i m au msl o f s n ot le r y dg e , d 2. M ~n l eo s n s 4 s S t 1 A e v 0 e a a i i 5l s alA t ba . l i se WELDING s a t se l a et ln o l en o .- n m fe y e re lr otd u sa l . i r af i n i n as i n e c. odl u e d s et d 3. i d i m e C nD s a i Jo n n s n , d . 4. T l e o n sh g b td on he i u sl n c f t od l s u o d t e t h e o c hi r g o h e w t n f . h o ao 1 i ll l r e at t/ n r b s hg e 8 oe a . r l n t 5. B d i a m e t e r s . l b a tno d gi rme e s s en s u h id o o n o s w n n 6. F l o t e h s e p r se w c i i sf i e e d .

A d i

7. F
a S n

l F A

f a p n s g i 2o i e2 2 s z pa c o rb v o A e B 6 rN e et

3 2r e 6e d . S

sn
,y 5 I

, 1

, .

A P E C F IA D NIE M G G O E K N ES I RO N BLIND D O N A B O L T T D IA N N G . i a m e D i a) m e Outside t ee r t f b L e no H g to hu Diameter t t T h r a oP u oH g h i of nu a o f H u bFlange W e l d i n g

D
% 1 1H6 3 1!4 7 1% 9

1 1!A 2

3 3 4 5 6 8

1 1 1 2 2 3 Y 4 4 5 6 8 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3

. . . . . . . z . . . . 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8 0 . . . . . . . . . . .

4 1% 9 11%6 5 11%6 0
1

1 1 1 2 2 3 4

6 0 5 4 4 7 7

. . . . . . . . . . . 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 . . . . . . . .

3 6 9 3 8 5 90 5 % 5 % 6 15 6
1T~z7 20!/27 23 0 25~2 0 28 0 30% 0 33 0 36 0

2 6 0 8 8 0 0 0 6 3 3 5 5 0 0 0 0 0 0 A

2 s 26 27 Z1H6 7 2% 8 3Y8 8 3%61 131H6 . 3% 1 4 2 4% 2 A?/2 2

7% 2 2 8?/8 8% 2

4 7 5 6 6 2 8 2 1 8 1 8 1 4 1 6 1 8 2 0 2 2 2 5 2 5 5 28%6 5 30~6

3 38% 40% 43

347

348

6
S T

l F
A N A D B A N R1 D S6 . I

l-El + 5
A

1 A d i m ea l ni is i n o . rn c l s h e es n . M 4 ? M a m t ec ro o i m au m . sl o f s n ot le r y + dg e , . d L s S t 1 A e v 0 e a a i i 5l s alA t ba . l i sd e n l eo s * n s W s a t se l a et ln o l en o ,- n m fe y e re lr ot d u sa l . 1 i r af / in i n as i n 4 e c. odl u ,e d s e _ t d : _ , i d i m e C nD s a i Jo n n s n , d . t $ T l e o n sh g b td on . he i u sl n c f t od l s u o d t e t h e o c hi r g o h e w t n f . 5 B h o a o 1 i ll l r e . at t/ n r b s hg e p8 oe a .k r l ; n + t ~ + d i a m e t e r s . 5 F l b a tno d gi rme e .s s en s u h id o o n o s w n SLIP.nON l o t e h s e p r se w c i i sf i e e d . 7 F l f a p n s g i 2o i e2 . 2 sz pa 3 2 r e 6e sn , , 8 d 0 a n c o rb v o A e B 6 rN e et d . S y 5I 1 . y E y : 3 9 y % S F A P E C F IA D NIE M G G O E K N ES I RO N B L I N A D O N A B O L T T D IA N N G . D i a p z B / .

1.09 z~6 1.70

m ;

o n B i i A

m a o

D m i a m e r D i a e t . ee r t o u ~ ~T ~f h bs i ~ c t hD e L t e r no H g H t t o h r afoP u o g h i o nu lT a o F H u b r e e Fia l a f l n B s W e l d n g e G J H D E c 2 2 2 8
1
1%6 1.32 z~8 4V8 11h6

3/4
1

. 8

IY2 6

4 %6

11A

1
1

.%

% 6
1

2 3 4 : 8 o 2 4 6 8

; G v $ Q h m m g u ; 2 2

1 4 6

3 6

7 5 8 %

349

350

351

352

1
S 1 A M s s T i T t B d F l d T

l F
A N A D B A N R1 D S 6 . I

r1
5

i m ea l ni i s i n o . rn c l s h e es n . a m t ec ro o i m au m sl f o s n ot le r y dg e , d S t 1 A e v 0 e a a i i 5l s alA t ba . l i s~ e n l WELDING eo s nH s a t se l a et ln o l e no , -n m fe y e re lr ot d u sa l . 1 i r h af / in i n ae s i n 4 e c. odl u e d s et d d i m e C nD s a i Jo n n s n , I d . l e o n sh g b td on he i u sl n c f t od l s u o d t e h e o c hi r g o h e w t n f . h o ao 1 i ll l r e at t/ n r b s hg e 8 o e a. r l n t i a m e t e r s . l b a tno d gi rme e s s en s unh id o o n o s w -n o t e h s e p r se w c i i sf i e e d .

F A

A P E C F IA D NI E M G G OE KN E S I RO N BLIND D O N A B O L T T D IA N N G . l i a m e t o H u a P o i o W e l d i

e n n

r f b t t f g J

A
1A

D
1!4 1% 3 1%

G
1Y2 1%

/8
1

1 IM 1!42 2

1 1 1 2 2 3 4 5 6 8 1 1 . . . . . . . 0 2

. . . .4 . . . . . . . .

6 0 5 4 4 7 7 6 2 2 8 8 -

z~6 2Y2 2% 4% 4% 5% 6% 73? 9 11 !/2 14!/2 17% 1g% 21% 23% 25%
Y2

1
1!4 1%
1Y2 15% 1% 2%

7 1% 19 4 9 21/2 2% 5 5 3%6
4% 6 41H6 7

7 %

3 4 5 6 8

1OY2

2Y8 31% 3Y8 4% 4~8 51A 5% 6Ys 7 8

7 5~8
6%8 7~8 8 --. -. . . -.

353

1 L
d 2 M s s 3 T

i m ea ni is i n o rn c s h e es a m t ec ro o i m au .m sl f o s n ot le r y S t1 e 0 e 5 l A . A v aa i i s a l t ba l i s en a t se l a et ln o l e no , -nm fe y e re lr ot d 1 i r h a f / in in a . i se n 4e c c . o ld u J b i i n c u i ll ueM d n t e s 4 T l eo b hn d o gn .i t e l n h t tc o f l s h eo c i r g o h w t n f . 5 B . at t/ h o ao 1 i ll l r e n s e 8e b r hg o d i a m e t e r s . n ( s i l oo e n w s h c i 6 D i m e M . n,e n gl etd a b oa r d so ma e e ma da t j n n u ao we o er n l s n w d e. ni c g n i e gk t u Lr l ot ln ha ig a sev a ato r r s i eln p a d eb o r d e r .

No. Bolt

A P EC

F I A DNEI

G M GO E J N E S

%
i r c l e L M

C K
1?4 4

Bore

1
2

1 4
4 4 4 8
8 8 8

b
1
9

1!4? 2
21/2 3 4 12 5 6 8

8 12 12 12 16 16 16 16 16 16

1 %

?54 -

355

356

4
N P S % x
1
1%

A P P R O XD I M I AS T B T E

A E

N TF C W L EE A

EN

NG

m 1 i i % ?

n 3 p z %

a 5

l e4 e % %
X2

P 0

r I0 6 D i % ,
5/ /

R e

s a l s

tu 0I n cc

ri 01

e b n 0 , eh ;

g 0 I52 e s J
%

0 I 09 si t a n

005

$
5/

2
% % %

J<z :{2
5/ /32 5/ .32

IZ

5/ /:2
!<2 X2 %6 %6 3/ ~15 3/ ~, /16 % x

2
2%

% %
x

% x

3 4 5 6 8 10 12
14 16 18

;{2 s/ (32 5/ .32 5/ /32 ?/ $31 5/ 132

% 1/ .a %

RI !<2 7/ /32 X2 7[ ~42 7/ /32

7/ /12 %2

7/ .32 %* %2 ;<2 ?42 %2

%2 X2

:{6 %6 ;{6 ?{6 X6 ?(6

X6 ?{6

%2 3<2 X2 5/ 42 g? 3<2
%2 X2

YE % ~S 5/ /32 %2 $6
%2 X6

5/ /12 %2 52 X5 %
z

20 22 24

x %

J(2 X2 % %

%2 %2 X x

X6 :(6 X2 X2

X6 %6 %2

X6 Y8 z

RING NUMBERS NominalPipeSize 150

3 0 9 1 2 o 3 06 , 5 5 4 0

/2 3A 1 ... R R
0 %0 0

2 2!4

&

2 z ~ z &
~ . E N

R,
iii
R z

R
0 Rj6 0 R 0 e

R 0

R R

R22 R25 R29IRU ~R36

iii 0 - 0

]R ~R I R R . . . ] R37 Rio iii iii R . . . IR39 13 R 1 3R R 6 .8. . ! R38

1 1 1 6 R 6 5 3 5 R 9 R R 6 6 5 3 9 R 5 R R 6 6] 5 4 R 0 R 6 7 ....1... 1 5 ... 6 7 7 7 7 8

R 1

Pm S i 1 i4 9 3 1 2 6 0

d) t

i n i a p l 5 R40 0 0 s0 R0 ; 0 R : 5 R0 z 5 0 8 R

0 R52 Ri9 R64 R68 R7~m rii55_ R43 R48 40iR R , R , R 4 R0 R R 4 IR 4 R R0 R R 4 4 4 R IR R I 4 R60 0 R R 5 1 4 R 5 4 R 1 R R 5 4 2 ....... 5 5

357
A

S1UDDING OUTLETS All

.
SIZE ~lCK (BORE) TAR B lt2 1.50 3/4 1.50 1 1.50 1 1/4 1.50 1 li2 1.50 2 1.75 2 ID 1.75 3 1.75 3 1/2 1.75 4 1,75 5 2.00 6 2.00 8 2.00 10 2.25 12 2.25 14 2.56 2.56 16 18 2.75 20 2.75 3.00 OD 3.50 3.88 4.25 4.62 5.00 6.00 7.00 7.50 8.50 9.00 10.00 11.00 13.50 16.00 19.00 21.00 23.50 25.00 27.50 32.00 STUD F OD CIRCLE CJMI 2.38 1.38 1.69 2.75 2.00 3.12 2.50 3.50 2.88 3.88 4.75 3.62 4.12 5.50 6.00 5.00 7.00 5.50 7.50 6.19 8.50 7.31 8.50 9.50 10.62 11.75 12.75 14.25 15,00 17.00 16.25 18.75 18.50 21.25 21.00 22.75 23.00 25.00 27.25 29.50

1
STUDS NO. SIZE TPI 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 8 8 8 8 8 12 12 12 16 16 20 20 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 1/2 5/?3 518 5J!3 518 5/8 3/4 3/4 3/4 7/8 718 1 1 1 1/8 1 1/8 1 1/4 13 13 13 13 13 11 11 11 11 11 10 10 10 9 9 8 8 8 8 8 TAP HOLE DEPTH DEPTH E F 0.75 1.25 0.75 1.25 0.75 1.25 0.75 1.25 0.75 1.25 0.94 1.50 0.94 1.50 0.94 1.50 0.94 1.50 0.94 1.50 1.12 1.75 1.12 1.75 1.12 1.75 1.31 2.00 1.31 2.00 1.50 2.31 1.50 2.31 1.69 2.50 2.50 1.69 1.88 2.75

3
SIZE ~lCK
(BORE) B 1/-2 3/4 1 11/4 11/2 2 2 1/2 3 3 In 4 5 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 24 TAR 1.50 1.75 1.75 1.75 2.00 1.75 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.25 2.56 2.75 2.75 3.00 3.00 3.00 3.44

OD
3.75 4.62 4.88 5.25 6.12 6.50 7.50 8.25 9.00 10.00 11.00 12.50 15.00 17.50 20.50 23.00 25.50 28.00 30.50 36.00

STUD

STUDS

OD CIRCLE NO. SIZE TPI CJMI 2.62 4 1.38 12 13 3.25 4 5/8 1.69 11 2.00 3.50 4 5111 11 2.50 3.88 4 5j8 11 4.50 4 3/4 10 2.88 3.62 5.00 8 5i8 11 4.12 5.88 8 3/4 10 3/4 5.00 6.62 8 10 7.25 8 314 5.50 10 3/4 6.19 7.88 8 10 7.31 9.25 8 3/4 10 3/4 8.50 10.62 12 10 10.62 13.00 12 7/8 9 12.75 15.25 16 1 8 15.00 17.75 16 1 1/8 8 16.25 20.25 20 1 V8 8 18.50 22.50 20 1 1/4 8 21.00 24.75 24 1 1/4 8 23.00 27.00 24 1 1/4 8 27.25 32.00 24 1 In 8

TAP HOLE DEPTH DEPTH E F 0.75 1.25 0.94 1.50 1.50 0.94 0.94 1.50 1.75 1.12 0.94 1.50 1.12 1.75 1.75 1.12 1.12 1.75 1.12 1.75 1.75 1.12 1.12 1.75 1.31 2.00 1.50 2.31 1.69 2.50 1.69 2.50 2.75 1.88 1.88 2.75 1.88 2.75 2.25 3.19

358

SIZE ~lCK (BORE)

B l T

OD
A r3.75

F
O R

T S

T U TD

U D T

3/4 1 1 1/4
1V

2 2l 3 31 4 5 6 8 12 14 16 18 20

1.69 1.94 1.94 1.94 2.19 1.94 2.19 2.19 2.44 2.44 2.75 2.75 2.94 3.19 3.19 3.44 3.62 3.88 3.88 4.31

4.62 4.88 5.25 6.12 6.50 7.50 r 8.25 9.00 / 10.75 13.00 14.00 16.50 20.00 22.00 23.75 27.00 29.25 32.00 37.00

CIRCLE CJMI 1.38 22.62 1.69 3.25 2.00 3.50 3.88 2.50 4.50 2 2.88 3.62 5.00 4.121 5.88 2 5.00 6.62 7.25 2 5.50 6.19 8.50 7.31 10.50 8.50 11.50 10.62 13.75 12.75 17.00 15.00 19.25 16.25 20.75 18.50 23.75 21.00 25.75 23.00 28.50 27.25 33.00

NO. SIZE 4 4 4 4 4 8 8 8 8 8 8 12 12 16 20 20 20 20 24 24 1/2 5/8 5B 5/8 3/4 5/8 3/4 3/4 7/8 7/8
1

D HOLE S A DEPTH P DEPTH E F

13
1

11 11 10 9 9 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 5 8 8

1 1 1/8 1 1/4 1 1/4 1318 11 1518

1

1718

0.75 0.94 0.94 0.94 1.12 0.94 1.12 1.12 1.31 1.31 1.50 1.50 1.69 1.88 1.88 2.06 / 2.25 2.44 2.44 1 2.81

1.25 1.50 1.50 1.50 1.75 1.50 1.75 1.75 2.00 2.00 2.31 2.31 2.50 2.75 2.75 3.00 3.19 2 3.44 3.44 8 3.88

9
SIZE ~ICK (BORE) OD F
O S T S U T T U D D

HOLE S A

CIRCLE NO. SIZE

TPI D 10 10 9 9 8 9 8 9 8 8 8 8 8 8
8 8 8 8 8

B 1/2 3/4 1 11/4 11/2 2 2 1/2 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 14

TAR 2.19 2.19 2.44 2.44 2.75 2.44 2.75 2.44 2.94 3.19 2.94 3.44 3.44 3.44 3.62

4.75 5.12 5.88 6.25 7.00 8.50 9.62 9.50 11.50 13.75 15.00 18.50 21.50 24.00 25.25

1.38 1.69 2.00 2.50 2.88 3.62 4.12 5.00 6.19 7.31 8.50 10.62 12.75 15.00 16.25

CJMI 3.25 4 3.50 4 4.00 4 4.38 4 4.88 4 6.50 8 7.50 8 7.50 8 9.25 8 11.00 8 12.50 12 15.50 12 18.50 16 21.00 20 22.00 20
24.25 27.00 29.50 35.50 20 20 20 20

3/4 3/4 7/8 7f8 1 7/8 1 7/8 11/?3 11/4 11/8 13t8 1318 13/8 1 u2
2

DEPTH E 1.12 1.12 1.31 1.31 1.50 1.31 1.50 1.31 1.69 1.88 1.69 2.06 2.06 2.06

DEPTH F 1.75 1.75 2.00 2.00 2.31 2.00 2.31 2.00 2.50 2.75 2.50 3.00 3.00 3.00

359

SIZE ~lcK (BORE) TAR B 2.19 1/2 2.19 3/4 2.44 1 11/4 2.44 11/2! 2.75 2.44 2 2lr2 2.75 2.94 3 3.19 4 5 3.62 3.44 6 8 3.88 4.31 10 4.56 12 5.00 14 5.50 16 5.94 18 6.38 20 7.31

OD 4.75 5.12 5.88 6.25 7.00 8.50 9.62 10.50 12.25 14.75 15.50 19.00 23.00 26.50 29.50 32.50 36.00 38.75 46.00

STUDS STUD F OD CIRCLENO. SIZE TPI CJMI 10 3/4 1.38 3.25 4 10 3!4 1.69 3.50 4 9 2.00 4.00 4 7E 9 2.50 4.38 4 7B 8 1 2.88 4.M 4 9 3.62 6.50 8 7/8 8 1 4.12 7.50 8 8 1Us 5.00 8.00 8 8 11/4 6.19 9.50 8 8 7.31 11.50 8 1V-2 8 8.50 12.50 12 1318 8 10.62 15.50 12 1518 8 12.75 19.00 12 1718 8 15.00 22.50 16 2 8 16.25 25.00 16 21/4 8 18.50 27.75 16 21/2 8 21.00 30.50 16 23/4 8 23.00 32.75 16 3 8 27.25 39.00 16 31/2 STUDS STUD F OD CIRCLENO. SIZE TPI CJMI
1.38 1

TAP DEPTH E 1.12 1.12 1.31 1.31 1.50 1.31 1.50 1.69 1.88 2.25 2.06 2.44 2.81 3.00 3.38 3.75 4.12 4.50 5.25

HOLE DEPTH F 1.75 1.75 2.00 2.00 2.31 2.00 2.31 2.50 2.75 3.19 3.00 3.44 3.88 4.12 4.56 5.06 5.50 5.94 6.88

~
SIZE ~IcK OD (BORE) TAR B

TAP HOLE DEPTH DEPTH F E

/1 /1 11 1 /1 1 F1 /1 3 3 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 . . . . . . . . 4 4 8 8 3 4 . . . . . . . . 10 10 3 5 6 5 6 8

3 1 11 1l 2 2 3 4
5 6

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 3 3 4 5

. 5.25

1 5 / . 6 . 4 7 7 /. 9 8.00 f. 3 7 9 . 9 1 . L 04 12.oo . 5.00 1 6 1 . 46 1 2 2 . . 98 1 1 6

1 . 2 . 2 . 2.88

3.50 4 9 3.75 . 5 9 4 4 4.25 . 2 4 4 5.12 4 4. 2 5 5.75 4 4 2 6.75 5 8 7.75 . 8 .2 54 9.00 9 8 10.75 8 . . 02

12.75 8

3 6 30 0 75 1 5 5 11 1 110 1 11 110 5 02 6 52 27 m 0
2

1 1 9 9 0 8 0 8 8 8 2 8 9 8
8

8 1

14.50 . . 17.25 5 0 . 2 5 21.25 .0

24.38

08 . 12 6 7 . 12 5 0
12

8 0 28 58
8

4 . 4 .

. 0 . 0

361

90L

63 ,// /
./ [ /

WELDING FITTINGS
ANSI B 16.9 All dimensions are A in inches. Welding fitting material conforms to SA 234 grade WPB. Sizes 22,26 and 30 in. are not covered by ANSI B 16.9.
uz w t i m s h a io c k s np l e 3 sr s a le s2 g 2e e . e applies n s to i standard o . n and X-STG. caps. DiF1 mension Fz applies to heavier weight caps.

1.

2,

oElbow a d n i 4. F 5

3.

(n
/

-1

Nominal Pipe

I
A

Dimensions
D i a A m Be 1 .
518

90LongRadius Reducin2Elbow

size

c t
1 5

5 e

0.840
3/4

,.. 7. , ... 0. . . .
1 l 1 /02 / 0 z7h6

1 1

1.315
1 1 2 2

1Y2 718 23/]6

. 1 . 2% . 3 . 3 6 1 1 9 1 3 72% % 6

7
F;
~

1/ %

lfi

...

1% 5 1
8 f l 1%

45LongRadiusElbow

IY2

3 0 11

1!4 / l8

4 1 6

2 \
A-

/ 1% 4 7 6 3 2 3 5 33116 / 18

8 174 % 5 7

2!/2 % 12 3 535/16 / 1% 3 3% 4
05

90ShortRadius Elbow

180 ShortRadiusRetun

\, m
E

,/ a
180Long RadiusElbow

3
A

3.500 4,000 4.500 5.563

6

4% 5% 6 7%
. 9

2 2% 2%

6% 7% 8%

4% 5% 6X
s 7%

2 2% 2%
/3

2% 3 3 3% 1 4 5 I 6 7 3
1 t 6

3% 4 5
6

31t8 1

6 5 93/16 3yz 3Y4 6 2 125/1( 5

1 68 1

8
1

8.625 12.750 14.000

I 16.000

12 18 21

125/16 5 /4 153/8
1

I 10.750 I 15 I 6fi I 203k 0

5
8 6

7!4 243/8 12 8% 28 14 16 18 20 ... , 24 ... , 30

14
1

21 24 27 30 .,. . 36 .., . 45

6% 7% 7 8 9
1 1

] 24 I 10 \ 6 32

18

20

18.000 ~().()~
I

I 27
I

8 9
1 1

IIK

36

30 33 36 39 45

12% 40 13YZ 44 15 16 @ 52

i
Cap

22
24 26 30

z~.()()() ~40000 26.()()() 30.000

12 0

10!4 ,., . 10K ,., .

18A 60

WELDING FITTINGS
1. 2. 3. 4, ANSI B 16.9 Alldimensions areininches Weldingfittingmaterial conformsto SA234gradeWPB. Sizes22,26and30 in.arenotcoveredbyANSIB 16.9. Forwallthicknesses seepage322. Dimensions Outlet
%

Nominal Pipe Size

I

Outside Diameter
y

~
z 1 1 1

H
1 1
11
1 , -

J
. .

Tee
.

3/8
3/4 /2

,840 ,675 1.050

.840
1.315 1,050 ,840 1.660 1.315 1.050

1
1% 1% 1% 1718 1718 17/8
1
2%

i
.

11 .

18 i .

8 ,

1 ?
/2

1?4 1?4 4 1%

2 7

1!4

1%

2
1

1%
1
%

2%

2% 2 1!4
1 1

1.900 1.660 1.315 1,050 2.875 2.375

1 ,

3 2% 2
1Y2
1 .

1.660 1,315 3,500 2.875 2.375 1.900

1 .

2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2% 2!4 3 3 3 9 3
3 3 3 3 3 3 6

2ti 2!4 2% 2!4 2%

ii 2?4
2Y2

Reducing Tee

2!4

2Y2
2% z

I .... I
3 3 3 3
~

L J ,

,
8 8

2
1

7
%

3%

3%
2 2 1

4.000 3.500
2 2 1 . . .

3?4 3%
3 3 3
4

k k
0 2%

3 2?4

3% 3

3i 33 3 23 7 36 2%

3 0 3 3 3/ / 3/ 3 / 3 0/

h ~

% % %

Concentric Reducer i % 8 3
8 8 8 1 % % % h / ! 8 ! J % 8 % % . . 8 % % 8 Eccentric Reducer /8 8 8 4 % 4

18

3%

....
4 5 4 5 4 5 4 0

8 3 9

3 3 ;7 3 7 3%0
4

. . . . 4

3.500
2 I 2 2 1 . , .

4
41 8 4 3 4 9

3 3 ;7 31 7 31 i0

7 / 5 : 4/ 5 4 0 1 3

363

WELDING FITTINGS
G . ~ .. 1. 2 3. 4. ANSI B 16.9 Alldimensionsare ininches Weldingfittingmaterial conformsto SA234gradeWPB. Sizes22,26 and30in.arenotcoveredbyANSIB 16.9.
Forwallthicknessesseepage322. -

* (= -1- F u T u

I
Nominal Pipe Size 5

Tee

Outlet 5
4 3 3 2 ~ 2 6 5 4 3 3 2 8 6 5 4

Dimensions Outside ~ Diameter 4 5.563

4.500 4.000 3,500
2 2 6 5 . . . . 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 7 7 7

H
47 47 4 % 7 47 4 % T 47 55 55 55 5 % 4s 4 % 5 7 6 6

J
. . 7./ . 5/ 5/ 5 3/ 51 5 5 1/5 s/ 5 31 3 51 5 / 57/ 5 / 5 5 . 6 5 5. 3 63 /8 /8 8 /8 8 /8 18 /8 5 8 8 /8 8 1 /

, H 6 +

8 3 6 5

7 7 2 6

+ ? R e

GJ dT u c

~ i

G 8 e n g

4.500 4.000 3.500

e 2 8 6 5 . . . .

J 7
1

8 6 6 5

7 2 2 6

3%
1

4.500 4,000 10,750 8.625 6.625 5.563 4.500 12.750 10.750 8.625 6,625
5 1 1 1 . 4 2 0

7 7 8% 0 8% 8% 8Y2 8!/2
1 1

61/8 6 8% 0 8 75/8 7?4 7% 10 9% 9

8
8Y26

6 6 .... 7 7 7 7 .... 8 8
8 5
83

: : 12 10 8 6
5

... D Concentric Reducer

12

0 0 10

10
1

10 5
1. 1. 1.

J r1
.. ..

14

14
I 1

0 1 0 7 1Q 5 710 5

0 0 i0 0 1 0

s 1 /

1 1/ 3 1/

8 6
1 1 1 } 1

8.625 6.625
1 1 6 4

11 11
6 1, 1.

9?4
9 0 1 6 0 0 1 4 0 2 ] 1518 111/s 0

13
1 3 0 i0 2 2

18 1

Eccentric Reducer

8 6 18 16 14

12.750 10.750 8.625 6.625 18.000 16.000 14.000

12 12 12 12 13% 13X 13X

10% 101/8 13!4 13 13

14 14 14 14 ii 15

364

WELDING FITTINGS
ANSI B 16.9 Alldimensions areininches Welding fitting material conforms to SA234gradeWPB. Sizes22,26and30in.arenotcovered byANSIB 16.9. Forwallthicknesses seepage322. )minal Pipe Size 18 Dimensions Outlet 12 10 Outside Diameter 12.750 10.750 G 13% 13% H 125/8
121/8

I
!~~ +! .. G

L: J 15 15

:1 G, Tee

8
20 20 18 16 14 12
1 8

8,625
20.000 18.000 16.000 14.000 12,750
1 8 0 .

13M
15 15 15 15 15
.1 7 1 6

11%
14%

15

05 1 2

0 2 5

% Reducing Tee

5 5

22

22 20 18 16 14 12 10 24 22 20
1

22.000 20.000 18.000 16.000 14.000 12.750 10.750 24.000 22,000 20.000
1 8

16!4 16?4 16)4 16% 16% 16?4 16% 17 17

1 ,1 0

16!A 16 15% 15 15 145/8 14[/8 17 17

1 1 80

... , 20 20 20 20 .,. . .... ,.. , 20

2 02 6

J r 1 -..
7 D7 ! 7 4 0 0

24

16 14 12 10
30 30 24 22 20 18 16

16,000 14.000 12.750 10.750

30.000 24.000 22.000 20.000 18.000 16.000

17 17 17 17
22 22 22 22 22 22

16 16 153/8 15]/8
22 21 20% 20 19!A 19

20 20 20 20
.... 24 24 24 .... ....

Concentric Reducer

r-l
J .. b Eccentric Reducer ..,

365

FACE-TO-FACED1MENS1ONS OF FLANGEDSTEEL

GATE VALVES (WEDGE ANDDOUBLE DISC)

+. & 1-

300

I 400

[ 600

D
1 2 7 .

A m
9

s
9

2 ;

$ ~ g s x

3 3 4 5 6 8 1 1 1 O 1 O 1 O 2 O 2 O

8 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 3 3 4

1 1 1 0 1 12 2 3 3 3 3 4 4
1
p

1 1 3 % 1 5 4 1 5 0 2 6 %9 8 52 %3 1 62 0 3 36 1 29 3 4 1 4 D 52 1 3 6 D 65 1 3 8 D 78 4 2 0 D 8 1 2 4 4 D 08 5
e

X % 2 5 % 5 8 X 0 3 6 , 9 5

15 4 1 2 6 2 8 2 % 3 % 3 % 4 0 4 % 4 % 52 %. 6 % %
s

14 2 27 20 32 36 41 43 55 69 63 77 5

2 2 2 3 4 50 52 0 4 4 6 08 . 0 4
p S

8 1 6 7 2 4 9 4 5 6

8 2 4 9 3 8 K % 8 f 1
e

150
1 1x 2 s , 0 i 6 7 8 8

9
b 1 9 9

i 5D . ...-.

-0

1 2

a a t m c a

3 4 5 6 8 1 1 1 1 1 2 2

8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . i 2

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 i 4 3 3 3 _7 3 4 ;

1 01 I 1 i 1 21 0 1 2 = i 6 2 2 2 , 7 3 08 2 3 3 !2, i 4 03 5 3 6 33 6 3 3 x 8 -64 84 9 0 4 0 Y 4 ~5

3 i% 3 6 % 4 5 % 8 0 5 9 1 6. 3 2 8 % 6 1 0 4 1 Z 2 X 9 5 1 8 1 1 7 % 4 5 8 2

2 % X 1% 1 8 4 % % 5 22 1 8 2 1 % 7 X % > 3 2 v 6 % !2% 4 24. % 2 2% % .3 . . . 4 - 3 3 2 9 6 . % k % 5 .- 3% 3 % 1. 3 . - - 0 - 9 .- . x 5 25 _ X 3 % 4_ % . 3 38% 4 0 5 _ o % 5 % % . 1 . + 4 6 5 5 ?4% 4 % 4% 6 5 3. % ,% ..1 .. 8 8 5% 2 X 2 ? 6 0 6 7 6 7 1 4 7 % 5 %

% % 5 % 0 X X ! % % X 2 %

GLOBE AND ANGLE VALVES < &

Raised Face
300
Inshes

400

6
x % 1

900

15w

2500

Dimension2 x A,

2x 9 9

% % 1

9 1

9 2 3 4 5

2 3

1 4

5 6 8

1 1 1

1 1 2

1 1 92

52 72 2

4 69 %3

6% 8% 1 2 1 1

2 8 % 2 3 % 3 4

02 23 63 4 4

3 ? 3 7 4 2 5 0 5 4 2 4 9

4 09 3 8 %

R
N P

iJ
N

e
... . 2x

3A2x

400
6%6

Y2

6%6

Y2

10%

3A

1
l 2 2 3 4 5 6 8 1 1 1

: ..
7 8 1 l 1 2 2 2 3 3

87!

8%

8%

- 1

. 9
1 1 % % 14% 4 6 1 4 1 5 . A 28 ? 2 2 - 3 % 2 4 % 39 % 3 3 % 4 8 0 5

9 1l 1 1 1 1 i 1 2 2 2

l 9 9 1 % 9 x 9-X 1 1 1 2 1i 13 % 1 3 2% %2 9 1 ! 4 4 3 4 1 3 1 2 7 4% 41 6 f 6 i 2 5%~ 1 2 8 6 1 8 2 ; % 9 ~ 6 2 2 6 2 3 0 2 8G 0 53 s 1 2 6 1 % 2 83 0 3 3 8 1) % 1 4 x 1 6 6 <

1 1 1 % 1 % 1 % 1 !% 1 ~ % 2 % 4 % 2 2 % % 3 4 3 4

_ 12%
1x . . 1 % 1 -..-. 2 6 X 2 8 i... ! 3 6 3 4) 3 5 9 0 5? 5 2 4 0

0 1 52 % ? % % 64 % 6 % 4 0% 64 %

FACE.TO-FACE DIMENSIONS OFFLANGED STEEL

SWING CHECK VALVES

R aF i P r l ep q s i s u b re e n , i 300 n I 5a l I 600 0 1m 400 S u I e ,
&

m
., .&.1-

367 -

:; ;:

a s e c d . r . .
i 9 z 1e
9 9

e
0 ,5 00

s
2 3

8 1

4
5

6
8

11% 13 14

13% 14 15% 17%

2 2

19%
2 4 3

22
2 0 3 2 3 t 6

lx 2 2%
3 4i 58 6 8 1 1 1

11 14X 16%
1 %1 02 2 2 3 3 4

11 14%
165

13% 17%
2 8 2 1 3 6 3 7. 4 2 5 0 5 4 2 4 9 5 8 2 ?4 9 3 8 %

1 1

6 1 1 2 3 2 2 3 3 4 4

R
per

I % 3
1 6

n 1

y
9

f A

6.

%
1

%
9

%
9

1 2 2 3 4 5 6 1 1 1 R e

. ,

7 8 1 1 1 1 ; 2 3

1 1 , 1. 1 1 1i I 2 2 2 .

9 X 9. - 1~ 1 1 1 1- . 52 1 9 . 3 1 4 0 4 31 1 1 6 . 2 4 3 2 % 1 8 4 % 1 2 9 i 2 . 3 0 .8 1 2 2 s 0 3 6 5 2 33% 3 i2 . 80 Y 1 4 %

1 1 0 % 1 2X %1 2 3 k1 i3% f %1 4 t% 7 i1 5 0k %2 6 2i Z2 8% %2 , 6 1 % 1 %3 1 k %3 . 4 1

1 % % 1 % 1 i 1 % 2% 2 % 2 % . 3 % 3 4 5

4 6 5 8 2 4_ 9 3 8 0

1 1 % 1 4 2 6 X 2 8 2 1 3 6 3 4 3 5 0 9 5 5 2 0 4

52 % o % % X % % _ k % % % s

f Fe a r c e e n -a tc E oen :Fd a -D n c te i om - o e EFn d n s ed V i o r n a r s lo u v f se A m N e a r Sit tc i A a a o n n n B d 1 aN 6al . r 1 S 0d - 1 9I 7 3

l.

(.

w -

?69 -

S A
F B C u s h a $ C R S t r e S r d a o u ii s c g i i n

F S
l g p

I A
a S n c

F Z
g r B e ea S d w e We p i + ,. ++

;
nl l de d e d g S l o o d tl + w ) /

+ + s g e +

s n h z t +

E T 9

l D D

b . e * 0g

o . ( r r Re

w . e -

c e r & n

[ P ~

( r M

c ~

uD

o n

w d

uU

we

H p

s L

e L ln ec T ~ h L

oB

ur

ba

L R S (

o e

n d

R u

a c

df i i P n

s g

P ee t n t T ee t p ) r

<

O iu O D u iu t l

o t

t d l l rw e t d l e t rU

S O ( O u

M F

B P

OF

L O II

T S

T P I RN

E G

aS

nc

gr

B a e e dw S p

e W e

nl de S l o g o

l d d l t d

S J C P E L x a

t o o n p t

r i

t L + ~ + ~ + ~ + ~

n t n e c t +i n g i p e a n s i o n ~ e r a l

rP

lf

i a c ai g li lu w p u

te

i g

: e D

R P B P R C E

e l p

d F

u l c u t

nn g i s

l e r i Kc c g

P e o c c

d u n c e e n c e n t -r t r i + + = ~ =

-C *t +
+---+

t & m -

a +

v +-t e

-t-l-

-++---* +--e

S ( (

S r

a t o t

ii

gL

h z t t n t

L *

e ) )

L *

L -

L e

O U u O D u

l *p e l w e

o u b e s wY e e p R e d u c i L n g

M F

B P

OF

L I O I

T S

T P I RN

E G

Flanged

B a Se

w p

e W i

nl d eg ; l oo

l d dl t d e

S i

nw

e l

ee

S ( S ( U V A C A

O iu O D u O iu O U u n a Vn h a Cn l i

o t

t d l l w e

&
n u s ve k s

ee n t ee t

t ) t )

t d l t l p e o v e

ag l l e lc hg e l t l ga a t ll

e , ce o k

G a a A Gn ( E l e B V aa G a a A Gn ( P l G la A Gn ( E l e G ( A B G O R C ( C u l P l o

v t l ga

e s , o l t e e i o n ) v l e e s , o l t e e n ) o e

l b e s , l g o l be v a t i o n ) o a b n e )

t V o m aa y P o p e v e d e r u r a c n

t li c v a s s o t i lc ia g c e n r d g e

Vh ae S tWr a o

vk h yt k

g p

372

M F

B P

OF

L I O I

T S

T P I RN

E G

Flanged

B a Se

w p

e W i

nl l d de d g S l o o d tl

~ ~-

&

--#3G

G L P o V c

l k V s l a ie t f a

o ha i Iu e a e

b e ll v d g

e v e

-e
-mQe

Q O u p o B u V t S a V

n c i r f l l t

k n g l ry v vy e

374

WEIGHTS

1.

The tables on the following pages show the weights of different vessel components made of steel. All weights are calculated with the theoretical steel: 1 cubic inch= 0.28333 pounds. weight of

2.

3.

To obtain the actual weight of a vessel, add 6ZO to the total weight. This wilI cover the overweights of material which corn-es from the manufacturing tolerances and the weight of the weldings.
The weights of shells shown in the tables refer to one lineal The weights tabulated in columns foot of shell-length. S. 0. S. are the weights of shell when headed by 1. the given diameter signifies inside or outside diameter.

The weights of the heads include: A. For ellipsodial heads: 2 inch straight flange or the wall thickness, whichever is greater. B. For ASME flanged and dished heads: 1?4 inch straight flange. For hemispherical heads: O inch straight flange. c.

T s m s C
7.

w i i m t

o p c d t

f c r

b d m d w r T w oa p f t t p o L

o i

375

WEIGHT OF SHELLS & HEADS

W D E 1
12 ~

T A H 4

CLK

N 5 D ; I.

L E 6

S / L EL s[ .L . 21 38 44 51 78 84 1 1 1 8 1 04 1 11 1 28 244 261 278 2 94 3 11 81 4 5 52 6 32 7 22 8 93 1 93 1 03 1 23 1 4 5 1 2 2 2 2 49 0 4 1 5 2 5 5 3 8 2 6 2 2 I. E & 9 6 2 9 6 2 9 6 2 9 0 6 1 2 2 9 3 6 5 3 6 9 1 9 69 29 8 9 5 9 3 90 1 92 0 93 9 95 97 96 92 94 97 90 92 05

I S S

A SH 3 3 3 4 4 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 9 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 02 20 13 3 23 33 33 34 .

1/ M

. L

E E H L L . 2 2 3 4 4 5 6 7 7 8 1 1 1 10 10 11 22 24 36 37 49 50 62 74 85 97 1 8 1 0 1 2 1 3 15 I76 I8 8 s

EL

SA &1. IE 1 4 6 4 2 5 9 6 2 6 8 7 3 7 8 8 8 4 9 19 14 10 15 10 1 6 2 1 1 3 1 67 1 3 1 29 5 25 0 21 6 2 2 7 2 9 3 3 591 3 3 52 3 1 14 37 6 3 0 3 5 8 37 49 9 5 8 4 45 1 7

H M D P . 32 48 53 51 67 75 72 80 98 1 99 2 1 0 4 16 3 18 1 9 0 1 6 2 1 5 4 1 2 5 1 0 0 1 9 0 2 8 0 3 2 1 3 2 4 2 7 4 23 30 32 3 1 3 0 3 5 4 5

E H . L s S

. . L s[ 23 28 34 49 54 60 85 90 1 6 1 1 0 6 1 1 2 2 7 1 32 2 58 2 63 2 3 19 4 75 4 31 97 6 53 7 49 8 9 25 1 21 1 27 1 23 1 9 1 5 1 1 2 7 0

1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 6 6 7 7 8 9 9 1 1 1 1~ 1 1 1 1

1 41 26 82 30 24 44 65 68 07 82 48 96 8 10 10 0 1 2 1 12 8 24 4 25 0 37 6 39 2 40 8 42 4 0 53 65 6 277 0 888 480 1 912o 6 34 1 I 152 5 16 8 1 84

24 39 43 5 8 5 5 61 785 12 100 100 119 128 10 2 10 3 21 4 28 6 30 8 47 0 5 2 9 5 4 5 61 6 8 8 2 0 1 96 2 7 17 3 0 9 8 8 0 2 5 10 4 11 6 13 8 14 0 15 2 14 6 266 26 8

10 28 26 36 46 58 51 65 0 7 6 8 1 0 3 1 11 1 10 1 2 1 1 3 2 1 3 5 2 5 0 27 4 39 8 3 1 2 4 3 7 5 5 0 6 7 4 7 9 8 7 10 2 8 31 5 18 53 12 74 15 96 181 8 1 13 9 145 1 168 3

4 2 3 9 4 4 81 0 47 2 2 39 6 8 40 4 2 85 8 0 40 4 3

3 6 4 9 3 6 6 6 3 6 7 5

376

O
W

S
T A H 8 EL H s.L . 30 48 56 74 82 1 0 1 8 06 1 24 1 32 1 50 2 78 2 96 2 1 34 32 3 50 3 34 4 18 6 02 7 16 9 1 10 1 34 1 68 1 2 1 1 6 6 2 2 2 2 3 0 0 2 4 3 8 4 2 6 1 8 6 5 7

& H
I CLK SA E & I 1. 7 5 65 73 81 99 17 15 13 11 09 1 27 1 35 1 43 1 6 11 9 8 1 7 9 1 5 21 1 25 8 29 6 33 70 4 3 1 32 3 54 4 496 39 5 4 71 4 14 5 56 5 9 59 5 32 7 0 3 7 2 M P D 0 3 5 2 6 0 7 8] 0 9 1 02 1 24 5 1 4 1 1 6 7 1 9 4 1 3 1 4 2 1 7 3 1 0 4 3 1 7 7 1 1 2 8 5 0 2 2 8 5 0 3 0 8 3 6 3 5 3 0 4 0 4 9 4 25 05 05 05 7 6 6 8 1 5 1 9 8 8 H N 7 D I. . E L E 6 E H . 42 48 65 72 82 0 91 110 1~ 22 134 5 14 1 15 4 16 27 7 25 0 28 9 36 32 46 5 8 56 1 73 7 83 6 98 17 9 2 12 15 157 120 25 3 26 6 24 9 S s L F 22 33 45 50 65 0 3 7 1 2 8 9 1 3 6 12 0 13 4 16 5 13 6 12 7 13 8 26 9 20 22 35 9 1 47 7 50 6 93 76 5 8 691 2 912 1244 1876 1808 1430 1452 1885 2817 ; ; ;; L S S / EL s.L . H 38 57 67 86 1 5 I5 1 04 13 1 43 2 62 281 2 91 3 20 3 49 3 79 4 08 5 86 7 84 8 92 1 10 I . E & 4 3 3 2 1 1 0 9 09 28 48 57 76 96 15 24 92 60 58 0 46 A

D / E

I S S 1 1

A SH 0 5 5 6 7 8 9 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 4 5 6 7 7 2 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 ? 2 2 3 3 3 3 04 40 1 4 42 2 5 53 35 4

3 M

/ L

E E H L . 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 13 14 25 26 27 39 41 54 66 79 81 93 1 6 1 8 1 1 1 1 2 1 3 5 8 0 s F L

. E

1 1 1 2 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 6 6 7 7 8 9 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

22 42 36 84 50 26 74 60 8 98 1 011 12 2 413 14 6 815 50 1 216 29 8 4 31 30 3 6 46 82 5 8 1 6 7 34 8 05 1 82 6 9 2 1 04 5 1 38 4 1 57 1 70 9 6 1 01 2 1 24 8 ; 5 7: 4

1 48 2 34 1 86 42 4 1 4 3 61 7 1 2 9 89 9 2 0 2 7 7 1 2 2 3 3 3 2 8 6 4 4 5 7 2 1 8 5 5 6 4 3 5 5 8 3 1 1 4 9 8 7 2 5 ;

2 3 ; 5 7

3 0 7 9 ; 4 ; ; 9

676 7 06 :1 6; ; ;:

0 291 ; ; ;;

4 9 0 9 : : ;

377

WEIGHT OF SHELLS 8C HEADS

W D V E I S S A SH 1 M . / L H . 47 58 78 99 10 110 121 142 262 283 204 334 355 486 417 447 649 851 1 73 1 15 T A H 2 S I CLK H D I E 50 68 0 77 1 99 12 0 13 1 14 4 0 16 5 17 0 28 1 29 8 20 6 22 0 33 0 34 N 9 L E 6 E L S L F.&D 33 48 55 0 64 5 1 7 9 2 9 5 14 3 15 3 16 5 17 18 0 7 20 6 21 7 22 23 0 6 24 38 6 42 5 5 55 6 49 8 32 0 9 26 2 , 00 4 . 83 6 . 77 8 . 41 1 . 24 3 !98 6 !61 8 4 !35 2 !09 6 !62 8 ~ 16 2 2 L 46 68 0 8 12 04 1 26 1 48 1 260 282 04 2 36 3 58 3 80 4 12 4 54 5 86 5 92 7 28 9 1 64 1 10 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 6 2 1 8 2 4 4 0 6 7 8 3 0 9 5 4 1 S S / L I 9 1 3 5 7 9 01 23 45 57 89 01 23 45 77 99 75 71 771 933 8 296 6 559 6 12 0 6 75 6 9 38 3 3 02 8 66 5 20 9 2 84 3 49

E E L HEAD L E 4 5 7 8 1 9 12 13 14 15 16 27 28 29 20 31 32 45 59 62 85 98 11 15 18 7 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 4 7 1 4 7 F L 3 2 43 4 6 85 70 0 8 21 94 2 1 63 14 8 15 0 16 2 17 4 18 6 20 8 21 0 22 35 8 48 51 0 64

1
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 6 6 7 7 8 9 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7

0
6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 05 50 16 62 26 73 37 74

L E1 & M H 0 71 82 1 2 1 3 14 14 15 16 26 1 47 1 68 1 78 2 99 2 20 41 2 61 2 33 2 25 3 17 3 0 19 4 2 67 86 90 1 1 11 7 30 1 65 1 1 90 1 21 1 52 1 96 20 2 2 66 03 2 2 53

1 93 2 35 7 2 42 49 1 3 13 62 3 7 0 76 4 3 3 1 90 7 4 9 6 4 5 8 3 9 8 9 0 13 2 17 3 10 144 148 2 31 2 25 208 282 356

78 2 1 67 81 1 1 9 94 24 1 1 10 4 2 1 3 1 0 66 2 5 2 1 2 1 1 4 1 2 6 48 8 71 03 0 35 78 2 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 4 7 6 9 7 1 9 7 1 6

2 9 8 8 9 1 5 7 9

31 4 42 4 53 4 4 6 4 85 5 5 9 8 57 2 2 5 4 59 5 7 5 3 61 8 2 63 65 9 78 3 70 3 0 8 6 6 6 4 6 9 6 5 7 1 7 0

1 0 0

3 0 3 4 3 7

2 03 2 2 8 34 2 67 4

8 7 7 3 0 8 4 72 5 2 8 8 0 0 6 84 8 1 8 8 7 0 7 6 6

2 329 6 383 3 436

5 7 6 6 04 6 9 9 69 1 5 3 9 4 62 3

378

O
W

S
T A H 8 EL 3 .L

& H
I CLK SA E &I1 96 19 1~ 3 16 19 0 13 2 16 2 3 19 5 23 2 76 0 20 23 4 26 7 20 23 0 2 36 2 36 0 46 2 46 2 5 46 1 7 568 0 1 1 6 0 56 ~ 66 4 2 8 0 5 66 2 9 0 76 6 4 4 1 7 6 77 0 77 5 87 9 87 5 97 9 0 2 6 0 M 0 D P 8 1 83 90 17 1 1 1 1 4 H N
1

L E

D Y E

I S S

A SH

5 M

/ L

E E L H I ? L 5 7 1 8 12 1y 3 15 16 17 29 2 21 23 34 35 37 48 52 66 80 14 18 1 2 1 6 10 2 4 2 2 2 3 3 8 2 6 0 4

D 1. ~

E H S L 6 0 0 7 0 9 1 1 34 1 56

L I .L 5 3 5 65 1 9 8 2 4 6 9 1 6 5 8 1 7 18 3 11 2 1 1 3 2 5 24 1 2 0 5 3 2 7 3 6 8 3 3 0 4 1 4 5 4 9 7 1 3 8 3 71

EL

A E I & 8 2 7 2 1 6 3 1 56 o 7 9 5 0 2 45 7 9 0 4 3 9 6 3 5 7 7 11 0 53 1 4 96 2 4 8 4 1 39 3 7 17 51 05 0 49 84 29 64 00

1
1 1 1 1 2 2 1 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 6 6 7 7 8 9 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I4 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Q 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 8 8 8 9 9

0
7 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 5 6 06 70 17 72 28

4 2 45 06 6 81 7 2 80 2 14 15 4 6 16 18 8 30 19 21 2 42 2 23 6 85 2 36 0 27 3 41 8 5 45 69 0 7 63 0 97 22 1 814 1 564 1 09 8 1 31 6 1 2 73 2 16 8 2 4 59 2 92 0 2 6 35 2 )8 3 3 2 79 3 1 57 4

54 77 9 1 1 04 17 1 31 64 287 2 01 3 24 3 58 4 81 4 24 5 58 5 91 6 24 54 8 1 94 1 44 1 4 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 5 6 6 7 4 0 4 2 4 4 5 4 7 5 0 5 2 5 4 5 7 8

-4
63 8 8 1 ~ 11 7 13 2

7 1 1 8 1 6 0 1 1 8 11 1 40 8 1 9 ~ ~ 8 6 11 1 1 2 1 2 5 28 2 6 7 1 8 2 6 6 2 1 5 2 6 1 2 2 8 3 2 1 3 31 46 4 7 5 3 5 ~ 6 6 5 4 7 7 8 7 8 4 8 8 3 9 8 2 1 4 3 3 5 3 5 6 3 5 8 9 4 0 4 7 1 1 6 5 2 7 0 6 3 6 9 4 2 12 8 1 2 5 1 0 1 4 0 9 0 12 3 57 1 92 1 2 56 21 2 15 2 2 39 3 54 08 3 3 63

15 6 27 1 29 6 31 5 35 48 0 41 5 55 9 59 4 9 63 67 3 80 7 16 1 13 5 1 9 1 2 2 3 3 3. 4 4 5 6 0 3 1 7 3 1 5 5 7 0 9 4 2 8 4 2 7 6 9 0

102 3 116 5 181 7 185 0 140 3 16 44 298 9 293 2 237 5 222 9

1 3 3 1

83 3 8 39 - 4 4 6 9

6 4 366 3 2 1 46 9 57 0 6 0 3 4 9 5 8 97 2 5 5 2 5 3 1 0 9 4 0 1 35 7 0 7 8 5 0 8 2 17 ~ 1 1 1o 0 7 5 5 6 0 6 38 1 5 7 2 8 8 2 9 17

379

O
W

S
T A H 4 E L i.L 2 6 8 9 04 1 20 1 4 1 6 272 8 29 4 1 2 40 3 76 3 02 4 4 48 94 5 20 6 66 6 7 1 2 60 9 12 8 1 6 1 4 2 2 2 3 3 0 2 2 0 4 8 6 6 9 5

& H
I CLK SA E 1 &I 10 16 12 18 0 14 2 10 4 26 6 22 8 28 1 24 4 20 6 36 9 32 3 38 6 34 9 30 0 48 462 3 1 7 5 45 8 2 2 52 M 0 D P 90 1 8 1 4 1 6 1 4 1 5 7 11 2 53 2 6 9 1 2 4 4 2 8 9 2 4 9 5 2 3 3 5 5 3 1 9 3 8 3 5 4 4 2 7 49 5 5 5 0 H N 1 D 3I. 1 7 2 9 14 16 8 1 6 9 1 1 25 3 25 27 5 36 8 31 7 0 3 4 1 4 0 4 3 1 5 5 3 7 5 2 75 7 3 9 1 2 12 2 3 16 7 1 53 1 78 25 3 25 8 21 4 30 9 33 4 31 9 42 48 L E 6 E H S L F 57 1 60 3 6 8 5 14 7 16 3 18 10 2 11 5 43 0 9 25 2 27 7 28 30 6 32 8 34 45 3 50 9 6 46 8 011 1 563 1915 14 8 18 1 11 4 25 7 28 ~0 22 43 4 03 6 1 4 8 2 6 S 3 L EL .L 3 1 7 8 9 16 1? 33 1 0 I5 9 288 05 2 333 60 3 4 07 35 4 5 72 6 29 77 6 704 861 1 23 1 15 1 7 0 0 3 1 9 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 1 3 3 5 8 0 6 3 2 3 5 0 5 5 0 1 I & E 7 4 2 09 16 34 61 89 16 33 61 88 25 53 90 S / A

D ~ E

I S S

A SH

3 M

/ L

E E H L ; 7 8 1 13 15 1 6 18 1 9 1 2 23 24 36 37 39 41 42 5 4 69 8 3 18 13 18 13 17 22 ~7 2 3 3 3 4 2 7 1 6 ? L

1
1 1 1 1 2 ~ 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 6 6 7 7 8 9 9 1 1 1 11 1 1 1
I (JZ

0
9 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 0 8 80 1 9 9) 21 0 1 30 31 1 1 41

1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 1 1 1 1

40 26 83 15 0 ~ 17 18 4 10 6 11 8 23 0 25 2 26 4 28 6 39 8 31 0 33 2 57 8 62 4 77 0 0 922 6 1 74 2 181 6 1 69 4 10 12 1 656 2 2 2 4 2 0 13 6

27 0 49 3 81 6 33 9 0 5 3 7 7 2 6 1

6 7 4 60 1 9 3 669 5 8 68 5 7 5 721 5 9 7 7 4 76 774 9 3 8 6 2 74 ~ 83 826 5 8 1 5 3 4 81 8 7 99 4 3 97 0 5 15 4 13 6

8 8 9 2 7

4 3 1 18 4 1 4 1 58 6 5 9 05 9 580 6 7 2 0 6 52

878 4 5 2 930 7 0 8 7 3 982 2 5 1034 6 0 0 3 1 1 4 1086

3 2 6 4 5 6 8 6 81 7 05

7 2 ~ 0

8 9 5 9 1 1

8 1 53 7 0 3 7 28 5 8 8 5 4 0 63 6 5 1 5 5 2 5 7 35 5 11 2 5 1 5 0 13 8 0 9 7 18 8 19 9 8 12 2 2 51 1 04 8 5 9 8 42 2 0 5 0 4 5 1 5 4 6 4 8 92 5 17 6 1 10 2 2 69 2 54 8 0 4 9 65 6 2 3 7

380 WEIGHT OF SHELLS & HEADS

W D J E I S S A SH 7 M . / L E L I.L 8 0 1 09 1 27 1 46 2 75 2 93 z2 2 3 51 4 80 4 28 5 67 5 16 6 54 7 03 8 52 8 10 1 86 182 1 8 0 2 0 4 4 2 2 3 3 4 2 0 4 6 2 7 9 9 2 5 0 8 9 2 7 4 3 5 2 8 E &I1 14 13 11 10 0 29 27 4 26 7 25 9 24 32 5 31 8 30 1 38 5 37 8 46 2 44 5 401 8 5 3 64 6 027 6 81 8 7 45 709 86 4 93 9 99 5 1 50 11 6 17 3 13 0 19 7 7 9 2 6 2 0 0 1 4 8 T A H 8 SA M D P 0 I CLK H . N 1 D I. 3 9 9 5 14 70 1 9 7 1 1 1 7 3 7 2 2 5 7 2 9 9 3 5 1 3 2 3 3 1 4 5 2 4 7 2 9 5 5 1 5 1 3 6 8 9 4 8 9 4 16 5 8 10 1 41 07 51 83 82 19 62 05 ~ 6 61 03 97 0 0 1 2 2 83 8 94 4 4 4s 14 4 35 2 9 0 0 1 1 E H SS 1 60 ~ 6 3 8 7 15 1 17 9 19 111 7 13 7 25 1 27 8 29 319 334 3 35 47 6 49 3 3 51 8 6 7 7 8 30 0 9 92 19 55 11 18 19 71 1 134 2 89 8 2 951 32 5 5 93 5 0 53 0 4 13 9 8 74 4 . 3 L [ L E S S 5 EL , 0 8 0 11 0 13 0 15 8 0 2 0 21 4 30 0 37 1 40 0 45 590 640 790 740 890 E 1 1 01 21 41 61 91 21 41 81 11 41 81 21 61 A

E E H L I 2 8 13 15 17 19 11 23 25 27 38 30 42 44 56 58 60 75 91 1 6 1 2 1 1 2 2 2 8 3 9 4 0 ? L

1
12

0
1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 5 6 6 7 7 8 8

1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 6 6 7 7 8 9 9 1 1 1 1 }2 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 9 9 1 1 1

0 5 47 2 46 9 86 1 17 0 2 19 11 4 6 13 25 8 0 27 29 2 4 31 32 6 34 8 46 0 2 48 54 8 79 4 95 2 0 160 4 1 6 72 18 2 9 1 724 10 36 2 896 2 43 7 2 8 1 3 7 4 1 2 3 0 5 36 9 4 4 8 4 5 :~ 4 9 4

12 0 1 3 3 1 2 7 1 7 0 1 0 25 9 5 2 9 4 2 2 0 28 5 7 2 6 31 2 38 5 3 8 2 3 6 0 3 8 4 8 1 49 52 5 0 6 0 7 2 7 6 8 3 8 0 9 0 1 1 1 5 1 0 1 8 1 5

01 950 41 1 31 2 1 1 5 01 5 1 1 8 71 9 2 1 4 1 3 2 3 3 4 4 3 1 6 1 8 1 1 1 4 2 2 5 0 8 8 0 4 5 4

1 7 1 2 2 7 2 2 2 8 2

0 9 100 11 0 121 1 I 85 1 3 1 I }2 1: 31 143 1

3 6 3 0 4 0 4 1 4 1 52 5 92 6 3

5 5 1 5 8 0 7 1 56 3 9 17 4 67 7

1 5 17 7 6 10 3 6 13 9 7 27 85 20

24 21 28 25 22 9

1 6 1 5 0 3 34 2 8 1 9 24 5 2 0 84 4 5 13 3 8 5 8 9 57 6 11 2 2 13 3 6 6 8 3 94 6 3 7 9 28 8 2 9 6 1 3 4 9 3, 23 40 2 9 8 0 17 2 01 3 4 55 5 4 8 3

381
WEIGHT OF SHELLS k HEADS

WALL THICKNESS DIAM. /ESSEL 1*8 SHELL 1.s. 12 14 16 18 ~o -)? 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96 102 108 114 120 126 132 138 144 139 160 182 203 224 246 267 289 310 331 353 374 396 417 438 459 523 587 651 715 779 844 908 972 1036 0.s. 117 138 160 181 202 223 245 266 287 308 330 351 372 393 415 436 500 564 628 692 756 821 885 949 1013 HEAD ELLIP F.&D. HEMIS 98 118 144 168 200 228 257 288 330 374 421 471 523 579 , 637 698 897 1121 1371 1646 1945 2270 2620 2994 3394 76 93 113 139 162 187 214 242 273 313 347 383 421 460 502 556 698 869 1059 1268 1496 i 743 2008 2292 2596 2917 3258 3617 3996 4393 93 124 159 198 242 290 343 400 462 528 598 673 752 835 923 1015 1318 1661 2043 2465 2926 3427 3967 4547 5166 5825 6523 7261 8039 8856 SHELL 1.s. 148 171 193 216 239 262 284 307 330 352 375 398 420 443 466 489 557 625 693 761 829 897 965 1033 1101 1169 1237 1306 1374 1442 1510 1578 1646 0.s. 124 147 169 192 215 238 260 283 306 328 351 374 396 419 442 465 533 601 669 737 805 874 942 1010 1078 1146 1214 1282 1350 1418 1-1/16 HEAD ELLIP F.&D. HEMIS 104 125 153 178 212 242 277 311 350 397 448 500 562 614 677 741 953 1191 1457 1749 2067 2412 2783 3181 3606 83 102 122 150 175 202 231 261 294 338 373 412 452 495 539 597 749 931 1134 1357 1590 1851 2134 2435 2758 100 132 170 212 259 310 366 427 493 563 638 7! 7 801 890 984 1082 1404 1769 2175 2624 3114 3647 4221 4838 5496 6197 6939 7724 8550 9419

1100 1077 3819 1164 1141 4268 1228 1205 4743 1292 1269 5175 1356 1333 5697 1420 1397 6243 1484 1461 6815 1549 1526 7411

4057 3099 4535 3462 5038 3843 5498 4246 6053 4667

4809 9712 5243 10609 5697 1I 544

1486 6633 1554 7241 1623 7874

5108 10329 5571 11282 6053 12276

382

O
W

S
T A H - 8 L E L H s.L .

& H
I CLK N L E 6 E H . 160 9 1 0 1 1 2 ~ 4 2 6 2 9 2 9 7 3 1 8 1 3 4 7 3 5 4 9 2 2 0 5 6 52 7 6 4 9 6 0 2 4 7 6 4 9 7 0 8 4 9 8 2 10 14 0 1 97 1 65 S L s F 3 6 9 1~ 6 1 8 1 1 6 1 1 3 6 2 6 2 0 28 0 4 5 31 34 4 36 8 49 8 4 1 2 4 5 1 6 5 6 9 6 5 6 1 9 1 8 90 7 7 1 3 184 6 132 9 139 3 0 2 77 6 L S S 3 EL s.L . H 17 1 42 1 8 7 1 03 2 2 38 74 3 4 19 45 90 5 6 45 1 7 0 6 86 9 31 1 87 1 52 1 28 1 4 1 0 0 2 6 2 2 2 5 I . E & 7 2 8 4 3 7 8 0 4 3 69 05 30 85 21 6 6 1 1 70 6 21 1 / A

D / E

I S S 1 1 1 1 1 Z ~ 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 6 6 7 7 % 9 9 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 6 7 8 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

A SH 0

1 / M

1 1 SA E & I 1. 11 15 1 29 3 23 6 27 8 21 1 35 4 8 39 33 1 37 6 41 0 45 4 49 8 4 33 570 7 M P D 0 1 0 0 1 4 3 1 8 3 2 2 9 2 7 5 2 3 6 2 9 8 3 5 3 3 2 1 3 9 1 3 7 4 4 6 0 4 5 1 4 4 1 47 H D . E I.

E E H L . 15 18 10 13 25 27 20 32 35 47 49 52 64 67 79 71 1 9 1 6 1 3 1 0 S F L

. E 1 1 1 2 2 ( 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 6 7 7

32 9 45 1 17 6 80 1 12 ) ~ 25 27 4 29 6 32 8 0 34 47 2 49 41 6 8 54 56 0 2 69 8 60 8 9 32 4 1 050 16 78

1 18 1 32 1 66 2 80 2 24 3 58 3 9~ 4 36 5 70 5 24 6 78 7 32 8 06 9 50 1 14 1 88 1 1 1 3 2 2 5 2 4 7

0 6 4 5 8 5 4 6 1 9 0 3 2 0

511 55 3 63 4 5 0 9 7 8 6 95 1 7 77 3 0 3 89 8 7 4 2 92 8 3 8 9 9 0 14 8 6 4 1081 1051 6 7 18 1 7 1 8 1 10 8 2 1 8 2 12 5 14 3 16 1 18 0 10 9 8 6 7 9 4 1 6 1 2 16 1 2 1 9 3 3 4 5 6

6 3 2 5

782 5 45 09 4 64 7 29 2

8 9 9 0 1 0 1 1 01 2 1 03 11 3 1 24 21 5 1 36 31 6 147

1 512 3 6 2 7 9 3 9 18 25 2 5 1 22260 3 4476 2 99 4 3 0 920 3 6 5 55 3 1 62 86 4 5 79 4 2 32 3 4 2 13 5 3 84 5 4 54 6 5 26 4 2 1 6 92 8 8 7 26 3 5 8 40 0 8 2 9 64 4 0 9 89

0 2 42 62 0

3 9 7 1 4 50 9

9 4 8 5 0 8

3108

2398

4732

23 9 1 5 29 5 2 5 7 7 5 7 4 3 24 0 2 337 0 0 6 30 3 3 1 9 6 5 8 6 8 4 2 5 6 5 0 6 6 6 2 2 3 4 5 5 0 39 8 76 64 7 34 2 1 52 5 0 6 1 7 7 6 94 5 757 3 8 13 0 9 77 81 3 2 3 99 6 57 3 16 4 75 60 3

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

8 7 1 6 3

7 5 05 2 0 71 04 2 0 13 7 6 78 5 6 41 28 6 1 15 8 7 46 4 3 11 44 3 3 17

1 19 4 6 1 99 7 7 18 8 00

7 4 0 6 95 7 4 61 0 7 1 1 0 8 5 9 7 66 6 0 31 6 2 9 2 6 8 1 8 8 46 0 8 11 2 7 0 3 2

3 4 8

383 WEIGHT OF SHELLS & HEADS

W D J E I S S A SH 1 M . 1 L [ . 14 2 14 1 6 18 J 0 22 2 4 36 3 8 40 2 4 44 5 6 68 61 0 2 7 4 92 1 8 14 04 1 87 0 16 60 1 44 2 52 8 8 2 32 2 4 0 12 0 7 8 9 3 266 7 8 3 9 4 0 1 17 14 20 27 34 31 47 7 54 1 51 67 24 7 81 6 97 12 4 19 1 17 8 1 8 8 2 1 8 2 3 3i6 0 8 3 8 9 4 92 4 95 5 $8 69 2 T A H / E L 4 SA E &1 1 04 2 5 8 l 4 8 2 6 0 4 9 5 0 0 581 I CLK H N 1D ]I, 5 18 9 4 1 o 2 4 2 0 2 6 0 1 5 1 6 4 8 0 61 4 9 14 7 13 26 8 23 1 24 0 8 37 1 34 2 9 44 3 L E 5 E H S L 150 170 10 4 34 1 260 291 318 340 377 400 439 553 582 67 1 68 4 74 7 95 1 15 34 15 28 3 01 4 L S S / 1 EL .;L 27 1 EI & 10 38 66 4 9 22 50 08 46 84 22 70 28 860 351 932 6

E E H L :
] z? 7

1
1

0
1 0 3 5 8 1 3 36 49 41 54 57 69 72 75 87 1 5 1 3 1 1 2 9 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 7 7 0 1 1 2

0 M D
12 16 20 25 21 ~7 33 31 32 8 47 45 6 45 9 47 5 54 56

1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 ~ 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 6 6 7 7 8 9 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 2 Q 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 7 8 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 18 19

5 5 6 7 7 8 9 1 1 1 1

1 1 1

2 0 1 5 3 3 7 4 4

52 152 6 1 056 7 50 0 1 8 55 4 4 9 5 0 7 56 9 53 0 1197 59 3 1281 5 7 9 15 4 7 9 2 17 1159 5 12 12 3

1 513 1 8 557 2 1 8 92 2 4 1 37 3 3 7 72

0 1 2 2

3 9 6 18 13 95 2 19 7 4 3 9 5 5 5 6 5 2 2 84 3 59 4 6 0 4 3 0 63 1 4 2 6 54 7 8 8 43 7 0 34 2 6 14 ( 2 05( 8 851 5 1 7 98 9 8 33 8 9 77 61 12 : 41 68 3 86 2 66 4 05 10 4 01 8

0 1 3 1 04 1 1 5 1 26 2 1 7 1 37 3 1 1 4

32 3 7 5 4 4 44 5 3 1 5 5 6 056

4 7 s6 1 2 85 5 0 95 1 ! 8 0 1 61 C5

7 16 3 7 14 3 16 1 0 16 2 16 1 5 15 15 6 016 3 0 2 16 3 11

4 1 58 4 5 9 56 4 6 168 5 7 6 9 2 6 7 70 7

( 31 03 ~ 2 2 7 7 8 2 41 1 ( 6 8 0 0 16 5 1~ 88 81 8 762 2 16 3 9 11 9 086 9 56 / 9 11 49 7 3 6 8 6 S 68 5 5( 8 2I 3 5 0 37 ( 7 01 85 5 5 0 4~ 0 9 8 9 49 7 2 4 01 1( 6 426 6 2

384

WEIGHT OF SHELLS & HEADS

W D J E 1 1 1 1 1 Z ? . 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 6 6 7 7 8 9 9 1 1 1 1~ 1 1 1 1 1 ~ 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 7 8 9 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 I S S A SH 0 . 1M 3 . L / E L s.[L . 15 2 8 4 1 1 1 6 ~ 4 8 27 ) ? 0 2 3 3 4 6 3 6 49 8 2 4 0 5 2 5 7 4 5 60 6 3 6 8 76 0 7 9 2 1 8 28 14 75 1 6 90 16 42 146 5 16 205 234 383 423 462 502 661 0 72 0 89 969 1 38 1 18 7 19 1 1 2 2 3 77 5 0 5 2 6 3 5 1 1 7 8 9 EI1. & 16 2 45 2 7 5 2 04 2 33 3 3 73 3 22 4 62 4 01 4 51 0 0 5 9 5 5 280 5 781 6 372 6 974 6 758 833 8 91 1 94 T A H 8 SA M P 0 D 32 1 1 79 2 26 2 89 2 45 12 3 3 84 3 68 4 56 4 47 4 43 S 42 54 5 52 7 52 9 67 1 3 7 3 3 8 0 0 8 90 6 9 13 1 2 1 5 1 2 1 4 1 2 3 4 4 2 4 1 4 2 6 5 0 0 5 I CLK H . N 1D L E 7 E H I . . 9 1 0 8 1 3 z 6 6 6 2 9 9 3 2 3 6 5 3 9 3 4 2 4 4 5 8 5 8 4 6 2 1 4 3 699 775 0 7 857 6 0 941 4 3 16 6 25 1 45 1 04 2 2 8 3 2 3 4 3 1 4 4 4 2 0 1 2 3 4 sS 16 5 9 8 8 2 5 3 8 5 2 1 4 6 7 6 0 1 3 3 1 56 5 5o 43 6 06 7 3 79 02 0 8 111 3 15 0 6 14 90 3 17 94 2 25 2 27 1 23 0 33 9 39 8 3 8 3 9 L sI S S / 1 EL . 5 6 8 7 ~ 7 5 8 0 9 4 0 8 0 3 1 9 2 5 2 2 3 4 5 5 1 6 17 1 9 0 2 1 3 2 3 5 35 8 8 48 1 7 40 5 6 52 9 6 64 3 5 76 7 4 88 ~ 3 90 7 1 22 2115 7 1 73 1 E . 22 3 3 4 5 6 6 7 8 8 39 8o 41 01 3 62 3 434 9 2 5 4 4 7 9 6 9 5 0 1 4 1 1 6 3 32 59 77 05 24 6

E E H L : 19 ~ 1 25 28 21 34 37 40 43 6 5 9 5 61 74 87 0 8 93 12 11 10 28 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 7 7 0 . s L

1 1 2 2 2 ( 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 7 8 9 1 0 ] ] 21 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 0 1 1 1 1 2 1 5 06 6 7 8

72 62 8 2 52 3 43 0 3 33 4 5 6 7 8 14 2 04 95 4 85 6 76

72 3 4 80 0 18 0 8 4 64 5 1 76 2 1 64 1 5 47 3 14 5 9 1 0 6 21 5 12 3 8 76 9 7 06 0 10 1 0 2 7 8 80 I8 7 696 9 5 5. 40 1o 4! 1 35 8 3~2 10 9 18 0 1 16 0 60 14 6 13 1 8 11 2

4 11 5 11 6 j 77 107 3 12 8 8 1 2 9

6 5 6 5 6 3 5 6 6 5 4 27 5 8 8 4 4 9

8 48 5 8 42 ~ 0 ~8 75 6 52 5 5 69 ~

5 44 0 64 90 ~ 1 C6 62 2

1 39 ~ 3 0 2 41

8 9 56 2 6 1I3 96 9 0 47 8 4 01 72 7 4 9I5 1 0 30 2 58

6 0 4 60 1 01 9 9 1 4 4 3 ~9 4 5 26 0 3 9 : 427 4 1 1 5 85 i 9 66 0 4 7 6 8 9 5 62 1 ~ 85 817 3 2 645 45 9 8 2 f ~ 5 12 1 3 0

385

WEIGHT OF SHELLS tk HEADS

W D E 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 6 6 7 7 8 9 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 19 2 2 2 2 I S S 0 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 7 8 9 1 0 11 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 A SH . 1 / M . L L s[ . T A H - 2 E L . 66 1 98 1 30 2 3 72 24 3 66 4 08 5 50 6 22 7 84 8 66 9 1 38 1 10 1 03 1 95 8 8 2 1 2 8 7 0 6 7 IE &1. 3 28 20 6 9 22 34 3 36 7 1 38 5 40 9 42 4 44 0 56 58 6 50 0 1 62 1 7 65 2 3 67 4 0 79 5 8 85 0 91 5 1 7 1 14 7 1C 4 16 2 12 0 18 8 14 8 SA I CLK 1 H M 0 P . D 2 1 5 2 9 2 2 4 5 2 1 1 3 1 8 3 5 3 9 3 3 7 2 4 1 1 4 9 1 4 1 2 5 58 57 63 61 D E H s L S 0 17 8 0 4 2 7 3 0 1 5 4 6 7 3 0 7 4 7 7 4 0 84 87 50 84 L EL sI.L . 77 1 20 24 37 31 44 57 61 74 87 91 1 4 1 8 1 1 1 4 1 8 2 8 2 8 387 7 3 90 7 4 93 7 5 97 6 01 8 7 7 96 8 7 8 90 1 I. E & 44 7 1 4 8 1 4 8 1 4 8 0 1 2 5 3 8 4 1 A N L E S S

E E H L L . 11 14 28 21 34 37 40 44 57 50 63 76 80 93 96 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 4 4 5 9 9 8 8 3 0 S

II. . 14 2 6 2 2 9 2 4 6 1 0 9 2 7 6 4 9 8 2 6 2 9 8 2 6 6 8 9 2

162 410 13 6 8 26 29 0 232 36 4 639 42 8 055 58 2 4 62 6 56 8 78 81 0

3 5 8 1

2 1 7 840 1 43 3 8 2 1 14 47 9 2 3 1 1 5 0 3 6 816 5 3 3 29 72 392 728 4 73 04 630 5 3 16 6 4 82 2 5 46 2 6 C0 1 6 64 1 7 ;9

0 6 3 5 7 4 4 7 3

6 5 4 7 1 8 8 9 3 90 1 1 1 6 1 5 1 0 1 2 i3 3 1 9 1 3 2 3 4 5 6 4 0 2 9 2

2 87 5 32 87 82 77 2 157 6 4 0 22 3 2 1 3635 4 2 4 4 4 2 4 5 C 5 2 29 22 5 23 171 23 5 7 24 9 4

56 1 5 6 5 2 5 59 4 56 54 2 6 61 61 62 6 6 6 6

2 3 4 5

01 6 17 07 11 8 12 21 0

4 5 6 5 2 4 6 5 5 7 8 ? 5 4 7 48 6 8 9 4 6

8 1 8 ?4 9 94 4 0 8 1 2 14 0 1 0; 0 8 9 1 ;6 6 9 1 {2 1 33 8 17 1 35 8

4 6 24 3 0 7 9 S5 8 1 1C 8 1 1 5 7 26 1 5 1 90 8 7 2 55 7 7 8 2 1 9 1 { 6 8 76 1 78 38 5 ( 41 0 19 8 7 5 7 6 2 6 911 1 2 (2 2 7 8 S 36 8 E 9 6 22< 3 11 4 0 5 2 0 7 1 3 6 9 9 ( 4 8 9 0 63 : 3 32 5 32 1 ~( 1 z 10 37 7; 8 70 1 9429 6 6 2 2 717 8; 6 0 9 1 2 30 3 5 3 12 2 3 7 17 8( 2 : 4 9 1 {4 3 3 1S 1 (5 (2 (9

37 0 2 5 2 3 1~ 9 7 ( 12 1 0 ! 32 8 2 4 3 1 2 2 38 4

25 6 636 84 6

386 WEIGHT OF SHELLS tic HEADS

W D E I S S A SH 1 M . L L 13 27 20 34 37 41 44 57 51 64 78 81 95 98 1 2 1 1 1 2 2 5 6 6 0 1 18 2 1 4 1 24 6 8 28 31 0 35 2 38 4 42 6 45 8 59 0 62 2 66 4 79 6 8 83 0 86 0 [ 1 86 2 11 2 65 3 00 4 55 4 00 54 6 09 7 74 58 8 1 33 1 18 1 03 1 97 1 2 9 9 2 0 1 6 5 T A H / E L IE 1 50 2 2 8 5 3 29 34 6 39 0 44 9 48 43 9 58 6 52 2 670 8 621 472 6 1 714 8 765 716 851 1 97 13 3 17 0 8 6 5 4 5 I 8 SA CLK H M D P . 1 6 4 2 1 7 2 7 3 2 4 4 3 1 9 9 5 3 5 48 48 9 8 48 3 9 5 52 55 63 67 4 6 0 3 6 0 4 1 D II 1 3 4 28 6 21 0 35 34 9 8 2 4 3 6 4 3 9 5 5 6 3 4 6 7 3 7 0 5 4 8 8 9 17 1 16 5 N L E /1 E H s L S 18 6 1 2 8 25 7 29 4 33 7 8 36 406 431 573 2 57 9 6 4 2 7 8 3 71 1 8 50 6 9 91 S L S 1 6 EL [ .L . 9 7 33 79 25 71 7 2 3 8 9 3 0s 8 1 7 8 4 5 0 4 6 2 E & I 66 9 2 38 84 10 66 12 68 24 80 47 13 89 4 55 4 31 A

E E H L L

1
1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2

0
1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 7 8 9 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 3 4 5 6

90 1 1 7 1 05 2 2 1 1 09 2 5 61 3 1 3 97 72 7 1 4 41 72 82 83 93 94 2 2 2 3 3 9 3 6 3 3 8 0 8 0 5 4 4 84 5 28 6 62 7 07 8 42

1 0 9 4 9 9 9 6 5

9 18 18 0 5 7 7 22 8 5 6 9 7 19 8 6 1 35 2 9 5 7 5 0 11 45 8 3 0 9 0 6 1 49 7 0 1 18 4 5 2 8 1 1 14 1 8 2 4 1 22 0 8 5 12 9 9 18 2 8 2 14 1 15 14 10 3 4 5 6 7 3 2 2 5 3965 7 3 8 4 4 4565 9 5207 2 5 7 7 0 5892 22 6 7 3 3008 2 43 53 0 64 4 6 7 8 9 0 96 5884 7 65 4 73 9 8 14

1 7 6 8 2

3 2 3 3799 4 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 9

6 11 15 7 10 9 14 5 18

0 7 6 4 8 4 2 7 2 08 4

1 1 1 1 1

1 7 1 09 11 0 2 21 22 2 2 33 2 4 2 5

7 94 8 05 5 9 04 6 0 1 6 1 17

4 9 87 41 33 51 79 5 1 15 5 1 51

2 8 64 1 0 99 9 89 6 4 12 5 8 18 8 8 6618 1 1 0 7 2 3 3 8 18 9 9 75 1 85 6 6 7388 8 16 24 2 8 29 4 0 86 7 8198 27 0 21 6 1 6 120 9 8 9 31 4 8 3 3 3 4 1 1 1 96 1 25 1 8 7 324 3 3 8 41 2 4 2 5 1 9 5 0 2 07 9 9 21 3 3 429 6 7 1 9 2C 4 3 28 5 9 2 6 6 1 7 3 10 13 8 01 59 8 41 8 6 4 11 84 19 689 67 51 1 9 2 6 5 2 91 7 6 6 7 4 5 !2

I0 2 1 3 4

17 2 4 6 1 98 5 523 28 1 6 1 35 3 7 2 7 8 21 29 7 1 73

9 3 0

387

WEIGHT OF SHELLS & HEADS

W D J E I A S S SHELL 1 M E L 25 29 23 36 30 44 58 51 65 79 83 86 90 1 4 1 8 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 6 6 7 8 9 0 1 3 0 2 3 4 5 6 7 . 3 E L 19 2 2 42 26 6 2 80 34 37 41 45 59 62 66 70 84 87 0 912 1 1 41 51 62 72 93 03 14 24 [ . 1 07 244 392 339 497 54 5 601 7 69 8 36 9 13 T A H / 4 SA I& E1 72 2 1 39 37 4 9 34 2 42 7 49 3 46 9 54 4 51 68 0 I CLK H N 1 3 D I . 2 26 0 21 4 39 8 36 7 2 4 6 44 7 9 5 0 3 5 7 6 1 77 9 8 1 5 2 97 9 613 11 7 71 3 0 L E 6 E H S 2 19 8 23 3 27 5 31 5 35 2 39 7 42 0 56 0 50 9 64 4 7 8 8 7 2 9 860 8 01 9 15 32 L [ . 17 1 56 2 14 3 53 3 22 4 71 5 39 6 98 7 77 8 1 55 S S / EL E & 87 26 64 13 42 91 69 18 77 0 35

L H ?

1
1 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 7 7 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

0
1 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 8 9 0 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 01 1 12 2 2 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 00 1 22 3

0 M P D
8 6 1 3 23 04 2 78 3 5 39 0 4 3 34 4 4 2 4 5 9 5 6 9 5 57 68 63 4 7 0 7 5 3 2 6 0 1 1 8 9 2

20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 01 0 7 66 1 98 3 632 1 96 713 2 1 3 9 9 785 1 0 0 7 856 1 7 7 2 1 5 3 5 2 3 838 3 95 9 1 7 19 6 11 4 13 2 16 1 18 0 10 0 12 1

1 44 041 1 43 732 1 2 4 624 1 0 4 305 1 9 0 5 97 7 89 4 4 4 6 01 3 68 4 35 0 0 4 3 7 94 53 13 73 35

1 0 53 8 2 3 66 0 2 26 70 5 8 3 49 0 0 4 73 5 1 7 4 1 1 5 97 2 6 11 3 7 25 5 8 50 6 9 76

3 13 4 1 8 1 19 1 7 73 7 126 0 2 4 1 897 3 8 14 0 8 20 0 8 1 6 1 1 3 0 6 13 1 6 23 1 9 2 4 6 2 3 6 0 15 3 1 38 2 1 2 0 1 4 4 3 4 12 11 16 11 14 4 5 6 7 8 2 35 1 49 6 48 8 51 8 66 3 4 5 7 8 22 6 7 43 1 3 63 5 9 74 9 6 94 1 3 5 5 98 7 6 52 9 7 17 0 8 72 2 9 37

5 1 8 71 C 8 42 6 81 :7 9 55 8 6 5 91 44 0 64 2 11 (0 2 77 0 7 2 21 87 3 86

1E 5 c 3 8 024 1 5 8 26 9 28 1 2 229 3 8 25 2 92 9421 ! 23 96 2 2 523 C 4

4 3 5 70 1 C9 76 0 2 6 4 9 7 4 8 C 1 46 8 4 3t6 7 9$ 52 1 [87 1[ 4 78

3 00 41 16 1 5 6 0 92 6 71 2 6 63 2 81 i 3 5 4 Z 0 40 6 4 01 1 ( 55 2 6 16 1 2 07 2 7 [ 3 97 1 465

2 35 32 6 2 47

1 4 08 2 2 31 C5 572 5 9 2 41 22 0 827 2 5 18 3 6 1 2 50 50 29 2 5 J 4

9 16 2 ; 5 I8 3 1 C 5 98 9 026 97 21 7? 166 6 ( 4 1 1 1 3 2 9 4 2 8I 1 7

388

O
W

S
T A H

& H
I CLK 1 N L E S S D . 1 5 6 : 1 5 0 1 9 7 8 6 8 9 0 2 1 9 I. 21 8 2 3 2 8 3 7 1 7 3 43 5 5 4 9 2 53 60 7 2 7 1 8 6 4 8 E H s S 20 9 9 7 3 7 9 0 9 6 3 1 50 71 72 53 14 18 43 18 33 L . EL .
~ob 48

D 4 E

I S S 1
12

A SH 0 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 .

. L EL si.L . 1 0 24 i 28 32 36 40 44 4 ~ 5 8 62 8 66 0 70 2 84 4 98 0 6 92 1 8 1 63 0 3~)g I 7 2 2 3 7 4 4 4 9 5 5 6 1 8 9 0 18 E &I1. 9 2 3 33 7 33 4 23 43 6 1 43 8 3 5 4 5 3 0 63 63 0 SA M D P

Z1

1 A & 08

E E H L i 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 6 7 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 2 0 2 1 3 2 3 4 4 5 5 6 5 7 6 8 . s ? L

8 9 41 9: 64 2 5 86 48 39 21 2 Z 3 5 6 7 9 3 7 2 6 0 4 8 2 7 2 3 4 6 8 9 4 4 9 9 4 5 8 7

?1 . .

2 ~ 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 6 6 7 7 8 9 9 1 1 I1 1 \2 1 1 I4
] 7qo

6 6 6 7 7 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1840 1 1 0~ 1 ~1 0 2 ~2 ~
1

7 3 3 ( 8 96 41 18 7 4 0 1 21 8 43 18 8 0 6 7 8 44 1 712 9 84 6 4 2 1 31 1 0 6 3 1 0 9 1 0 6 84 8 2 1 5 3 6 94 9 1 45 1 4 2 1 4 9 4 7 1 5 5 6 3 0 4 9 7 3 7 8 00 81 61 2 1 12 2 42 6 43

204 1 1 1 2 4 1 28 1 4 2 4 3 7 2 7 0 6 3 1 8 4 5 2 2 6 8 2 0 5 38 4 2 6 3 1 4 4 7 40 8 6 8 64 6 8 9 2 9

0 1 2 4

3 5 8 0

4 1 5 6 3 7 1 5 5 8 4 1 5 5 3 5 1 5 6 ~5?8 9.

4 6 5 13 8 0 6 64 0 8 1698 6 1 7 95 8 1 3 8 9 96 5 1947 8 4 0 66 11 2071 6 1 2 4 25I95 3 o 98 2319 02 4 5 2443 2567 58 76 4 6 1 8 7 0 1 8 2 9 0 2 0 4 9 1 35 ~ 0 5 0 3 4 06

3 89 5 86 7 4015 23 0 4552 00 2 5123 28 55 8 )76 9 97 3 7 6 ~ 5 27 2 3 48 4 4 79 1 4 90 6 2 7 27 1

5 4( (7 ) 2 6 2 ( 8 2 8 9 2 ] 64 30 f 7 0 0j 4 g 6 0 8 1 2 6 3 7 4 8

5 3 12 5 1 3 2 6 1 92 4 1~ 8 326 ( 2 52j 1 6 ( 1 3 1 62 j

17 1 54 0 9 4 i 38 5 7 63 2 24 6 6 22 2 01 5

2 1

5 3

23 32 ~

9 2 0 0 1 1 5 82 6 1 2 9 1 2 I4 9 4 6 8 ~0 4 4 . 2 ( 8 J 13j (

2692 8 7 4 28 8 6 I6 ) 0 ~940 9

4 9 7

389 WEIGHT OF SHELLS & HEADS

W D E I S S A SH 2 M . L L 21 2 25 4 39 6 8 34 48 O 2 42 57 4 51 6 65 8 79 0 84 2 88 0 4 92 1 6 2 10 86 1 14 0 [ 9 25 2 20 6 34 7 41 0 8 5 3 64 1 5 7 78 8 6 1 9 3 16 1 66 1 9 1 2 1 4 1 7 1 E L IE 3 14 3 57 4 09 4 52 505 558 6 10 6 73 746 7381 8012 6 8844 8 9 567 9 94 97 2 [ 25 9 3 5 1 51 61 5 37 3 11 4 5 19 2 2 17 0 SA MP 2 16 2 80 3 51 3 34 4 43 4 36 0 54 56 8 68 7 6 2 7 3 78 8.1 88 91 T A H I C LK H N 2 1 D ;I 40 3 99 3 37 88 4 30 4 5 86 6 34 7 76 8 22 70 2 9 6 1 24 2 1 72 12 18 5 16 ; 31 04 21( ( 42 1 4 252 2 3~ 3 73/5 E H S L L E L S S 4 EL [ .L 2 20 3 1 5 4 9 6 5 7 2 6 5 9 7 7 3 8 4 1 9 2 9 10 7 10 5 13 1 10 1 91 2 72 21 3 23 4 38 8 32 1 46 6 50 0 E &I 6 4 2 9 0 4 0 9 6 7 5 3 0 3 1 7 91 5 72 4 54 1 2 3 36 7 18 8 90 1 72 5 1 3 0 3 54 0 1 4 9 8 8 2 7

E E H L L

1 1 1 1 J 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 6 6 7 7 8 9 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

2 3 3 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3

2 2 2 3 2 3 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 1 1 1

9 2 4 3 3 8 4 7 4 1 5 6 5 69 7 4 8 8 92 16 11 15 19 14 1 2 1 2 2 3 3

15 2 81 2 36 4 79 4 21 73 5 6 22 71 6 18 7 6 8 4

1 9 90 16 31 11 62 5 1 73 75 10 6 15 66 0 1 51 52 46 9212 4368

0 1 3 4

1 2 2 0 255 6 15 28 89 8 91 4 36 9 1 4 22 9 0 3 452 5 52 6 53 7 6

5 90 0 1 82 01 6 3 7164 01 6 6

0 4 8 3

( 8 335 1 5 4 4 8 3 1 12 9 6 1 4 1 640 1 5 7 1 4 6 79 6 1 1 0 4 1 4 9 2 5 : 8 2 4 : 2 7 4 0 38 8 1624 ! 7470 8 34 1 5 5 7 2 41 1 3 0 2 6 9 1752 4 87 4 7 2 ; 95 0 2 2 2 2 2 9 6 1 1 5Z 9 9 6 6 0 3 1880 52 3 4 [2 6 6 6 8 7 82 2 0 9 5 16 1 4 2 2 0 2008 7 7 2 02137 8 2265 03 9 4 12393 2521 26 1 7 1 22645 5 22 56 7 74 8 00 8 31 6 9 9 8 8 0: 1 2 89 92 1 0 6 13 2 1 8 3 84 2 9 16 6 6 1 2 1 7 84 2 3 9 18 3 7[ 3 69 0 6 1 1 O 2 1 3 22 $ 3 3 3 3 2 27 5 22 1 6 42 7C 7 22 9 3 2 9 4 0 8 3 8 5 9 I [ 7! 6 14 1 8 [3 91 9

7 64 6 1 6 8 2 89 1 6 1 0 6 93 7 5 5 1 0 1 7 3 10 9 51 1 0 21 3

1 ? 0 6 7 9 1 5 7 93 7 4 150 5 2 0 ? 57 1 6 8( 9 8 84 3 6 90 9 88 1 8 70 31 5 31 02 04 50 81 2 0 72 2 0 08 4 0 9 3 6 0 57

2777 38 1 9 1 32906 3034 41 1

9 2 62 1 4 9 8 5 54 1 1

12 1 4 3; 2 7 1 : 1 21 41 36 3 2 6 2 1 2 2 3 15 C 5 2: 7 1 5 1 3 02 3 1 5 [0 4 1 4 ( 11 6$ 94

390

WEIGHT OF PIPES AND FITTINGS

I
N P S . D IW I S XS
1/2

O I

N O M P A GP W N A ~ E 1f O T H Z E .T . T . .

E L B R OE W T U R M . T E 5 8 9 P 4 0 8 0 9 I 0 1 0 1 NL L St . LL . R L . . R S . . R . . R . R K .

0.9 1
11 11 12

SCH. 160 XX STG

0.2 0 D 0.3 G4 8 9
r

. . . . . . .

9 70 7 4
1

0 1 0 3 7 0 1 0 5 9 4 0 . 1 1 . 1 . 1 . 3 1 0 2 . 8 2 . 1 . 7 2 . 6 3 . 9 4 . 3 7 . 4 0 . 6 5 . 7 0 . 6 . 8 8 . 7 1. O 1. 7 I 16 . 3 1. 3 1. . 2 6.
I

0. 0. 0

S XS S 1 X S
I

C
1

.T 11 . T 11 . H 6 12 T 23 . .T . T . H 6 . T 1 1 2 3

0.2 1 D 0G5 . 10 X G 0

30 40 . 8 8 . 30 . 90 . 00 . 80 . 00 . 10 . 00 . 20 . 50 . 06 . 11 . 01 0 . 81 . 31 . 62 .

. . 3

0. 0. 0

1 2

S XS S 1 X S S XS S 1 X S S XS S 1 X S

I
C

0 3 0 D 0G 7 0 . 50 0 0 G 5 0 X
I

0 4 . 5 . 0 6 . 1 8 . 0 6 . 9 . 1 0 . 1 4 . 1 9 . 1 2 . 2 4 . 2 9 . 2 6 . 3.0 2 . 4.0 3 . 5.0 5 . 4 3 . 5 0 . 1 . 2 6 0 . 4 9

I

. 0 3 0. 1 . 4 1 . 5 1 . 4 1. 2 . 7 2 . 9

. 3 3 . 3 . 4 . 4 5 . 5 . 8 . 4 . 7 .0 .1 .8 2 6 0 .8 .1 .0 80 . 6 . 5 . 40 83

1?4

21 .T 31 . T . H 6 32 . T 53 .T 21 . T 32 . H 6 42 . T 64

0 4 D 0G 9 1 . 50 1 G 8 X 0 4 D 1G 0 1 . 80 1 G 0 X 1 2G 1 3 . 40 3 3 G X

0 . . 0 . 0 . 0 . 0 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 2 . 2 .

2.0 . 6 2.3 . 8 3.0 . 2 3.4 . 0

30 . 45 . 5.C . 2 6.3 . 3 61 . 7 8 . 84 10

I 2

I STD
XS S 1 X S

I .154
C

3 . T 52 . H 6 73 . T 94

I
2

I
S XS S 1 X S S XS S 1 X S .T 52 . T 72 . H 6L 3 T 1 5 .
I

3 0 D 4G 7 5 .O70 7 3G X 5 I D 5 1 6G 0 0 8 . 4 30 1 0 X 8G

2 . 2 . 3 5 I

1 3. . 62 . . 53 . . 23

. .

L
3

.T 72 . T 1 3 . H 61 4 . T 1 6

3 . 62 . 4 . 03 . 6 . 84 , 7 1 . 05

0 . 6 5 . 8 . 15 0. 1

0 3 8 2

7 0 . 3 . 8 1 02 . 1 34 .

391

WEIGHT OF PIPES AND FITTINGs

N P S

O EI N G I

4 N N A P Z r

M 0 F AO T EI E H

?lPE

E M 9 L St K %

L . L L . . 4

TW U R T 8 0 0 1 1 8 . R L . S . R , . R .

R OE

ml n
1 1. 5. 1 .39 .

S XS X S S XS S C S 1 X S S XS S C S 1 X S S XS S 1 S 1 X S 1 H C

92 .T 1 3 . T 2 T . 6

. D 6 2 4 . 63 8G 2 1 6 . 84 . I 1 8 1X 2 G 6 . 3 6 90 D 1 5 G 10 9 1.2 2X 7 G D4 5 1 G7 2 0 20 7 0 3 .3 2 5 3X 8 G 2D 9 8 3 8 G3 4 .6 6 5 .5 1 6X 3 6 . 6 83 1 5 01 8 1 0 95 1 2 1 7 2 0 2 2 6 1 2 3 0 3 0 4 4 5 5 7 5 . 4 . . 6 . 70 . 82 . 1 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 5 0 5 0 1 0 1 2 2 2 3 8 3 4 1 0 2 7 2 2 2 6 3 4 5 0 5 1 6 0 6 8

.237 1 1 T .337 .438 . 11 62 .531 H .674 T 2

. . . . . . . . .

. 8 8. 0 1 . .5 0 5 2 . 6. 1 0 3 . 0. 0 5 4 5 0 . 0 0 . 4 3 6. 4 8 5 0 6 0 7 6 2 7 2 0 2 8 0 3 9 5 2 0 5 2 0 1 5 2 0 3 8 4 0 4 0 0 4 5 5 2

1
. 3 9 8 . 6 14 2 0 2 . 13 15 24 20 20 269 20 8 46 7 5 0 4 40 8 , 5 4 5 . 0 . 5 0 7 7 . 1 7 . 2 9 . 8 0 11 30 . 2 .1 2 40 .1 0 60 .1 5 6

. 95 . 5 1 0 2 . 52 .1 0 2 0 5 8 . 52 . 15 . 83 . 85 . 8 5 . . . . . 1 6 4 5 0

H C

1 2 .T 2 3 . T . . 1 2 52 . H 63 6 . T 3 7 1 2 .T 2 4 . T . H 23 5 4 7 . H 6 5 8 , T G

4 8 2 4 8 3 0 8 4 4 7 4 9 6 6 4 0

. . . .

C C

0 . 5 6 . 7 9 . 4 . 13 . 12 7 . 4 7 . 8 6 . 9 1 . 6 . 14 . 19 2.6 2.8 2.7 2.4

. 3 5 0 . 30 . 4 0 0 0 . 4 6 6 0 . . 2 0 7 6 . 0 . 20 0 6 . 0 . 38 0 0 . . . . 4 5 3 5 9 1 6 0 5 7 10 100.0 4 0 112.0 .6 0 1 .0 8 1 .2 0 1 .3 0 1 3 0

5 . 4 0 6 . 5 0 0 . 6 4 6 .0 2 7 ,0 8

SCH. 2
S 3 S S 6 X S S 1 S 1 S 1 S 1 X S S S S x s o 2 3

2 2 . 2 2 C . H 2 3 .T 3 4 C . H 4G T.500 C .593 H 05 C .718 H 26 C .812 H 46 C .906 H 67 .875 7 G T C C T t . , . . . H2 H3 D4 5 )

3 2 5 02 6 4 . 4 7 02 0 5D 8 2 3 0 5 . 5 0 03 8 7 . 3 . 47.5 1 5 4 8 .0 0 1 . 0 06 1 .7 1 07 8 1 .4 2 0 1 X2 . 1 7

8 . 2 4 4 . 4 7 8 . 0 5 8 .4 C .0 5 .0 7 3 . 4 5 3 0 . 9 ( 05 .0 04 .8 9[

10
( c

5 . 8 5 03 6 . 2 2 0 8 3 4 7 4 1 . 3 7 6 . 00 C 8 . 0 6 5 8 . 45 8 3 5 7 0 . 7 5G 1 4 . 0 0 C C

.1 0 8 . 18 . 45 . 1 .2 4 3 . 7C . 15 2 .7 . 1(3

7 . 4 2 8 .1 3 8 8 7 C 1 5C (

.4 3 .7 .. 5 . .0

392

WEIGHT OF PIPES AND FITTINGS

NOM. P S

E L B R OE W T U R N O M . P 9 I P 40 E 9 0 1 5 8 T 8 0 1 0 N A L L ) IE S G N A I I O N P E 1f L St . L . R L . . RS . . R . . R . R H K . I Z [ E \

4 . 23 6 . 857 89 . 3 .1 0 1 .1 5 6

m 4 2 0 3 0 3 2 2 4 24 05 7

n 13 29 25 2 0 4 3 3 0 1 68 1 1 6 7 3 2 2 2 3 2 3 4 77 19 42 8 7 4 0

10

o S S S S S

n 8 1 1 1 1

C C C C C

. . . 1 1

) H6 5 H 07 7 H 28 8 1 . H 4 1 . H 6

14 . 1 . 7 1 . 9 02 . 12 1 .

90 8 10 1 40 1 41 0 0 61 2 0

S 2 S 3 S S 4 XS S 6 S 8 S 1 S 1 S 1 S 1

C C T C C C C C C C

. H3 2 . H4 3 . D4 3 . H5 4 6 5 . T H7 5 . . H8 6 1 8 H 0 . 1 1 . H 2 1 . 1 H 4 1 .H ! 1 6

. 83 . 3 1 . 9 1 . 3 1 5 1G . 1 3 . 8 2 02 . 23 0 . 1 43 . 64 .3

50 5 30 7 7 8 00 8 0 1 60 1 80 1 81 40 52 0 0 2 02 0 1 01 3

. . . . . . .

04 5 00 6 52 6 63 8 06 289 1 7 1 .3 1 6 .1 0 5 .1 4 2 5 .2

1 4 2 8 2 6 2 6 3 4 0 2 3 2 6 4 4 05 7 56 0 06 3 09 0

12 18 15 12 20 22 0 2 9 3 3 8 4 5 1 7 4 7 2 0 6

65 1 12 1 30 1 68 1 2 1 4 6 21 3 2 6 3 3 7 2 3 7 4 9 1 1 4 0

01 44 52 76 14 41 9 9 4 5 1 5 40 6 5 0

S 1 S 2 S S 4 XS S 6

C C T C C

SCH. 80
S S S S 1 C 120 C 1 C 1 C

H3 3 H4 . D5 . H6 7 . T . H8 .750 1 . H 01 1 1 . H 1 1 . H 4 1 1 . H 6 .

2 3 4 5 5 9

50 7 0 8 7 1 3 0 1 0 1 90 1 0 310 72 3. 301 54 1 0 9 . 7. 1 2 05 95 4 . 003

1 7 . 16 . 1 . 5 1 . 3 2 2G 2 . 5

. , . . . .

0 2 0 2 3 0 0 3 2 0 4 0 4 4 6 0 0 . 154 06 .7 0 2 .2 08 3 . 0 0 1 .2 08 7 6

5 00 3 6 2 6 8 5 8 9 8 0 1 0 1 4 3

16 12 20 23 5 2 0 3 2 5 4 1 5 7 8 20

10 1 67 2 2 5 1 6 2 2 0 0 2 9 33 369 1 5 5 2 9

43 76 10 41 7 0 2 3 1 3 6 6

1
( c

S I ; S I

1 C 2 C 3 SC C SH 6 C o n t

. . . . .

H 4 2 H 5 3 H T 6 3 5 4 8 T0 H1 6 . )

.1 .1 .2 X2 0.3

2 2 3 3

5 0 1 0 7 0 0 5 0

9 1 D 1 C 1 82

. . . .

0 3 6 2 78 5 1 0 0 1 7 .6 1 5

0 1 0 0 3 0 7 03

19 22 2 0 6 3 3 6 47 5

2 2 25 12 24 46

89 36 6 0 4 5 78

393

W
N P S ( c S S S S S

F
L . B R OE W T o T : U .8 : . R

E N O M O M . D 1 M I G p N A T ! E IA O N: l L : O K I ZT EH o 8 C C 1 1 n C H H C C t . 1. 1. 1 1 . ) H 18 1 . 1 O 1 . 12 H 4. 2 H 6. 2 4 . 0 O 20 4. 58 .

G G
4 0 33 3 6 1 9 03 2 0 9 54

: L: ; O E ;. 5 . f 4 5 2 3 1 8 8 0 34 07 9 5 3 4 1 45

;; . 8 0 2 6

0 0 5

05

10 96

00 1

S 1 S 2 S S 3 XS S 4 S 6 S 8 S 1 S 1 S 1 S 1

C C C C C C C C C C

. 2 H 4 . 3 H 5 . 7 3 T . 8 4 H . T 9 5 . 5 H 1 . H 17 . H 0 19 1 H 0. 2 1 H 2. 2 1 H 4. 2 1 H 6. 3

.1 2 . D2 3 . 3G 3 . 4 . 6 . 1. 3. 5. 7.

5 0 1 1 0 1 7 1 3 0 2 0 2 6 0 0 2 5 0 33 3 47 05 0 07 4 06 7 08 0

0 78 1 2 1 5 6 1 8 0 1 0 4 1 2 9 2 0 9 3 7 6 5 2 1

17 3 49 4 61 5 02 6 13 6 5 7 5 48 9 1 21 8 4 5 9

26 21 9 32 0 5 48 6 40 9 50 64 81 42

8 5 2 6 3 3 7 2 1 5 31 9 39 58 9 68 0 72

28 ~ 90 36 14 37 15 87 6 47

20

. S 1 C . S 2 SC S C H . 3 .0 . S 4 C . S 6 C

5 2 H 3 H T7 X S1 5T H 15 H 18

.2 .3 G4 .5 .6

5 0 7 0 0 9 0 1 0

1 2 D 20 32 46

1 0 2 1 5 2 0 0 2 3 3 9 2 1 C 0 8

4 43 6 19 8 75 1 33 157 6 7 2 9

27 0 40 6 50 66 50 90 43

43 4 34 0 43 5 78 87

89 10 56 1 73 8 15

SCH.80
S S S S 1 1 1 1 C C C C

1.031
1 1. 1 1 H 0 H 2 H 4 H 6

209
. 2 52 . 3 . 3

861
2. . 7. 9.

573
08 5 0 O9 054 067

431 1722 1146 1021

22
{ c o n t

. . . . .

2 5 3 7 3 8 14 15 )

.2 3 5 1 7 3 0

1 5

0 1

1 6 0 2 1 9 5 7 2 0

5 78 2 7 7 3 1 5

33 2 9 4 6 00

42 4 48 5 4

41 7 0

394

WEIGHT OF PIPES AND FITTINGS

N P S J O O M .P V A ) IE S I G I1 F I O P N A E I Z [ E
L1. DU w R E 1 U M , I P E I 1 4 5 1 L 9 L 0 8 0 9 0 8 1 N L S . L H K . . R L . R S. . R . . R .
m r ,. -..!

G
6 2 8 5

% 2 4 5 7

4 2 5 8 0

n 9 3 7 0

)c

22

. . . .

15 16 16 17

S S XS S S S S S S S S

1 C 2 SC 3 4 6 8 1 1 1 1 C C C C C C C C

. 2 H 6 H T9 . 3 15 . T . H 15 H 16 . . H 29 1 H. 2 H 0. 3 1 H 2. 4 1 H 4. 4 2 H 6. 5 2

.3 .4 6G .7 .8 1 . 21. 5. 8. 0. 3.

5 0 2 2 0 D 7 2 0 3 6 0 4 7 0 5 8 71 6 0 3 01 9 4 03 6 01 2 06 8 04 4

1 1 0 6 52 0 3 0 3 20 4 7 85 87 1 2 2 3

03 6 9 85 5 19 1 17 16 1 8 28 7 27 7 9 4 2

44 5 5 0 3 7 02 54 92 16 26 1 8 93 1 0 39

62 8 59 8 62 90 1 41 1 35 1 79

0 0 9 7 4

17 98 80 41 2 3 4 6 5

26

. . . . . . . .

62 83 13 14 15 15 16 16

5 7

5 1 7 0 3 1 0 3 6 5 2 6 8 8

0 2 j 5 5 7 3 2 0 2 5 8

7 4 13 J 9 16 3 9 6

01 64 9

77 8

0 5

5 5

30

. . .

99 3 119 3 158 5

6 7 9

1 7 4 0 6

1 306 2 3 5367 1 7 488 0

1 16 1

22

930 44 1 4 . 1235 59 1 8

2 6 5

0 0 2

395

W
150 Ibs,
S O L I

F
300 lbs.

S P N

S TO

V D

S E

P L N

1
%

2 2 2 2 4

. . 8. 1 . 1 1 . 2 .0 2 .1 3 4 5 7 2

2. 2. 2. 3.0 3. 2 4.6 71 94 1 1 . .

10 15 1 .0 15 1 10 10 10 . . .

1 .0 2 .0 3 .5 4 .5 6 .0 .0 7

2. 3. . 40 5. 0 0 7. 0 8. 10 . 0 10 . 3 . 20 . 6 . 20 . 1 . 30 . 6

. 0 . 0 . 0 . 1 0 . 1 0 . 1 0 2 02 3 06 40 0 50 5 80 4

2.0 3.0 4. 0 4 6. 0 7.0 7 9 8. 5

5 25 20 25 35 40 . . .

.0 .0 .0 .0 .0 .0

1 2

1 1%
1Y2 2 2% 3

5 8 9

6 1 1 1

. . 10 . . 15

.1 5 02 . 0 8 . 7 6 . 7 .1 5 06 . 0 5 . .2 5 7 01 . 0

3 4 5 6 8
10
1 1 1 2 3 6

. 3 3 . 10 0 7 . 20 . 4 0 0 . 20 . 6 06 . 6 65 .0 0 . 510 0 . 11 0 22 0 3 4 5 6 7 0 9 8 19 . 30 50

1 2 2 3 2 4 5 8 1 8

6 .1 7 0 .2 7 4 2 5 .2 .4 .7 7

4 . 7 .2 0 07 . 0 6 . 8 .3 0 05 . 0 .05 0 10 0 .8 10 1 .5 30 .1 4 8 0 6 4 4 8 2 19 17 1 10 2 22 7 3 94 3 ..0

. 40 . 5 1 0 5 7 .4 . 3

8 1 7 1 0 2 7 2

10 0 . 8 5 .1 0 1 40 2 80 3 40 00 3 70 4 5 20 70 4 96 1 150 1

08

70 5 . 0 9 1 0 5 15 1 34 2 11

7 .2 0 9 1 .2 0 6 .3 1 .4 0 .4 9 .5 2 .3 .1 8 9 5 .8 7. 11

20 8

1
14

5 1 . 1 .1 14 25 27 32

8 2 9

3 6 2

93,0 1

254 278 324

220 72 1 2
0 280 5 1 3

0 6 3 5 9 8 9 9 5 5 8

18 120
20 22 24 26 30 155 159
2 2 3

1 1 2

325 70 2 3
34 9 4 433 1 4 9 5 1 7 8 1 5 3 6 82

260 270 375

439 1 470 4 600 1

4 4 6

396

O l
I P N

F
600 lbs.
S O

I
S O
J

4
L

1
L 3. 3 4 0 5 0 8. 0 . 1 0. . 10 . 2 0.5 . 1

O I

N P S N

G T

h %
1
l%

2 3 3 4 6

3 3 4 5 8 1 1 2 1 5 2 1 3 4 3 1 4

. . 1 . 1 . 1 . 2 .0 2 3 4 6 9

2. 3. 4. 1 6 .4 8 .7 1 1

10

2 .0 .5 3 3 -0 4 .5 6 -0 8 0

. 0 0 . . 10 . 10 10 . 20 . 0 20 4 30 8

.0 2.0 . 3.0 .1 4.0 .4 6.0 8.57

10 20 25 25 35 . . .

0 5 0 5 .0

2.0 0 2.0 5 . 2.0 5 .

35 .

l% 2 V/i 3

8 1 1 2

0 . . 40

1 51 . 4 0 0 . 0 .1 5 05 . 0 9 . 8 8 . 8 .2 7 00 . 0 6 8 . 10 . 29.0 0 0 . 10 . 41.0 . 01 . 02 09 00 0 9 2 6 1 7

4 .1 9 8 .2 8 8 6 . 29.0 7 0 . 33.0 0 9 . 44.0 9

7 5 . 10 . 0 7 0 . 10 . 0 . 10 . 10 . 10 . 20 1 . 30 2 . 60 2 .80 9 090 0 50 2 1 20 9 1 2 3 8

3 4 5 6
8

2 0 1 .4 6 30 3 . 8 7 60 3 .1 7 0 .1 0 10 10 21 36 1 7 .2 0 5 .37 .51 6 .45 0

2 3 3 6

10 8 . 68.0 .2 5 3 . 86.0 0 30 .5 1. 0 7 2 7 9 0 5 19

9 1

61.0 . 510 .1
. 43 0 35 .0 06 9 8 3 1

7 3 1 1 1 2 ! 294 3 4 4 1 2 1 32 39

. 8 1 10 . 26 3 3 5 398 5 6 6 4 6 9 1 1 2

139 . 20 231 80 295 20 378 40

10

9 1

1
14

1 2

1 1 2 2
24 26 30

416
41 7 5 6 7 3 9 1 15

114 3
1 80 16 8 24 29 9 37 1 6

366
4 0 0 2 6 5 6 8 5 3 8 8

481
3 1 555 83 690 0 7 7 99 90 1 0 9 15 0 1

564
67 2 1 81 4 5 17 6 119

527
69 80 95 1 71 14 62 , 7

152
156 242 23 3 6 6 5 60 0 77 0

3 3 4 5 6 8

3 8 4 5

4 95 3 1

16 2 5 , 3 5 3 5 8 9 2 0 1 J

397

W
N P S O I I M P . Z

FLANGES

l
E E

W N

1
. . 1 . 1 2 4 6 7 0 4 4 6

. E O E 3

L $ CL

G S D T IK O

. V L U N i

6 6 7 1

7 7 8 1 1 2 3 0 4 5 6

4. 6. 9 .5 .1 8 .1 3 .2 4 .3 5 . . .

30 30 5 .

.0 6 .0 6 .5 7

0 0 . 10 0 4 . 10 0 5 . 20

. 1 0 0

1?4 2 2%? 3

1 2 3 3

. 1 0 4 . 2 0 5

z
1500 l
E D E I 3S L P ~N CL . 7 0 . 2 4. 30 7 . 0 . 6. 3 30 08 1 0 . 9 .5 10 0 . 1 8
:

D IK T

.0 .0 . .5 0 0

65

. 60 0 . 04 . . 9

20 4 . 1 3 40 4 . 2 4

.10 5 . .1 0 5 . .2 0 8 .

02

. 1 0 5 . 30 9 . 3 0 6 . 70 6 . 3 0 2 0 8 . 80 8 . 4 5 4 . 10 2 . 40 2 . 4 I

09

2 1

9 .3 2

05

3 4 5 6
8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
1 1 1 2 1 2 4 4 9 5 8 1 1 2 3 3 4 6 7 6 9 1 5 3 8 1 0 1 2 3 9

3 1 11 8 37 34 62 58

1 . 5 8 ~ . 25.0 0 4 . 70 I 6 .8 .433.0 07 1 0
I

. 6 0 3 10 9 .7 3 .1 3 1 9 2 0 45 2 6 7 5 9 8 2 130 . 26 3 .37 .60 13 4 12 ( 16 37 0 5 50 7 40 9 9 9 4

303 .1 ) 6 9. 7 3 4 16 11 3 4 2

0}

40 0

10 . 18 26 47 4 68 82 1 -

. 940.0 0 2 16 9 8 5 1 66 1 50

10 97 9 98 5 12 9 15 84 4

54 6 03 0 4 7 0 7 0

670 5 949 4 .040 91

199 9 299 7
1 6 361 2

.250 1335 9
. 0 ~ 1 06 27 0

1300

570
5 00

1 7 2 7 7 5 2 1 5. 2 3

1775 1 82
6 52 1650

0 5 9

00 02 00

7 0 0

9 3 0 1 2 2

39 3 0 5 5 1

3 1 2 3

21 6 8 7 5 2 0

55 5 0

30

2200 2 93

398

WEIGHT
NOM. SIZE -

OF

FLANGES

2
O E L E

l
I L C rP N ;D O Ku E L D E 3 I .L s C P L NI D K

S :

4
3/4 1

7 9 1

8 9 1 2 2 8

1
. . 2 3 3 5 8 2

. 1 .

30 30 0 . 6 02 . . 9 08 . 1 5 . 2 9 . 2 6 . 3 6 .

0 0 0 0 .

. . 0 0 0 . C . C . ( . (

4 6 0 0 0 0 0 0

3 .1 0 0 .1 0 2 8 3 5 5 5 8 5

. 0. . 0. 2 . 0 1 . 0

1
1?4 2 2?4 3

25.C 38.( 55.( 83.(

28.0 42.C 52.C 94.(

7 . 0 7 . 0

3 4 5 6 8
IC
.27 !10 \23 185 925 300
1 2 3 5 0 6 , 1 k 5 1 5 14 24 37 57 06 40 8 6 9 0 15 20 45 66 36 24 48 36 28 68 5 0 40 30 40 20 3 3 5 3 5 4 1 8 5 2 5 2

1 1

1
20 2:

24 2( 30

399

ManufacturersStandard Gage for

This gage system replaces U.S. Standard Gage for Steel Sheets. It is based on Weight 41.82 pounds per square foot per inch of thickness. In ordering steel sheets, it is advisable to
g a

M E S S

M E S S

3 4 5 6 7 8 9

I , . . . . I . . . . . . . . , . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . .

I0 9 8 7 6 6 5 5 4 3 3 2 2 2 2 1 1

. . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . ,

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I. 1 1 I, . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

G
G S O S S T

S
Lb. per Equivalent
G S G ;

Galv.

Lbs. Per

Lb.

T E G S

9 1 1
12 13 14 1.5 16 17 18 19 20

1 9 8
72.5 62.5 52.5 47.5 42.5 38.5 34.5 30.5 26.5

7 60 5 5

. . 2. 2.

00 . 3 ( 0 ?1 4 ,2 8 21 5 8 .6 5 2 .4 00 . 4 42 1 2 45 .1 0 . 7 0. 8 0 4 52 1 2 15 .6 S . 1 0.5 1 3 52 1 24 85
.031467 .027127 .022786 .020616 .018446 .016710 .014974 .013238 .011502 .1084 .0934 .0785 .0710 .0635 .0575 .0516 .0456 .0396 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32

2 26 8 52 8 8 32 8 4 2 18.5 7 0
16.5 14.5 13.5 12.5 11.5 10.5 9.5 9.0

. 1 05 0 6 5 18 4. 1 . 5 0 . 3 1 2 . 69 5 0 6 . 4 0 . 7 1 0 02 2 5 3 2. 2 . 18 5 0 9 . 2 0 .8 0 3 8 1 2 5 8 0. 2 .0276 .0080295 1.15625 3 3

1.03125 .90625 .84375 .78125 .71875 .65625 .59375 .56250 .0071615 .0062934 .0058594 .0054253 .0049913 .0045573 .0041233 .0039062 .0247 .0217 .0202 .0187 .0172 .0157 .0142 .0134

4.53125 3.90625 3.28125 2.96875 2.65625 2.40625 2.15625 1.90625 1.65625

400

WEIGHT OF PLATES
Pounds Per Linear
Thickness, idth In. Inches

Foot

?
. . . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 . . . . 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 ? 5 5 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 .
/.

15<6

%
% 1

. 1 1 Y1 . 1 .2 .? 2 .? 2 . 2 . 3 . . 3 . . 3 3 3 4

1 . 3 . 4 . 61

2 . 4 . 61 8 .1

25

2 . . 81 .1

63 . 26 . 89 .1 0. 1 4

13 . 3 71 4 .1 5 2 .2 .2 .3 .3 .4 .4 .5 .5 .6 .6 .7 .7 .8 .9 .9 .1 .1

7 4 . 2 4 7~ 5 . 35 . 3 81 4 9 4.1 5 . 0 1 0 1 .1 6 2 . 2 4 .2 85 2 64 . 2 8 7 . 9 9 . 2 01 2 38 . 2 92 . 3 66 . 4 39 . 4 93 67 20 94 .8 5 22 85 59 91 . 15 . 39. 54 . 63 . 3 38 . 4 03 . 4 88 . 5 53 . 6 27 . 6 92 . 7 67 . 8 2 3 .8 16 . 9 8 1 .1 5 6 .1 2 1 .1 9 601 7011 45 11 1. 21 8. 21 5. 31 3. 41 36 51 87 02 37 53 88 03 3 4 5 5 6 7 8 8

7. 8 8 . 36 . 1 73 4. 6 1.1 6 0 2. . 2 5 37. 2 9 13 . 3 3 . 3 4 7 . 99 . 3 75 . 4 50 . 5 36 . 6 02 . 7 88 . 7 64 . 8 40 . 9 16 .: 91 .1 770 [ 531 1 391 1 1. 2 1 8. 3 1 6 . 31 0 . 41 5 . 51 0 . 51 5 . 61 0 . 71 4 . 82 9 . 82 4 . 92 6 9 2 5 8 1 4 8 1 4 7 0 3 6 1 6 2 7 2 8 3 8 3 9 .4 .5 .5 .6 .7 .8 .9 .1 1 . 01 11 11 21 31 41 41 51 61 71 72 82 2 9 02 02 12 22 32 32 42 52 62 63 73 83 93 93 24 . 11 . 98 . 85 . 62 . 49 . 36 . 12 . 090 8 61 7. 2 5. 2 3. 5. 1. 7. 3 4 5 5

4 9 7 4 2 9

1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 . 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9

.1 8 .1 9 .1 .2 .2 1 .2 .2 2 .2 .2 .3 .3 .3 .4 .4 .4 .5 .5 .5 .6 .6 .6 . 7 . 7 .7 .7 .8 J .8 .8 .9 .9 .9 .. 4 5 7 9 0 2 3 5 7 8 0 1 3 5 6 8 9 1 3 4 6 7 9 1 .3 .3 .4 .4 ;4 .5 .5 .5

0. % 2. 2 4. % 7. 9. 4 1. 4 3. % 5. 7. % 9. % 1. % 4.

3 . 2 65 2 0 5 . 2 89 2 6 2 2 8 . 3 92 3 8 1 . 3 05 3 33 . 4 96. 4 59 . 5 11 . 574. 537. 699. 652 . 4 18 4 31 5 45 5 58 6 61 6 84 7 97 7 01

. 5 78 . . 5 92 . . 6 16 . . 7 31 . 2. 7 45 , 8 69 . .8 8 3 . . 9 08 .

6 4 1 90

39 9 54 1 89 1 05 1 30 55 8. 0. 3. 5. 8. 2. 6. 1. 5. 9. 3. 8. 2. 6. 0. 5. 9. 3. 7. 2. 6. 0, 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

1 6 .1 .2 .3

. 4 . 4 .3 5 . 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 . . 5 5 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 9

6. .6 % 8. .6 % 0. .7 h .7 2.

71 5 . 8 14 7 7 7 . 8 37 8 3 0 . 9 40 8 9 3 . 9 53

23 . 9 2 2 . 8 6 .1 4 6 . 5 0 .1 6 00 14 . 1 8 50 8 801 4 101 1511 8911 4321 1 621 1. 21 . 31 4 9 91 1 31 3 72 5. 2

.4 .5 .6 .7

4 . 8 5 5 .1 .7% 6 . 9 1 8 .1 .8 % 8 . 9 7 1 .1 .8 % . 8 1 .1 3 3 .1 .9 .9 .1 1 . 3 .1 % 5 .1 2 7 .1 % 9 .1 8 6 .1 4 9 .1 0 10 1 01 64

6 6 .1 8 0 .1 9 3 .1 0 601 1 901 3 211 4 611 5 911

3.6 9.7 4.8 0.9 6.9 2.0 8.1 4.2 0. 5. 1. 7. 3 9 5 0 6 2 8 4 . . . . 3 3 4 5 6 7 7 8

.7 .8 .9 .0

7. 3 0. 41 9. 3 7. 5 1 1. 4 0 . 51 3. 4 4 . 61 8 2 5 9 3 6 0 4 8 1 5 9 .7 2 .7 2 .8 2 .82 .9 2 . 92 .0 2 .1 2 .1 .2 2 .2 2 . 32

.1 .2 .3 .3

0[ 1 .1 2 7 .1 % 3 .1 8 91 1 .1 % .1 % 5 .1 4 21 1 .1 80 1 0 51 1 21 7 21 0 3 31 5 31

6 221 (. 31 4. 5 1 6. 5 8 521 1. 4 1 8. 6 9 931 2. 4 0 . 31 (. 51 2 . 7 1. 41 3. 41 4. 41 5. 51 ;. :. (. (. 5 1 61 6 2 7 2 5.7 8.8 2.8 5.9 8.9 1 .0 4 .0 8 .1

9. 0 ~ 4 3. 0 2 9 8. 1 2 5 3- 2 2 0 8. 2 2 3. 3 2 7. 4 2 2. 4 2 5 1 6 1

.4 .5 .6 .7

., 2 .1 % 00 1 6 .1 4 .1 % 201 2 .1 5 .1 A 411 8 .1 7 1 611 4

.8 .8 .9 .0 . . . .

. 9 .1 .1 .1

.1 9 . 811 C 8 1 % 31 .1 0 01 % 02 1 6 . 4 1 .1 2 01 % 22 1 2 . 4 1 .1 3 01 52 1 8 . 4 1

6. 51 :. 7 2 8. 62 1 . 8 2 $. 62 4 . 8 2 (. 72 6 . 92

7. 2 7 2. : 3 2 7. 6 3 7 1. 7 3 3

9 :0 .1 .1

401

WEIGHT OF PLATES
Pounds Per Linear Foot

idth In.

5/6
8 8 9 9 9 19 9 1 .. .. ., . !1

5
3. 9. 5. 1 511. . 5 ~ 31 6 ~ 4. 6 ~ 5. 72 9 . 72 2 . 8~ 4 . 8 2 7. 92 0 . 92 2 . 02 5 . 0 2 83. 12 3 . 22 8 . 32 3 . 32 9 . 43 4 . 53 9 . 63 5 . 73 0 . 83 5 . 83 1 . 93 6 . 03 1 .

11J6

3%
6 .8 ..9 6 . .9 o .8 0 5 . .1 o.1 5.2 ).3 9.4 9.5 8.7 3.8

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7

. 1 5 0 1 7 31 . 1 6 1 1 9 31 . 1 81 1 1 31 . 1 0 1 13 4 .1 1 2 1 %5 4 1 3 21 27 4 1 4 21 %9 5 2 . 52 6 21 2 9 31 2. . 2 31 3 6 42 %. 9 42 4. 52 62 72 72

9~ 1 ~4 o2 7 12 0 12 3 z2 7 22 0 23 32 9 43 6 53 2 & 39 73 5 83 1 93 8 03 4 13 0 23 7 34 3 44 0 54 64 74 84 94 04 15 25 35 45 5 55 75 96 16 36

. 1 3 , 42 2 6 42 .o . 2~ 0 . 52 . 3Z 4J . 53 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3~ 7 42 1 53 5 . 53 9 63 6 73 3 83 1 93 8 03 6 13 3 23 1 44 8 54 64 74 84 94 04 14 25 5 3 0 8 5 3 0 8

4. 9. 7. 3 7.

3 3 3 3

8 3 8 4

03 13 4 23 3 2

o. 5. 1. 7. 3. 9. 5. 1. 2. 4. 6. 7. 9. 1. 2. 4. 6. 7. 9. 1. 2. 4. 6. 8.

. . ,. .. 7. 3. 0. 6. 9. 2. 4. 7. 0. 3. 5. 8. 1. 4. 6. 9. 2. 5. 7. 0.

4 5 6 7

.1 1. [ . 1 Y. 1 1. 1 .1 .1 0 1 ?. 1 .[ 3. 1 .1 4. 1 .1 5. 1 01 01 11 11 11

7. 6 ~ 6. 3 . 7 ~ 8. 9 . 7 2 9. 5 . 7 22 . 7 . 8 26 9 . 9 ~1 1 . 0 25 3 . 0 ~9 . . . . . . . . . . . .

8. 3 . 63 1 . 63 6 . 93 . 73 0 . 03 83( 4 . 03 . 93 . 03 . 23 t 23 . 34 . 54 . 64 . 74 . 84 . 94 . 04 . 24 . 35 . 45 . 55 . 65 . 75 . 95 4 05 .5 . 16 . 26 836 . 46 . 66 . 86 . 07 . 37 . 57 . 78 08 .. . 28 . 48 3 1 0 8 . 13 . 33 . 44 . 54

9 33 . 3 4 4 0 . 54 5 . 54 6 . 74 6 . 84 7 . 04 8 . 14

8 9 0 0

7 2 1 1 8 1 8 1 8 3 9 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 61 1 1 1 81 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

2 4 5 7

2 1 2 52 %. 2 1 5 52 5. 3 1 8 62 %. 3 2 . 72 6.

8 2 4 . 1 23 9 2 6 . 2 28 9 2 8 . 3 22 0 2 2 . 3 36 125 128 22 2 33 5 33 8 43 1 43 4 53 8 63 1 63 4 73 7 83 0 83 3 93 7 04 0 04 3 14 9 34 6 44 2 54 9 74 5 85 1 95 8 05 4 . 4 30 . 5 35 . 6 39 . 6 33 . 7 37 . 8 32 . 9 36 . 9 30 . 0 34 . 1 49 . 2 43 . 2 47 . 3 41 . 4 46 . 5 ~0 . 5 44 . 7 43 . 8 41 . 0 50 . 1 58 . 3 57 . 4 55 . 6 54 . 76 2

7 . 74 5 . 84 4 . 94 2 . 04 1 9 8 6 5 3 2 0 9 7 6 4 3 1 0 8 5 2 9 6 3 0 7 4 . 24 . 35 . 45 . 55 . 75 . 85 . 95 . 15 . 26 36 46 . 66 . 76 86 . 96 . 17 . 37 . 67 . 88 . 18 . 48 68. . 99 . 19

7 . 0 8 . 34 7 . 1 9 . 45 6 . 2 9 . 65 6.4 C.75 6.5 5.7 5.8 4.9 4.1 3.2 3.3 3.5 1.95 1.05 2.25 3.36 3.56 4.66 4.86 5.96

9 1 2 4

4 2 . 72 2. 01 Y 0 1 4 2 . 82 7. 1 1 4 2 . 82 %. 7 1 1 5 2 . 92 8. 5 2 . 92 2. 11 Y 2 2 6 2 . 02 9. 2 2 6 2 . 02 %. 9 2 2 7 2 . 12 . 32 32 32 42 42 2 42 5 ?2 52 5 6 7 7 8 9 9 0 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 72 72 82 82 92 92 0 3/ 03 13 23 33 33 43 53 63 74 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 23 23 33 . 1. . 2.

6 7 9 1

. 13 7 . . 24 2 . . 34 7 . . 44 3 . . 44 8 . . 54 3 . . 64 8; . . 74 4 . . 84 9 . . 94 4 . . 04 0. . 05 5 . . 25 . 45 . 55 . 75 . 96 . 16 . 26 . 46 6. 6. 7. 8.

6. 2. 9. 5. 1. 8. 4. 1.

2 4 6 8

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3

35 5 52 5C 65 7

2. 6 6. 16 5 . 2. 8 X,2 7 1 . 1 .9 .. 4 7 : . 1.0 $.5 7 4. ( .2 $ . 6 7 ( . (. 3 $.8 7 $ . $ .4 { . 9 7 : . : . 6 (. 18 1 . 8 . 9 1 . 48 4 . 7 . 1 : . 78 8 . 6. 4 4.09 1 . 6 . 7 ! .3 9 5 . 5. 0 4 .2 :.5 :.8 (.69$ . ! . 91 1 . : . 21 5 . ( . 51 8 .

3. 9 6. 8. 1. 4 4. 7. 9. 2.

1 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

33 %. 43 3. 53 z. 53 4. 63 73 84 94 04 14 24 44 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 0. 1. 2.

7 . 75 5 3. 51 0 . .95 C 6 . 16 7 9. 2. 4. 7. 36 2 56 7 76 2 97 7 17 1 7 t 57 1 88 (

8. 3. 8 9. 4. C. 5. 1. 6.

8 . 56 C . $ . 77 3 3. $ . 97 5 . ( . 17 8 .

402

WEIGHT OF PLATES
Pounds Per Linear Poot
T

Inches

{idth In.

)
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 2 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 13 13 23 33 33 44 44 4 5 6 4 64 7 4 8 4 8 4 94 04 05 15 1 5 25 35 35 45 55 55 66 7 6 76 g6 ~6 9 6 06 0 6 16 27 27 37 47 47 57 57 84 84 94 04 14 24 34 45 45 55 65 75 85 95 05 06 16 26 36 46 56 56 67 77

0. 7. 3. 0. 6. 2. 9. 5. 96 1 . 06 9 . 26 8 . 36 6 . 575 . 673 . 87 2 . 97 0 . 17 9 . 28 7 . 48 6 . 58 4 . 68 3 . 88 1 . 98 0 . 19 8 . 29 7 3. 49 5 . 59 4 6. 79 2 8. 8 1 0 1 1 1 3 1 1 9 8 6

%
. . . . . . . . . . . .

11/6

3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 % 6 6 6 7 7 7

.54 .65 . 75 .8 5 .95 .0 5 .1 5 .2 5 .3 6 .4 6 .5 6 .6 6 .7 6 .8 6 .96 .1 7 .2 7 .3 7 .4 7 .5 7 .6 7 .7 8 .8 8 .9 8

3. 2 5 4. 3 5 5. 4 5 6. 5 6 7. 7 6 8. 8 6 9. 9 6 0. 1 6

6 1 77 1 97 2 17 3 27 3 48 4 68 4 88 5 98 6 18 6 39 7 49 8 69 8 89 9 99 9 . 0 1 , , 5 1 I 1 1 2 3 3 4 4 5

37 57 68 88 8 0 8 2 49 9 6 89 09 1 2 1 4

1 4 6 9 2 5 7 0 3 6 8 1 4 7 9 2 5 8 0 3

. 8 . 28 . 48 . 69 . 89 . 09 . 29 1 .5 1 .7 1 .9 .1 1 .3 1 .5 1 .7 1 .9 .1

1 6 1 6 0 5 0 5 0 5 0 5

.7 .9 .1 .4 .6 .8 .1 .3 .5 .8 . .

1 49 8 .6 1 5 .9 1 2 .1 [ 9 .4 1 1 6. 6 1 3. 9 0. 1 7. 4. . 10 . 80 0 . 5 . 20 . 91 61 ,1 01 1 2 12 82 52 23 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1. 0. 9. 9. 8. 7. 6. . 50 . 40 . 30 21 21 11 01 92 82 72 62 53 53 13 33 54 74

1 . 81 1 3. 1 1 4. 1 1 5. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 6. 8. 5. C 1 $ 4 5 6 8 5 2 1 1 1 1

1 50 80 20 51 81 21 51

2. 7 3 8 4 9 5 2 5 7 0 2 5 7 0 2 5 8 0 3 5 8 0 3 5 3 1

1. 2 6 1. 2. 3 7 8 . 3. 4 7 4. 4. 6 7 1 . 5. 7 7 7. 6. 8 7 3 . 7. 9 7 C . 8. 1 8 6 . 9. 0. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 28 38 58 68 79 89 09 19 2. 9. 5. 2. 8. 4. 1. 7.

1 82 1 22 11 2 13 3 15 18 10 12 15 17 19 12 14 16 19 11 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6

1 .6 1 .8 1 .9 .1 1 . .3 .1 5 1 . .7 . .1 9

9. 4. 9, 40 .

1 3 90 . . 1 40 . 17 9. 1 4 41 .

14 16 1~ 11 13 15 17 19

1 .0 .1 1 .3 1 .5 1

. 1 60 . 1 81 . 1 90 .1 31 . 1 10 . 1 81 . 1 40 .1 31

8 7 - 0 8 7. 2 9 Z . 9 7 .1 8 8. 4 9 ( . 0 7 . 2 8 9. 5 1 6. ~. 1 7 - 3 89.3 0. 6 102 17 27 38 48 58 68 78 78 88 98 09 19

1 6 . 1 70 3 4 .1 82 9 1 5 .6 1 6 . 1 C1 6 1 3.8 .1 32 63 1 2 . 1 70 7 . 1 211 82 0 3 0 . 128 5 153 166 8 140 115 1 1 1 1 8 0 1 8 156 3 1 . 1 1 1582 3 1 S0 . 1 3 1617 3 1 90 . 1 6 1632 3 1 C0 . 1 $ 1667 3 1 11 . 1 2 1682 4 1 11 . 1 4 1717 4 1 21 1 41 2 1 1 ; 173 211 ( 1 3 411 2 1 4 4 21 4 1 K !21 $ 1 7 41 41 51 51 44 54 74 95 15 25 45 65 76 96 16 26

1 94 1 1 1 14 1 3 1 35 1 5

13 7 16 7 28 7

179

191 204
207 3 211 5 214 7 218 0 221 2 224 4 228 7 231 9 235 1 238 4 241 6 245 8
6 9 1 4

. 4 90.7 9 . 1. 7 1 5 . 117 .5 9 2. 9 7 . 1 f. 2 119 . 6 9 3. 0 6. 1 2. 3 121 4. .8 9 4. 1 1 t. 5 122 .99 . 2 1 . 09 . 4 1 . 1 9 7. 5 1 .2 1 8. 6 1 .3 1 .4 1 .5 l .6 1 9. 0. 1. 2. 8 1 9 1 0 1 1 1

182 194 06 27 185 198 187 201 47 67 190 204 193 196 199 202 2057 208 7 211 8 214 8
88 207 08 210 28 214 217 58 79 220 99 223 226 19 230 39

<. 6 3. 1 124 1. 8 1. 1 126 ;. 9 0. 1 128 <. 8 0. 1 (. (. 2. !. 7 0. 1 .1 50 4c . 1 2 0. 1

403

WEIGHTS OF PLATES
Pounds Per Linear Foot
T

?
7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 8 ; 9 9 ; 9 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 9 9 9 [ 1 1 1 1 1

546
67 77 77 88 98 98 08 18 18 28 28 38 49 49 59 69 69 79 9 9 9 9 1 1 1 0 0; 01 01 01 11 11 11 11 11 21 21 21 21 21 29 29 39 49 59 69 7 1 8 1 8 1 1 9 0 1 1 2 1 3 1 4 1 4 1 5 1 6 1 7 1 8 1 9 1 9 1 0 1 1 1 3 1 5 1 6 1 8 1 0 1 1 3 1 5 1 6 1 8 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7
71 81 91 01 11 21 31 51 61 71 81 91 01 11 21 31 3. 3 15 4. 4 12 5. 5 18 6 . 6 15 . . . . 1 1 .0 1 9 .1 1 8 .1 1 6 .1 1 5 .1 1 3 .1 12 1 10 1 19 17 16 14 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 1 0 8 7 5 4 2 1 9 8 6 3 0 7 4 1 8 5 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3

%6

16 16 17 18 18 19 19 10 11 11 12 13 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 4 4 5 6 6 7 8

21 21 21 21

1 4 6 9

41 41 41 41 41 41 52 52 52 52 52 62 62 62 62 62 7 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 8 9 9 9 0 0 1 1 1 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3

9 0 2 3 5 6 8 9 1 2 4 5 6 8 9 1 2 4 5 7

52 52 52 62 62 62 62 72 72 72 72 72 82 82 82 82 82 92 92 92

472 67 2 872 972 182 382 482 682 8 9 1 3 82 92 92 92

08 28 39 59 79 99 10 30 50 70 91 11 31 51 62 82 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 7 1 5 9 3 7 0 4 8 2 6 0 3 7 1 5 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 0 0 1 1 2 2

50 233 70 236 90 239 21 242 41 245 61 249 81 252 02 255 22 258 42 261 62 265 93 268 13 271 33 274 54 277 74 281 94 284 14 287 35 290 65 293 8 2% 0 300 303 2 306 4 5 6 6 6

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4

11 32 52 82 02 23 53 73 94 24 44 65 95 15 35 66 8 0 3 5 7 0 2 4 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8

6 9 1 4 6 9 2 4 7 9 2 4 7 9 2 4 7 0 2 5 7 0 2 5 0 5 0 5 0 5 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6 1 6

7 . 8 11 . 8. 9 17 . . 9 . 14 0 . 0. 10 0 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 16 0 . 13 0 . 19 0 . 16 0 . 12 0 . 18 1 . 15 1. 11 1 . 17 1. 14 1 . 1 1. 1 1. 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 1. 2. 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 6 6

312 315 3 11 3 12 3 3 4 4 13 15 16 17

4 18 4 20 4 21 5 22 5 24 5 25 5 26 5 27 5 29 6 20 6 21 6 22 6 25 7 28 7 20 7 23 8 25 8 28 8 20 9 23 9 25 9 28 0 21 0 23 0 1 1 1 26 28 21 23

592 60 2 80 2 00 2 10 31 51 61 81 02 22 32 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

. 41 9. . 51 . 61 :. 71 2. 81 3. 91 . ;. 1 0 0 1 6 . 0 1 8 . 10 . 12 . 1 41 . 1 61 . 1 81 . 1 01 . 1 21 . . 1 42 . 1 62 0 1 82 0 1 02 ( 0 0 0 1 23 1 43 1 63 1 83

31 8 42 9 4 21 4 22 4 24 42 5 2E 5 21 5 23 6 25 6 27 6 29 7 21 7 23 725 728 820 822 824 926

892 002 10 2 302 60 91 21 52 82 13 43 73 04 34 65 95 25 56 76 07 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

722 032 333 743 043 453 753 063 463 773 1 73 4 83 7 1 4 8 83 93 93 93

87 312 37 319 78 325 18 332 59 338 09 344 40 351 80 357 21 363 72 370 12 376 53 383 93 389 44 395 84 402 25 408

99 49 80 30 81 32 72 23 73 14 65 15 56 06 57 98

2 9 2 6 20 22 2M 25 27 29

404

W
ALL DIMENSIONS IN INCHES
CIIA
3/16

1.00

.261 .315 .375 .441 .511 .587 4.00 4,25 4.50 4,75 5.00 5.25 5.50 5.75 6.00 6.50 700 7.50 8.00 8.50 9.00 9.50 10.00 10.50 i 1.00 11.50 12.00 12.50

!m

5
318

.056 .087 .125 .170

.223 .282 .348 ,421

1T
/7116
1%

1 %6

A ?486 1/16

m
,723 .915 1.130 1 1,367 1
1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 1 1 1

T
.223 .348 .501 .681 .8W 1.126 1.391 1.683 z 2.350 2.726 3.129 3.560 4.019 4.506 5.020 5.563 6.133 6.731 7.356 8.010 9<401 ~;.: 14.24 16.07 18.02 20.08

. . . .

.08: .130 .188 .256

0 .097 1 1 2

7 0 5 1

.125 .196 .282 .383

.139 0 .217 9 .313 6 .426 3

.153 .239 .344 .468

.556 .612 .668 .704 .774 .845 .869 .956 1.043 1.052 1.157 1.262

.626 .734 .852 .978

. 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 . 1 .

1 1 8 1 . 1 1 . 01 1 . 11 1 2 2 2 . . . . 32 52 62 82

. 1.252 . 01 . 0 81.469 . 11 2 . 1 1.704 2. 3 1 9 . 3 1.956 7 . 52 6 . , . . 52.225 3. 7 2 5 72.512 0. 0 2 5 92.816 9. 2 3 7 1 3.138 8. 5 3 9

1.627 11 0 2 1 3 11 7 8 1.910 2 5 2 52 6 2 2.215 3 3 72 6 9 2.542 6 4 3

6 2 3 0

1 2 2 2

.668 .890 .754 ! .005 .845 1.126 .941 1.255

1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 ; 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 8 8

1 1 1 1

1 1 1 2

. . . .

5 0 2.670 8 8 7 2 3.014 0 8 0 5 3.379 5 1 3 8 3.765 1 6 6 1 4.172 8 4 34 4.600 6 3 4 7 5.048 6 5 9 1 5.517 7 8

2.893 0 0 3.265 6 9 3.661 3 3 4.079 2 0 4,520 2 1 4,983 5 6 5.469 8 5 5.977 3 8 6.508 7.638 8.858 10.16 [1.57 13.06 14.64 16.31 18.07 19.93 21.87 23.93

3 3 1 3 4 4 4. 9 0 6 8
5 5 6 6

1.738 1.916 2.103 2.299 2.503 2.938 3.407 3.911

4 5 5 6

2 2 2 2
3 3 4 4

2 . 2. 2 . 3 .
3 4 4 5

2 . 03 . 4 3.477 8. 7 3 3 33 . 3 0 . 6 3.833 .+ 0 4 8 3 . 53 . 9 4,207 2. 3 4 4 3 . 74 . 2 4.598 5. 6 5 1

4 4 5 6 4 5 6 7

5.006 5.875 6.814 7.822

5.507 ; 6.463 7.496 8 8.605 9

1 1 1 1

7 $ 9

1 1 1 ; 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

6.00: 6.51 7.05 3 7.60 3 8.17 4 8.71 ; 9.38 10.02 5

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

9 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2

24.03 26.03 20.02 1 0 1 10 1 .1 1 !2.02 26.07 28.24 21.72 1 0 1 18 1 .1 6 ~3.q3 ?5,85 8 5. 30.55 1 0 . 1 . 10 1 41 40 , 1 06 .2 7 8 1,211 50 430. ;;:: 7 50. 2 4 . 32.94 8 7 . 1 0 15 2 . 1 50 .2 1 7 .2 60 3 . 222 7. !7.87
1
I I

II
8,344 9.199 10.o9 11.03 9.734 10.73 11.77 12.87 11.12 12.26 13.46 14.71 16.35 0; 17.54 ; 18.77 5 20.04 56
2 2 2 2

5.340 6.028 6.758 7.530

6.230 7.033 7.885 8.785

7.120 8.010 8.900 ;.;? 8.038 9.043 10.04 9.011 10.13 11.26 i2,39 12.55 [3.80 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

.5.29 16!68 .6.86 18.39 18.5U 20.19 ~13,23 22.06

22.25 24.53 26.92 29.42 30.03 32.04 30.42 32.59 34.76 32,90 5 5 35.25 0 37,60 35.48 3 1 38.01 4 40.55 38.1540.88 40.9343.85 43.8046.93 46.77 50.11
4 4 5 5

.; : 1 .1
1 1 2 2

0 1 2 3

. 19.07 9 0 . 21.80 .20.46 6 ; 23.39 . 21.90 :25.03 5 .23.38 3 0 .26.72

2 2 2 2 3 3 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4

24.53 ; 0 26.319 28.16 6 1 30.06 7 6

3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4

27.25 $ ~ 29.23 3 31.28 4 3 33.41 0 1 35.60 37.86 40.18 42.58 45,05 47.59 50.20 52.87
5 5 6 6

32.70 35.08 37.54 40.09

35.43 38.00 40.67 43.43

39.16 $1.64 14.20 46.84 49.56 52.35 55.22 58.16

6 6 t

42.72 46.28 49.8453.40 5 45.43 49.21 53.0056.79 6 48.22 52.24 56.2660<28 6 51.10 55.36 59.6263.88 6 54,06 58.57 57.11 61.87 60.24 65.26 63.45 68.74
6 7 7 7

22.52 23.79 25.10 26.43

27.03 28.55 30.12 31,72 33.37 35.06 36.79 38.56

63.0767.58 66.63 71.39 70.2875.30 74.0379.31

7 7 8 8

16.6E 22.25 2 17.5: 23.37 2 18.3! ;;:5; 3 19.2[ 3

38.93 40.90 42.92 44.99

44.50 46.75 49.06 51.42

50.06 52.59 55.19 57.85

72.31 75.97 79.72 83.56

77.8783.43 8 81.8187.66 9 85.8591.99 9 89,9996.42 1

405

W
iLL DIMENSIONS IN INCHES DIA

C
,
%

P
WEIGHTS IN POUNDS
h

& 2 2 2 2 2 2 & 2 2 2 2 % 3 3 3 3 : 3 3

2 2 2 2 2 2 ; ; 3 3 3 3 % 3 : 4

2 2 2 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 5 : 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5

1 3 3 4 4 : 4 ; 5 5 5 2 6

4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 : 6 6 6 6 7 7 7 : 8 8 8 9 9

7 8

0 1

: 6 ; f 7 7

: : : 4 6 4 6 3 5 4 6 6 ; 7 : 7 ; : ; 5 5 7 7 . . 6 8 8 8 ! 8 6 9 8 8 : 0 9 7 9 7 1 9 7 9 7 2 1 7 1 7 1 3 8 1 8 4 1 8 1 8 1 5 8 1 9 1 6 9 1 9 1 7 9 1 9 8 1 1 1 1 9 1

4 5 4 5 53 5 % 6 5 54 64 % 6 :5 7 6 7 % 6 ; 6 77 8 % 8 7 8 8 ;% 9 8 9 8+ 9 80 1 9 % 1 91 1 % 1 9 1 1 1 i 1 1 3 1 1% 1 1 i 1 1% 1 1% 1 7 --1 4 18 14 19 14 10 14 11 14 12 01 z 01 3 01% 01 4 11 4 11 5 12 % 12 6 22 % 22 7 22 % 22 8 3 i 3; 9 32 4

34
3 : : 3 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4

48

64

8 f 9 8 1 8 1 9 1 9 1 9 1 . ? 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 ! 1 1 ? 1 1 ! 1 1 Y 1 1 1 1 ! 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 t ! 0; 1 ! 02

84

96

113

11 1 : : ;1 6 91 8 7 8 21 9 01 7 5 9 01 0 ; 9 ;1 ! ; 8 71 5 11 11 8 ;1 : 8 0 1 21 9 1 2 9 31 5 21 3 81 3 9 51 41 231 61 1 1 541 1 :1 941 01 35; 81 3 1 01 65 0 062 :1 ;1 11 11 462 9 1 11 872 :1 1 ;1 272 51 6 21 682 71 21 082 8 129 145 161 177 193 209 225 2 1 01 6 11 31 9 41 662 282 992 3 1 01 8 11 5 31 252 972 682 302 1 0 ;1 0 21 8 41 552 372 092 812 2 1 01 21 0 41 862 682 492 212 1 1 :1 31 3 42 16 08 802 7 2 :1 5 1 7 11 3 52 47 39 20267 1 286 1 99 3 51 8 2 6 7 79 ~1 6 2j3 11 8 . .7 .274 01 0 21 0 42 062 082 102 122 143 42 362 482 402 522 643 01 21 2 01 2 :1 5 42 662 792 ~812 932 053 0i ? 5 31 7 43 563 52 8 2 092 212 3 11 9 32 52 172 402 622 843 063 11 3 ;2 1 62 482 702 022 253 573 0 11 42 4 62 782 012 433 753 083 2 21 42 62 092 412 843 263 683 42 21 8 72 392 722 243 673 193 52 072 602 123 653 173 603 22 7 22 52 382 902 433 053 683 103 9 32 52 582 212 833 463 183 713 1 62 882 512 243 863 593 224 32 32 3 62 092 823 543 373 003 834 42 4 62 392 123 953 783 513 334 6 42 72 502 433 353 283 014 944 82 8 4 .2 7 02 733 763 693 524 554 52 0 82 013 043 013 003 134 164 52 2 82 313 443 473 503 634 664 52 4 82 623 753 883 014 144 274 6 62 92 823 053 283 424 654 884 2 63 93 24 264 494 82 1 3 :2 0; 3 4; 3 ;63 :04 :34 764 105 72 203 633 073 404 944 374 705 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 ! 7 8 0 2 0 8 2 8 4 8 6 9 8 9 01 21 41 1 ;1 11 31 51 01 8 0 01 3 01 11 5 11 2 :1 21 3 5 21 8 31 1 31 4 41 78 99 19 41 61 1 !1 31 61 81 01 1 01 4 01 1 :1 2 11 5 21 8 21 21 1 4 31 7 31 041 341 651 952

4 7 6 8 9 ; 1 7 2 w 3 8 5 6 z 9 : 9 11 21 41 51 71 81 01 21 31 51 01 0 :1 1 01 2 01

1 71 4 1 :1 0 ; 01 0 7 I 01 1 8 01 2 1 3 11 6 2 11 9 2 1 4 2 33 21 73 8 131 24 531 64 941 05 341 45 751 96 151 36 56; 87 96 28 472 78 872 29 282 79 792 20 192 71 60250 21 2 612 23 022 73 522 34 032 85 5 2 45 03 9 63 5 163 ;1 t 663 78 273 39 783 90 383 51 893 11 403 ?2 013 33 513 04 124 65 J34 36 344 96 954 67 554 38 264 09 874 70 484 41 194 12 794 83 405 53 015 24 72 05 43: ?6 145 57 0 1 4 0 8 1 2 1 6 2 02 43 93 34 74 25 65 16 66 07 58 0: 5 00 60 11 62 22 73 4 94 45 06 67 1

49 69 91 11 L 1 71 01 21 01 0 ;1 11 11 4 21 7 21 0 4 21 31 7 031 341 741 051 451 862 162 572

10 70 41 02 73 44 15 15 46 17 98 69 30 01 82 53 34 15 96 77 48 39 10 91

406

W
ALL DIMENSIONS IN INCHES
/16

P
WEIGHTS IN POUNDS

/4 =

5/16

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

&

2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 % 3 3 3

0~ 02 02 12 1K 12 12 1~ 22 22 22 22 32 32 32 32 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3

32 42 42 42 52 5? 52 52 62 62 62 73 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3

EIE
2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 33 33 43 43 54 54 54 64 6 380 J435 386 7442 8 399 8456 8 9 9 + 0 1 1

9/16 /

4o 61 91 12 33 533 733 933 243 443 653 953 163 364 674 874 8 8 9 9 0 0 1 1

943 243 553 853 06 36 67 97 28 58 89 10 0 1 1 2 2 3 3 4 55 55 65 65 5 5 5 5

&
69 69?A 70 ?Oti 71 71% ;:!4 73 73!4 74 74?4 75 15% 76 76% 77 77%

193 1 199 2 2 207 210 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

, 2 2 !2 2 E I2 ~2 2 % 2 2 3 K 3 3 3 m 3 3 3

9 0 0 1
%

5 6 6 6
477 7484

6 2
545 4 553

7 1 5 9

14 14 24 24 2w 34 34 34 4 z 44 44 55

8491 3498 8 505 9 :512 9519 0526 5 0540 1548 1555 5 2570 35 3 585 1

6 6 6 561 6310 7 569 . 6404 7 7 577 63 2 7 585 93 6 7 593 24 1 7 601 55 6 8 3 9 7 617 26 3 7 626 56 7 7 634 87 6 1 68 6 8 651 48 078 6 ?9 4 8 668 10

8 3/16 1 ~ = g 4 344 88 1 855 2 13 565 0 2 83 3 4 854 49 3 275 8 83 7 4 364 9g 4 975 6 94 1 4 864 50 3 8 0 1 ~ 3 0 7 5 04 8 45 3 2 1 3 6 95 8 1 9 8 6 36 2 4 5 4 6 2 87 3 9 0 6 3 7 9 27 4 6 6 78 4 0 3 6 29 4 5 9 2 G 0 60 5 1 5 7 7 10 6 6 1 + 76 61 6 8 544 4 6 7 2 41ii55 67 5 475 1 5 7 4 12;66 77 885 6 5 3 1 73678 2 87 285 0 5 9 44689 97 2 695 5 5 5 15701 7 1 8 1 Q0 005 0 7 98 0 76713 60 505 5 d 46724 7 7 8 9 21 915 0 17736 ~ 7 6 8 9 82 325 6 36 8748 ~ 8 598 8 75 8 308 8 47 9 25 8 218 7 57 0773 ~6l 66 8 128 7 67 1 06 9 7 2 6 8 56 9 6 6 3 9 96 9 6 7 4 0 46 9 6 5 7 1 86 9 E x 7 6 7 39 7 6 7 49 2 6 8 7 7 69 7 6 9 7 7 0 7 7 79 7 1 8 7 89 7 2 8 7 99 7 3 9 1008 8 0 8 8 1 1 9 1 8 2 0911 981 4 771 8 10521 112; 1924 995 5 1 8 29 13 3 8 6 9 8 39 15 7 49 16 5 8 8 1 9 5! 1 3 7 0 9 3 9 9 1 % 9 0 3 9 7 2 2 1 0 0 8 2 9 9 3 1 0 1 9 3 6 1 0 3 9 5 1 3 0 4 3 4 9 20 6 8 9 1 4 1 0 5 7 5 9 72 5 6 1 0 0 7 8 3 5 11 1 0 8 0 0
[ /16

4422

7 6 4 3

? 9 10 11 12 13 5 6 7 8 0 1 2 4 4 4 5 6

8 9 0 2 3 5 6 8 9 1 .3 5 ? 9 2 4 6 9 .1 4 7 9 2

407

W
iLL DIMENSIONS IN INCHES
DIA
18

C
%6 % 7%6 A /16 ?8 \16

P
WEIGHTS IN POUNDS
I

I 3/lfJ

/4

i3/16

~8

5/16

7 7 7

2 ; 2 8 3 2 2 ! 3

4 4 t 4 43

5 .5 55 65 65

&

592 i 600 4608 9 % 5615 6 6 639 6 ++

267? 40761 : 846 3 3 ?686 717 8 8 3694 027 7 8 4 3703 427 2 8 9 712 801 28 7 8 2 39 9 730 8 7 8 3 49

8 47 18 79 1 2 3

5 6 7 39 10 1 1 72

1 1 1 1 9 1 1 1

7 8 9 0 1 2 4

.
I

305 I .-.

I 309 I 411 I
537

+ - l
703 712 883 894 993 804 - 904 1005 813 823 926 1029 832 936 1041 842 947 1053 785 I

3 3 3 3
373 377 -1 497 502

5 5 6 6

3 7 1 5 1 3 5 2

3 ; 5

6 ? 97

29 $ 6 1

79 1

1 9 0 2 1

1 1 1 1

1570 417010 183231963 3 8 2094 9 5 3 3 5 4 8 2 1851 0 51 2 2 49 15869 1719 1 8 1 8 1 9 1 9 T 1 1 8 2 9 2 0 0 2 2 1 1 1 8 9 2 2 1 9 1 8 2 4 1 2 2 0 2 1 1 8 6

2026 2170 2045 2192 2065 2213 2086 2235

1 7 8 0 2 4 2 2 6 2 8 0 2

2 2 2 2

2 2 3 3

408

W
.LL DIMENSIONS IN INCHES
~lA
3/16 /4 I 5/16 I /8 7/16

P
WEIGHTS IN POUNDS

1/2

/16

?8

1/16

3/4

3/16

5/16

i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

4 4 4 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 5 l 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 1 5 5 5 5 1 5 5 5 6 6 2

0 0 0 0 1

1 1

6 0 7 76 6 6 0 7 6 87 6 0 8 6 88 6 0 8 6 89 6 1 8 6 80 6 1 8 6l 8 6 1 8 7 2 8 7 1 8 7 83 7 1 9 7 94 7 1 9 7 5 9 7 1 9 7 6 9 7 1 9 7 97 7 1 9 7 8 9 7 1 9 7 99 8 2 1 8 0I

69 79 19 89 89 99 99 0 1 0 1 0 1 1 Y 1 2 1 ? 2 1 3 1 3 1 4 1 4 1 5 1 ? 5 1 6 1 Y 6 1 1 7 7 1 8 1 1 8 ! 1 9 9 1 0 1 0 !

2 1 6 3 1M 1 7 3 4 1% 4 1 8 5 1H 1 9 6 6 1M 7 1 0 7 1% 8 1 1 9 1Z 9 1 2 0 14 1 3 1X 2 1 4 2 1M 3 1 5 4 1 4 4 1 6 5 1 z 6 1 7 6 1X 7 1 8 1 4 8 8 1 9 9 1% 0 0 1 0 0 4

8 1 8 1 9 1 0 1 1 1 1 2 1 0 3 1 0 4 1 0 4 1 0 5 1 0 6 1 0 7 1 0 8 1 0 8 1 0 9 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 2 1 1 2 1 1 3 1 1 4 1 1 5 1 1 6 1 1 6 1 1 7 1 1 8 1 1 9 1 21

9 3 0 1 3 1 4 1 1 5 1 8 2 1 6 1 7 1 7 1 1 1 8 1 1 9 1 6 0 1 1 5 11 9 11 4 11 9 2 1 3 21 8 2 1 3 2 1 7 21 2 21 7 21 2 2 1 7 2 1 1 3 1 6 31 31 1 6 31 1 31 31 6 31 1 6 31 0 1 41 6

5 2 1 1 2 1 2 1 7 3 21 9 2 1 5 3 1 3 1 1 0 7 3 1 1 3 31 1 9 31 2 5 31 3 2 31 4 8 3 1 5 4 41 6 0 4 1 74 1 8 3 41 9 9 41 0 6 41 1 2 4 1 2 9 4 1 3 5 5 1 4 1 51 5 8 51 6 5 5 1 7 51 1 8 8 5 1 9 4 5 1 0 1 6 2 8

1 9 4 1 9 0 4 1 1 6 4 1 2 4 4 1 1 3 4 1 4 9 4 1 5 6 41 6 4 5 1 7 1 5 1 8 9 5 1 9 7 5 1 1 4 5 1 25 1 3 0 5 1 4 8 5 1 5 6 6 1 6 4 6 1 7 2 6 2 8 0 6 2 2 9 8 6 2 1 6 6 2 2 4 6 3 2 7 2 2 4 0 7 2 5 8 7 67 2 7 5 7 2 2 9 3 7 2 108

8 5 5 1 6 5 1 7 5 5 1 8 4 6 1 9 3 6 1 1 2 6 1 2 1 6 1 03 6 2 0 46 2 956 2 877 2 787 2 79 7 2 607 2 52 7 2 53 7 2 448 2 458 2 378 2 2 3 8 8 2 3 9 8 2 21 8 2 29 2 2 239 2 24 9 269 2 27 9 2 2 28 9 2 20 0

40 7 2 4 2 7 2 5 3 7 2 54 7 2 56 7 2 67 8 2 7 88 2 7 0 8 2 81 8 2 92 8 2 94 8 2 0 5 9 2 17 9 2 2 8 9 2 3 9 9 2 41 9 2 52 9 2 64 0 2 7 5 0 2 0 2 9 7 0 2 0 8 02 19 31 0 2 1 2 42 1 2 54 75 1 2 97 12 1 2 08 2 2 20

0 6 2 8 2 7 8 2 4 9 9 2 60 9 2 8 2 3 2 0 3 9 2 2 5 9 2 4 6 0 2 68 0 2 89 0 2 2 11 0 32 0 2 6 4 0 2 86 1 2 1 7 1 2 3 9 1 2 60 1 2 92 1 2 13 2 2 2 2 4 5 2 2 7 7 2 2 0 8 30 2 2 3 2 62 3 2 9 3 25 3 2 5 6 32 3 2 9 8 42 2 0

6 2 3 1 2 1 0 7 0 3 0 9 2 7 22 3 5 0 1 2 2 2 2 6 6 02 7 2 2 2 0 8 1 2 2 4 2 2 3 0 1 2 7 6 2 2 71 1 8 2 2 3 2 1 3 1 2 7 0 3 2 4 5 1 2 3 12 8 6 2 2 8 3 3 2 2 3 3 2 2 8 2 5 6 0 2 2 9 7 42 0 1 2 2 4 9 4 2 4 3 2 2 0 1 4 2 8 5 3 2 6 3 4 2 2 7 3 2 1 5 5 2 7 8 3 7 6 2 5 2 1 0 32 3 8 52 5 2 32 9 0 52 4 42 5 2 52 0 5 42 1 4 62 4 74 2 7 6 6 3 9 3 9 42 4 8 63 1 4 0 2 0 6 3 8 3 5 2 2 6 7 3 3 8 4 5 4 2 3 7 3 2 652 9 673 8 52 6 8 7 3 7 0 6 08 3 3 3 2

3 9 3 5 5 3 1 7 3 8 84 4 0 4 1 2 4 7 4 4 4 6 5 1 8 3 5 8 0 5 5 5 2 2 4 5 9 6 6 6 8 6 3 0 6 1 2 6 8 4 7 5 77 3 97 1 17 8 38 65 8 4 78 2 9 8 0 1 9 8 3 9 669 4 89 3 0 0

8 5 5 3 05 1 2 5 8 5 5 6 7 5 5 9 6 3 1 6 1 3 6 96 8 7 7 9 7 6 5 27 3 4 7 2 6 8 1 8 8 0 0 8 9 3 8 5 7 7 6 9 6 2 5 4 0 4 60 4 8 0 4 1 0 3 3 35 3 8 30

9 2035 7 1 6 0 5 9 4 8 3 8 3 2067 2083 209 9 211 5 213 1 214 8 216 4 2181 219 7 221 4 2231

2 3 4 5 6 7 148

1671 1683 1696 1709 1722 1735

2 233 0 235 8 236 6 238 5 240 3 242 2441 0 246 8 247

9 9 8 7 7 6 6 6 256 5 2585 2605 2625 264 5 266 5 268 6 270 6 272 6

2628 2649 2670 2692 2713 2734 275 6 2777 279 9 282 0 284 2 286 4 6 288 8 290 293 0 2 295 4 297

9 2 298 5 8 303 2 3055 307 9 310 2 312 6 315 0 317 4 319 8 322 2

5 0 3165 31!30 321 5 324 0 3265 329 0 331 6 3341 3367 2 339 341 8 4 344 0 347

3338 3364 3391 3444 347 1 349 8 3525 3552 358 0 3607 3635 3662 369 0 371 8 3702 3731 376[ 378! 381[ 384t 387: 390( 393( 396(

409

W
DIA
3/16 I A 5/16 I ~8 /16

C
/2 /16 5/8

P
1/16 Y4 13/16 ~8 15/16

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 F 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

7 7 3 7 7 3 7 7 3 7 7 3 7 3 8 8 3 8 8 4 8 8 48 8 48 8 8 4 8 8 4 8 8 4 8 8 4 9 9 4 9 4 S 9 4 9 9 5 9 5 9 9 5 9

153 153ti 154 154% 155 155!4 156 156% 157 157% 158 158!4 159 159!4 160 160H 161 161%

977 1302 1628 19532279 2604 2930 3255 3581 3906 4232 4558 4883 szog 983 1311 1638 1966 2294 2621 2949 3277 3604 3932 4260 458J 4915 5243 989 1319 1649 1979 2309 2638 2968 3298 3628 3958 4287 4617 4947 5277 996 1328 1660 19922324 2656 2988 3320 3651 3983 4315 4647 4979 5311 1002 1336 1671 2005 2339 2673 3007 3341 3675 4009 4343 4671 5012 5346 1009 1345 1681 2018 2354 2690 3026 3363 3699 4035 4371 4708 5044 5380 1015 1354 16922031 2369 2707 3046 3384 3723 4061 4400 4738 5076 5415 1022 1362 17032044 2384 2725 3065 3406 3747 4087 4428 !768 51095450 1028 1371 1714 20577399 2742 3085 3428 3771 4113 4456 4799 5142 5184 1035 1380 1725 2070 2415 2760 3105 3450 3795 4140 4485 4830 51755519 52075555 1041 1389 1736 2083 2430 2777 3124 3472 3819 4166 4513 4860 1048 1397 17472096 2446 2795 3144 3494 3843 41924542 4891 52405590 1055 1406 1758 2109 2461 2813 3164 3516 3867 4219 4570 4922 52745625 1061 1415 17692123 2476 2830 3184 3538 3892 42454599 4953 53075661 1068 1424 1780 2136 2492 2848 3204 3560 3916 42J2 46284984 53405696 ~ 1075 1433 1791 2149 2508 2866 3224 3582 3941 42994657 5015 5374 5732 1081 1442 18022163 2523 2884 3244 3605 3965 4326 46865047 5407 5768 1088 1451 1814 2176 2539 2902 3264 3627 3990 4353 4715 5078 54415803

9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

3 1 14 3 1 1 5 3 1 1 6 3 1 1 7 3 1 8 1 3 1 9 1 4 1 0 1 4 1 1 Y 1 1! 4 1 1 3 4 1 1 4 4 1 1 5 4 1 1 6 4 1 1 7 4 1 8 1 4 9 1 1 9 5 1 1 0 5 1 1 1 5 1 2 1

4 1 0 5 1 0 6 1 0 6 1 0 7 1 0 7 1 0 8 1 0 8 1 0 9 1 ? 0 0 1 0 0 1 3 f 0 1 0 1 Y 0 2 1 1 2 1 1 3 1 1 4 1 1 4 1 1 5 1 1 5 1 1 6 1 1 7 1 1 7 1 1 8 1 1 8 1 1 9 1 2 0 1 2 0 1 2 1 Y 2 2 1 21 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 4 1 2 5 1 2 ? 5 1 1 2 6 2 7 1 !

2 9 14 21M 2 15 21 X 21 6 21 X 31 7 3 1X 31 8 3 1+ 19 31 i 31 0 31 j 3 11 3 1z 4 1 4 1 j 4 13 4 2% 4 24 4 2% 4 25 4 2% 4 2 6 4 2 ~ 5 2 7 5 2% 5 2 8 5 2 j 2 5 2 9 5 2X 2 0 5 2% 5 2 1 5 2 4 5 2 6 2 2 4 6

4 1 0 52 1 5 2 2 5 2 2 5 2 3 52 4 52 5 5 2 55 2 6 62 7 4 6 2 86 2 9 6 2 9 6 2 0 62 1 6 2 2 6 2 3 6 2 3 7 2 4 7 2 57 2 6 7 2 7 72 7 7 2 8 7 2 9 7 2 0 8 2 1 8 2 1 8 2 2 8 2 38 2 4 82 2 5 8 2 6 8 2 6 9 2 7 9 2 89 2 9 9

4 9 7 2 57 2 6 0 7 2 1 6 7 2 8 2 8 2 9 7 8 2 0 3 8 2 1 9 8 , 2 5 82 3 0 8 2 6 82 3 5 2 8 2 6 8 9 2 7 4 9 2 8 9 92 9 5 9 2 0 1 9 2 1 7 9 2 2 3 9 2 3 9 02 4 5 02 5 1 02 6 7 0 2 7 3 02 8 9 02 9 5 02 0 2 12 1 8 12 2 4 12 3 0 12 6 4 12 5 2 12 12 6 9 22 7 5 22 8 1 22 9 8 2 0 42 22 1 0

9 9 2 9 4 2 94 2 8 4 2 8 7 3 8 9 9 4 2 93 7 4 3 7 ! 3 47 7 6 00 2 6 2 86 2 91 5 3 1 7 3 3 1 0 3 4 6 2 1 5 7 3 6 4 7 7 4 2 0 7 2 2 8 2 7 2 1 5 3 4 7 3 8 3 0 3 1 8 2 4 5 9 3 4 4 8 8 1 3 02 78 2 45 9 2 2 3 7 8 3 35 0 3 8 0 3 6 5 1 3 3 4 9 8 9 4 6 3 0 0 3 5 0 1 8 5 2 2 5 3 . 8 3 0 37 2 3 8 6 4 3 2 4 9 8 6 50Z 61 3 2 !57 38 4 3j3 ! 3 1 3 g j 23 3 Il 0 6 4 ) 6 8 4 60 2 52 3 2 6683 7 4 8 1 3 81 3 ( 9 7 3 3 I 3 6 4 1 9 9 2 7 12 2 5 42 8 0 3 6 3 08 3 6 32 1 3 6 9 4 3 9 5 6 4 2 1 9 98 1 2 453 2 9 1 6 3 48 9 3 9 4 1 3 4 1 4 3 8 7 7 4 3 4 9 7 01 2 4 6 4 2 13 6 3 7 0 9 3 4 6 2 3 1 3 4 4 8 0 7 4 4 6 0 51 1 2 , 84 2 2 4 6 3 11 Y 3 9 8 2 3 8j 4 4 7 2 7 4 6 9 0 22 12 39 4 2 4 67 3 4 3 9 3 50 2 3 6 7 5 4 6 4 7 4 7 1 0 0 3 12 30 4 2 5 87 3 8 5 9 3 12 2 3 3 9 5 4 6 7 8 4 8 4 0 8 4 12 32 4 3 7 97 3 2 7 0 3 64 2 3 1 2 5 4 5 3 8 4 0 6 1 6 52 2 2 34 3 91 7 3 58 0 3 2 6 3 3 8 4 5 4 5 1 8 4 1 9 1 4 7 22 2 4 5 3 1 27 3 19 03 88 ) 3 44 3 2 3 66 4 68 4 ! 1 2 8 22 2 6 5 3 2 48 3 3 2 0 3 30 3 3 4 8 6 4 4 6 9 4 5 4 2 0 9 22 2 7 5 3 4 58 3 7 4 1 3 92 3 3 1 0 6 4 4 8 9 4 6 7 2 7 0 22 2 9 53 6 78 3 1 51 3 4 543 92 6 1 4 49 4 . 8 9 2 5 1 2 2 2 05 3 8 9 8 3 57 1 3 1 6 4 4 7 5 7 4 4 3 0 4 0 2 2 33 32 2 15 3 0 08 3 99 1 3 78 4 4 5 7 7 4 4 6 0 4 2 4 3 1 4 3 2 2 3f3 2 2 9 3 3 1 1 3 3 0 4 4 3 9 7 4 4 8 0 4 4 7 3 0 53 2 2 4 6 3 43 9 3 7 3 2 3 9 2 5 4 1 1 8 4 4 0 0 4 6 0 3 8 6 32 2 66 3 6 59 3 15 2 3 54 5 4 0 3 8 4 4 3 1 4 8 2 4 6 7 3 2 2 76 3 9 7 9 3 56 2 3 1 6 5 4 8 6 8 4 4 5 1 4 1 5 4 4 9 32 2 86 3 1 89 3 98 2 3 88 5 4 6 8 8 4 5 8 1 4 3 8 4 2 0 4 3 3 07 3 3 0 0 3 40 3 3 4 0 6 4 5 0 9 4 5 0 2 4 6 0 5 0 1 4 3 3 17 3 5 2 0 3 82 3 3 0 2 6 4 3 2 9 4 6 3 2 4 8 3 5 8 2 4 3 3 37 3 8 3 0 3 24 33 7 4 6 4 1 59 4 6 5 2 4 16 5 7 4 4 3 3 47 3 0 5 0 3 76 3 3 3 6 6 4 0 7 9 4 7 8 2 4 3 8 6 55 4 3 4 67 3 2 7 0 3 17 3 4 0 8 7 4 9 9 0 4 7 0 3 4 6 1 6 3 64 3 74 7 3 58 ! 1 3 64 43 7 0 7 4 7 1 0 4 8 3 3 4 I 9 4 6 53 4 98 3 7 01 3 01 4 4 32 7 4 6 4 0 4 9 5 3 2 6 6 EIO06 2 7 53 5 08 3 0 21 3 53 4 4 05 7 4 5 6 0 4 0 8 4 5 5 9 7 0 9 53 5 28 3 2 31 3 05 4 4 77 8 4 4 8 1 4 1 0 4 5 8 2 7 8 0 53 6 38 3 5 51 3 47 5 4 39 8 4 3 1 1 4 2 3 4 5 1 4 7 7 1 4 5 8 i 4 4 8 1 4 5 7 3 3 2 5 1 3 3 4 5 4 8 7 9 9 0 2 8 52 6 53 7 69 3 0 82 3 41 5 4 73 8 4 1 5 2 4 4 8 5 5 8 0 8 4 4

69 3 9 2 0 1 4 0 4 7 0 7 0 1 9 2 1 2 5 1 5 8 2 8 0 2 1 3 2 4 6 2 7 8 3 1 1 3 4 4 3 8 7 4 14 3 5 2 4 9 5 5 2 8 5 6 0 5 0 3 6 4 6 6 9 9 6 3 2 7 7 5 7 2 7 7 6 0 8 1 3 8 5 6 8 90 9 5 2 9 0 5 9 5 8 0 1 0 5 3 0 0 6 1 1 6 9 1 2 1

410

W
.LL DIMENSIONS IN INCHES
DIA

C
5/16

P
WEIGHTS IN POUNDS

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

I I

/ ~ 8 2 5 1095 1460 1 2 2 12!320 53285 9 3650 54 1102 1469 1 8 6 2 2 2 5 74 29383 33050 3672 1108 1478 1 2 2 2 53325 1 3695 84 8 7 29564 1 1 5 1487 1 2 2 63346 3 3718 04 1 8 5 9 ---- 22974 4 9 2992 4 1 61 4 6 1 2 2618 2 3366 4 0 3010 1 41 5! 53 16 2 2634 9 3387 4 1 61 5 43 5 1 3029 1 3 2650 6 3407 4 i 2 3047 1 51 5t 43 16 4 2666 3 3428 4 6 3 3066 1 6 5 33 p ! 3449 G 2682 4 23 6 1 6 5 M 43084 3470 2699 4 1 6 1 5 13 1 6 4 3491 7 53103 2715 T 1 6 1 1 1 17 11 1 51 72 % 91 62 031 53 171 43 3 11 3 9 1 1 1 5 7 1 2 9 2 7 3 3 7 6 7 5 1 4 3 0 3 2 5 4 1 6 1 1 8 1 8 5 2 9 2% 7 3 3 5 7 7 6 1 6 3 9 3 4 5 4 1 1 61 5 9 1 2 9 2 9 8 3 3 2 8 7 8 1 8 3 9 3 6 5 4 f 9 16 1 91 5 2 2 i 9 3 9 1 9 97 3 9 1 3 8 3 8~ 5 1 1 72 6 8 4 9 3 6 2 2 0 2 0 0 4 8 1 14 2 0 0 1 7 1 2 1 7 2 0 6 0 2 3 3 2 4 1 2 2% 1 4 8 2 34 1 1 72 6 2 7 3 0 2 4 3 2 2 1 2 4 8 4 44 2 0 3 1 7 1 2 2 6 2 1 6 0 4 4 5 2 2% 3 43 7 8 52 64 1 1 7 2 6 3 6 3 4 2 78 4 G 2 4 6 2 02 2 4 58 1 7 1 2 2 2 62 4 0 6 3 1 3 4 9 2 % 54 8 58 94 1 1 72 6 3 9 3 4 1 2 4 2 3 6 4 9 5 9 14 2 0 8 7 !2 5 1 1 3 2 6 4 3 6 3 4 3 2A 7 5 9 1 34 2 0 9 3 3 3 544 z 1 1 72 6 2 6 5 2 m 4 2 12 4 8 09 3 0 3 4 7 1 7 1 2 7 4 2 2G 9 5 9 4 64 2 4 6 1 1 4 4 1278 7 1704 2129 5 2555 2981 - 3407 3t 4 1 7 1 2 2 5 7 2 8 1 2% 1 5 3 5 4 9 3 3 7 4 8 8 2 9 5 61 12 i 17 ] 22 11 5 4 79 5 85 12 301 2 15 1 3 3 444 36 4 4 B 4 4 17 1 73 7 0 2 2 1 3 - 4 6 3 7 7 03 3 1 4 4 8 59 4 17 1 73 7 ? 1 2 2 1 3 4 5 6 3 4 9 0 2 5 6 3 3 4 1 9 1 1 7 3 7 2 2 2 6 2 8 4 63 4 2 0 13 32 5 4 0 31 8 9

J/4

ZE

3/16

I 15/16 I

TT
1443 1451 1459 1467

0 4380 50 4 4 3 10 7 60 4 1 20 4 1 4 1 7 4 1 7 4 1 8 4 8 4 2 8 5 2 8 5 + 15 01 2 24 1 11 6 5 4 4 7 9 3 3 5 9 5 9 5 3 4 4 5 3 7 9 7 3 4 0 5 4 i 7 9 9 95 4 34 0 1 1 5 4 04 3 0 6 5 4 64 5 0 0 5 5 04 3 4 47 9 4 05 8 5 1 14 755 3 4 35 3 1 7 5 4 1 5 06 2 5 6 6 = 7* 6 8 2 5 46 1 : 25 6 5 0 2 55 8 17 1 m 5 83 7 7 5 5 3 9 7 5 5 02 4 8 3 8 5 5 7 9 0 3 4 4 42 4 6

m m p

7 4 5 1 1 0 5 4 5 5 7 7 5 15 9 4 3 5 5 6 8 0 5 1 7 5 5 5 4 8 8 3 5 25 9 0 5 5 1 4 8 6 5 2 3 x 3 65 8 9 6 5 326 9 6 6 85 9 2 5 63 6 0 6 5 9 05 9 5 3 5 93 7 6 0 35 E 9 2m 8 3 6 4 55 5 53 7 0 1 6 1 9 6 75 5 84 8 6 6 0 4 3 1 481 2 5 214 91 6 25 1 0 5 8 75 2 0 7 1 0 2 1 5 2 1 5 5 4 6 7 0 8 9 9 47 4 a 5 4 1 5 83 5 6 3 3 9 2 7 7 6 7 6 5 5 1 5 2 56 9 6 9 6 6 7 96 4 9 6 9 61 5 5 9 9 5 5 8 2 26 1 3 1 5 6 9 0 ~ 2 2 4 8 5 1 6 3 0 4 4 6 7 2 5 5 6 6 7 6 6 1 9 8 86 3 0 3 6 2 8 5 6 9 8 6 006 9 1 2 3 1 99 ~ 6 1 3 7 19 3 4 2 5 53 27 6 6 86 2 0 39 5 7 9 9 9 4 7 8 6 2 2 2 0 6 5 8 4 1 0 5 6 6 2 9 8 0 2 3 4 4 5 8 6 36 6 13 8= 5:6 5 6 8;3 8 3 0 5 8 9 1 2 6 53 51 1 8 6 91 5 9 6 6 4 6 5 21 9 9 5 6 3 2 4 0 7 41 = 84 a 1 7 36 8 6 9 0 6 2 4 6 6 06 5 6 6 3 1 9 9 3 9 6 7 5 9 : 1 ; 6 6 2 26 2 8 5 5 6 1 5 2 6 9 2 57 0 8 5 8 3 % 8 4 7 G 5 0 6 6 7 6 6

5792 6238 6684 7129

181

] 1367I 1822 i 2278I 2734 I 3189 I 3645 I 4100 I 4556 I 5011

186 186Y? 187 187X 188 188X 189 189fi

1 1 1 1

1924 1935 1945 1956 1966 1977 1987 +1998

2406 2418 2431 2444 4 2458 4 2471 2484 4 4 2497

2887 3368 2902 3386 2918 3404 2933 3422 2949 7 3441 2965 8 3459 2981 9 3477 2996 9 3496

5 2 0 8

5 9 9 3 1 6 4 i -9 2 1 6 9 9

411

W
ILL DIMENSIONS IN INCHES DIA
K 3/16 A 5/16 ~% 7/16

P
WEIGHTS IN POUNOS

/2

/16

5/8

/16

3A

3/16

~8

5/16

W
W
Length
U
Inches

B
u a et h a D i e a rh n xn d ie ap a o Bm i eI
% %

i qh

ug s o p o d1u t n t o ne 1 8 1 4 6 9 2 5 8 1 4 7 0 3 6 9 2 5 8 1 4 rc l

es d 0 n s n s

h f te

Y2

9
2 1 8 2 47 1 2 54 5 2 62 9 3 3 3 3 79 97 0. 1. 3 6 0 4 7 1 5 9 2 6 0 3 7 1 4 8

2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 8 8 8 9 ; 0 0 0 1 1 1

6 6 7 8 8 9 1 1 1 1 1 1

. . . . . . . . . . . .

. 3 1 . 7 1 . 0 1 . 3 1 . 1 . 20 21 ; 2 2 23 24 2 2 3 3 7 0 4 7 0 4 7 0

3 4 4 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 6 7 7 7 7 8 8 8 9 9

4 1 5 . 1 7 . 7 6 9 . 3 7 1 . 9 7 3 . 5 7 5 .5 8 7 .3 8 9 1 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 4 6 8 0 2 5 7 9 1 5 9 3 .0 9 8 9 :5 9 .3 1 . 1 . 1 . 61 . 31 . 1 . ;1 . 61 .4 1 .1 ; .7 .5 1 3 1 .0 1 .8 ; .5 .3 1 .0 1 .6 1 1 1 :6 1 . 2 . ; . . 12 . 212 . 12 . 22 . 22 32 . 32 . 42 . 42 . 43

. 2 . 6 .

7 .

3 : . 4 . 4 5. 4 7. 4 4 8 7 59 1 .5 1 4 .5 2

9 5 5 . 0 . 3 9 . 5 . 8 . 1 44 0 . 4 1 . 0 9: .5 ~ 1 . 1 206 0 . 6 . 1 .7 1 2 213 16 . 2 221 26 . ;1 0 . 8 1 . 2 229 47 . 1 4 .9 1 . 3 , 91 8 . 0 1 2 237 58 01 4 . 21 .1 2 246 3 8 01 4 , 61 .2 3 254 7 9 1; 5 . 3 3 262 1 : . 91 1 5 . 3 3 271 5 . 31 12 91 6 . 61 . 4 32 . . 0 . 1 9 7 . 5 9 0 . 81 4 , 11 7 . 51 2 . 81 6 1 8 6 3 . . . . 91 31 61 01 31 401 ;01 2 0 2 40 2 81 2 11 2 51 2 82 2 ;2 2 3 2 93 2 64 2 35 2 05 3 76 3;3 03 3 78 48 3 9 . 3 8 0: 5 0 2 13 14 9 . . . . 22 5 22 6 32 7 32 8 6 32 7 42 7 4; 4 8 8 43 09 3 3 ; 0 6 0 9 1 2 2 5 2 8 3 3 3 3 32 72 13 64 :4 5 8 76 16 67 :8 8 89 20 01 93 74 55 ;7 8 09 81 62 43 35 16 97 7 ; 6 0

. . . .

4 9 4 9

4 9 5 0

5 1 6 2

. ; . 9 . 2 . 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 . .

3 7 53 3 1 :5 5 3 4 .6 6 30 7 6 8. 31 1 6 9. 41 ; 6 0. 6; . : 2 7 . : 3 74. 4 . 4 75. . 4 4 77. 4 .5 78. .6 4 89. 4 .7 8; . ; 8 8 . 0 9 7. 51 6 6 6 6 79 7 7 7 8 8 8 9 9 I 90 \: 3 6 1 8 1 1 % 1 1 % 1. 4 6 9

7 2 8 3

2 9 :1 1 11 41 71 01 41 1 7 1 1 1

7 . . . . . . , . . . . . .

~2 . 9 72 429 7 52 8 52 9 :2 0 12 62 2 73 3 83 5 83 7 93 03 1 ; 3 2 3 03 3 53 4 94 4 35 4 76 4 17 4 57 4 08 ; 49

8 3

9 4 0 5

33.1

34.6 36.2 37.7

2 2 3 3 4 4 5 5 1
Per Inch \dditional
N

1 8 1 1 1 ; 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 .1

1 3 3 4 : 7 5 3 6 4 9 7 ; 5 8 1 9 : 7 3 0 : 1 2 2 3 8 4 5 5 5 5

1 1 2 3

4 4 5 6

6 7 8 9

1 % 1 4 1 7 1 0 % 61 2 .8 A

1
R

3
S

.5
B

0. 1 2 n Si f

4 5 5 0; 6 6 6 29 6 80 6 80 5 42 6 . 4 2 1 , 1 3

42 2 7. 5 3

B 8 a

.i nHn u Ae i NI sx 2 h da B1u t e 8.2. gsd o

t n

This table conforms

to

413

NOZZLES
W A W i ( N eN l tF d Sa el i h R aen I i c n n g P nf g ok r c e ia n d g fT Q a R ue b o f i el r ec n r c k e )

S
1 2 3 4 6 8 1 1 1 1 1 2 2

CLASS 150
Y 6 9 1 2 4 6 9 1 1 2 3 4 5

300 11 2 12 25
4 7 1 1 0 2 32 264 316 63 8 72 0 1 84

600 13 15
4 6 6 5 1 5 1 5 1 4 5 2 25 3 85 5 75 6 11 9 108 1 9 3

900
1 2 4 7 0 120 0 27 5 38 0 56 5 71 0 99 0 1 3 3 8 2 1 4 6 8 3 1 1 0

1500 18
3 7 0 0 1 250 365 675 955 75 65 5 7 5 9 5 4

NOZZLES
for Quick Reference)

S
3 4 6 8

C
150
2 4 7 1 1 2 2 4 5 7 1

300
4 6 1 11 26 44 59 84 1 4 1 0 1 S
%

6
6 5 1 2 22 1 39 0 5 75 6 05 8 26 100 1 0 0 2 0 0 2 0 8

900 771 1 07 2 00 4 11 2 6 1 4 96 1 1 9 1 0 2 0 2 0 5 5
N

1500
1 12 36 65 1 6 1 6 0 0 0 9 G 2 6 2 8 1 S 3 1.4 3 3 1. 9 6 1. 7 0 18 . 3 3 4 5 9 0 1 6 4 6 0 3 6 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 4

1 6 5 4 7 3

0 2 8

3 6 1 9

C
1

RC E O

U W P EL D I
2

3 6

l l

00 00

00 . 01 .

02 .0 05 .2

b b

5.2 4 0.4

46.3 1.7 0

. 3 0 57

414

WEIGHTS OF PACKING
P S C % % % % ~ x x 1 1 l l l 2 3 3 4 T T S d 3 c o ah n f d et 4 4 4 4 3 3 2 % 6 n tr e s e ae cl o d hi n t o ei m t rc U aa eS t S l ut r ho e C n e w f ea 4 5 5 6 6 5 I E oP Cu Fnu e d bo s i o r c t R Z A S R EC H I I G N P RG A I I L N N TL A C A R B AM R B N R C I E C L AO S N I C A EO R B S E L T S A T L T OP E N 1 9 7 1 6 5 9 3 7 6 4 % % 2 2 x 3 3 6 3 6 1 7 2 7 5 4 4 7 3 . . 4 3 2 45 2 2 2 3 8 3 2 3 6 0 3 4 3 0 1 5 3 4 5 2 2 2 4 9 1 2 9 4 1 4 . 4 67 5 7 . 4 05 7 4 . 4 72 7 6 5 5 4

w e o h ic 1t C 0e

g a s h ri e t t p bse e ro cf o e n e o n tm lt a e g n h S e t t aa e ilf n rs l o1 5e p A 2 % l pl 0 u,e 3 m r % M i n 7 o ,o u N m%ni 1 ce , 1k l e 5r

WEIGHTS OF INSULATION
P C A LS C I O L I PU C N IU C M A U FD E T S BO E 1 I R OC 2 T .

FOAMGLASS
M G F F w m e O I L F A M NW E A I G L RO A B S A S LO S E S R L

9.0
8 4 8 h o o t iet v . . 1

c h od a eo s i j e a g

n eo i v c s r ae a il 8 s g t st n d e w 0h f e l we i d cg % hs c aha k t et a lt b i f n s n m , ho go ri s b d t ee u d r e

sc e

SPECIFIC GRAVITIES METALS 62F. N-octane ............................0,70fjrl Sulphordioxide ............................ z.z50 Aluminum .............................. 2.70 Cyclopentane .....................0.7501 Water vapor ................................. ().fjz3 Antimony ............................. 6.618 Methylcyclopentane ..........0 .7536 SOLIDS Barium ...,,.,,..,,..,,.,,,,,,,,,,.,.,..,,. 3,78 Cyclohexane .........,...........,0,7834 MISCELL~NENJS Bismuth ..... .......................... 9,781 Methylcyclohexane ...........0 .7740 2 Boron ...................................2.535 Benzene ..............................0.8844 Asbestos..................................
B 8 r 7 6 5 r9 C 2a C 3O C 4O C 5O C o1

A s p............................... h a l t , u m . . s . .0 . . s . . Toulene..........,......,,.,.,,.......O.87l8 . . :Z. . . 0. 8 , ,. 6 0 ......................,..!, B o r ............. a x H . . . . . . . .Z . . . . . 0. 8 , , . 4 4 L I 6 Q F U I 2 D S c . m.k B c r o .......................... i m o, . . . . .. . Z . . . . 0 . 3. , . .. 8 6 A . . A.c 0 i0i Brick, c fire................................. d H . . . . .. . Z . . ........................... 2. , e . .. c 8 t 1.06 l c o m h . . e.o. .r8 .l cB . . ,i . ha.r . ............................... l 8. i. .a 0 c k3 r , 2.o B . n. . .z0. . .. e . . A. : .T . . 0 .c7 ., . o , . .8 m A l p c o u h o l r , e ......................... 0 B . p r r i 7 e c s 9 k s e , ....................... 2,2 Cadmium............................... S,648 C a .................................. l c i 1 u ~m . . ~ 5 0 0~ ~ 4 . . ~ a. jo . ~ .~ ~ o~~ ~ ~ ~ ~~ t [1~~ . ~ . .3 C h ............................... r o m i6 u m . .................................. 9 Bromine . ................................. 2 C . eP ; r m t l a9 nd e ( s en t )j :7: lt : : j ;, j j Cobalt.................................... 8.71 a a cr i d , ,b ....o . . . . .0 l. , , . i. . C , .c . . .,. . . ...h .. . , . . . , 9 ..a . . . . . . . . . .2 l, 6 , . . . , . . .k ,,.. Copper................................... 8.89 C C d a i s u l r p h i d b e , . . 1 . . o . . . . Charcoal,,....,,...,.......,........,...,,. . . n . , . . . . . 2 0 6 Gold....................................... 19.3 o n - s 0 e i e C d .a n o tl....................... 9h a r a 1 l3c i , t Iridium................................. 22.42 C o t to ...................... s .t 7u .h l u r r ,i c .................... Coal,bituminous ..................... 1.3 I - c a s tr, . . . , ,7. .o. . . . .0, . .E 3. n, . -. 7p e 3 h 0.72 ................................... 2.2 I -w r r . , o .7 ,o u. , 8 g . .Fluoricacid 0n h, - , t 7 . ........................... . , , 9 0 1.50 Concrete G a s o l i n e ................................ 0.70 Earth,dry................................. 1.2 Lead................................... 11.342 K e ................................ o 4s e 0 1 n E e .wa e t , . . , ,r .. 8. , . . . t . . . . . .1.0 h . . , , . . . .,. . , Magnesium,.,,..,...,..............., 1 . 7r L i o n s e i e d l ............................ 0.94 Emery ....................................... 4.0 M a n ............................... g a n e 7 s e , 3 l ,. n .1 .), ,3 . .0. .6. a . . .G . . .l . . ........................................ . . . ,l 9a 2 s2 s M e( Fr . . c . 6. . u . . . . r ,8 . M . y . . 5 . io . i. 4, ,e, . . . . r . .. . . . a. . . .t 1 . .2 , . i. , G , .c .,, . .r ..................................... .., a 2n i 2 0t e M o l .......................... y b d e 1 n u M m 0u a c ird , . i a ................................. p h t 0.76 h Gypsum a .................................... 2.4 Nickel...................................... 8.8 N NitricAcid ............................ 1.50 Ice ............................................ 0.9 P l .............................. a t i n2 u 1 m , 3 7 l i i 0 v I e s.l a gl, , . r 9, . . . . . , .o n, . . . .,..., . , , .2 .2 ,........ P o t............................ a s s 0i u O .m o ................................ 8 7 0 Palmoil ................................. 0,97 Limestone . ............................... 2,6 S ....................... i l 1 v0 . e 4 2 r- 1 0 . 5 3 e to 7......................... r o1 l 2 e 0 i u Mm . . . a . , , . .l. . .r.8 , . , . . .b , . . . , .2.2 .l. . . . , . .e ,... S ...............................0 o d i u , Pm 9 p h c o 1 r iM i c . a ................................... s d 7o n 28r y Steel ....... .............. ... ........... 7.85 P h o a s .................... 0.92 T a ................................. n t a l 1 u Rapeoil m 6 ................................. . 6 Mica......................................... 2.8 1,84 Mortar...................................... 1.5 T e ................................ l l u r i 6 u Sulphuric m . acid ....................... 2 5 Tin,.........,,..............,...,..,,....... 7 . . : + < 2. ; . 1 9 . p ow . .ho o 0 sc :p. . h . o . 1r0 u s e . n ,......... . t. 0, i ,5 . nP . e , ,. l , o .P . a, ........................ 8s a t 1 r 7e r i T i ................................... t a n i 4 u Tm u r o .pd d Vinegar Quartz...................................... 2,6 T u ....n ................ g 1 s -t e 8 1 n ................................... 9. . 6 1,08 1 . . , , . . . . . ,t, . . , , . . ,1 ,e . . . 4 . .S . . .r. ... . ya d,r . . . . . . . .0 . .n ..,,...,.d 1 . .0 , . . . , . . ,,, , , Uranium ................................. 18.7 W . . . . . a W s a ............................... t e e 1 r S , . w a . a , . . . , , 0 , . n . . , , . e . , , 2 d . 3 . , , . . , , ,. . , V a ................................. n a d i 5.6 u m ................................ 2.3 Z ............................. i 7 n . 0 Whaleoil 4 c - ............................... 7 . 1 6 0,92 Sandstone Slate......................................... 2.8

GASSES32F, HYDROCARBONS 60/60 F. ..................... .........2.7 .............................................. 1.ON Soapstone Ethane ................................0.3564 Air.. Sulphur ....................................2.0 Propane .,,...,,,,..,,..,,,.,,0 .5077,, O.5O77cetYene ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ ~~~~~~ 0920 ~~~bituminous ........................ ~.~ N-butane ............................0.5844 ........................................... .
I s o ..........................0 - b u t a N - p ..........................0 e n t a [ s o ............. p e ..........0 n t a N - ............................0 h e x a .n e n . e . nC e n . e 5 , 6 6 ma 6 , 6 3 3 1 o .r . n ,, , o, 2 4. b 6 4
, 1 Taprock................................... 3.0 0 .0 ,x,o, , i, . , nd ,, , , e , . , , .% . 7 7 . 0

, . 3 - m e t h .y .1 . p. e. .n . t . a . .n6.e . . . 6. . . 0 8

9 4 2 0
i

. ., . . xa .

2 2 - d i m e t h y l b u t a n, e
,

2 3 - d i m e t .h y . l ..b u . t .a6 n., e . 6 . . .60 .......................... 0 . 6 8 8 2 - m e t h . .y . l. h . .e .. x . .a . n6 . e . . . ., 8. . , 0 3

. N . o

x, , . .5 , . ,y ,,... , , . .2 , , ,e , , . , , . . ,n ,,,...,, l - d i m e t h y l c y c0 lopen . tO ane 7 .. 9. , ,g

416

V
I.D. of Vessel

H
2:1 ELLIP. HEAD*

Cylindrical S1-iELL/LIN.FT.
w o t

in. 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96 102 108 114 120 126 132 138 144

Cu.Ft. 0.8 1.1 1.4 1.8 2.2 2.6 3.1 3.7 4.3 4.9 5.6 6.3 7.1 7.9 8.7 9.6 12.6 15.9 19.6 23.8 28.3 33.2 38.5 44.2 50.3 56.7 63.6 70.9 78.5 86.6 95.0 103.9 113.1

Gal. 5.9 8.0 10.4 13.2 16.3 19.7 23.5 27.6 32.0 36.7 41.8 47.2 52.9 58.9 65.3 72.0 94.0 119.0 146.9 177.7 211.5 248.2 287.9 330.5 376.0 424.4 475.9 530.2 587.5 647.7 710.9 777.0 846.0

Bbl. 0.14 0.19 0.25 0.31 0.39 0.47 0.56 0.66 0.76 0.87 0.99 1.12 1.26 1.40 1.55 1.71 2.24 2.83 3.50 4.23 5.04 5.91 6.85 7.87 8.95 1o.11 11.33 12.62 13.99 15.42 16.93 18.50 20.14

Water lb. 49 67 87 110 136 165 196 230 267 306 349 394 441 492 545 601 784 993 1226 1483 1765 2071 2402 2758 3138 3542 3971 4425 4903 5405 5932 6484 7060

Cu.Ft. 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.3 1.7 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.2 4.8 5.6 8.4 11.9 16.3 21.8 28.3 35.9 44.9 55,2 67.0 80.3 95.4 112.2 130,9 151.5 174.2 190.1 226.2

Gal. 0.98 1.55 2.32 3.30 4.53 6.03 7.83 9.96 12.44 15.30 18.57 22.27 26.47 31.09 36.27 41.98 62.67 89.23 122.4 162.9 211.5 268.9 335.9 413.1 501.3 601.4 713.8 839.5 979.2 1134 1303 1489 1692

Bbl. 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.11 0.14 0.19 0.24 0.30 0.36 0.44 0.53 0.63 0.74 0.86 1.00 1.49 2.12 2.91 3.88 5.04 6.40 8.00 9.84 11.94 14.32 17.00 20.00 23.31 27.00 31.03 35.46 40.29

Water lb. 8.17 12.98 19.37 27.58 37.83 50.35 65.37 83.11 103.8 127.7 155.0 185.9 220.1 259.5 302.6 350.4 523.0 744.6 1021 1360 1765 2244 2802 3447 4184 5018 5957 7006 8171 9459 10876 12428 14120

*vo]ume within the straightflangeis not included

71

7 I

V
I . A

S
DF &D. . M S HEAD* E

H
HEMIS.HEAD* G-d. 1.96 1
3.11 4,64 6.61 9.07 12.07 15.67 19.92 24.88 30.60 37.14 44.54 52.88 62.19 72.53 83.97 125.3 178.5 244.8 325.8 423.0 537.8 671.7 826.2 1003 1203 1428 1679 1958 2267 2607 2978 3384

of Vessel !, i Cu.Ft.
i

Gal.
0.58 0.94 1.45 2.04 2.80 3.78 4.86 6.14 8.21 9.70 12.30 14.10 16.10 20.60 23.00 27.50 38.30 54.60 75.40 101 132 167 213 266 318 390 456 551 631 728 813 950 1106

Bbl.
. 0

wt. of Water
lb.

Cu.Ft. 0.26 0
0.42 0.62 0.88 1.21 1.61 2.09 2.66 3.33 4.09 4.96 5.95 7.07 8.31 9.70 11.22 16.76 23.86 32.73 43.56 56.55 71.90 89.80 110.4 134.0 160.8 190.9 224.5 261.8 303.1 348.5 398.2 452.4

13bl. 0.05
0.07 0.11 0.16 0.22 0.29 0.37 0.47 0.59 0.73 0.88 1.06 1.26 1.48 1.73 2.00 2.98 4.25 5.83 7.76 10.07 12.80 16.00 19.67 23.87 28.63 34.00 39.98 46.63 53.98 62.06 70.91 80.57

wt. of Water
lb.

12 ~

~~

16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 48 54 60 66 72 78 84 90 96 102 108 114 120 126 132 138 144

0.08 0.12 0.19 ~ 0.27 I 0.37 0.50 0.65 0.82 1.10 1.30 1.64 1.88 2.15 2.75 3.07 3.68 5.12 7.30 10.08 13.54 ] 17.65 22.32 28.47 35.56 42.51 52.14 60.96 73.66 84.35 97.32 108.7 127.0 147.9
i

4.83 .
7.83 12.08 17.00 28.33 31.49 40.49 51.15 68.40 80.81 102.5 117.5 134.1 171.6 191.6 229.1 319.1 454.9 628.2 843.9 1100 1391 1775 2216 2649 3249 3799 4590 5257 6065 6773 7915 9214
s

16.34
25.95 38.74 55.16 75.66 100.7 130.7 166.2 207.6 255.4 309.9 371.7 441.2 519.0 605.3 700.7 1046 1489 2043 2719 3530 4488 5606 6895 8368 10037 11914 14012 16343 18919 21752 24856 28241

0.02 0.03 0.05 0.07 0.09 0.12 0.15 0.20 0.23 0.29 0.34 0.38 0.49 0.55 0.65 0.91 1.30 1.80 2.41 3.14 3.98 5.07 6.33 7.57 9.29 10.86 13.12 15.02 17.33 19.36 22.62 26.33

*VO1umewithin the

flange k not included

418

PARTIALVOLUMES IN HORIZONTAL CYLINDERS t t o Partialvolumesof horizontalcylinder equalstotal volumex coefficient (found from tablebelow)

3 EXAMPLE E HORIZONTAL CYLINDER D = 10 ft., Oin. H = 2.75 ft. L =60 ft., Oin. TOTALVOLUME:0.7854 x D2 x L Find the partialvolumeof the cylindricalshell Totalvolume: 0.7854 x 102x60= 4712.4 cu. ft. Coefficientfrom table: H/D= 2.75/10= .275 Refer to the first two figures (.27) in the column headed (HID) in the table below. Proceed to the right until the coefficient is found under the column headed (5) which is the third digit. The coefficient of 0.275 is found to be .223507 Total volumex coefficient= partial volume 4712.4 X .223507 = 1053.25CU.ft. cu. ft. multipliedby 7.480519 = U. S. Gallon cu. ft. multipliedby 28.317016 = Liter COEFFICIENTS H/D
.00

O
.000ooo .001692 .004773 .00s742 .013417 .018692 .o~4496 .030772 .037478 .044579 .052044 .0598!50 .067972 .076393 .085094 .094061 .103275 ,112728 .122403 .132290 ,lh~~ig .152659 .163120 .173753 .1845.50

2
.000151 .oo~223 .005503 .009625 .014427

8
.001212 .004077 .007886 .012432 .017593

9
.001445 .004421 .008310 .012920 .018141 .023894 .030124 .036789 .043852 .051283 .059054 .067147 .075539 .084212 .093153 .102343 .111773 .121425 .131292 .141361

.04 .05 .06 .07 .08 .09

.000429 .000600 .002800 .006267 .010534 .015459 .02095.5 .026952 .033405 .040273 .047523 .055126 .063062 .071307 .079841 .088650 .055905 .063872 .072147 .080709 .089545 .098638 .107973 .1.17538 .127321 .137310 .099560 .108920 .118506 .12831O .138320 .100486 .109869 .119477 .129302 .139332 .022115 .028208 .034747 .041694 .049017 .022703 .028842 .035423 .O4241O .049768

.019813 .0203g2 ,025715 .026331 .032081 .032740 .038867 .039569 .046043 .046782 .053579 .061449 .069633 .078112 .086866 .104211 .113686 .123382 .133291 .143398 .153697 .164176 .174825 .l&5639 .095884 .105147 .114646 .124364 .134292 .144419 .154737 .165233 .175900 .186729 ,054351 .062253 .070469 .078975 .087756 .096799 .1060.s7 .115607 .12.5347 .135296 .145443 .155779 .166292 .176976 .187820 .198814

.023296 .029481 .036104 .043129 .050524 .058262 .066323 .074686 .083332 .092246 .101414 .110820 .120450 .130296 .140345

.10

.15 .16 .17 .18 .19 .21 ,,22 .23 .24 .25

.20

.146468 .147494 .148524 .149554 .156822 .157867 .1.58915 .159963 .167353 .168416 ,169480 .170546 .178053 179131 .180212 .181294 .188912 190007 .191102 .192200 .199922 .201031 .202141 .203253

.19.5501 .196604 .197709

.30
.31

.2.52315 .253483 .254652 .264039 .265218 .266397

.255822 ,267578

,256992 ,25fj165 .259338 ,260512 .z68760 ,269942 .271126 .272310

.261687 .262863 .273495 .274682

419 PARTIAL VOLUMES IN HORIZONTAL CYLINDERS COEFFICIENTS (Cont.)

H/D O
1 .277058 .WvW2 .301O2I .35 .36 .37 .38 .39 .311918 .3YI104 .336363 .348690 .:161082 .313134 ,:3~532~ .349926 .362325 .:{74778 .3872X? .399834 ,41~42fj ,4~,5(j5~ .437712 .450394 .463096 .475814 .488542 .50 .51 .mOOOo .501274
. . . .
.

.2~()&?7 .2S1820

.283013 .284207 .294995 .296198 .307068 .3082S0 ,319219 .3314.51 .343751 .3.56119 .308545 ,:]8102+ .393.553 .406125 .418736 .43137s .444050 .%)6741 .469453 .482176 .494906 ,507640 ,5~o~69 ..533090 ,345799 ,558486 .571154 .583789 .596392 .608956 ,~~147(-j .320439 .332678 .3449%5 .357359 .3697!)0 .382274 .394S08 .407:384 .+19998 .4:12645 .445318 .458012 .470725 .483449 .496179 ..508913 .,521642 .534362 .547068 .559754 .572418 .585051 .597650 .610210 ,622725 .63.518!) .647598 .659946 .672226 .684434 .696562 .708610 .74417X
.7.5.%+27

.285401 .28659/3 .297403 .2!3M5(i5 .309492 .310705 3~1660 .333905 .346220 .358599 .371036 .383526 .396063 .MM645 .421261 .433911 .446587 .459283 .4719!97 .484722 .497452 .,510186 ..522914 .53.5633 .548337 .561021 .3~~8~l .33.5134 .347455 .359840 .372282 ,384778 ,397320 .409904 .422.52.5 .435178 .447S57 .460554 .473269 .4S5995 .498726 .5114.58 .524186 .536904 .549606 .562288

..55 .56 57 .58 .59

.5635 .55 .576212 .588835 .601423 .61397(I

.(WI ,61 .638918 .(351 310 .:: .Iii .66 .fii .(;s .(icl

6.

.630210 ,64264] .6!5501.5 .667322 .679561 .691720 . -. . .706207 .702.597 .703802 .714599 .71.5793 .716987 .718180 .727690 .728874 .730058 .739488 .740662 .7418 :)5 .7.511s 1 .7627X+ .~7421i .~%547 J9674? ;,~j:]$; ,763909 .77.5 :35.5 .7! Ui(ii4 .797859 .753.506 ,76.50.59 ,776493 ,7S779,S ,708969

.70
.71 ,;~ .i94,jl i
.Tii .76 .77

.767356 77876.5 1 li900-K\ .801 1x6

.768.502

.805600 yoml .X16537 .817622 .X18706 .x~731~ ,s~~387 .8:17934 .S38987 .7X ,79 .847341 .84X37R .84941:1
.

.W7X(XI .S08XW4 .
.861680 .871690 .881494 .891080 .900440 .9095.57 .918419 .927089 .935313 .943312 .H62690 .872679 ,882462 .892027 .901362 .910455 ,919291 .927853 .936128 .944095

.X11(-M .812180 .819788 .R20N;9 .821947 .%23024 .S:30.520 .831584 .832647 .8:~~i08 .841(R5 .842133 .X43178 .844221 ,%51476 .8.52506 .%5:{532 .%54557 .863698 .873667 .883428 .892971 .!302283 .91135o .920159 .928693 .936938 .944874 .864704 .874653 .884393 .893913 .903201 .912244 .921025 .929531 .937747 .945649

.813271 .814361 .825175 .835824 .846303 .856602 .866709 .876618 .886314 .895789 .90502!3 .914021 .922749 .931198 .939352 .947190 .954690 .961829 .968576

.80 .81 .82 .x3 .x4

,S57622 .867710 .877.597 .887272 .896725 .905939 .914906 .923607 ,93~0~8 .940150

.858639 .X5965.5 .868708 .869704 .87857.5 .888227 .X8918(I .897657 .8985S6 .906847 .!)07754 .!-)15788 .916668 .9~4~(jl .925314 ,Q~~~$~ .933677 .940946 .!)41738 .949476 .956871 ,!-363896

.90 .91 .92

.947956 .948717 .9.5.5421 .95614S .962522 .963211

.950983 .951732 .958306 .959019 .!%5253 .965927

.952477 .953218 .959727 .960431 .966.595 .967260

420 PARTIAL VOLUMES IN HORIZONTAL CYLINDERS COEFFICIENTS (cont.)

H
,!13 .!-)4

/1

D3

4)

8 .974285 .980187 .985573 .990375 .994497 .997777 .999849

9 .974897 .980750 .986081 .990%21 .994966 .998048 .999947

1!) .97 11,5X .971792 ,972422 .96922S .!l(}!)Kifi .!)70.5 .97.5.504 .976106 .!)76704 .977297 .9778%5 .978467

.973048 .973669 .979045 .979618

.95 .!)s1:{0s .wlw!) .!)82407 ,982!)48 ,9S:34S.5 .98401.5 .984541 .985060 .9(; ,9s6.7%3 .r)xiotu) .Wii.ww ,!)XS().YI.WM530 .Wmol .989466.989924 .992939 .!3!)3340 .993733.994119 .!)7 .99I2.5X.!)!)1(}90 .9!)2114 .!)w2,5:{() .98 .{}!).5~~~.!)!)5,579 .995923 .9!)6257 .!)96581 .996896 .997?00 .997493 .99 .!)98:30s.!)!W.5.5.5 .!)98788 .!KX)O(M.!?99212.9!39400 .999571.999721 1.00 I . 0 0 0 0 ( M )

421

A R V T O I LI A H U OL MR IE Z C S O Y N L T A N I N L D E R S ( p e r R c een o lt D aa gi t e at i Vmo oen t l eu f r m e . )

PARTIALVOLUMES IN ELLIPSOIDAL HEADSANDSPHERES D I 0.0 Two 2:1 Ellipsoidal Headson Horizontal Vessel Total Volume: 0.2618 D3 Partial volumesof ellipsoidalheads and spheres = total volume x coefficient (in the table below) EXAMPLE: D = 10ft., Oin. H = 2.75 ft. Find the partial volume of (2) 2:1 ellipsoidal heads of a horizontalvessel. The total volume of the two heads: O2618 XD3 = O2618 X 103 = 261.8 CU. ft. ,Oe;ficientfromtable HID= 2.75/10= .275 Refer to the first two figures (.27) in the column headed (H/D) in the table below. Proceed to the right until the coefficientis found under the column headed (5) which is the third digit. The coefficient of .275 is found to be .185281 Total volumex coefficient= partialvolume 261.8X .185281= 48.506 CU. ft. cu. ft. multipliedby 7.480519= U.S.Gallon cu. ft. multipliedby 28.317016= Liter COEFFICIENTS 1/D .00 .01 .02 .03 .04 .05 .06
.08
.09 .10

QAQ Two 2:1 Ellipsoidal Headson Vertical Vessel Total Volume= 2.0944 D3

O.u Sphere Total Volume= 0.5236 D3

2 3 4 7 s 1 9 5 6 O .0000oO .000003.~~lz .ooO02i.ooOOM .000075.000108.000146 .000191 .000242 .000298.oao360.0004Z9.~503 .000583.00066S.000760.00085T .0009~ .001069 .001184.001304.001431.m15G~.0017m .001844.001993.002143 .002308 .002474 .003589.00379.5 .m~~ .004zzz.004444 .002646.~~szs .003006.0031%.0033R9 .004672.WMN15 .00514~.ms:~~~.00.5638 .005893.006153.006-i19 .006691 .006968 .007250.00753S .OM831 .008129.008433.008742.009057.009377 .009702 .010032 . . . . .01 lM7 .011764, .010368.010709.01105.5
. . . . . . . . . .

.018176 .022842 .028000

.01!3620 .019069 .023336 .023835 .028542 .029090

.0195~:3 .019983 .0243:]S .024847 .029642 .030198

.020447 .020916 .025360 .025879 .030760 .031326

.021390 .021869 .022353 .026402 .026930 .027462 .031897 .032473 .033053

,
.24 .145152 .146Z18 .147347 .137.56S .148449 1:18042 1:;9719 14!)554 .150663 ,140799 .141883 .142969 .144059

423
P H/D
,

A 1

R V

T O 2

I LIN ELLIPSOIDAL A U L M E HEADS S A

SPHERESN
7 8
.165345 .176974 .188S82 .201056 .21348.5
. . . f .

COEFFICIENTS (Cont.)
O 3
.

4
,17~~~9 .184086 .19615,5 .2084s4

5
.161912 .1734.56 .18.5281 .197377 .2097:30
. 0 . . .

6
.163054 .174626 .186479 .198601 .210979
. . . . .

9
.166495 .1781.53 .190088 .20228S .214741
. , . . .

.26 .27 .28 .29 .31 .32 .33 ,:{4 .35 .36 .37 <38 .39 .40 .41 .42 .43 .44

.15625(3 .157376 .167648 .168804 .179334 .191296 .203<522

.

1.5X5(X3 . 16!I!W3 . 1s1705 J937Z() ,~0599~ .218526 .~:]1289 .244280 .257483 .270889 .284484 .298256 .312194 .326286 .340519 .354882 .369363 .383949 .398629 .413390 .428221 .443110 .458044 .473012 .488001 .503000 .517997 .532979 .547934 .562852 .577719 .592523 .607254 .621897 .636443 .650878 .665190 .679368 .693400 .707273 .720976 .734497 .747823 .760943 .773843 19792 .232578
.

.164198 .17.5799 .187679 .199827 .212231

. . . . .

.228718 .2416CA .254826 .~fj~lgz .281750 .295488 .309394 .323456 .337662 .352000 .366458 .381024 .395686 .410432
. . . . .

. . . . .

.258815 .272240 .285853 .299643 .313597 .327703 .341950 .356325 .370817 .395413 .400102 .414870 .429708 .444601 .459539 .474510 .489501 .504500 .519496 .534476 .549428 .564341 .579202 .594000 .608722 .623356 .637891 .652315 .666614 .680778 .694795 .708652 .287224 .201031 .31504)1 .329122 .343382 .357769 .372272 .386878 .401575 .416351 .431195 .446093 .461035 .476008 .491000 .506000 .520995 .535972 .550921 .565830 .580685 .595476 .610190 .624815 .639339 .653750 .668037 .682187 .696188 .710028 .723695 .737178 .750464 .763541 .776396 .787769 .800173 ,812321 .824201 .835802
. . . . .

.283116 .296871 .310793 .324870 .339090 .353441 .36791O .382486 .397157 .411911 .426735 .441619 .456.549 .471514 .486501 .501500 .516497 .531481 .546440 .561362 .576235 .591046 .605784 .620437 .634993 .649439 .66376.5 .677957 .692~4 .705894

.288597 .302421 .316406 .330542 .344815 .359215 .373728 .388344 .403049 .417833 .432682 .447586 .462531 .477507 .492500 .507500 .522493 .537469 .552414 .567318 .582167 .596951 .611656 .626272 .640785 .655185 .669458 .683594 .697579 .711403 .725052 .738516 .751781 .764837 .777669

.289972 .303812 .317813 .331963 .346250 .3fXM61 .375185 .389810 .404524 .419315 .434170 .449079 .464028 .479005 .494000 .509000 .523992 .538965 .553907 .568805 .583649 .598425 .613122 .627728 .642231 .656618 .670878 .684999 .698969 .712776 .726407 .739851 .753096 .766130 778940

.291348 .305205 .319222 .333386 .347685 .362109 .376644 .391278 .40f3000 .420798 ,435659 .450572 .465524 .480504 .495500 .510499 .525490 .540461 .555399 .570292 .5S5130 .599898 .614587 .629183 .643675 .658050 .672297 .686403 .700357 .714147 .727760 .741185 ,754410 ,767422 .780208

.292727 .306600 .320632 .334810 .349122 :363557 .378103 .392746 .407477 .422281

.294106 .307996 .322043 .336235 .350561 .365007 .379563 .394216 .408954 .423765

.437148 .438638 .452066 .453560 .467021 .468519 .482003 .483503 .4970W3 .498500 .511999 .526988 .541956 .556890 .571779 ..586610 .601371 .616051 .630637 .645118 .659481 .673714 .687806 .701744 .715,516 ,729111 .742517 .755720 .768711 .781474 .513499 .528486 .543451 .558381 .573265 .588089 .602843 .617514 .632090 .646559 .660910 .675130 .689207 .703129 .716884 .730461 .743846 .757029 ,769997

.50 .51 .52 .53 .54 .55 .56 .57 .58 .59 .60 .61 .62 .63 .64

.500000 .514998 .529984 .544946 .559872 .574750 .58956S .604314 .618976 .633542 .648000 .662338 .676544 .690606 .704512
. . . .

.70 .71 .72 .73 .74 .75 .76 .77 .78 .79 .80 .81 .8z .83 .84

.784000 796478 .808704 .820666 .832352 .843750 .854848 .865634 .876096 .886222 .896000 .905418 .914464 .923126 .931392

.78.5259 .797712 .809912 .821847 .833505 .844873 .85.594r .866695 .877124 .887216 .896958 .906340 .915348 .923971 .93~19f3

.786515 .798944 .811118 .823026 .834655 .845994 .857031 .867753 .878148 .88S206 .897913 .907257

.848226 .859201 .869858 .880187 .890176 .899811 .909082 .917976 .926481 .934585

.849337 .860281 .870906 .881202 .891155 .900755 .909988 .918844 .927309 .935373

.850446 .861358 .871951 .882213 .892131 .901695 .910891 .919708 .928134 .936157

.851551 .862432 .872992 .883220 .893104 .902631 .911790 .920568 ,928954 .9369:36

.852653 .863502 .874030 .884224 .894073 .903564 .912685 .921425 .929771 .937712

.853752 .864570 .875065 ,885225 .895038 .90449:1 .913576 .922277 .930584 .938483

.898864 .908171 .917103 .925648 .933793

424

PARTIALVOLUMES IN ELLIPSOIDAL HEADSANDSPHERES COEFFICIENTS (Cont.) H/D

.S(}

O
. . . ,

1
. . . . . .

5 . . . , . +

9
.!l.l;f)(j:l

.{ \ i

. . . .
,!)(j(j:](j~

1. . . . . . .

, . . . S , .

,!kl:]i(j-!

.!)-ll,-)O1

.!)4 .-,j:j.l

.!)(jtj%li

. , , . , 1

i( , , . ,

. . . . . 1ti,j

. . . 1 .

, .

,q~ ,!)~I$J24 ,OS~~(}~\ ,9~yyj7 ,!):; .!)S5986 .9X6374 .986757 ,94 ,!)H96:{2 .98996S .q~om)~ ,gj .{)6 .{)7 .q~ .99 1,001 ,J)9~750 .9!)3032 .9!).5:VZ3 .~q.5.5.56 .9973 .54 .997.526 .!-)9s816 .998931 .999702 .!J9W5S ,()()(XM)O

. ,

.!J7!J,53J .!)S()()17 .!)S0477 .!)S0!):11 .9%{126 .!)s35.70 .9S:N69 ,WLHw .!)s47!)1 .9S3L94 .9%S94.j .9s71 ;\.; .9s7507 .!)S7S74 ,f)SS2:3[i.{)8,WJ9:1 .99062!3 .9!W943 .9!)12.5S.091.567 .!XI1871 .992169 .!)!) :;s47 ,~)f)(j~ofi .9!)S007 .!)!)9240 .!NW892 ,~\)4107 ,!)!)ti~11 .!)!)S1.56 .9w:J32 .999925

.!)X1:{S() .!)%359:; .9S920 I .992462

.!)93:;09 .!)9.5778 .99769z .!)99040 .!)99809

.993.581 ,<)~.50{)4 .997SS2 .9{19143 .WXW54

,f)~~~(j~ .994(jlj .!194S,56 .9!).50!).5 .9!)(X311.!IWLX(),5 .!)96994 .997177 .998:300 .!)!) S4:17 .WXWIX).Wl!lfi!)ti .999417 .999497 .9!W.J71 .999(L!O .999952 ,!10!)!)73 .WW9N3 .999997

425

A
* O D u a

S
Iu e a er n e t fc i t l f u i d o tgeh t u d ) ar n hb ee sl

( S qF o straight m r e isnot e i an flanges

r i c a lA : S M 1 eE H m W s l tC y s l i i nd d 2 e F i d i d S l l il p F s l ol ia a d anp l gh n e i a m eperht eE e r e r c H e a s eh e ea d a d d Lineal Foot H e D a iH d H* of Vessel 92 8X 0D 2) 7 ( 1 0 x D ( c n- x D) Di n h e . s D 0( ( . . x 59 D 2 8 71 X .) 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 6 6 7 7 8 9 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 3 3 4 4 5 5 6 6 7 7 8 8 9 9 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 0 0 1 2 2 3 3 4 0 1 2 4 5 7 8 0 1 3 5 6 8 9 1 2 4 6 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 21 1 46 1 61 2 87 1 3 0 3 27 4 42 5 68 5 83 6 08 7 23 8 49 9 64 1 . 1 . 1 . 1 . 2 . 2 . 3 . 3 . 4 . 5 . 6 . 6 . 7 . 8 . 9 1. 1. 1. 1. 1. 89 0 0 4 2 2 8 4 0 6 2 0 3 5 7 1 2 7 2 3 8 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 04 6 1 9 1 1 2 23 36 38 41 52 55 67 70 83 9 .4 17 . 10 . 17 . 14 . 21 . 28 . 35 . 32 . 49 . 56 . 50 . 60 . 77 . 0 4 9 4 0 6 3 1 9 8 7 7 8 0 1 13 44 8 0 33 71 32 80 54 12 88 68 42 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 . 19 28 24 35 42 56 6 6 72 82 91 16 15 12 13 1 .1 1 .5 2 .7 3 .9 3 .0 4 .0 5 .0 6 .0 7 .0 8 .0 1. 0 1. 0 1. 5 1. 5 1 . 0 1 1 . 1 0 . 20 . 9 2 6 0 5 1 6 3 0 7 5 1 3 2 2 4 2 5 7 2 9 2 5 7 1 6 9 6 7 8 6 0 6 8 6 0 8 6 0 9 1 2 2 3 4 0 5 0 7 8 9 5 0 5 2 2 . . . . . . . . . . 02 15 14 17 26 20 38 32 40 46 5 .3 6 .9 7 .9 7 .1 . 8 0 9 . 5 10 . 10 . 10 . 20 . 20 . 35 . 30 . 40 . 0 50 . 3 55 . 7 65 . 1 70 . 7 70 . 8 3 5 9 0 0 7 1 0 6 10 . . . 0 . 1 5 1 7 5 3 2 2 0 5 8 . . . . . . . . . . 1 . 1 . 1 . 7 . 4 . 2 . 2 1 5 8 9 2 35 85 33 89 43 05 64 32 07 80 62 50 7 2 2 3

8 4 6 4 9 3 0 5 1 6 2 9 2 8 4 7 8 2 8

8 85 32 8 . 0 0 5 9 90 . 20 ~ ( ) . 10 6 9 1 9 0 23 5 21 6 . 1 0 1 84 2 41 0 . 2 0 1 4 5 7 71 0 . 3

0 2 20 .

D
W D
g
: ; ; 1 2

I
M II L L I TEMQ EU T H I V E A R L E N T S
Milli-

e c

meter

i
9A

D m ea
.
. .

m 7
7 8 9

cl i

Decimal a -m . . .

Milli-

m
1 1 1 1 1

Decimal

. . .

i 2 I 2

. .

3 4

. .

I9 1

5 6

. ~

1 1

. ;

1 1 1

. . 1

2 2 2

D
INCHES In.
. . . X . . . . . . . . . . . .

AF
3
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

o
. . . . . . . . . . , . . . .

I
. . . . . , . . . . . . . . . .

4
. . . . . . .

5
. . , . . . . . . , , . . . . .

6
. . , . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,

9
. ; . . . . . . . . , . . . .

10

11

0 .0000

~ ~

. . . . . . . .

. , . .

427

METRIC SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENT

This systemhas the advantagethatit is a coherentsystem.Eachquantityhasonlyone

unitandall baseunitsare relatedto eachother.Thefractionsandmultiplesoftheunits are made in the decimal system.

U
unit

O M
meter meter2 meter 3 gram second degree Celsius

M
symbol m equivalent of 39.37 in 1.196 sq.yard 1.310 cu.yard 0.035 Oz second OC = 32F 100C = + 212F

Length Area Volume Weight/massl Time Temperature

MUL~PLES AND FRACTIONSOF UNITS

S y m prefix b o m m c d d h k m i i e e e e i e k n I l Unit Multiplied by k n
]r 1 1 t 1 ( o

I
) 0 0 0 0 0 0

N i.

a l6 3s i a r n e d s l i o n e r

m c d
D h k M

c k 1 1 t l 1 g 1

i i i a o o a

m l t .h o u h . u n d2 1 t e t 0 h u n 2 t h o 3 u m i l 6

EXAMPLE:Unit of weightis gram; 1000 gram is one kilogram,1 kg

1,000m= 1 kilometer,km

MEASURESOF LENGTH UNIT: METER, m

Z ~ 1 centimeter, cm = 0.01 m gs ~ ~ 1 millimeter, mm = 0.001 m

*not used in practice

*1 decimeter, dm = O.lm

428

METRIC SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENT

1,()()0,000m2 = I = I = 1 a*

MEASURESOF AREA UNIT: SQUARE METER, m2

T
LLJ

< ~

2 o+

~ -J ~ L L o

r ~

*I sq. decimeter, dm2 = 0.01 m2 1 sq. centimeter, cm2 = 0.0001m2 1 sq. millimeter, mm2 = 0.000,001m2
i p r a c t i c n e

MEASURES OF VOLUME UNIT: CUBIC METER. m3 1 hectoliter, hl = 1 liter, 1 = cu. centimeter = cu. millimeter = O.lm~ 0.001m3 0.000,001m3 0.000,000,001m3

g= 1t

100,000 g = 1 quintal, q 1,000 g = 1 kilogram, kg 10 g = 1 dekagram, dg MEASURES OF WEIGHT UNIT: GRAM, g centigram, cg = 0.01 g milligram, mg = 0.001 g

$ ~ I
~~ ~ ~
1

L E

o~
G ~ ~ -J

&L

429
4

S
M E d

O M
,

A O S LU c m

R E mm

EN S p

G mm

T F H m m

k 1 km l
~

1
& 1 1 0 1 0 . - 2 104 1 107 m1 0 - 5 1 0 1 0 - 6 10 - 3 1 - 21 1 1 0 - m 1 0 - . 1 0 - 9 1 0 - 6 10 - 5 1 - 4 1 10 p

1c 1m I 1m

1 1
1

1 0 1 p 0

0 0 0 3 -

MEASURES OF AREA
k h m a 2 a

1k 1 ha l
1 m

1 1
1 1

1m 10
0 10- 1 0

1
1

01 1 1

01 201
4 1 . 6 1

20 1
0 1 0 1

m 40 0
20 1010 0 1

6
4 0 2 0

m 1 8
6 4 0 4 2 0

1d 1c 1m

1 1 1

1m0 1m 0 10-10 0 m M

1 a 21 0 1 0 1 0 - 1 z 0 - 8 10 1 0 ] 1 z 0 - 0 (1 1 11 2 0 21 0 E A O S VU 1 1 3 1
1 0 1- 1

1 0 - 41 20 - 6 102 . 41 2 . 8) 1 0 6 -1 - 4 - 1 0 - 8 10 - 6

0 0 2 4 E 3 m 3 0
2 0 0

R O

EL S c

M F

m 1m 1 hl 1 1 d 1c 1m 1
10-1

h 1 1
10

d 3

m l m m 1 33 0 0 1( 0
0 1( 1 2 1 32 1 0 0

3 6
5 3

1- 3 1 -3 1 0-6 1 0- 9

1 1 1

m10 m10 10 m

0 1- s 10- s 10 - J

1 2 0 .5 1 1 0 -8

1( 1 -3 0-6 1

0 3 0 -6

3 3

t It lq 1 kg 1 dg lg 1 Cg 1 mg 1 10-1 10-3 10-5 10-6 10-8 10-9

MEASURESOF WEIGHT dg kg g ~ 105 106 103 10 105 102 104 1 102 103 10-2 1 10.4 10-2 10 1 10-5 10-3 10-1 1 10-7 10-5 10-3 10-2 10-8 10-6 10-4 10-3

Cg 108 107 105 103 102 1

10-1

mg 109 108 106 104 103 10

1

EXAMPLE CALCULATION Weight of the water in a cylindrical vessel of 2,000 mm inside diameter and 10,000 mm length: 3.1416 x 1,0002 x 10,000 = 31,416,000,000 mm3 31,416 liter, 1 31.416 cu. meter, m 31416 kilogram, kg (The weight of one liter of pure water at the maximum density (4C) equals one kilogram.)

430 METRIC SYSTEM OF MEASUREMENT RECOMMENDED PRESSURE VESSEL DIAMETERS Diameter in inches 24-30 36 42-48 54-60 Diameter in millimeters 630 800
1,000

Diameter in inches 66-72 78-90 96-120 126-156

Diameter in millimeters 1,600 2,000 2,500 3,150

1,250

, Diameters in API feet 10 15 20 25 30 35-40 45-50 60

RECOMMENDED TANKDIAMETERS Diameters in meters 3.15 4.00 5.00 6.30 8.00 10.00 12.50 16.00 Diameters in API feet 70-80 90-100 120 140-163 180-200 220-240 260-300 Diameters in meters 20.00 25.00 31.50 40.00 50.00 63.00 80.00

The recommendeddiameters are based on a geometricprogression,called Renard Series(R1O)of PreferredNumbers.* Dimensionson drawingsshall be expressedin millimeters.The symbolfor millimee n r n ib e s o o d he o t )d o r da w Hw h t o ei n t w n fg e n oe sv l . r el h r o ters, mm (no p
s D i b hs m o a h t ea n s 5b di do l a

, w m r w l aA h w e D n i I n M n g L E e s N : A S II O M LN I L S R L I M E T EE

o ii o n m s ig lv l i m i e m t e a tx s ep yri n rs m ee b t s ese 1r e s 1 d m ( e 0.

Scales @Metric Drawings: enlarging the object, 2, 5, 10, 20 times reducing the object in proportion of 1:2.5, 1:5, 1:10, 1:20, 1:50, 1:100, 1:200, 1:500, 1:1000

a i with k Metric, i The n National g Board t of Boiler and Pressure * Reference: M Vessel Inspectors.

431
1

2
0
v

I
1

32

433

434

435

I
I
t

II

I
I
I
I

II

436

.
II

I
t

II

II

II

437

Oulclcnm

-me

-F

I 00

4 m ] T

0
r-l

w)

0 e

0 0 0 0 w, @ r- m m

438

m
N .

I
1

439

440

1
1

1 :

I
I

441 CONVERSION TABLE DEGREE

D D e E w
120 121 122 [23 [24 125 [26 127 128 129 130 131 9 132 5 2 133 8 134 6 1
7 2 0

GT e

R e

A E

E D s M
o

S I i

A n

N O uS
~
1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

S te
0 0

1 DEGREE = +

= 0.01745 RADIANS
ec so

1
1

2 3 4

0.0174533 0.0349066 0.0523599 0,06981 32 0.0872665 0.10471 98 0.1221730 0.1396263

1
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

i2 ;3 ;4 ;5 ;6 57 58 59 70 71 72 9 0 73 6 2 74 4 4

5 6 7 8 9

[0 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

0 0 0 0 0 0

. , . .9 .2 .

2 2 2

4 8 3 1 9 7

3 9 4

0,3141593
0,3316126 0.3490659 0.366S1 91 0.3839724 0.4014257 0.4188790 0.4363323 0.4537856 0.47123 89 0.4886922 0.50614 S5 0.5235988 0.54105 21 0.55850 54 0.5759587 0.59341 19 0.6108652 0,62831 85 0.6457718 0,6632251 0.6806784 0.69813 17 0.715S850 0,73303 83 0.7504916 0,7679449 0,7853982 0.80285 15 0.8203047 0,8377580 0.85521 13 0.8726646 0.89011 79 0.9075712 0.9250245 0,9424778 0.95993 .09773844 0.99483 77 1.01229

2 75 6 2 76 7 2 9 77 6

78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 00 01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09 lo

135 9 136 S 6 137 0 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 1s3 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180

4 7

442

C
R 1 R R a d A A =~ D n

T
D T I 5 = D I A 7

D
A E G N R S E R 7
t

E O 8 E

S E S
Ten-

.N D 2 E 9 G5
Thousandths

i Tenths a

iiundrcdths s

1
2

o ~

O0 0

.6

3
4 5 6 7 8 9

29.6 171053 14.4 229010 39.2

114035

110 2733. O 1701 I 19. 4

I 0 841.3 1043 Q7.9

6 2 3

00 652, 5 O010!8
1 I1 O

00 041.3
1 f 5 1

1I

2 O

E 1

X C S

h 8 a2 3 n t 7 gr. 6 ea 4 d i a o n l Fu t t i r o o a on p o :b p ol m s a ei tn ge 8 26 3 3 = = = =7 1 0 0 . 75 . 0 . 4 0 5 1 r 8 a 4 03 d 0 r 7 a5 6 d 0 r 0 a1 6 d 7r 0 6 s 2 a1 6 d ag 2 nr o lm 5i 4 a 3i 1 a 4i 8 a 4i 3 a s e v e 8 . . . . . . n n n n e o s e 0 t > 4 30 6 30 s s s s

~ 2 C S 1 0 0 0 0 1

14 6 .

h 1 a .r n 5 a t g. d d 2 eie 6 o l Fu t t i r ao a n bo :b a = . = = . . 0 = =0 . 0 r . 5 5 d 1 i4 2 3 5 01 8 4 00 2 3 0 0o 4 8 6 2

5 2 6 2

a 47 n78 2 8 5 7 0 1 26 31 71 6

=2 8 = 8

2 2 4

4 04

443 CONVERSION TABLE DEGREE MINUTESANDSECONDS TO DECIMALS OF A DEGREE ,

o 1
2 3 4
6 7 8 0 o 0

DECIMALS OF A DECREETO MINUTESANDSECONDS

o
51 52 53

30
30 31 31 32
33

0
36 12 48 24
0

0
0333 0500 0667
0

o
028 056 083 111
0

1 2 3 4
5 6 7 8

0.005
250

001 002 003 004

o 4 o 7 o 11 o 14 O 18

0.;}

13

0.1667

1;

0.00

009 o o

O.:\

36 0

39

o%

6 0

0.%

26 27 28 29

30
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 :: 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 % ,

4333 4500 4667 4833 0.5000 5167 5333 5500 5667 0.5833 6000 6167 6333 6500 0.6667 6833 7000 7167 7333 0.7500 7667 7833 8000 8167 0.8333 8500 8667 8833 9000 0.9167 9333 9500 9667 9833 1.000 0

26 27 28 29

30

31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 :; 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 :: 56 57 58 ;?) ,9

722 750 778 806 0.00833 861 889 917 944 0.00972 01000 028 056 083 0.01111 139 167 194 222 0.01250 278 306 333 361 0.01389 417 444 472 500 0.01528 556 583 611 639 0.01667 0

0.i:
16 17 18 o.% 21 22 23 o% 26 27 28

9 10 10 11 12 12 13 13 14 15 15 16 16 17

36 12 48 24 0 36 12 48 24 0 36 12 48 24

0.%
76 77 78 O.;b 81 82 83 0.;: 86 87 88

45 45 46 46 47 4.8 48 49 49 50 51 51 52 52

0 36 12 48 24 O 36 12 48 24 o 36 12 48

o%
31 32 33 0.:: 36 37 38 0.;: 41 42 43 0.1: 46 47 48 o% 0

18

18 36 19 12 19 48 20 24 21 o 21 36 22 12 22 48 23 24 24 O 24 36 25 12 25 48 26 24 27 O 27 36 28 12 28 48 29 24 30 0 and

0.%
91 92 93 0.32 96 97 98 1.% 10 20 30 1.% 60 70 80 2.;: o

54 o 54 36 55 12 55 48 56 24 57 o 57 36 58 12 58 48 59 24 60 O 66 O 72 O 78 O 84 O 90 o 96 O 102 o 108 O 114 o 120 o and

444

mIwl
o &

o d-

445

446

C
( c c e e c

o Fn fv ea m or cs e t i t se o r t o n t a or itnh S sn dm a g s e r hd yert s st r A e t f ie E e f1S3 c m 8e , 0 T M U L T I P L Y B Y B T A T O 3 . x 2 8 fl 0 8 e& 3 e2 n t ........................................ i m e t e r s . 3 9 3 7 n t ........................................ i m e t e r s

............................... :ubic feet ........................................... :ubic feet ........................................... :ubic feet ........................................... ....................................... ...................................... ...................................... ......................................... . ... . .... . . .. . .... . . .. ........................................ ..................................................... ..................... ..................... ..................... ................... ................... ......... . . . .. . . .. . .... .. ... . . ... ........................... .............................. ................................................. d ....... ..................... ............. iters ...................................................
meters meters meters ............................ ................... ................................................ ................................................ statute .....................................

.......................................... .......................................... ............................ ........... ........... radians ............................................... ............................ .................................... .................................... ...................................... ...................................... ....... ........................................... .. . .. . . ... . .... . ... . . ... . . .. . . .. . . ... .. ... . ... .. . .. . .. . . . .. . . .. .. .... .. .. .. .... .......................................... .......................................... y ......

447

PART IV. DESIGN OF STEEL STRUCTURES

3. CenterofGravity .................................................................................. 452

4.

Beam Formulas..................................................................................... 455

5. DesignofWelded Joints ....................................................................... 458

6.

ExampleofCalculations ....................................................................... 461

7. Bolted Connections............................................................................... 463

448

DEFINITION OF SYMBOLS s~ = Bendingstress,psi A =Cross s e c a t i i r o n e n a sl a 2 , . ~ = Shearstress,psi AR = RequiredcrosssectionalArea, in2 S~ = Allowabletensileor compressive

I =Moment of inertia, in4 M =Moment, in-lb M* = Allowablemoment,in-lb

P =F o lb r c e , PA = Allowable force. lb =Tensile or compressive stress, psi s TYPE OF LOADING

stress, si S~* = AlIowa t le bendingstress,psi. s~~ = Allowableshear stress,psi.

Y Z = Distance from neutral axis to extreme fiber, in = Section modulus, in3 EXAMPLES

p-p
J

;:i;;;, TENSION . P A+ COMPRESSION

P

A, = $:in21 s = + (psi) PA = AS4 (lb) p (in2) AR =

The stress in a 2 x % in. bar made from SA 285-C steel due to 5,000 lb. tensional load is: Area, A = 2 x V4= 0.5 in2; S = $ = 5~~0 = 10,000 p
s

s~

p (

.L.
m A

p Single

PA = AS~~ (lb) AR =$~~n2) s~ = ~A(psi) ~P

P = 2AS~~ (lb)

To support a load of 11,000 Ibs. in compression, the required area of steel bar m f a S 2r sd 8 io t e 5 e m p s ) ~i > P AR = = E = 0.5 inz s~ , The required area of bolt made from SA-307 B steel to support a load of 15,000lbs. in double shear: AR =~ = A 2s,4 .*~51~~o~=0.75 in

> J2~ P/2+ Q Double SHEAR P[

A p (in2) 2ss~ M = P/ (in-lb) MA = ZS~ (in-lb) M (in3) zjQ= sr--

The maximumbendingmomentat the 60inchesfrom the support:

sup ort of a cantilever beam due to a loaJ of 1,000 Ibs. acting at a distance of

M =Pl = 1,000 X 60 = 60,000 in-lb. Q BENDING -Y

s = ; (psi)
S* = ~, (psi)
mm

Section modulus

If dimensionb =2 in. and d=4 axisof moment on the base. 1=42.67.

Z= I/y = 42.67/4 = 10.67 in3 axis of moment throu h center, 1= 10.67, Z=Ily = 10.67I2 = ! .335 in3

z=~
b u SECTION MODULU s

449

A
TYPE OF STRESS & JOINT ;TEEL
Bearing Shear Compression rension (except pin eonneetion) Bending ~hear Bearing (on projected area of bolts
i s W E oh c J L o e n n ea c t n i r o TD N E

STRESSES
ALLOWABLE STRESS SOURCE CODE
1.60x The values of 0.80x 1 tables UCS-23 0.60x 0.60 x 0.66 x 0.40 x
n ) T 1 x E F L

FOR NONPRESSUREPARTSOF VESSELSANDOTHERSTRUCTURES

UCS-23 Notes

Specified minimum yield stress Min. tensile .

s t r

American Institute of Steel

C o n s t r 5 e n g t h

O D S EI

Full penetration groove weld tension, compression, shear Partial penetration groove weld 1. tension transverse to axis of weld, shear on throat 2. tension parallel to axis of weld or compression on throat

same as for the steel welded American Welding Society

13,600psi same as for the steel welded

Fdlet weld, shear on throat

13,600psi (using throat dimension) 9,600 psi (using leg dimension) same as fillet weld i 1,

Plug or slot weld

.-

P
D E F I

O
Y T
I MO

SR
xx e f t i i ir n

ON S I i zr

B N O I J F j r Radius of gyration, ~~ = e n a Y =, D . i s t a a n [ ec i . z =n i
A = bd I=

f = Z = a r = 0.289

y
1----1
a
a r = 0.S77

. : , ::, .,. , ,, :: . :,: . E&

Z = r = 0.577d

A =

~~ .

~~ : i Y

y = Yzd I

k b

L
a
\@

=
A = ~ bd

A = az

, ,..
:

. ,

: y = .
I=

,,

,: .

I=
Z =

Z = 0.118 a~ r = 0.289 a

r =

A =

I =
Z =~

Z =

\ /

E!h I
A = bd
-

a
K
a b ~ a :,,.:. Y

+ b2 r = 0.289 U2
A = a y = 0.707 I
Z =(0.118a 12

-r = 0.408d
A = Y= ~= ~ + +

r = 0,289

w
A =

( b ( +4 a +b 1 ( 2

a a

y = Y2d

Y= I = 1

I=

Z=

r = 0,289 d

Z =

r = .. -

451

P
D
A

O SR
T Y I M O N Br
z

O
c x f { ii r be
, A = ~= : ~ [ i =
-(a z =I

E
=

I O N SI
z

. O
=

LF S
Section modulus,

= Moment of inertia, in.4

A = ,. y =

,,,.,,,. . .,., :,:,.-- ,.,.:,. .:::.:. Y , . d

I= Z = 0.098(D4-d4 )/D r

F L

,.,, :,:.,.:,:,:.:.: ,., .;. :.:.:. .......,

/ f

r = e f n n

R
Y

S c

A =
[

eo t c w t h ai ol i n l y wl R i 1 nh d e e r0 ~ ;
.:: ::::

bt) dA = 4 ~ . b ((l?d + a)+ dz > 1 , ~ + 7

1=

IGi

1 = R( r z = R[ r r = O. A = Y= d

I
~ L a

5z =
r

A = bd - h (b t) Y =

Z= d
r = 0.132

E s d 6 A = Y= I
Z r A = y = i = [bdh(bO] /12

/4 = bs + h( ?..... ... :~,: fj Y z = r y = != ............... +

A = 2 1 :

i ~

452

center of gravity h of an area or e body is the point through which about any axis the loment of the area or body is zero. If a body of homogeneous material at the center of ravity were suspended it would be balanced in all directions. areas ass uare, rectangle,circle,etc. coincideswith he center of gravityof symmetrical 1i h geometrical center of the area. e For arqas w c n h symmetrical . a o or whichare r e t

Ymmetrical about one axn only, the center of gravitymaybe determinedby calculation.

-+ . 25
Y

C.g

~-

b
a

EXAMPLE #1

The center of gravity is located on the centerline of symmetry. (Axis y y) To determine the exact location of it: 1 Divide the area into 3 rectangles . and calculate the area of each. (A, B, C) 2. Determine the center of gravity of the rectangles and determine the distances a b and c to a selected axis (x x) per endicular to axis y y. gravity 3. Calculate distance y to rocate the center of o r m u l a : by the f y = Aa+ Bb + A +B+ C A s sf u a mo rr i eon c e t g Aa= 16, a n B= gr l 14 s e sf : and C= 12 square inches and for the distances of center of gravities: a = 1, b = 5 and c = 9 inches. y = 16X 1+ 14X5+12X 9 = 4462in. 16+ 14+ 12 The area is not symmetrical about an axi:s. The center of gravity may be determined gy calculating the moments with reference to two selected axes. To determine the distances of center of gravity to these -

Y
h

c1
,

a x e s : 1 Divide the area into 3 rectangles . and calculate the

areas of each. (A, B, C)

2 D a d t t e c r me o ig hn .r o e ta r e v e eli r d i sn a t hb aa n c t c a de x es na, x t%e s al,t bl, ac, t n a c y e s x iy 3. Calculatedistancesx and y by the formulas: e t i

( c

... 4cj-

hc t f , -i o s

x -+A.
ccl+ 1 - A Y x

x = AuI +Bbl + Ccl

A+B+C y = Aa+Bb + Cc A+B+C
P A a L c

b x 1 t a

al Y
X A# M

and c,=3 ~ = 16x 4+ 14x 1+12x 3 = 2.71 in. y = 16X 1+ 14x5+12x8 16+ 14+ 12 16+ 14+ 12

s sf u a mo rr i eon c e g t A a= 1 a n B gr=14 l s e sf 6 CE 1 s n qi2 u na f a c dd = r ih 2 s n oeeto a s n e o g n r a a t= v 1 ibe=t c= i r 9: e sf 4, : b,=1 5

= 4.62 in.

C
A

O G
T T w f t T T p R c I

r h

\
A

E
a

L
B

A N G L E e o g hn r i a ta t e v i e n itr e t rh of sly e AD c itsa it e o nn e BE, bh the i isides s BC c eand A h c The t p e r Cp e n d d ii c .s u l t a t cr e o\ g o hn r t any ta m v e of e the i r sides t is f y one equal too t hh p e i e h ri p r e gn t d t i h side. c e ut Hence, h l a ra = ha+ 3 o t

. r
h e

Br

R A P E Z O I D D 7 c e o g hn r i o ta t v el e ji r a l r AB a i l DE. ln e e l

o t i th f i ym s

n n is pn i he don e dg i

c
1

(a + 2 b)

m
1---

f! J--

IEd

3 (a+ b) a + e =

~ = h (2 a + b) 3 (a+ b)
2 b a + )

3(

rA
a

T /<
4

SECTOR OF CIRCLE Distance b from center of gravity to center of circle is: 2 rc = r2c = 38 ~g, r sin a b o! T E a d e e s g s r e sed of i w Ah = i sector, c n ih e x p i r For the area of a half-circle: b = A r + 3 T = 0.4244r For the area of a quarter circle: b = 4 & X r + 3 T = o.6o02r
F t a o ao srh o a i c e irx er a t c f lh ef :

b = 2 r + T = 0.6366 r r
b

l=$kl R
r

SEGMENT OF CIRCLE The distance of the center of gravity from the center of the circle ~3 r3 s a i n is: b = A 12 A = 3 in which A ==area of segment. PART OF CIRCULAR RING b from center of gravity to center of circle is:
b = 38.197 $~$a

&

a in e

x gpi r degrees. l e s e s

e sd

} ir
o
h

FRUSTUM OF CONE For a solid frustum of a circular cone the formula: a = h (R2 + 2 R + 3 rz) 4 (R2 -i- Rr r2)
T l o o c t h ac P t e oi g o h en r n o tta
by:

c v e f eo isr nh tu f oi y a r R +

c f f

frustum

of a cone is determined

I
*
d

h(

2r

3 (R+ r)

C
EXAMPLES
A
2r-o-

O G

-o

I
lb lb

80 Ibs 75000 Ibs 600 Ibs b

2-6

1800 lb 600 lb 78880 lb

x=
=

75000 x 50 + 80 4,017,760 78,880

2 + 1800 X iO + 800

102 + 600

2-6 + 600

97-6

Ibs = 50,935 = 50 I 1.1/4

B
I

108-0 t 6-0 5-0 42-0 (24000 Ibs) ~ 2-0 I 564) (17000 Ibs)

9 2 *

2400

1900 lbs s &

= 1000 Ibk
+

, A[

weight:

x
. G

17000 lb 1400 lb

2400 x ~+ 24000x 27+ 100ox 49 + 1

= 4

7 7

1 0 , 7

Ibs. 7

14 8 0 1 ( 0 0 1 J 9. x 7 o O

O 0+ X1 0 +

2200,900 == 47.700

46.14 = 46-1] 16

B
D
E r I

F
T Y I M O
!

O
O WL F = S load, lb.
V v w e = = =

E
= = = = =

I O N SI

N B

P=
R

M F

u n i d fi o s trl r mi b l ou y t e n i lcx l e e i l p s . at t a ra X a n oo f m io l e r n c n t x b e= fD , i . = l, e c n n , o c o o n r c le ncl t or aeA t ae f dD b de f i . t i o

=

Cantilever fixed at one end Concentrated load at free end

K R
~

A s

R V p= P o M X

P r

= tt = , P X

= 1

x 1 A free end, Arnu = $&

Ax 312X + X3) t =~ 6EI 23

II p ,

Cantilever fixed at one end - Concentrated load at any point R= V=P b A support, = P t When x>a = a) Y Pb3 R (31 - b) At free end, Amu = ~
-j

Whenx>a Whenx<a A = Pb2 (31 _ 3X b) AX = p ) (3b I + %

x

E
R = V =
Vx = Wx Wi

3I

Cantilever fixed at one end Uniform load over entire span

A support,

l14max = ~

W12

Mx=
( ! 4 4

+
1

At freeend,

W14 A = -

2 E

+ ! 3 1 _X I E

Cantilever fixed at one end Load increasing uniformly from free end to support
R R

V=w -+-

Vx=WA
A support, = ~m

12

=
=

x t 1E 54

w=

WI
3

At free end, A

W13 W12

A a=

& &

x ()

x 1 xr

free end, O = + Z2EI

456

B
5

O
1 n x t d ,

12 RI
x

Supported at both ends Concentrated load at mid-span R] = R2 = v = P/2 1/2 P Pl A load, = t < h W x M 1 e ~ 4 R2
l Ao x < h1 P = am 4 e d ea A 8 /( 1 , e =nx ~ E 1

B
6

1 W S
P

3 = dI 6

n 4~ 3

2 X X/ 1 x i
a 1

p a pb o e r Max w

o dn tc e l t o Ce n d n t ta h ra ao spt e d oa n Pb a < b h R~ = V/ e = A n l o =
1

nt

a RI x m 1

R2 = V2 = W x h 1 i 1 b~)s ~ when a > b A rnti = A l 2 &> 3 ~bx W x<a h Ax = 3(1 e n b X2)

A ends,

Max when a >b

MX = e <

Pbx
a

A o.

91 = & (2al
= +

+ $
t
-

3a

p a pb o e r

T o t R

e nu d tn

a RI
x

P,

P2

V=P

cw deo t n hq c s eu l n ot ao er a l qa t s e uddpf a se a l r, c l = x<a h MX= PX e =W

a
R

A center, Arnax =~ W x h
= e

(3ft 4a2)
:1
I 31a

n3a2 X2}

When X>u AX (3h - 3X2 az) but x <(1 Q) = ~ At ends, 6 = Pa 2EI(1 a)

8 Supported at both ends Two equal concentrated loads, unequally spaced from ends + P2b ~2 = + P2(1- b) RI = V1 = PP I 1 a b Whenx when RIQ1 Ml = RI a = PI v but X h M2 = R2eb Max w RI R1 W x<a h M. e = RI X n 1 B W x ah e n > but x < (1 - b) MX = RI x (X a)
)

a both ends Uniformload overentirespan

R = ~
1

WI

l V=W -j (
2

W t

M ~ ( - x x) e m r t- j a

center,Arnu= ~
*

Ax

At ends,

O= 24EI

457

B o
,l~lR
2 x

F
ends Uniform load partially distributed over span (2c a< h = e= ~ n + b) c Max w lvlaxwhena~:V
W
Mmax

O
=~(2.,~)
x< e> + b) u n = (
a t

X
=

hb

At x = a + ~ 2W w =RIX When x <a ~ ( I a)2 When x>a but Mx = R W x h b) > = e( a n +

e x =; xx < h
A

RI

a+

X pd a t n P
-

F
12 p 1/2

a ib R=

o C o en n ct d el n d ta h rm ao s ti e dd a -

$tte;e~;er and

M... . ~ V
2

$
i \
/

<,
\

W ~

M. 1 = e ~. (4x / n 1)
= &

A =

Fixed at both ends Uni~orm load over entire span \

R = V = / II[i ;IIII1] R A e M =
W/2

V n
=

x+

-7 w

x( t

\ /

x
A 3

I m
x
u
I!!

J s center, t , M = A (61x i2 6XZ) .

d W

At center,

W14
= 3

(1 - X)2

Both ends are overhanging Uniform load over entire beam R = V{ + V2 = w(a + l\2) VXI = WXI V. = W(X 112) For overhang,
B A e s t u wp
~
=

= ~

A support,

= $

M. p e = o e ~ r n(lx t s X2 , a) 4

Whena
M

.
= = 1

x total length or A = .3541

WP
M C 6

R,

RI

458

D
GROOVE-AWELD a u Groove w

FOR STRUCTURALMEMBERS

i a

ac a f t m
l e

t
d

o t b m t j

F g

FILLET WELD
S

of w
.../ ,. b

u e

throat

The size of an equal-leg fillet weld is the leg dimension of the largest 45 ri ht triangle inscribed in the cross section of the wel8 .

I-1---J%
face ,,

The size of an unequal-legfilletweldis the shortestdistancefrom the root to the face of the filletweld. Throat dimension= 0.707 x leg dimension

root

MinimumWeldsize* \ Thicknessof the thickerplate, in.

Minimum fillet weld size, in.

over
1/2
3/16

3/4
/4

/2
%6

ZY4
%

6
/2

6
5/8

* Weld size need not to exceed the thickness of the thinner part joined

Economy of filletwelding 1. Use the minimumsizeof filletweldrequiredfor the desiredstrength.

2. L
p 3. A o o w s f p

Increasing the size of a fillet weld in di~ectproportion, the volume (and costs) of it will increase with the square of its size.
tc a e a e vc t c l e o en t t b r d iri c o ei d at a c y ,c d ea s i i s do li oebw y l n e- ,w e l d i t i o n . wi pt lr a el n l st v y e t lef rt st e d o a l hyc r g h r c si o ete e r e a ve o t ne eg tr h

/
Allowable Load

)#
x a t a m lp l lo h eo w r a :% a o x b 1e ll ae f

,
% w oi d 4 xln 0n e= l 2 40 eI lg
t d b

The strength of the welds is a function of the welding procedure and the electrode used. For carbon steeI joints commonly used maximum allowable static load 9,600 (9.6 kips) lbs f W er 1 square inch of the fillet weld leg-area, or 600 Ibson a %6 le x 1 I

Fo

C o m L b o i n ae S s h a t e b r e ao e nt n v e c t Io i r b i a ola tl y e m e t h o d

d d s s o rd r si s s t niddr o gt e n e sa cr s l cu l e o nsm a t b d r ec ii oo c n am g b s . lt e a hhat s sp de t r noi a oesn v c i r m i y a pd cl e d oi ns f s in e er d v .

-rd7

D
~
A

W
V =

J
subjectedto bendingmoment,in2

FOR STRUCTURALMEMBERS

= Length of weld, in. W f = A l l lo o w w$o b9 elk a e p m .l e eg a rr = B e m n o d k mi e n i ng

V e sr th k i ec i a a l r p , = F wi l l d eil m e iel n ts i d o l ~i .= ddL n o p , f o 6 wi s k a l e p l li d e nd e a l ii o nw n e ea c l l h t p , s = Avera e vertical shear on fillet s

P = Allowable concentrated axial ?

w

weld, Eips per lin. inch of weld w~ = Bending force on weld, kips per

COMPRESSION

VERTICAL SHE,AR

BENDING

RESULTANT FORCE: W = ~W,2 + W22+ W32 EXAMPLE #1 Determine the required size of fillet weld. The length of the weld is all around 8.5 inches and the tensional load 20 kips. 20,000 Ibs. ~ . -P- . 20 = 8.5 A,,, o
w

2.35 kips per lin. in.

w = =
f

0.24; use X fillet weld

.

$ EXAMPLE #2

Determine the required size of fillet weld. The length of the weld 12 inches (6 each side) and the load 9 kips. & 62 Section modulus, (from table) SW= ~= ~= 12 in 9,000 lbs 3 M 3x9 = 2.25 kips per lin. inch Bending Force, ~ = 12 w

Shear ForceW, = ~W= ~ = 0.75kips per lin. inch Resultantforce, W =<W~2 + WJ2 =
d ~
2 + 0 =

kips per lin. inch.

W 2.37 Fillet weld size, w = = = .247; use K fillet weld f 9.6

460

DESIG~

OF

x.
t

-- x

PROPERTIES OF WELD OUTLINES 1 I d2 s. = 6

d s ~

I
S = b W d

b iY S ( S ( d ( =t~ + d o 4 p w m W 4 ) ) 3 b ) b ) dl ( + d o= t t o 6 x(2b + d)

i r

+ I I

b x r at bottom) (max.stress Y

--b Y 1-l
x

. b

+ :

,v
b

I S (
1

d ( = t~ b

+ o

Y I

~ I Y b t

;W = (
( fm

d (2b + d) 2 o ~ t t o m ) ) + a o b a o r xt c t . o e m t )

x -

SW.
x + S 0

hi

d 1

dx 1

. ~

461

A X

C
EXAMPLE #2

A X

I ._= ==------=--- _-.---= =---- .- .

A vertical vessel is supported by two beams. The weight of the vessel is 20,000 lbs 1 = 120 in Assume pin joint The load on one beam: Moment:

I d 10-0

P M == 4

10,000x 120
4

= 300,000 in-lb

Required section modulus: z=!! S* Assuming for allowable stress, SA: 20,000 psi,

I : b I :

Section modulus: z= 300,000 = 15 in3

20,000

The section modulus of a wide flange 8WF 20 is 17 in3 Moment of inertia: 69.2 Stress at the center of wide flange:

10,000 lbs

M Sz==

300,000
17

= 17,647psi

Deflection:
A A

48EI

10,000x 1203
~

48 x 29,000,000 X 69.~=
%6 h.

.1794 in -

463

FOR STRUCTURAL MEMBERS REQUIRED LENGTH OF BOLTS NOMINAL BOLT

D I 1
%

REQUIRED BOLT LENGTH = i GRIP+ D1MENS1ONS BELOW,

:A T S 1E W H R AE 2 W S RO /
7

n A S H
/

* N y W I1
7

h SE H R E
8

e R

s S

A ,
/

I
1~

6
8

1f

1
7 1 1i 1~ 1E 1 1 l

1~
1 1%6 1 I1

1
1y16 f ?46 1 1l

1Y

2/

z ~

1 ~

MINIMUM EDGE DISTANCE AND SPACE The minimumdistancefrom the center of bolt hole to any edge BOLT DIAMETER
7
5

MINIMUM EDGEDISTANCE
A S
7
1~

E
2

AA R R
/ 3 7 4

OT O DL E
8 4

L
/ / .

E T D
m
m m

R
4 8

o
z

3 g

1y

1/8
1 1% 1

1 y2
1 2
2

1~
~ 2 ~
y

.y 4 z D 8 T S
B

1? l y1
l

4 45 4
8

L /E D
y

BOLT HOLES shall be

~16

larger than bolt diameter.

ALLOWABLE LOADS in kips SA 307 unfinished bolts and connected material: SA 283C, SA 285C, SA 36 Nominal Diameter
o B T A A l i T A L S l o eS n t i r l s r i el e a ba i f t e s 0 , l e 4d o n n li e 3 s o 6 r n u n s .0 n 6

vi

1/ 23 .0 . 1 5

1y /

11

1E /

2 .0 s , 9

9 . 1 73 61 . 6 . 0 51 07 . 1 7 56 634. 0 046 . 1 62 2 4 9 . 7 1 25. 9 2 9.1 3 23 .21 1 0 2 . 1 82 1 1 94. 5 39, 81

954 3 8. 37

lL o wo a e n s l i o h o w a e

a Sb d Da

4 g. 8 b.

6 l . 1 l .

7e . 0 12 e

7.2 4 5.5 8

1 85. 4 2 9.0 4 24 .73

PARTV. .MISCELLANEOUS ........................................................................................ 466 1. Abbreviations

2.

Codes, Standards,Specifications.......................................................... 470

3. Boiler and Pressure VesselLaws.......................................................... 474

4. List ofOrganizations Sponsoring or Publishing Codes, Standards or Specifications Dealing with Pressure Vessels . . .. . . . . .

476

5.

Literature............................................................................................... 479

6. Definitions ............................................................................................ 483 7. Index ti_~.___~~_~~~fi~ti.~. ti.~~~.~~~mu~~tiomofiu.ti.ti. m.o.ti.~. 494

466

A
COMPILED:From 1 ASAZ32.13-1950ABBREVIATIONS . FOR USE ON DRAWINGS 2. ASAZIO.I-I941 ABBREVIATIONS FOR SCIENTIFIC & ENGINEERING TERMS ADDED: ABBREVIATIONS GENERALLY USEDON VESSEL& PIPINGDRAWINGS AnchorBolt AmericanInstitute of SteelConstruction Allowance Allowable AmericanNational StandardsInstitute AmericanStandard Association AmericanPetroleum Institute Approximately Asbestos AmericanSocietyof Mechanical Engineers AmericanSociety for TestingMatls.
A B B E B L B O B O B Bt U v C e l oo P t o t rK a rT i h n e o i r Cr v V a l c e

AB AISC

Ccw cfm CFW CG CG cm % %to% co CONC CPLG CORR ALLOW COUP CRS
g Cse

ALLOW ANSI ASA API APPROX ASB ASME

CounterClockwise CubicFoot per Minute ContinuousFillet Weld Commercial Grade Centerof Gravity Centimeter Centerline Centerlineto Centerline Company Concentric Coupling CorrosionAllowance Coupling ColdRolled Steel
Carbon Steel
e t R t bu bo . k w d e T cc x H a T . w n e e i i i t

ASTM AVG
bbl
B B B B B B b B B

Barrel

B We B i G n W i r m Wire

C e t C n to c l t e C e n C T C u C l iD n Cu t F u c df p f eC l o c Pt i o Cm o Tt H Cm W u Wn c k e t T D o w n D t ue i r s mD h a l D oE u E i t H e D e t E ve e l D l d W g h a DIA m

o s ri e g o m e b t l v a i

c CA

Gauge Degree Centigrade Corrosion Allowance

DIAM DIM DP

Diameter Diameter Dimension Design Pressure

467

ABBREVIATIONS (cont.) DTL DWG

EA EH EL ELEV ELL ELLIP EQ ETC EXT F F-F F&D FF FIG FIN FLG FS ft FT3 FW 13 GA GALV gal GG GOL gpd gpm GR HVY HD HEMIS HEX HH HL

Detail Drawing
Each Extra Heavy Elevation Elevation Elbow Ellipse, Elliptical, Ellipsoid Equal, Equally Et Cetera External Fahrenheit Face to Face Flanged & Dished Flat Face Figure Finish Flange Far Side, Forged Steel Foot, Feet Cubic Foot Fillet Weld Gram Gage Galvanized Gallon Gage Glass Gage of Outstanding Leg Gallon per Day Gallon per Minute Grade Heavy Head Hemispherical Hexagonal Handhole Hole

HLA HLL
HLSD HR HT ID in INCL INS INT JE kg 1 lb lbf lbs LC LCV LG LG Lin. ft. LLA LLC LLSD LR Ls LWN m MB MK MATL MAWP MAX MH MIN MKD

HighLevelAlarm HighLiquidLevel
High Level Shut Down Hot Rolled Heat Treatment Inside Diameter inches Including, Included Inspection Internal Joint Efficiency Kilogram Liter Pound Pound Force Pounds Level Control Liquid Control Valve Long Level Gage Lineal Foot (Feet) Low Level Alarm Liquid Level Control Low Level Shut Down Long Radius Low Stage Long WeldingNeck Meter Machine Bolt Mark Material Maximum Allowable Working Pressure Maximum Manhole Minimum Marked

468
7

ABBREVIATIONS (cont.)

mm MMSCF MSCF MW N N&C NLL NO NOM NPS

NS NTS
OA

OD OR OSHA Oz Ozs P PBE Pc Pcs Pcv PI . k PROJ PSE psi psia psig

Millimeter MillionStandard CubicFeet ThousandStandard CubicFeet Manway North New& Cold NormalLiquidLevel Number Nominal NationalPipe Size AmericanNational Taper PipeThread NearSide Not to Scale Overall OutsideDiameter OutsideRadius OccupationalSafety and HealthAdministration Ounce Ounces Pressure PlainBoth Ends PressureControl Pieces PressureControl Valve PressureIndicator Plate Projection PlainSmallEnd Pound per Square Inch Pound per Square Inch Absolute Pound per Square Inch Gage

RAD REF REINF REPAD REQD RF RJ RTJ RV s s/c SCF SCH SCR SCRD SDV SERV Sht. SF SHT SM SMLS so SPA SPEC SPGR SQ SR Ss s-s s/s STD STL STR SUPT SYM T&B TC TBE

Radial Reference Reinforcing ReinforcingPad Required RaisedFace RingJoint RingType Joint ReliefValve Schedule ShopCoat StandardCubicFoot Schedule Screw Screwed ShutdownValve ServiceSheet StraightFlange Sheet Seam Seamless SlipOn Spacing Specification SpecificGravity Square Short Radius StainlessSteel Seamto Seam Standard Steel Straddle Support Symmetrical Top & Bottom TemperatureControl ThreadedBoth Ends

ABBREVIATIONS (cont.)

Psv R TEMA

THD THK TI TLE TOC TOS TS TSE T-T TW TW

Pressure Safety Valve Radius Tubular Exchanger Manufacturers Association Threaded, Thread Thick Temperature Indicator Threaded Large End Top of Concrete Top of Steel Tube Sheet Threaded Small End Tangent to Tangent Tack Weld Thermowell

TYP USAS VA VOL v WG ~ OUT WP WT XH

XX STG

Typical United States of America Standards Institute Valve Volume With Water Gallon WeldingNeck Without Working Pressure Weight Extra Heavy Double Extra Heavy Double Extra Strong

470

STANDARDS,SPECIFICATIONS

PRESSURE VESSELS, BOILERS ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, 1995

I I I
Iv v

V V V I
x

P M N H N R B R P R W F R

B S P B p P E R C o f C C a o P 1 D P o N V P P O o H e B 2A e u i b

V a f I B

R f D Q P I

Components
British Standards Institution (BSI) 1500 Fusion Welded Pressure Vessels for Use in the Chemical, Petroleum and Allied Industries 1515 Fusion Welded Pressure Vessels for Use in the Chemical, Petroleum and Allied Industries (advanced design and con struction) Canadian Standards Association (CSA) B-51 -h41991 - Code for the Construction and Inspection of Boiler! and Pressure Vessels TANKS American Petroleum Institute (API) Spec 12B Specification for Bolted Tanks for Storage of Production Liquids, 1990 Spec 12D Specification for Field Welded Tanks for Storage of Production Liquids, 1982

CODES,S

Std 620 Std 650

Shop Welded Tanks for Storage of Prop duction Liquids, 1988 Recommended Rules for Design and Construction of Large Welded, Low-Pressure Storage Tanks, 1990 Welded Steel Tanks for Oil Storage, 1988

U N N A D N N N N

L 1 5 S t S t W A L U L W A

I T T

( f f ( F F

n a a C C

a b n

AWWA Standard for Welded Steel Tanks for Water Storage

3 5 5

F P F L L

A &C P P G G

( L S a U

r C a H G P

PIPING

A B B B B B B

N 1 1 1 1989 1 1

S P F C L R P G P P P

I a T P w P

( R P 1 A P S e
Piping Systems

Gas Transmission

and Distribution

HEAT EXCHANGERS

E S s

J M 5 E J

A A

I P

a tt E

PIPES American National Standards Institute (ANSI) ANSI B36.19-1976 Stainless Steel Pipe ANSVASME B36.1OM-1985 Welded and Seamless Wrought Steel Pipe

CODES,STANDARDS, SPECIFICATIONS

FLANGES, AND VALVES

E a V W P P S F a O G T F a F S a S F A G S f S a N P P B S B a L

I u

American National Standards Institute (ANSI) ANSI B16.25-1992 B ANSI B16. 10-1992 F ANSI B 16.9-1993 ANSI B 16.14-1991 ANSI B 16.11-1991 ANSI B16.5 1988 ANSI B 16.20-1993

a a

F F F F w F T P A R F

M
The American S

A f T a M

(ASTM) 1989 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Section 1 Iron and Steel Products Volume01.O1/SteelPiping, Tubing and Fittings, 131 Standards Volume 01.03/Steel Plate, Sheet, Strip, and Wire, 95 Standards Volume 01.04/Structural Steel, Concrete Reinforcing Steel, Pressure Vessel Plate and Forgings, Steel Rails, Wheels, and Tires 135 S
M I U S S C B P C o B 1 C ( O I n ( o

Steel Structures Painting Manual Volume 1, Good Painting Practice Volume 2, Systems and Specifications
U S b S B a P V L S o B a P V L C C a P ( R S a R a C

473 CODES,STANDARDS, SPECIFICATIONS Environment P C o Federal Regulations, Protection of Environment, 198840- Parts 53 to 60 (Obtainable from any Government Printing Office)

S o C E (ASCE) Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other Structures ASCE 7-88 (Formerly ANSI A58.1)

TABULATION OF THE BOILER AND PRESSURE VESSEL LAWS OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA JURISDICTION Alabama
Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida

I II NNNN
YYYY YNYN YYYY YYYY YYYY YYYN YYYY YNYY

XV VIII(1)VIII(2) XI NN
YN NN YY YY YY NN YY NN

KEY:ASMECode SEC
I P 1 ( B o o 1 1 w i )

Georgia
Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana
I o

YYYY
YYYY YYYY YNYY YYYY
wY Y a Y Y Y

YY
Y Y YY YN
Y

y N

VIII(l)- Pressure Vessels V e s VIII(2)-Pressure XI-I n Is n e s r p ve

N Y u c l

Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska

YYYNNY YYYYNN YNYN YNYY YYYY YYYYN Y Y Y YNYY YNYY YYYY YNYN YNYN

NN YN Y Y* N YY N Y N N

N- Lawdoesnotcover *-Onlyportions of Codeorcall jurisdiction Y y Y N y N N SOl.JRCE:

T c o h nt d a b e io u n

ls

Nevada New Hampshire

New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pemsylvania Puerto Rico Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia

YNYY
YNYY YYYY YNYN YNYY YYYY YNYY YYYY YNYY YYYY YYYY YYYY YYYY NNNN YNYN YYYY YYYNNY YYYY YNYY YYYY

Y
N YY NN N Y YN YY YN YY YY YY YY NN NN YY YY YN YY

N
N N Y

tionandvari~ces inthe m

::;;:t$;n ;::5:::0;::5;; Law5Rules andRegu,ation~ CoP~right 1994 uniform Boilerand PressureVessel Laws Society. [t doesnotlistalltheexemp-

laws and regulations. More detailed information is avail:::5u;::;:;:n:::;:;:n:;; beobtained fromthejurisdictiomlauthority ortheSociety.

475 TABULATION OF THE BOILER OF T

JURISDICTION Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Alberta British Columbia Manitoba New Brunswick New Foundland &

A
U
1 11 YYYY YNNY YYYY YNNY YYYY Y Y YYYY YYYY Y N

P
S
(continued)

V
A C

IV VIII(1) VIII(2) XI YY NN YY NN YY Y Y Y Y YY YY Y Y Y N Y Y Y YN YY Y YN YY N NN YY YY N N N

SEC
I P B o o w i l

Labrador
Northwest Territories Nova Scotia Ontario Prince Edward Island Quebec Saskatchewan Yukon Territory Albuquerque Buffalo Chicago Denver Des Moines Y N Y YNNY YYYY Y Y Y YYYY YYYY Y Y Y YNYN YYYYNN YYYY YYYY YNYN

IV-Heating Boilers VIII(l)- Pressure Vessels VIII(2)-Pressure Vessels XI-1nservice Inspection,

N u c l e

Y-Required byLaw N- Lawdoesnotcover *- Onlyportions of Code orcall jurisdiction SOURCE: Thiscondensed tabulation of o dataistaken fromSynopsis
B L ao P R a a ir V e l n s ee s R u w e g l us n l ae

Detroit Los Angeles Memphis Miami Milwaukee New Orleans

New York City Omaha

YYYY
YYYY

Y
YN

Y Y N
Y N N

Y Y YYYY YYYY
Y Y Y N YNYY

Y
Y Y

Y
Y y

Y Y YN
Y N N

:::::i;;:

;;e;:urJn;:;::

::O;O:::;;::;C:; ;::;;::; lawsandregulations. Moredei n f oi ar m v a a tii tai]~d

u t n S o S dc yh i e n e o t

St. Joseph St. Louis Seattle Spokane Tacoma Tucson Tulsa UniversityCity Dade County JeffersonParish St. Louis County
District of Columbia

YYYY Y N Y Y YNYY YYYY YNYY YNYY YNYY YNYY YYYY

Y Y Y Y

Y Y

Y Y

N Y Y N y y YN YN YN YN YN YN YN
Y Y N Y

Urther nformation.may be obtained fromthejurlsdlctlonalauthorl~orthe socie~

Y Y

Y Y

476

L
S S
~AME& ADDRESS

O
O P D W C P A PA S P O P V

4MERICAN BUREAU OF SHIPPING 15Eisenhower Drive ~mmm, NJ 07652 (201) 368-9100 ENGINEERING & SAFETY SERVICE hMERICAN INSURAN CE SERVICES GROUP, INC. \5 John Street, New York, NY 10038 AISG, INC.

AMERICAN NATIONAL STANDARDS INSTITUTE** ANSI 11West42nd Street, New York, NY 10036 (212) 642-4900 F U S n ot iA a tm S e te t ar I d e n ni d s(s c a tfUa rai d tS s u At ne S K*
p t 1r A im 9 Se o t r 6 aA i rns c o s d 6 ao( a c nr i A d a ts i S o n A )

AMERICAN PETROLEUM INSTITUTE 1220L Street, Northwest Washington,D.C. 20005 (202) 682-8375

API

AMERICANSOCIETYOF MECHANICALENGINEERS 345East47thStreet NewYork,N.Y. 10017 (212)705-7722 AMERICANSOCIETYFOR TESTINGANDMATERIALS 1916RaceStreet l?hiladelphia, PA 19103 (215)299-5585 AMERICANWATER WORKS ASSOCIATION 6666WestQuincyAvenue Denver,CO 80235 (303)794-7711
AMERICAN WELDING SOCIETY P.O. Box 351040 Miami, FL 33135 For Orders Only 800-334-9353

ASME

ASTM

AWWA

AWS

BRITISHSTANDARDS INSTITUTION* 389Chiswick HighRoad LondonW44AL *Bfitish Stmdwd Publications areavailable from
The American

BSI

a StandardsInstitute t i o n

CANADIANSTANDARDSASSOCIATION 178RexdaleBlvd. Rexdale,ONCanadaM9W 1R3 CE COMPANY COMMERCIALUNIONINSURAN OF AMERICA 1 Beacon Street

Boston, MA 02108 (617) 725-7304

CSA

L
N & AA D D M R EE

O
S S A B B R E V I A T

SPONSORING OR PUBLISHING CODES AND STANDARDSOR SPECIFICATIONS DEALING WITH PIPING ANDPRESSURE VESSELS

COMPRESSED GAS ASSOCIATION, INC. 1725 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1004 Arlington, Va22202 (703) 412-0900 EXPANSION JOINT MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION 25 North Broadway, Tarrytown, NY 10591 HEAT EXCHANGE INSTITUTE, INC. 1300 Summer Ave., Cleveland, OH 44115 (216) 241-7333
I N T E R N A T I C OO N N A L F E R O E N C E B U I O L F D F I I NC G I A L S 5 S Workman 3 6 Rd. 0 . Mill

CGA

EJMA

ICBO

Whittier, CA 90601 (310) 699-0541 THE NATIONALBOARDOF BOILER AND

PRESSUREVESSELINSPECTORS 1055CrupperAve.,ColumbusOH43229 (614)888-8320

NATIONAL FIRE PROTECTION ASSOCIATION P.O. Box 9101, Batteryrnarch Park @incy, MA 02269 (617) 770-3000 (800) 344-3555
O C C U P A T I S O N A AA LF E T N H E AA D ML I N IT S T RHA T I O N 2 Constitution 0 Avenue,N.W. 0 Y D

NBBI NGPA

Washington, D.C.20210 (800)344-3555

S 5 E I A N S E TN I L T U K T E 7 0 OakwoodRd.,LakeZurich,IL60047 (708)438-TANK T T

STEEL STRUCTURES PAINTING COUNCIL 40 24th Street, 6th Floor, Pittsburgh, PA 15222 Telephone: (412) 687-1113 Fax: (412) 687-1153 TUBULAR EXCHANGER MANUFACTURERS 25 North Broadway, Tarrytown, NY 10591 (914) 332-0040
U N D E R W R L I T A E B R O S R A T O I R I E SN, 3 PfmgstenRoad,Northbrook, 3 3 IL60062 (708)272-8800 C

SSPC

UL

UNITED STATES COAST GUARD 2100 Second St. S.W., Washington, D.C. 20593 (202) 267-2967
U V 3 N I B F OO A I R P M LR E L S S SA O E C W LI N Evergreen 0 Rd., Suite 240 8 E E N S R S U DR E ST Y . E

UBPVLS

Louisville, KY40243 (502)244-6029

L
S S
NAME& ADDRESS

O
O P D W C P A P A S P O P V
ABBREVIATION USEPA WRc

UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENT PROTECTION AGENCY 401 M Street, S.W., Washington, D.C. 20460 WELDING RESEARCH COUNCIL 345 East 47th St. New York, NY 10017 (212) 705-7956 AMERICAN SOCIETY OF CIVIL ENGINEERS 345 E. 47th Street New York, NY 10017 (800) 548-2723

ASCE

LITERATURE

1. S. Timoshenko, Strength of AZateria/s, 1955, D. Van Nostrand Co., New York. 2. S.P. Timoshenko, Theory of P[ates and Shells, 1959, A4cGraw-lYiii Book Co., New York. 3. R.J. Roark and W Y F f S 1975, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York. Vessel Handbook Publishing, Inc., Tulsa, OK.
5. L.E. Brownell and R.H. Young, Process E

5th Ed.

4. K.K. Mahajan, Design of Process Equipment-2nd Ed. 1985, Pressure

D
.

John Wiley and Sons, New York. (Out of Print)

6. M.B. Bickel and C. Ruiz, Pressure VesselDesign and Analysis, 1967, Macmillan Publishing Co. Inc., New York.
7. H.H. Bednar, Pressure Vessel Design Handbook, 2nd Edition, 1986, Van

Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York 8. S.S. Gill, The Stress Anaiysis of Pressure Vesselsand Pressure Vessel Components, 1970, 9. J.F. Harvey, Theory and Design of Modern Pressure Vessels 2nd Ed. 1974, Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., New York.
10. Pressure Vessels and Piping: Design and Analysis (Collected Papers)

Volume I. Analysis, 1972, ASME. 11. Pressure Vessels and Piping: Design and Analysis (Collected Papers)
Volume II. Components and Structural Dynamics, 1972, ASME. 12. Pressure Vessels and Piping: Design and Analysis (Collected Papers) Volume III. Materials and Fabrication, 1976, ASME.

13. W. Soedel, Vibrations of Shells and Plates, 1981, Marcel Dekker, Inc.,
New York.

14. W. Flfigge, Stresses in Shells, 2nd Ed. 1973, Springer - Verlag, New York.

15. R. Szilard, Theory and Analysis ofPlates, 1974, P r e n t i c I e - H n a l l c,

E n g C l e lN w io of d f J s , .

16. M. Hetdnyi, BeamsonElasticFoundation,1974,TheUniversityof Michigan

Press, Ann Arbor.

1

Foundation Design 7 Handbook . (Collected

1968,Hydrocarbon

Processing,Houston,TX. 18. Design of Flarzgesfor Full Face Gaskets, Bulletin No. 45, Taylor Forge& Pipe Works, Chicago,IL. 19. M. L. Betterley,Sheet Metal Drafting, 1961,McGraw-HillBook Co., Inc., New York 20, B. F. Forman:PressureVesselComputerPrograms,1995,PressureVessel HandbookPublishing,Inc., Tulsa, OK.
21. M. H. Jawad & J. R. Farr, Structural Analysis and Design of Process Equipment, 1984, John Wiley & Sons,New York.

22. Kohan, AnthonyLawrence,Pressure VesselSystems, 1987, McGraw-Hill Book Company,New York,NY.

Do eR s Pressure n s n Vessel . ,i Design s Manual, , 1987, Gulf Publishing 23. M Co., Houston,TX.

481

S
COVERED BY THE WORK(S) LISTED UNDER LITERATURE
( B B n u T r m t th e b w e fo d e r rh se wk at r( s l o is u ei b) n h jt e g c ht .e e O C n y d l iS i nh n de r g l i l c s af , l Flange 1 4Design &Analysis,8 A e n n o aSmooth,6 dl ys s , i s f Flanged andFluedExpansion Joints,4

Bolted Joints, 9 Brittle Fracture, LowStress, 6 Buckling, 6 ofFlatandCurved Plates - Formulas, 3 Buckling ofShells,6 CastIronPressure Vessels, 9 CodesofVarious Countries,24 Collapse, Fatigue andIncremental, 6 Composite Materials, 12 Computer Analysis ofPressure Vessels,8 Concrete forPressure Vessels, 12 Cone,Conical Section whenHalfApex Angle isGreater than30,7 Conical Heads andReducers, 6 Corrosion, 6 Corrosion Resistant Materials, 12 Cracks, Development of,6 CreepEffects, 8 Cylindrical Shells, Analysis of,6 DeadLoads, 7 Deformations inPressure Vessels,3 Design ofFlanges,4 Rectangular Tanks, 4 TallStacks, 4 TallTowers, 7 Discontinuity Stresses, 7, 9 Division 2 ofASME CodeComparison to Division 1,4 Dynamic Stability, 11 Dynamic andTemperature Stress, Formulas, 3 Earthquake Loads, 7, 24 Economics ofDesign andConstruction,9 ElasticStability, 8 PlatesandShells - Formulas, 3 Elastic Stress Analysis, 6 Elevated Temperature Effects, 10 Elliptical Opening, StressConcentration, 9 Expansion Joints, Flanged andFlued,4 PipeSegment, 4 External Loads, 10,24 External Pressure; StressAnalysis, 8 Fatigue, 9, 10,12 Fatigue andincremental Collapse, 6 Filament-Wound Pressure Vessels, 9 Flange Design, 4

Flanges andClosures, 11,24 Flanges withFullFaceGasket21 FlatClosure Plate, 6, 24 FlatPlates - Formulas, 3 Stresses in.,9 Floating Heads, Stress Analysis of,4 Foundation Design, 20 Fracture, 6 Fracture Mechanics, 10 Fracture Properties ofMaterials,12 Heads, Stress Analysis of8, 11,24 HeatExchangers, ShellandTube,4, 24 HighTemperature Materials, 12 HubFlanges, Rotation of,4 Hydrogen Embrittlement,12 LegSupport forVertical Vessels, 4 Ligament Stresses, Analysis of,8 LimitAnalysis andPlasticity, 10 Lobed Pressure Vessels, 9 LocalLoading, Stress Analysis o~8, 11 LocalStresses inVessels,7,23 LowStress Brittle Fracture, 6 LowTemperature Materials, 12 LugSupport forVertical Vessels, 4 Materials forVessels, 6, 7,9,24 Membrane Stresses, 7,9 Mitred Bends, Analysis of,6, 8 Modular Construction, 9 Non-Bolted Closures, 9 Nozzles, 11,24 Nozzles, Intersection Stress Analysis, 8 Nozzles, Stresses inVessels Exerted by, 15, 16,17 Nozzle Thermal Sleeves, 9 Oblique Nozzles, 6 Perforated PlatesandShells, 11 PipeBends, Stress Analysis o~8 PipeSegment Expansion Joints, 4 PipeSupports at Intervals - Formulas,3 PipeLoads, 7 PipingSystems, Stress Analysis of,6, 11 Plasticity, 10 Plastic Collapse, 6 Plates, Theory andAnalysis of,18 Prestressed Concrete Vessels,9 Rectangular Tanks, Design ofi4

( J c E a Cz

T f hS u

) etg t l sf s , ,

R e i n f oo rO c p e em n e i n2 nt g R S u i p p on ~ g2 R o o t H a F tl ai n u o g ne S aD d o e d s~ 2 l ie ,g S e A i n as l y si i s c 11m

s , 7 f S, u o V p 4e pb Lso s ur4 6 S u Lugs,Stresses p p E o r xerted s , f b 4 inVessels by, 24 7 n , TallStacks, 4 Design of,4, 24 , TallTowers, Vibration of,4

Selection ofMaterials,6 Shallow Shells, 14 SheetMetalDrafting, 22 ShellandTubeHeatExchangers, 4 ShellsofRevolution, Analysis of,6, 24 Sliding Supports forHorizontal and Vertical Vessels, 7 Spherical Shells, Analysis of,6 StressandStrainDueto Pressure onor Between Elastic Bodies - Formulas, 3 StressConcentration, 9 Stresses inHorizontal Vessels Supported byTwoSaddles(Zick),7 Stresses inFlatPlates,9 Stresses InVessels,8,14,24 Formul~3 Stacks, Designs ofTall,4 Structural Dynamics, 11 Support ofVessels byLegs,4, 7

Tanks, Design ofRectangular,4 Temperature, Effects ofElevated,10 Temperature Stresses - Formulas, 3 Thermal Stresses, 7, 9 ThickCylinder, 9 ThickShells, Anslysisof6 TubeSheetDesign, Fixed, 4 Vertical Vessels Supported byLugs,4 1 Vibration, Analysis ofTallTowers,4 Induced byFlow,11 WeldDesign, 7 Welded Joints,Design of,6,9 Welding, 12 Wind-Induced Deflection ofTowers,7 Wind-Induced Vibration ofTowers,7 WindLoads, 7, 24

DEFINITIONS

f a t

T r e o m sh u om r v a fate a e l m a s r t oh o t n rf l r o im a iu c h y to c gdi o h t n n s o ao l t io l ha g q ie o c u ro d im ,b ad i n , a h e r e o f . e l Pressure The pressureabovethe

rc f i e a l W e ia ew l o pe h e n t r in f f t r is or n q u mi o a aL

e w l e d i q i o n c tr h t h m is

T p o m m e n an p t ea t ro y f I d n o il tn ow n a g d oi h d n r g

absolutezerovalueof pressure thattheoretically obtainsin emptyspaceor at the absolute zeroof temperate, as distinguished fromgage pressure.

Material backing up the joint

e t r h o o t A o al n n a uo s r m u by gbs f t e e a a nr c e f s B a S c i at kb i a r nc h a m ev p t r i ao an p l cel g o ri n t o cis n e i s t i d n g i a f f o a so t rr t o m e lw o ew m f e r x in o c tr e te s ept ;t i o h n h w s , e c o m a p u o nsm e u n er e t a t sl al e l m l e le y in c t s . t e f nh a w si i T n e g p l i l g a i b s l t e i c d e f o o r a m o a r t i d o A el . i i n t e pr s b e l c eta zi t n(n n gw ee ed seum r n c e t o t ia al b j ao u 9 di ( t cn n e jot t o(r) g i d nC n 0 e . to a r ) d . e M a a t s e t r b i ba ar rl s U A 6 0 ) w t h s h p re h a c e n t pn oi e c yra m w l d i s b t o fe r a t f i o ol n u r r e e ua so l tu g v a e ll h ,l o y b f e e Av t i w y t h p i a ie n o h ac u,l a rn t h e il e r B t e gd u t sh e h t t i Ap f fi c n t o g tnp a n pi o e nce a n g l e s . w a f i ef im t l t a s a t hl Ii ri i e an g h p o w l i l ln i a t oe ue xw tt r t h n n ge r a hr
A w

duringweldingto facilitate obtaininga sound w a

j o et i m nle i m w l a y p p r o i i x ti m n a s p a l B w a m ue n j o i p i r v n e se t c o n s t s r u hc h t i c o m p e pn l e a te r t f u s i o n T o b y w p je u oel S o i D n oB g u e l S o q B i J un o u at o r w ep o lr o u d c i e p ns f sg e sJ Ag n e tP r l aa t w hc o e a r l i ep e s rc i e o b n nhd c e u ca e t s d i n y Fg P e u w a e i l ae w t c or t wr h i iin tc tc t h , o h h u r t P ee n e B t Jr aou t ii w o u o w i it in a p p o l p i c r aa et w i s o ow sn i un i t r t f et h o dh h u r t B J e b a s c t kr i i n u o f m i s el tl ae e fl r .

S?3

CD
m=

a t g t

m d p ih to p ia o l t ah n a t t rt n hn u ef a b a t o h xw n ru t o hm it u o y io g s hmc h e h a i z ri h ce o i e w r nt e c o aii o es d ; eh ntt ts p t ro t a a v m air t he t a r a iyi e a nl fif ez i ae n d e i ttf h o m h o ag u ei n ne p o i n nu l f s a o r td m e

T

m
I db I

et c t o ru c a ro o m w ls b fi e o i oi ln n t ai r i eng s gu s ee s . eea a s f t e n e t f A threaded sleeve u t c so n hT ei e h r wp i h f e o ea b . rr y n a t t s eh v n e e o a eens l n x yt t dhi eu prr s n e i oaa t r l pd . i d e f o r m T l o i w n e o s f u c n o o nd d e s c tes r a e tT rn a t r st i ie ners h i n t e fr m w i i te i tl e l nl dt e i nt g n u su u w ra s e l i ft t le e br yt ee o d h n hh c a at o l j io ew a i h n e i tr p c , n h m ue t tn e a a e n d ll st ee e sim v po rae r n ta t i n c or w he m ei e l n d t e s i n f g n l l ad u T s iy m ih o ei am a et i c renn r g io d o l a a p i np r o r x n i m ea t e e el y p r s e is t u s rs c i uep va aels f l la os ll s ls y e i ht o sh e n e opposite to t f l o w .
other line.

T l u es h ton aa r s e g k i a f v i a g m e n n i a o n t v d e d e r r i a c o n d e t s a i a fg l tn l l e du o o iw d o 1 I 1 t o s i e t r w v o r h i a e m i c n n e a e u f , l d m n t e p t ha i o r d o s - u-i g ns r h en e c f se eb r t o e e v f o ii noc hr o e r I rte i ln m tion o A cn o tl m y y m .o p n h a p s ls a u a s p t es n e d eo d m d t b p a h r o e dxi uc y co is y s eo b s ne s gi t t r h e f va ha e l r i t so e ed w c >a c u t o r s ai a e eg c p s c en x c r eou a os r gravity in forcing the plate b c a f u a c s tr i aie n cxg y kc g s ui e n te s gs against a seat, shutting o f f r od r e un ip n t g u , r h a e r . r ef v l e ro s we . C h i t fa o n o hg O m e o r nt e m sh o uo e vr dii ft n d f a g e i cmo a e hb n p s r o i n oes n b o d d t u r cf d e s fa s e u f cm i o tc s s ass f e uh l r s arle s m o i ro s u m ff t s t es n te c oe s r sn i a o p a w r t o mi ar I e nl e klt l y ie a mt d o i l n a. t e h f or t d , f e c o m ps or e t s rs d e m f c ie t a cg h tt rr t hs fo ri u t n g y h i a hsd h e o tee r nd u s i o d n m a It t e d r e a i ra fh l ee b . m m c r of t ee vs e a e isd s n d y e s uf o a r d m ci a s t o a i hp o n p o ag t t o t a d r ee h s co e f as r m h s i ec n mrg a e r o m s f rt o p- e r v r e a sa s i rf e m ; na d me l f on i i u sn e dg s . s d e uf o ar r m c e a o t m i ho e an o m i n r o s t r e s s . A A

T p r ue i h sd s e u m ti m n i p inh e n i r m t mgih suio e s c m i b k p h c y h a sr a ico ttce dr ai is lt p f i cfh os e a r U h C- s A e o - l e d 6. 0 e h o c a ct v u e( r ss r o t e ve b n a he t s s e d i -u rm er e f te a a lc x e s T m m h e e p f o w s e e l od s i d n gr . t e m p ( e tr a t h t t ru h r o i e eu c hx kg nph e e u o c n p ech d ro -a n ef d t ti p rtn i cg o o a nh s o Penetration w e h i x s i (d U e C r G eo -d d.2 0 e ) tended completely through the joint. a Aw

Corner

o t a

je a lt o j d u i e n hc n d t ti o t e n As o o u l a owa pc r p ra ot f x at oi r m e s a it d e sl y g ot s hi t e r tn t et rn s w si a f ai sc h i a fa r t n if io n e o g at l e h c s e or h . r e l l a p t a i oo va sre t l t a g i oe t n n ry h u ac u s i g e n i o f f t i f c a e n t h c t n o v s o e s r r t a e r e r b m o o s t ii o o n ln e sy s o o r aw ur h cE nh t x u ro n a re m le o m o a g vG e i r d n a n e s r t dg t o sra u u. a c tp l i a o n t s t t f ea o g s r t r d u i o s c c o t s n a u t h i r f n s e a u i l a t i r d e m o ae d lt c h la pe u o rl m os ri c y ce e u as o s l e c s h s h ll at n eg . e jn - utl on n - c s lh ot e a d il z loz n a o x io t d a a t o c a ic h t o hs na i e m g or e i e nc a n a ff j u n b c e st t io hdw o in eed e l a f s if e o n lm r e e t h i c k n e s s e s . Damage to or failureof a p tn e

s r h s E a

e c a c te o o nf a t ic r n ilu o oa un ms l o o u m rt f t t w j f e o U a h e i i c p s n r n e v e e ss e te s ots ir t n t e r n s w si a f ai sc i h a fa r t n if io n e c c h t s c o n s w t r b u c o h t t i a w o n e e i n c l h n d e l s a v t mi o o vm e al al a u y td l enm lr o e n i a f oe l d s t e l e c t a c c A e b s s w i j b u e l l o b e . l t i d n l tr a s i a g en i o v fft i o fc v as e en e o tt h c r r ta enl e sl s r w e s l b e h d x i r a a a n d m i o l g i g r n f a l p e h e i d pt ao ro t a s t t iea r aw ur n h c nh t u r on r e le e s . t f h l e ( u e n U C g i l W ( t o ( r h l d 1 . a x aa s m f p mr il r s a ea l s m d ll e i ea l i t l , l t t a a c h p m a pe e n rn t s w et , t ire a a t d l i l od n s . B

As A b

e n d l u o rai ma a nm c t ea a i u t eesi m r u i f nx h t wt t mi t a s i t m c r hb ur e e i m e a sv a c es w f e bl dtn dm e el fh n .a iuo t t r id i n e ml w y i g bi p m te e h d f u r c a c i t n u r g e . A w t h o v e i er h l c ad p h p g e e d e s A o t a mt s ae c o t m e t b mh j b o e f i fr e r n s e a s e e t d lcc r t o i m A ? f ou ee no h b g fo i f m n a w a e trl l e d o d e eh e nd gr a o g e o se r s i c rn oo s n i o d n . o b m eo m b t e r f hs . w o p h ri p i o nm Aj T a bo a m i h lt se i t t te r y a i fn t o p e tl c oo t ia e i b t so n j o ph s b ts u p a b e p enc r mod a n em e d fwn eot i l r yt m l h o e n od g ei u tx u tp i d ta i p nn a l s l di i th o i n b r oe c a r k aD c iu k n i c mi g t e ni b g alr .s i h tu y r ee s d a yt . t p e r rc h e e n d i ta u ac a g e tp e r i e o rn ne c n e a nd T r o t a l ht t t f y o hi F o a S c a t f o e r t e l ao on t g bga t e i ae o ns r f t . w c o f a u ao a m u i l l eos s d u m er bue c t r t t l t i o i h h m u p a i i a o o s e p s d e r t e os Al o c o o mo p al a o n e o d nr t a f d n o t a g r c ims r e a vo a m c o l e te o i s in m os b n T e f e r o s a e tt n n md fe c rr y a i a e c w c e r n e ti t t s r s ip t ec h i e i d c c htat i o o o t n e f t s u m n r e d ap o e at s e n i ctt o ri norys n i s ed n a t h to r c c oe n u T h tp g r t e h o i rh l e d pt . t e eu n e l h s ts h si at t m a r s an e tt n e eg i d i d ci f s u t t ll r ao a a n r i co h c t e t n m i e ho e f n f e fe c o s ee n m i F tA s r n rv st o l t e o p i r tc ia ne ha c i nd ti e ep o tx r a c r l a h c i S l ei s nt sber u - e ds o t e t .l o n n g o t ih t t eo u cd n eoi m ns eap lir e t r w ri ecti t si a ptt h x e y ch i a t s i t a b r o oe e m st e a ss h m unt m b eb a WeldedJoint Theefficiency b e In i sd o i m u n e t g t d . is m e t te s ne s of a weldedjoint is expressed as a numerical s at t p r o p e o hm o s i r is n n e mt t r e o f t s oe a j eh s a ao i s d t g i nn e nen quantityand i u i t ds a f u b h tx t t s r i aue eh sl r , m u l o tt i a pp lp ir a h e o lr p l rs o i a fw t e t aer b p e l re e s f f tse pr a uhA bo p l f e loi s v (a lC u o e d . e c o n v et n L i o e n c e g h e i t, l u d e o i m nea f i lo w a m a b he m n it e i as m c aa a y f hg C a o sp u a s s tb a t l i ne r i n ef g s s c o m a c p fo a i s r l eb l d e er e d s u s e d t d c e o n n t f t oo l r o tm s ot ie r h te a y s s - s ot e r w aifAnw o a pe p r o t x l i m a p r o p o r t A i o e n a ll s i t y a o .t e s r lt ea in c s t s i ar c n c g s ru e j l o c ao t s it a s r ot s a r w ti e tri n es a t s l sh i a hr i n s n t i ie t c s u na r w pf pa l i m i t . m a r t a i e n t g l g t h e ro o ah c t e at T l s e t th w arc h e s iae s a t ul s t s l e T e f s f t e i a rh e cs s t - c p e r s m a n e e n tt . area of a fillet weld is a s t sb t u p m r eo h A w e process l ind i n g o t hd ih r m o e w c ho n ise ul m c e aa c fb th i l r e oa d r n ee s tl e d o te g % n eh tt a s t el o e t n w h n ge j c oo n fi t a t iln cn u iu m t n rh g t xe r e ;l F i w al e s l p l e e r cd a t n h d e b t l d h i me e e n i s j uo sr d o i e o

T w F f t a p l t j a n ( m

t d h i hrm o a eo e n a l s eq i e f t o ung i g l a f nl el e d t i 0 et . t i l l7d im m 0 dh e es n 7 s s i oe n g , e o m fi e d gn e t r ist a e n w i m leb e l m l a ep asd l t o wrs y ey e ne d g l it s c d h a r ( sr c b F i n e a g l r u a m i i n n u e s m d , s k t i l t l e e e d e p r p e os va s ew u r s rt ir ls e t t ie sh m l hf s ii tn a e b p a r t s i uc s u c tl g a e r rp a le p t y hi i bt il z ea g i i T i o U v a no W te b Cs - T n l o n 1h e d 2 h e f e . e l l l o o wf oa w i b s l le a e hl tl qd e a d n ut l h s a l l e A w m be d ae pl o d s r o to w d a u( e hc b o r m t l a i e f s e n d ie a m d u n m f mi i a leg l r b t eo a d i m et en a s l i l os n oh g)vw t , a i r ab e l e le s u s e n e o tn m s a ib t h ow e e nre a i ila f ae d n l e n g d , d j o i n e d e of f oii 5 c i( 5 ne U n0 C tc W 7 y To 0 f d 1. h e 8 ) e S t sa no h g d ar a o p r od l l s o v tw fa r f b lw el i e au s l o et et s l la s c e dh r t i sn g V Ua n o a tz r z eh i ln nf e o tr v c s ei m ea de s nr t ss er l o s e s 4 h o ies 9 v at 9 f rr atn v )e l 0 es o u f hss s e re e l S v t r a f ge l ru s oo s e a (t e ( C r Ui o a W l -. d 1 e5 ) w i t e e 7 l na i sd 4 i s s 6 h o 0t e s 0 a t 7hrr v oa v le m asu t s ee aw e l d . j o b t iw ( n e h eC l d FullFillet Af wi w l s e hl i e o il ts d z e UW-15) e s e t t q t hu io tch a tk h nl m e ioh s ens m n fe b e re r o na l co ys l ue i rn de d ) T e ( e nhc j o i n e d . s Th m e c o loh m u lm t s .o s h yn e t l e pey mb wh o t h u n he c m iy s h T a aie h t r pe h l e e l r ii f p c a e s ll o ,a ia d a n l t a o b p s t r o e e l a xstu a s ct l u m e ea r e bh e d i e s t n e t d (i t o r s i s p h c h -e oe r a i f c nd a l i ) l, c n a m o sp pr he e s r s i u c r e . t r e oe p a e at r ia H apci l oy z a i t tn ig ip e n rngef o f cp m o re h G a l v aA n p i z no g i t r t co d he di a u r n c h e ra y on to p ipt e c ma r t l a o i t te h es r f ea r r A t r pi p o c lm u li b cebs ahs t d .i a o n m oe i c yp r e i sm t a o c x t or i r rm e re o u s s is ms i t p r o e o l e c c t e r o s l y s s i sr . T a ht p eh r rit r r n o y c he e it ep e ea l ee r n n nn e t a ia n lp ; i go z , is n n t g -, G W e A la g d o r w i n es p o g lr o u d c ime p nsa f es g e s o a r lm a e n tt . w h c o e a r l i ep e s rc i e o b n nhd c e u ca h e t t s dr i e na y t g m w ag f i w l o w ta a i i a p h tm p t hs l o i e o c ha u tr ti o n f t a iae n p r a e w s o sw u in i t r u t eo t hf do h ih u s rl t l e e e f S r c to n le p e r c o e n l t o e a g t m e t c e s a n h h tr f s e ba m e t a l . G
a

aA

t S

te

ha

a ve

ev

ss

s w l r p t c a f

T t ce a o t m p f el ei ts t l H y d T r o s ivc sh w w s i a b s h u t t b t a a e j t h e p l r c r et l e e e sd O w a i n t e h w i h e t i q 1 t c u t 1 i m h a m a s / l x h e o i o m g e s lw hbh o a to bp ee d d y a l l w o o w p a r r b t k e b l m i s e s n a o u g r r a m i a r n t u ao a i l h ls y e d r i d 1 ep e me rl h sb e r % is s o d w w e wi h c r eh ils d oc e c s h et n v d oe 1 ths t s o ae s s as t ep t r a es v n te o n s o g t r b e ee t m a tu ea w n t e sm t h e a nn n e h u a o a sf s l a u g ie d f . t (u Ur C Ge o - r d 9 . 9 e )

P r e c o g o rh a a g p rb i c u a s i ri t rs b 7b 7 a o C 5 sv

u i nm e rt c p i e oe i op ci t a ai t i r o n b o fF n p o n a r d fa epl o n l l yr i y c e r oh u e im n aa o td f ae i r m i ten ac s b ,ta s e u r sad- i p el e o s re fen vo n i l o cs n nu e gg h mti d n a to ei o h g n -an tF e 8bM , e 7 od 5 e Q v l e FD e .t e r o

&

(f!!b
u e s

II

m d w m co d t l

Low ductility o a et i a t b u s aoo h tr y lp t g de i o r o s ona ho di c a u a e c cl r e hc p u i t yr r nor o l y g c u l r eA aik n nla i na rn g bgos . c r w h e n e s s .

r e s o ia m s t a ta b t n e rc br e i ia ma k f p li v n a o weg c ( s t ay U C,s lA e o -l l d 6 . 0 e u b n e t nd e da e i tn nos lr g rin t o , sl a ie o d dh ns ; e A e n a b e is m ro e rgb a b b sy e r u td e r ae s kd i h n y g e p r o m a b ta s e bir i nl a gl o l yw e . f t d e t oo de hi sc c t o ni o tr io e t n tn u i p t i an o rc n o em fn e u r t sr e a n Aw w c e h o n ol t is n s u d u i if er t ef ya r w a h n o in T pr c o yd r io p h s c u o i es n . c t i i b r b u on s w k p e e l as n d c e ye d s . d e t be t c mt a h e ab cl t e r is h a rey o cs l c a s p oh a sa l m t i, nn lu ( sd a t C i, o U A 6 0 )

L

v af i d e r ei i a d i r e cl t i o n n psl . s u p e An u m v e e ra x i p cl a r le u l l os e a t r o t a sh t or a dh ires ein o vg fe ( t e th U Ce w e o bl d j r te a to d s z t,i o er t h rn ed n t g o ht e p m a r e e t n a t l .

T

o ( a lda ti o rn a e g o d rs s r oT i l r ooc t u ehc ab ds so i n. n s sa v i g ein s ni on tsn e g e e x r lt s m ls u w o p r o a e e t, c v d i eg ts r li m o p o aa s e ei dda r s w t n nh s co ee o f- t a efa m d p eg l e rr c, a a t d t f d o ,G d2 2 e ) h f e

A 1

h g i e n

, q u

g e K ( s a T c o

s l L

m i dn h a i e m p ue m t o oh m o n t o f o lr e l h r w e o x efo t i v f e lr i e n a ja d d o t n o s cai m t l n sc e l o to m o p , y< o ( n e e tn dl t s h : e x c o r l e iu n s f oi r c v e em e n ft . m a n <g 4 a n n i e< 2 s cV c e , h k 0r e o lm 0 0 m . o l6 y a b d < 0 e7 n v . u0 a n m 2n , a d Si t hl o e r e l T d o ee d u o g sx l hi tld yi e z e e d l , A e xf b a am o d p od la i e rl t ,u oi m o y i n n u f m r m e o d t e t c h e a r o c s t a d i i d c n m fi n g kis i il w i c t h ro en ib a ) he ,c c c t n ai h w o re e n e b no n t i a n o u i t i e s t n t s e u i i r h a a f t r ar r o x d ny s u o lg ri d iie i sfd u i n cp a pt gir oe n s s e d s . m a a g o n l e l t o i c y s t o h s yh t m i up e n os ac e ieh ffre l oms re i c m a l o m p a o ps i r to ia p n oc en or t m t i p de a s r e s d o t or M a lI l e r a i b hl e o era t t- n t t y h p e e sr . r e i b r d i tu Tt t p l ce rn e ee o h s . e n t sc a j in l o w d tt ih e n i d m wac t s tn h et t s ro r ie e a o t m het n axt l t sc J o A w i e a o et ce rk . o v e r m l ap pe ap ai tn gg r a rr s t e l h s j o b m i o e anf ia e l dn l y e s tf , Ad o c o wu mh p o s l w l e u l o dg r s t . t m a m t ah e n ur f r a i e ca te t c r ul r o ee r L a mV i n eAv a s t he e s a d a s e vs ol t i e e x n e l a mg isr n a e o tt p i nse s i , tr m t orf a ra w hi m h eu oi t a l o m c ld s hw e o sp e a q pr r f ob a r ti e u t e b y m ra a h se tps e edc ir ti f b iie c ca a( y U C e A ro - s d 6 . 0 e ) r e p ( o UC r tA e o d .d 6 0 e S u F e n Wi e d l e g el l e er d t . T m

u m s ptn er urr m f ii e s specified ss it bo s ln a m oa n i gc s l n o s ui s e i s L S e u tb s hPt a l eo a s m b u i t a s d f e e hsy materialthat q o su a n i u ta adv t c s h su a e m f r hm a e ar o t u l y nl t m g u i i l v a e s n n2 e t C ( o U h d G e o t g o o t h v a o at h fl e p s i r oh q f e u r f i e d s d a n t lg we ir i o n h Iuh i t sf a r e l e o ee s n h d p . o tn se T s i o b t u i o l t iv s h t te d y eh es f t e se r r e f m e li n o e m a gx p i r a m p e e u sr g m a s t i uts s r e i t t g h o l iih la a q e( tt uU Ceh is W ar o d l -s d . 2e ) o a c o mv p i e li o e s tp e fe s p dr to ea s t f ai d o e gn m np a T e r t prae tr dh ui e r es L i g T a s m e oe s c h n m t to a ii t a lo e e n ri f d ae sl t i b n ts w . s e e ae h l o kte d s e th v em n ue s t s ou sh b h e be a t e e d w e h j lt a e o rce l l e n e o ta i n o tr h n mi ci e k n xn a c e g o a s ll s u e l ss L Vi e A n s es d l ae

s t t

wt t h

T c o mo i r uh n e i id f i s o s c ta s r a v v eh o a r s a atlo io tc s k e nu ec c h sn ot n s

h p n o o n er e n m t a f l re m h i b l sq u y tn e u d a d l ge c r t u e re e os h f ss s e si i d do f e e rena t i r o n . At up b f u iui tls t t au p h ir ar e o b e a ou n 1 n i t ndi d n d ln h ce s e n hd P o 1 i v ln ip r c eo e h age c p a e rn 2 r sid

A groupof welding

c ) et h sw s i i m e e sh wc a i n l ht hhhshls M o d u pl r u oi s w p r e s s u r e . T r o c a h ho u a tt ne en o c en g f se i o i f l t me r p r se w s t rs r ie it ev us e t spt e o ne s n c h s i t i o l t He r a e t t 1 b i F no0 g c o m p s r f et ts c sr i o v an o e o ud hi n i n ti i a a r o ex t n b c i a f li r o t e h m t v pa i e ce c r ao ae tt u lon r s wt t ir p rte o phslo h r iF s ti imn o mn e a o il ro s t e om . t pi r s t e ,or a a Pt t r um io i ri o e v i l rf s b n a m a u t t o em l r o i o atedh ltl s u la , sl tmu ie i c s yf a n io a tr f m c d l o i n zc e ti o r o na no g a o l ll i t s f t a he a n cm o o sm s e pi n F r e e o r s n s si o d o n . r r l bo w a w t t c h e uo i epr o h e ,lo tli no r n o n i s m o at rts o e p a riw c ui a i oi l c s o t t hd u s i ea ,h n s tn sr e e a el mi n d gs . n e c t de i s s s tb ia e n rt g ty mu w i o oso eh hd e un l e i f e l ai d s ti if d cif ir e e t rc y et in no t n s . e o ta r s e u h d A m t i s i t or a e o m nc e g n abt ntt h u as p r oe a n s eo n t c c e h f . T r o c a h ho u a ts n en h eg f e i e af t r s wt r r e ti u es s s p t s nh es t f c h tr e i t a a o i ot h n r , T rr e o m a ha tt x ii e c o n o p d s i twu h i ti op e nr t o p a h fohe r i tr ol ar ol eo n s i n in e tq f ua r a i aal nr c d e o t dt u s p e t , c oi r m t m ie g in nio am in h c r e l i m i t . s e a c t ir o n e a a l . M oo m e n t f eo c n t s ro a m i e l e e At a s ih f u nn o e er o f c et a T m o o ih m n o e e n tr e d tt e ti t f ee a r ofm f a a w r r e it as e pt n e a c h t o n axis is the sum of the T p r a et h ts s u + p r oo bd b t u m ac u i t no sl a e p t d r i ve y sa e w s sui h f e e i r l nrs o m p e l e y la o i e t nm c o ge phn h e tr a Q I s n fht ee e x tas m .o c l a e tx h l e i a b t r square of eitsh a y e a l lwo o wp a r r ba ke l i isie u s n s ug n r u r distance from the axis. k a as e u l i bp t e t a es b vt eol t t e t eh o t The Moment of Inertia (I) p r re e s d l si et u e p vv r r ie it n ec f g hv e e for thin walled cylinder q o u p ( ee U nC i n A n o tg d .6 0 e

about its transverse axis; 1 = n rt where r = mean radius of cylinder t = wall thickness

N d t

V e

eA a

ve a

T it a spp h p e ko r e f i. rig ne m r ig n a i o t o i p e oh n i nn f g e .
T

t e m pt e w r ab h t mu iar m o t e p o tt v a ha b e f t s p e o o c h p ieo ftr U a G Ua e G 2 C2 tdn su - ( -n U

T i ea i n tlt a t i c lrh s eo fn e s i st i i v ar ee t (e d i o hs A0 3o )d d. 6

a i t z

or s c o ma ol e ia ct h n c a g l o z i f h s e i int br r e t e ee ef r n m o ps a e ras a to cu nce s c o e a rS i ca s d l r g s i e on a m c v t ese i u y m t on b b b n je e feb r n sc o f ttd a o e r ei n lie n g s lt m o -s t o eu ia g ri o n c s F r i c r.eu eaa m l i es s s i i t n l f o g i b ht ri n n ;m t e t sore h e s e e d c 1 t iy0 C o e n0h 0 f m i o ne c . a s rt D b ee ceo rof le x n a si s d. n es uu ha t t r sr f e aaenc l c h t ei od r e s mi s a a t u a s snkt tc e a s ee n i iu t n ts ile sa a i o t e p a eftb o r a p et e r b e l m ai r n a tg u T l o n g si h t uu o d r i nf e lu f c 0 0 - F . f s e i i t a mb rr es e e u m ot sb rb b s j e e n e 1 rn c 5 t d o

oo i a t- iu i f n o l n i o o nna r g x fi m t i T n uo w hm e pb l ed e rc r i o nn f ud g n h r is t i i n om n e a il c e d u r T e - c g l ra os u s h o p i f. m i ca a tt i e o s n r iwt a t ir l fp s rte o phslo b o ah a r s d e c nh e aa br ia da lc it t n te yr i s t n i c h d e p o fo v ca ik o m e eits p u o g r r p i ot o r u sp t e ne i d nuo f u g h m c sb o e e G e r ( U C A o d 6 0 e ) w p r o e c( e d S l Cu erI eo d c s .t d i X e o n ) A c as m r l t a bl t e o ie i tl r en C s i tla oh le dd n e e H eav a et ( t w e x c io Se h tp Aa t c -h i l 6 oe a a ns 1 r s 2 it f f ) i ee fd t f e i m sc p i a s u tee rr o n ae tt u l r i P 1 N o . . r e ss t i w rd eu a h st a srli e e or s c hs m e c t h r a en a a iw c t ea m ll en d n it n s s - us a r b enep h lr o sas t t T w m deh ee pb tl oo ps ea i d t rP ln e r d veo e ya e sp h t r e e a a t e d t : g r a e t s la s o i a ow o xh n ne i gl e s d f . W t h v e a es ht c s n o e r l n le e s t s u b s( t a U Cn c W eo s , - d 2e T p r o o s h pu e s at r a t ei U y n ip nf f g B t i o( r- e i U nS e l ad s2 We m -r p r e ( cv t i t i a e s bp i l e by e rh dl m e a ee n oP fe e r) no v e t re - u s a p ss s s a rue tn d eb rl f i js t e rd m w a i tr t ui Th p o t t o in a uu e urh t e l . rsi w s e tm et h s o iod w hn c he k je ng eo n le x sed i sc t d e t p n r oo o y h p it o eo e fe r l l t e d o y i 5w n i f (g i n r U /gW n 8 2 . ) u s n lt d eo e a a dr d y . W t ch a( e hrP 1 s b- nm o tN e a nto e t h ie c x 1M k icn a w e se e so n dn l n s d c e c a a t t a (n c C h mTse n U o da t se C f d b S Plug Valve One with a short sectionof a coneor taperedplug throughwhicha holeis e x c e p t i o n s ) .

cut so that fluid can flow through when the o hu b t l wtn p e l h holelinesu w t i ia n
p i r l oh9 tf m o uia b 0 tl e l ge o sc d o

h eeu t t d e , H w w d es o .p l k t, e

t b p t la pn ai ta n pe e dr ai t n i o gn s

ert .

E313
I

=!==
t t (

Av w a r h el l i iea c a i h l r dc d o u n p elr ba el rsea s s e y p u e l o r ca eiin r f e di mc en i m eo a nm l b nee r a r p p u u te n f t o oo pr e c rn o m r nan d at ioi tl j T o h i m o no m h t al . ae e y r y n b p a o ro c t i oa l t m le y p r Am c eo n g t te an a i e I c e yt l d il o n s h dp rdhci e c a ar o lw p o ii a td r bh, p l f e i wt w le il ey d v a i l o r a i n d o i u n g gs s . m e t a l . I F p r v e o sc e s su o rs e e n l A e o w ep l d s t rp uw c m l t eb i o lu n a d g s y c w e h t s w e s i r c e o e h m s b i u p n l o l e e u i l sj io r e ai e n d i n t p sn n f o r ca e m r o e on pt u p s ern e d ns s -u r e . i i n n p r g s e osst s P r, u n rn ru m ys r s ie c An- a s o r ot ra m h ea a u t t a r (c h U m C a eW a nl o tf -s a d 1 n se 7o t t) r - s r d e s a c o hh m we c e n a ei r te r sd t tt rf is a c t ih i on n s . T C U a o W b dl 1e 2 e ) Aw T

a c o mv hp m e l e s t es d a e l y b t b e a ps r t i e l is e o he s y d i ud yrr ro ee s t a n u t if c t w t ev h c e s a sh s e bn a sft nn f w ei e e oll i l tl yet e d h w o ta t to r t h a ee l c sc r i t era b q ei s n un f n g i o d t e a t o l( c e r e s a er ti r T t ev p da i nc i e e n h n u s )m . a t A e i c p r s i t P m r r m a e i e r m s s m y i s a b t r.r r a y t p r es e b s 1 h s s t u at . irm t e l am2 x lh e ie 5 m s u e m d i i v g i n e a d n e e t l r d o a n o l c c a t A e g ao a l l w o owp r ar b tke bl s i se s t n ou ag r m e p o e e d n ep nr m e i e r m sm aia bto lrw r r ay e i n h e n t v e ( sU hC sG e ol1e d .O e O )g s d i s it t r s i b t u tr tn uhe oc dh t u n r e a Ratio Theratioof lateral unh r e d i s ot l r i o b u a t ai r o cno ea u s r f d o c strain to longitudinal unitstrain, under the y i E e lx d oa p i m r n s p gi al t. m ge r s e a r en r

d c

f f q w t i f R o s d r s l R p s

a a t eo as r e i css o i t t n ii idr s ce a hl erff -y ls i a m d t h i n ep t u r e o le t r s ln s e L a u o l o dia sin ct n y r o i ea e m c ir d n lso g ra to t i td a o ri i s lt r l i b b oi u e s t a e nv id td t d r si e e n;c h ogs n wds ic nt h e ti as o i n t tu s ra s c h e e c oc h ep noo a f tr h rt a li e l o a n a ff t a fd oi a r lp pu ol t n o irs c e ia t n tm t b ir ho e ne e x E p e x o cas t m pd o l e drse r e e cs a. t n g a e n r f t h s e t b r r e s m e n a t a a s g d r l s s i r t e n ; r u g o s c A n na a e u a si ti en n g i t in c d i s c o n t i n u i t y . e a rb hl r e f ol a o u blo t qs l i u o yen w y n g ce h d i n y g s or t l e m u op te Lr i a i m t ou u q n rf e u ss. i do e s d r h t rt s t r a d to u p l ee u u e a n o c f h sii u ro n wg sa i ia e e t l, n d e M t r tor ,T c s r e o a c o t s i o s nh m f b T e sectionmodulus a . am h a i ip t e l cu r n ih a g le d s . w r et i es pi pt r et ic n c hh e ac t i ne i o pt xr a T p r o po h a c e se l s e n f cg t s emi s oo i h m nw -ere e n rti et stt a p it f h e a x rr a o dt i n h a at o ri i o ab cn o u sj b g e td h n a ci b n i tvt d ni d i -d fs h et aa r d t nh o e e a t t y cx ar o e i n sc o u ou ntr ag d s e p n d ne s fs s i os t r i z n d to ss o ei T m e o p e o m tc t sh ne t e i t co h ( i UC l A o m d6 . 0 e ) m o l d a u d r e l t g uet e r s f ml l i y n e he x t t eo r i as b eo f onn g e g m ti a ha t v e f r m e i o a d iT r u o a s g hd yf r i s a u S e M c o ( t d o i a u o l n Z a a w r r ei t a sge p a tf ini e ta c v h x t e ih o n s s e t w h c a y i ( l i r l i ~ n e n l qr o u t o aq ur o oa h eb n b ttt ai f ite n y e d y a i b t r a o a n t s u x v e i t vm i o d o i ih m no n t ee g a w n r e tt r h i f ae tf e a h z = Pnt e t t s a pb h t e ax c ar t i h oe t s 4-+4 ay e . re e o a r d ae w r =h m L e n A t g i tne h d ni s c r at t i m n g o c y il i n d p e m c i i o nfm ii a e ml x d ue i w m m n ui gr m r t t h a c k n l th = w t h i e f n aw g i t i t rl thi anh sn h d n g i c na g t eee d . i n

wu

f r Aa m c at o o tv re h y r me i e i a iS rl tg fi yt nh S h r e e ug c l lm t e ut l m re a a n el n c d w o p r io t p m n e t ri hs t t a iu h f e i a s tk s a st b o eo M pi t oe a t m s o rc a h g e ese h e .n b l ert r l f u au h i g s h -c t e m el p eihr a s n t us r i e t n r eg v o . o ahpl uc tl iu o ea n n r v f e I t t e r m ohi t n bo l s h o n e g io t y h i o e R e s i S d remaining u a r in l a struct e s c sy l p i no d a v r a io e c asa s p rl h r f is vs e t ee ture or member as a result of thermal or i c aa a s l pl lh s e ehs r s ide c o a l l l
mechanicaltreatment, or both.

c o m o hp s o n t e r e T tr r i a te the n op g g o rie - e nf a e t r n eo n ec R e sW i s e t Al ap ndr cwe ie e n s p slg ud n c w h e t eh r si p e ehr is o b nt d a u e c t e hs d y e A a r e s t it sf t o aa e n l h ci ce e o u c r o te r wr e fi nn c t . w e l d i n wg p h rc o o c e e a srl is p e e s r ci eo nn b mh d n c t y ega t t r h wi R o o T b o o t ft e o o t hw t h ee l de fw e aa. e t i l ia e b c o mv ee e l r e a t ec td a r o ln d e S A i o fr x oo t ior s m d u n nre he f d a nc e e o h s st o o e mi e t e f t iflo tm l o, e h a s r r n e m g f e l e electrode. r the s w h f e ho we a i t ts h c fis lr h h o h e el i f f lnmetalis e i ee obtainedfrom t d s l. S t

E c p ra d e p p ra rr g a e ftt p ic oe a n r; Soi h n g gl ne e e -l i n B - J W u A od b e jd i tw uo n et i f r no s io n d dm e e l y . o t o e o a md u h ef wg m r en b el e o d ee f i g r o. S i n g i eL - W J e i d o A el a dji i on p a a e b l r dti d l a y i o n w t h o v e i er h l c oa td p m h p ge eet d mh e b b j o a w i e an r ti lee d e odo o e d e h nd m e m b e r . s

S W e S w e u ae p i e r s il ta od m i t i g h t n e s s . S e cSo n t Ad r a
a

re y

s a

Weld: Thedepth of Size Weld Groove

p e n e t r a t i o n .

E L qF W u i t el e a l l e hg d t : e w e i lo d l a i n in l l eo t en l g a rth g g h e f se s t t a w g r g ei t r s e p t i s o r si gc h e t - l t re i a s e L n g l 1 t i t h o o l t h i s h L w c h b ii n as c c h r i n b e e d i u uh re w t i f t wi h c hl ie r l n e ol e t s Td p s r o e l h s i t s q \\ oa vo gt iv a nwe i g i n t dh s a ,s s s lt o e s e c t i o n n. m \\ y U n L e F q W i u e l ae lll l e g d t : \\ T p r h s e b s h i s i a u a r s nk ne ls i d e l c o et r T l l o e t h l n e a g r h e t g g h e f s e t k nn g l s . r t i r wi g a c h bn h g i i t ld a c e e sv h i e g nsn e si e i n sw c t ir f i t w bi c h e h ld ir e l nc o el te ti s d s s e o n . S tA f r c o a hn r i at d nc n ig m ee y e hd ni oe t a s o c a uf h t o l n i l t o f oo e ua n b n f Ax A r os n t -id a r y e f t .ac h m e c to na s olt a ipl t r u i o eo c nc ot o es s r s s e f h ed o i r a t , e r nn i n ag a n s g t o x m i hd e c it o z n a s elett d il at iu he c nd t i s ras i ta o t r s te t T i o w r n sa io i t hs nr u n d e U s i sr c a ubo ol acen o. l m s b l i y n sa c t tio o m n f s u m t c o s on n l eyn o d t o o a o ax c b i o ia d w xn ne s f id eo is d i u d e tc t r sx ah l i a td d a f ud es i e ib s i ld i to d y . I n f t e e o xrb e n e r oa irt c l tt ee a d p j oa aab c u e r t o n o t p a t d s ch o fh r Theratio of the lengthof a i m p a g o ls i e n pa e aW n r dna t t h ie o a uniformcolumnto the least radiusof gyraf ao p ra t trc pr a et l s ls h e ai t c e nl r h a eo tion of the crosssection. e s s h tw r e t f eh a a o s n d s r h r e o t ;c rn t p t l s h ia t c hr n a e eo ls e s tr le r sm e Aw e l d w t n h o h e rt d m ao s i ir t n r e ee t l s cw t s a p o w a i a h i i r c i c compressive n a ct lt h l t s w i i d h i a r efe tw c pn tr e ta s d a 1 b t t p e o h o tr ta r i oh ot n f e 4 o w i ah i i c i c tensile a c stress. ln t h l t se t s u o t r o f m at hc h ee e f me r b w ih e i x p c r o hs e s d L o n g i t u t h t rh oT oh u h gl o h h e e l . e e e r Si s d i to n r ( m a l + m o m n a b f a i o y l r ly e t e C d i r c u m f ( e r h eS n t o i a c o m wp w l e m it e e e l ty t l a h ld s . t r e s S a S c m a ne l m l b T r o ta d h e to a n h i s e o i t f e y ( d f i a sp h f t r v a r g m e m a t t t ed r e i o n sh a l ss o ti oa t e n y m d a f er d s h e aa f v ilo i g n m a ts e ar w i a a al a c ,s t p eh e c s i rS u f i t e dr e v o l u t i o + t e m p fe e r ax t 4 u a room e 6 , po (0l e r , f R F C or . B r r e s n t d r i n e g aa a s s t ec a i on sn d od) p a i rr tr i t e do s n ss u r f e S er a s h t e s a t e m p n e r a t u r de . D i s c o s n t ia r n a uei ts a b c h ri t u a h i p nc we s ige s it a ln c ed i n g o s n o h W eE llec d t r ii c - r n a p the vessel. w f h i ul i s i t am c si a i oh mdt ni e ra rs d e l e o c lt a l y b e t t e lw et e ch e ti r n op de es . At h fr a e wsa i tda hete nd he e w t h i o ro e et o a b d n h e ns o n n ( E S l t aa T b s it l iti c h t h y f r )l e e a (ue n d U Ceg l A d t o -h l d 6 . s t ora v e t e nr gb se t u s o h s cw ek i fr l l si i o n n t g k l r A a w e lr i d t a c no x um psi r t e Tg a s se rs o ti el v a esh b s i . l ie p r w o h c e e r s e s i n c o a l i e p s r c e o b n d c e u t o a v ie s e s a v sf e b y f ero f eo e l c l st y e u d y t f h e w a a a t i o i a b n t r e g r a t h w c n b a r o u n d n e s s . m e e l e o e tc l t e a a r c to t w ld r o T e o d n h er w e i s l h d b i a ibe n l o g d g a re n sa d kn T f w u m s a o it t o e b rl i r e hai en w P o rl s s kn l o ii n t n e r f mewi t eti sl e a tl n f l td ei u n et a ~ f s m in ie o nl e e b l f t dt a e e da i r r n ll i p o r h,ec m n eh t r s s o o mff ne d at s u o l j oi w a i t hin n rc t t n e a ir epm p d e e o sm e l

U G S 2 C 5 ) C . 3 T n to h m i ic it k n t .nh a e e i l s chs Aw m t eh ap l o o aad dsrl ee a to s cm fae s l ls y lc d oe m t rvec a ai d a ai l b n l w e il p d m r a le o i n u g ptt n n fe m ne r it n ph t n it tl mla a i e n ul fh ei amc t ed u r o x t e e r a; c w a e m l a r dd se e . d te h s i ( c ik C ng e o sn s . d je a lt o j d u i oe n hn c d t ti t o e u n F n fWi d l e Aw el l er t partslocatedapproximately w o at rightangles F p t l m oa a p txh i e r to eachotherin the form of a T. m i u sn d s e ri t i o t b l sel r m a e v n cao he a l o .s t s dn 0 te h 1 h s i ( c. i k r C ng T m a sxh a it m r 0 u e ie m U G 1 6 ) m a s t u e bt r a j si e t a cr t le etc c d oh i on a ag d n f u a n c d t u e r tieoo n lw ge r a n w i tw h i s t te a h a n ro d i u n t g T. m a n u h t h io hc k p e n a a eip si dp sp e s sf n i f e t ,h t d e vb a e m l ao tp b e td r ii a a a y lc k n a ct e n ot e hu n n ee no h at b e t a el r n o i s n ia g l d e . c o m w m te h r a c ll u l s im ic t a k b n hea s s
T

f t d S H y

t pr t r i t v o hai es v uh ls a io e st p e or h s e si s g ru e r n e . r d r t eo P s ent a e t ts u ei m ce t a t s ,it

T

n iM vP e o r ip l s aa ll l ta e eb l U l s e to w l b i v l e rde r a tw d o t i a o t c h l e ay h t ib h c . ok r n r i e z o so snl t a ly l s c

r e q u ih f r de m ee n e o tt s e r r tivemeansfor locatingand identifying internal m ti t np r i ebh e no s a cs g s a lus c e rut le e discontinuitis a t id o n n by s detectingthe reflections they a o u i t U r l G i f - nt 9 h e e9y d d ( o rC hn o )s t a r t aeibeam c of ultrasonicvibrations produceof t a i U e G -n f s 1t 0 p 0 nt ( ed o t b u h n )me (CodeUA-60) a t rs ie c t . T b f c a a h lst c o pu i r l eiaees t s eri ssd u t r th e e n r o t p ha r i a et g hrs a ipp fe g e hr s h m i e s ss ei t b l e oie t o l b n vt e e a i n p t r e aed r s e n ts ae b utrl d r m e i e n eh s s d i A g y g e n rm m a e d t j t t t a o c a a w e a h l n l o e u t e o n f o rf m e u e l lao ao te s v ,m c ue e r h ss n h ts i ef e n l g f bi w m l e le et l d a y ld . n o t h m i c iw k n cn o e a is ra l srl e lo ts o s wi ao h nn c e s i n ac u l tu sa d nl eil s d oh vn t w daar gb le le e u s U e s t s esn ni t t s e i r il a l ot h f t t e m o po he t rt a ( t eu r Ur e C h e sA o -tt f d e 6 . 0 e p u il e) u n eon c o gm n i n ps t rr h i ett i s ; sr t s h o pr h u t le n ni e s ih t r e eu nne g sg n h T d e v e oh l c o p ym e t l i ce tn c h iia f h a c( n rn ab gs de i te l ta n w t h g er a rp drm io haed c nl u ttc iy s i c h n g e iri h i r c lg l o ag r n i a- n ie a tn e l gsl g y a h l te o t h m s t a r s aeu b s ls s n ec e q l or s u a oec d c n tk a i n l g f m a t e r i a l . T a m o s ho p t u u o r n e e n a r e a . a n cr i r n e g so s A s e l f - bs a l pt d bu a n c o n eu d ni d i s t f ro yi rb m uVessel t i oA n f t e m p o e b r d a it u ft r f h e ec er o i r r n eym g f a f l i c io e e x pn aT n t hs si e o tr if n .m r ae l s s s d e vi a e s l bo o w p eh ol d aev n i done dv l ye u r m e o m a i pt r e e fr v a i e s arn f tsl t s ue os m d ii h m n gz e e a s t h i n n aho sr p m a d h u a e o a ln t lu t y d l ed r c h i t e a m pn e r g a t e u r e n . A t e co h d e n p i wo q su i e m i w e t h t e l i a ei o ch s clt c fr ni h ol d l er s t s i i dd ee o . 1 T r e t h qh ui ic i t k r . ce n e dh s o s a m s t c e oa a l l oi e mz s p ce e edn p b u t f o t ir t e hm D u i dh v b l y ia ee s s i if on o n sA l , ro c c o ra rl o l i s a o iw ( o daU nn G d s c e- e 2e d b uf )e .w d s2 uc o swe i ii u d t h nio s oo ft y i n l ,t d h 2 T dt h eh i s i ct k is n.o g ee t n s h s um hae s w e t mo a f e r e t q h u ia i c t r c k o e n ra d e n rh ls o ls o s i w d oa e nn c e

(UT)a nondestruc-

r e e hf s tu t fl r at ei f lnh o u g u o i tm r g s ew - me e h l a , d d in en s aa oh et f ts m n i nf a e e h l e t ll t a de ewl r eo . lr r s a h gr l p od w c ihee t ne e sc s e es h t d r n f o o ut d d r oee n p e m io hs e s t i ht t T m j eoh p i t r u n oia i e c s nl e g s e s d n m a w ke il nd gs . I r p f t ils o n n a t e sn W r I o u r g ert h ao I t c o n s o th v r u et c tws in o eespn leh dl ri fai p s n e fd g ud I uo ri l c n hi a anrn ab cg ct t e e .r i c ae r e s s bs t t r r C e i (c s t U oh e ea W d d- p y 2re oe 7a s) 3 p s o oc e b cn s ie e e ru rl f e n tg u m w i p ix i a u a er t 0 b d rp no nu ch o e . e f o l l o w s : b, o n . 1 S h m i e a el s u d r t be a . mda g ec r r l gc e , a ad c r s m a e g t ru t an p aag c l a s r l at a , e ts rcs n o m c,m a i , c s o ah tw w r se h e ts e i r s T l h y m d r a eo gx r g t ew y n aef ce l u la d le ,i i l n e g s , ie - is n c w rc i ta n h cs e r o tF s eu sr a t e s o se o t r ao e s l l be a n c e g t , r a od m n p . u i r i i p m o pt s do e i r s st bt a i e nn t sg tt u 2 P r we s e p sr l o ud f c r i. e i l e s n ns a g e d s upper : uh y c , ph i - w ts o e i i th esln i at td c h r, t r e i s p i os r t t e an hns ace s ,p e ru , r mre n ies w t s t , uhs trd r ie e s dh s c -i s f a t hbr a g i ei n r cr a g a s . h o r ia z t o l n y t oa n p lhi , w o e i ih e d el n s o t b i m
T

m t

e a tp h r o awi je R F

l hd ea o a w hc te lw ae on ms n os t r t sr m a t d eh e r i t aat l s ies o l, m e u w n t h m d c i e e o h n c t r t d t i h e a n f eu l a io n c n di tv t i sp o c l re d vs o he d d u n c e O a f m n a e t l e e x a r h i y a i w l b s ie u t y p r i o o l d i ne n f dt . f s m a o ott t e m ir s i e or a hm eu l e sr t is w ny mi ito r us e s et n l g h t mi o i e lw o tl r da e i lra sr o ,y nn o e r yd s

IN: E Abbreviations ...........................:. ........466 Checklist for inspectors...................255 Abrasion .............................................483 Checkvalves..................................... 367 Absolute pressure ..............................483 Definition..................................... 484 Accessopening, tickness of.....,........, 140 Chemicalplant piping....................... Allowable loadonsaddle ..................110 Chemicalresistance Allowable pressure ........................ 18-25 of gaskets..................................... 224 Allowable pressure, flanges ................28 Metals........................................... 224 stressesfor Allowable paints........................................... 253
non-pressureparts ........................ 4
l A A A 4 9 Chipping............................................ 484 l oo p w ab n l ec . . en a. s. . d . t . i.Circles,circumferences . f .ne. . g . 2 3 6 .................................................. l l o y 4 8 of, ................................ 3 and areas 300 n b dc e ........................ oh so l i r 7 g t7C n i -divisionof.. 8 4 r c l .......................... e s ,

Anglejoint .........................................483 Anglevalves ......................................366 definition ......................................483 Annealing...........................................483 API 650 tanks ....................................204 API 12Ftanks....................................203 Appurtenances, Preferredlocations.......................241 Arc welding .......................................483 Area of circles.................................... 300 Planes............................................ 258 Area of surface, Cylindricalshell head...................425 ASMEflangedand dished head, allowablepressure.......... 20-24 Dimensionof m....., ......................... 335 Externalpressure............................34 Internalpressure....................... 20-24 Automaticwelding ...........,.,...........,..483 Backing..............................................483 Base ring design ............................ 79-83 Beamformulas...................................455 Bend allowances of Steelphltc .................................236 Bendingof pipe and tube ..................234 Ilcnt pipe ............................................ 280
B v ao p le

Segments of ................................ 290 Circularplate, weightof... ................ 404 Circumferences and areas i ...................................... r c l e 300 s of c Circumferential stress ......................... 14 Clad vessel........................................ 484 Coderules relatedto Services......................................, 181 Thicknesses.................................
Codes ................................................. 470

Combinationof stresses...................... 69 Combustibleliquids.......................... 184 Commonerrors Detailingvessels.......................... Completefusion................................ 484 Cone,allowablepressure, Internal.................................... 20,24 Externalpressure........................... 36 Frustrumof...,.......................,......276 To cylinderreinforcement ........... 159 Wallthicknessfor internalpressure.................20, Conicalsection, Allowablepressure..................20, 2
E x p t r e .................... e r sn s ....... a u3 l r e W t h a i ......................... c kl n 2 e 2 ls s 0 o n s t o r V u C c t Si o S n C I S f , p a c i ................................ , f i c a t i o 13n 9 7 4 o n to r a c t i o n f H o r vi z e ......................... o sn t s a e 9 l l s 1 2 o n ,vd e e r c s i i o mn a l s 8 3 o a degree................................... 443 f 8 3 Degreesto radains....................... 441 . 4 8 3

Boltedconnections ............................463 Bolts,weightof ................................. 4

B B B B

C ir e l n s e s ru rd e .................................... s a s e w 4l s C C

r f ri ................................... at c t t l u e r 4 e r i t.......................................... t l e n e s s 4 u ............................................ s h i n g . u t t Weld...........................................483

Capacitiesof fabrication....................232 Carbonsteel, propertiesof ................186 Centerof gravity................................452 Centigrade,conversion to Fahrenheit ..................................444 Ccntroidof an area ............................484 Chain intermittent IiIlcl Weld ...................................... 484

Factors......................................... 446 Gallonsto liters ........................... 439 Inchesto millimeters...................431 Kilogramsto pounds...................438 Litersto gallons........................... 439 Millimetersto inches...................433 Poundsper sq. in, to kilogramsper sq. centimeter......,. 440 Poundsto kilograms.................... 438 Radiansto degrees ...................... 442

Sq. feet tosq. meters ..1................437 Sq. meterstosq. feet ..............,....437 Cornerjoint ....................................... 484 Corrosion...................................215,484 Fatigue ......................................... 484 2 Corrosionresistantmatcrinls........,.... Creep.................................................. 484 Couplings.......................................... 468 Definition..;.................................. 484 Lengthof............................,,138, 139 Weightof ..................................... 413 Wchling........................................ 361 Cylinders,. partialvolumeof..............,...418,421 Cylindricalshell allowable Pressure.................................... 18,22 Area of surface............................. 425 Externalpressure........................... 32 Thicknessfor internal pressure............................... 18,22
W .......................................... e i g h 3t D a m s a ................................ t g ri ne g 4s Davit .................................................. 312 D e o c a degree, i m a l s

conversion.................................... 443 Decimalsof an inch........................... 426 Decimalsof a foot ............................. 426 Definitions......................................... 483 Deflection............................................ 68 Deformation,strain ........................... 484 Degreesto radians,conversion.........441 Descriptionof materials.................... 192 Designpressure,definition...............484 internal........................................... 15 external .......................................... 31 Designspecification.......................... 195 steel structures............................. 447 tcmpcraturc.................................. 484
tall towers ....................................... 52 weldedjoints ........................ 1 448
D e t ofpressure a i vessels l i ............. n g 240 Dimensions ofheads......................... 335

Eccentricity........................................485 Efficiencyof weldedjoint .................485 Elastic ................................................485 Elasticlimit........................................485 Elasticstability ....................................67 Illcctroslagwelding...........................485 2 2 Ellipsoidalhead allowable pressure .................................... 18, 22 area of surface..............................425 dimensionsof ...............................335 externalpressure ............................34 locatingpoint on ..........................293 partialvolumeof... ....................... wall thicknesstor internalpressure..................18$22 Endurancelimit,. .................................485 Engagementof pipe...........................235 Erosion...............................................485 Examinationof weldedjoints ............177 Expansionjoint ..................................485 7 5 of horizontalvessels ......................99 of metals....................................... 191 s 8 openings....................... 4 Extensionof 128 Externalpressure .................................31 f charts ........................................ 42-47 stiffeningring .................................40 Fabricatingcapacities........................232 Fabricationtolerances........................200 Factors,conversion............................446 Factorof safety ..................................485 Fahrenheit,conversionto centigrade.....................................444 Fatigue...............................................485 Fiber stress.........................................485 Filler metal.........................................486 Fillet weld ..........................................486 Fittings....................................... 126-127 welding.........................................361 dimensions...................................361 7 weight...........................................390 4 , Flammable liquids............................. 184 Flangedand dished head, allowablepressure....................20, 24 area of surface..............................425 dimensionsof ...............................335 externalpressure ............................34 thicknessfor internal pressure............................... Flangedfittings,prcssuretemperaturerating ..........................28 Flrmgc dimensions,...................,..,......,....341 pressure-temperature rating ...........28 weightof ......................................395

pipe............................................... 330 Discontinuity.............................484,485 Divisionof circles ............................. 289 Doubleweldedbuttjoint ...................485 lapjoint ........................................ 485 Drop at intersectionof nozzle and shell ....................................... 291 Ductility.............................................485 Earthquake........................................... 61 map,of seismiczones.................... 64 ...................... Eccentric Eccentricload...................................... 66

w l t e h aia ...................... c a k l t n 2d e ls o s 6 cylinderand plane................... 2S1 f o u c s o tn cr c e .u . n .m .o t. . r . .i f .n c . .cylinderand . . . 2 e 7 sphere................. 6 of 2S6 e c cc e .............................. n ot r i n2c e nozzleand 7 of shell,drop 9 ............. 291 F g p u i .................................. a pe i ln 2 s g 0 8 Isotropic..................................,.......4. 487 F f wiu ................................... l el l el l 4 t Joint d ! 3 6 172, 174 efllciencies.......................

F F

h r

Gage Gallonsto

.....................................

definition..................................... 487 Joint penetration............................... 487 Junctionof cone to cylinder............. 159 Killedsteel ........................................ 487 Kilogramto pounds,conversion...... 438

........................................ ....................

Ladder .............................................. 315 Laminatedvessel............................... 487 Lapjoint ............................................ 487 Laws,boilerand pressurevessel ...... 474 Layeror laminatedvessel ................. 4S7 Leg support 102 f o ....................................... r m u l a 2s 5 ....................................... 8 dimensions................................... 108 p r ....................................... o b l e m 2s 6 8 arcs ................................... 297 G s i f o er .............................. r t m a h u 1m l Lengthof a 6 Lengthof pipeand coupling G v l ........................................ ao l b v e 4 e 8 6 for openings......................... 13S, 139 d i m e n s i o n 366 s ................................... of stud bolts................................. 237 G i r t i.................................... a z a p t i h o4 n s 6 Lethalsubstances.............................. 487 G rw ....................................... o eo v l e 4 d s 6 Liflingattachments........................... 119 Ileads .................................................334 Liflinglug ......................................... 118 definition.....................................,486 Ligament........................................... 487 volumeof .....................................416 Linedvessel ...................................... 487 weightof ......................................375 Liquidpenetrantexamination........... 487 Heat treatment....................................486 Liquidpetroleumpiping...................210 1Hemispherical head, allowable Literature ........................................... 479 pressure.................................... 18,22 Liters to gallons, conversion ............ 439 area of surface.............................. 425 Loadings ...................................... 1 3 dimensionsof ...............................335 L o pointson c a t i n g externalpressure ............................34 ellipsoidalheads.......................... 293 o r vesselcomponents....... 241 wall thicknessf Locationsof i n p t r e . e. r . .s n . .s 1. a .2 u . l. Longweldingneck............................ .r . . e. 8 . . . . , 2 34I I { i gs h .................................. - ta l le o y 4 e l 8 stress.............................. 6 Longitudinal 14 1Iingc,......+........,..........,.......,.....,....4 ,..314 [,OW-dk)y S(CC] .................................. 487 flydrogenbrittleness..........................486 properties of ................................ 187 I[ydroslatictest ..................................486 L temperature operations o ............. w 185 Hydrostatictest presssure.................... 1S Lug,lifting ...,,,.,,.,..,,,., ...................,,, 118 1hydrostatic test pressure Lugsuppport..................................... 109 for flanges ......................................28 Magneticparticleexamination......... 487 Impact stress ...................................... 486 Malleableiron ................................... 487 test ................................................ 486 Materials,descriptionof..................,.192 Inchesto millimeters, propertiesof ................................ 186 3 1 conversion.................................... 4 test report..................................... 487 I n s o p ep c ............................ et i n o in 1 n g of foreigncountries..................... 2 3 194 l n s pc c h c e ........................... t o c r k l s 2i s Maximum t 5 5 allowablepressure, I n s u w l ao e t ....................... ii f o n g , .4 h . tflanges .1 4 ........................................... 28 I n t e w r m................................ i t et e n t l 4 d 8 7 for pipes....................................... 142 I n p t r e ............................ e r s n s a u1 l r 1 e stress5 , 8 .............................................. 13 I n t e o r cs e c t o i o n n f e stress values........... 16, 189$190,487 and cylindcr .................................. 28S workingpressure................... Is, 487
...........................

welding .......................................486 Gaskets,chemicalresistanceof......... Gate valve ..........................................486 dimensions...................................365 Generalspecifications.......................243 Geometricalconstructions.................268

Measures ............................................ 321 Measurement, metric system of... ...... 427 Membrane stress ................................ 488 Metal arc welding .............................. 488 Metals, chemical resistance of... ....... 224 Metric System of measurement .........427 Mist extractor .................................... 316 Mitered pipe ...................................... 2

h i f c k n eo s s r n p t r e ...................... er sn s a 1 u l r e 4 w o e ...................................... i g h 3t f 9 P f is i t y ........................... tp m i b n eo 3 g l s 6 P c i ....................................... po i d n eg 2 s 0 P l a ............................................ s t i c i t y 4 8 P b l e a n a l l d o. t . i w . . . a.ne. n . .g .c. . e. . s . . . . 2 3 7 0 u P o ul 8 n t a e h iq tc k en a ef ls s , l d i n 1g f 7 M i l lt i m n e tc e h r s e s ow , e o .................................... c o n .................................. v e r s i o 4n P t . h l 3 i rca k e tnlt. 3 e a s et s , i o n o M i t n h i oi m c u k m n s s r a df i oe gx r a a mp. i.h .ni . a c . .t . i . o . . n. . . . 3 s ah h e ........................... e l n a l 1 s d Pd sl w 8a o 2s e ................................ t i e g , h4 t f 0 M o e ld a . u .s . .t . l .i .1 . c i. 4 .i . . t f .P 8y . . l. . . .8 t , 8r ............................................. a7 f o m 3 1 M o o rd i u ........................... gl i u d s 4 i t Pf y v 8 8 v g 4 e .......................................... l a l u 8 M oo i m n.............................. ee nr t 4 i Plug f a weld .........................:................. 8 8 489 i

wall t

Nameplate......................................... 317 Needle valve...................................... 488 Neutralaxis........................................ 488 Surface......................................... 488 Nipple ................................................ 488 Non-pressurewelding....................... 488 Normalizing....................................... 488 strength ........................................ 488 test ................................................ 488 Nozzledetails.................................... 244 Nozzle loadings................................. 153 Nozzleneck thickness...............122, 140 Nozzleweightof ............................... 413

Pneumatictest................................... 489
P P P P 8 8 8

optimum vesselsize.......................... 272 Primarystress.........................,,.!,...,,,.489 Organizations....... .............................. 476 Propertiesof pipe............................... 3 o s e .................................... c t i o n4 f s Oxidation........................................... 488
s t

o ir s .................................... sa o nt si 4 o o .............................................. r o s i t y 4 w h o t e r ees.................... al t a tm 4 de n t t oper sq. uinch to n d s e q r . kilogramp s c e n tc i o m n e .v .t . e.e . r.r . s. , . i. . o n. . . . . P ot k ui l c n oo g d n .rv s .a e . r m . os ., i . o , P po c i w............................. p oei nr 2 d g e P r el fo eco r va r t ee i dos n s s e c o m p .................................. o n e n t 2s P po c i w............................. p o ei nr 2 d g e P r el fo eco r va r t ee i dos n s s e c o m p .................................. o n e n t 2s h e a t i n g 4 Openings............................................ 122 P r e .......................................... P r o e f s ................................... s l u ur e i2 f d detailingof ................................... 244 P r e s s u r e T e m r p e r a a t u r e t i . . . . . . . . . . n . . extensionof.................................. 128 P r v e s ................................... e s s u r s e 4 e l reinforcementof..,................. 129-137 d e ........................................ t a i l i n 2g weightof ...................................... 413 l a w ............................................... 4s weldingof .................................... 244 P r r e v s e s .......................... l a u i r l e e 4 v f e Operatingpressure....................... 15,488 P r e s s u r e welding................................489 temperature.................................. 488

. 4 4 0 n . 4 0 f l 4 0 f l 4 8

. .g . 2 8 3 7 8

P-number........................................... 489 o s Packing,weightof ............................. 414 o t Paintingof steel structures................247 uas, 4 n e 2 n1 .............................. ne a c l i h 4n g oo c l y lu , .i . m .n . d . e .Q e 4 1r f 8 Partial v h e a d 4s 2n ............................................ R a to 2 d i a s degrees,conversion.........442 s p ........................................... h e r 4e 2 2 Radiographing...................................490 P a s s 4 .................................................... 8 9 Radiusof gyration .............................490 P e t refinerypiping r o l e.................208 u m Radiographicexamination.................174 P b ei .............................. n d p i 2 n e 3 g 4 relationto , 2 platethickness..............30 8 0 d i m o e ............................... n s i o n 3s f 3 0 Randomlength...................................490 e n g a.................................. g e m e n 2t 3 5 ............................. 1 Reactionof
l e o f on p e ng i n g ot1 s , .1h . . .R 3 . f. e .r . c , m i ,....0 t e r e 2d ..,.,.............................. R e f p r o o p................................. e r t i e 3s f 38 t t a n.............................. a g ,u l9n a r 2 k 8 r a c t o0 r y 4 .......................................... 2 2

2 5 . , ,l . 9, a s i...................... n t l e , . s e 1s ................................... t e e .1 f l. . . 9 . ......................................... u b e 332 f s 9

5 1 9

R e f r i pg e r i ... a. . t.p . i. . . o. . i n . . . . : .n. . . . . .g. . 2 I( w thicknessfor a internal l l R c i n f o C r c c t m c c o yn t...... l, 1 i n n dpressure e e S o .............................. r $ 18,22 R e i n o f o o pr c ........... e i n n 1 gi 1 n Spot 2 g f welding..................................... s 39 , 7 491 R e w q t u h i ai r c e k l d n e Squarefeet ls s to squaremeters,

for internalpressure................. 18-2; Residualstress ................................... 49(

Resistance welding ............................ 49Q Right triangles, solution of... ............. 27(!

Ringjoint flanges ...............................356 Ringsmadeof sectors........................ 274 Rootof weld ......................................490 Saddledesign....................................... 98 dimension..................................... I Scale...................................................49a Scarf ...................................................49(I Scheduleof openings ........................245 Screwedcouplings.............................368 Seal weld............................................49o Seamlessheadjoint efficiency..........176 vesselsection ............................... 176 Secondarystress ................................ @O
Section modulus ................................ 49o Sections, properties of ....................... 450 Segments of circles ............................ 290

Seismicload.........................................61 map of seismiczones ..................... 64 Services,Code rules .......................... 181 Shapeof openings ............................. 122 Shearstress ........................................49o Sheet steel, weight.,...........................399 Shell, definition.................................49o volumeof .....................................416 weightsof ..................................... 375 Shieldedmetalarc welding ...............49o Single-weldedbuttjoint ....................49o lapjoint ........................................490 ............................................. Size of openings................................ 122 checkwdvcs........................... 367 vessel............................................ 272 ~ymbolsfor pipe fittings.................. 369 weld .............................................. 49o Shop weldedtanks............................. 203 Iackweld .......................................... 492 Skirt design..................,.,,.,,...,.,..,,,. .,,,. 76 rail towers, design .............................. 52 openings.......................................319 ranks, rectangular............................. 212 Slag .................................................... 491 ranks, shop welded........................... 2 Slendernessratio................................ 491 for oil storage .............................. 204 Slot weld ............................................491 ree joint ............................................ 492 Solutionof right triangles .................270 temperature,conversion Specificgravities...............................415 centigradeto Fahrenheit.............. 444 Specificgravitydefinition.................491 rensile strength................................. 492 Specificationfor design stress ............................................ 492 of vessels...................................... 195 rest .................................................... 492 Specifications .....................................470 rest pressure ..................................... 492 Sphere,allowablepressure............18, 22 rest pressure,external........................ 31 externri! pressure ............................ 34 rhermalexpansionof metals............ 191 partial volIImc of .......................... 412 [hcrnml fa[iguc................................. 492 rhermalstress ........,.............. +.... ....... 492

conversion................................... 437 Squaremetersto squarefeet, conversion................................... 437 Stabilityof vessels............................ 491 Staggeredintermittent filletweld..................................... 491 Stainlesssteel, propertiesof...., ....... 190 Stair ................................................... 313 Standards........................................... 47o Statichead ........................................... 29 definition..................................... 491 Steelstructures,designof................. 447 Stiffeningring, externalpressure .......40 construction................................... 48 Strain ................................................. 491 Stressand strain formula;.................448 Stress,definition............................... 491 Stressvaluesof materials.................. 189 Stresses,combinationof... .................. 69 in cylindricalshell......................... 14 in largehorizontalvessels supportedby saddles................86 in pressurevessels................. 13,491 Structures,designof ......................... 447 Structuralmembers,weldingof...,.... 458 Stud ................................................... 491 Studbolts, lengthof.......................... 237 Studdingoutlets ................................ 357 Subjectscoveredby literature.......... 481 Submergedarc welding .................... 49] Supportof vessels,leg ...................... 102 ................................................ 109

Thicknessof VCSSCI wall, for pipes ....................................... 148 definition......................................492 Weaving............................................. 482 8o 2 321,374 code rules related t ..................... 1 Weights..................................... for full vacuum...............................49 bolts..............................................412 charts .,.,,,..,,,...,,,,,.. ................... 49-51 c i pr ............................... cl u a l ta 4r e s for internalpressure................. 18-27 couplings......................................413 for nozzleneck............................. 140 flanges..........................................395 of pipe wall .................................. 148 galvanizedsheet ...........................399 Threadedand weldedfittings............126 insulation......................................414 Throat.................................................492 nozzles..........................................413 Tolerances,definition........................492 openings.......................................413 Tolcranccsof fabrication...................200 packing.........................................414 Topicscoveredby literature..............481 pipes and fittings Transitionpieces........................ 287-288 plates ............................................400 Transportationof vessels...................246 sheetsteel .....................................399 Tube, bendingof..,.............,............... 234 shells and heads ...........................375 propertiesof .................................332 vessels ............................................59 e ....................... l d e d Typesof w Weld,definition.................................492 metal.............................................493 U. M. plate .........................................492 e on 1 i n 1 gr 2 s sizes f o p ................ Ultrasonicexamination ......................492 W j e c l oa d t ..................... ei eg on d r1 i t e s Undercut............................................ 492 designof ....................................... 174 Unequalplatethickness examination.................................. 177 weldingof .................................... 178 locations....................................... 174 Unit strain ..........................................492 Weldedsteel tanks.............................204 stress.............................................492 Welding,definition............................493 fittings ..........................................361 V~]VCS . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . JtjS of nozzles .....................................244 Vessel,definition............................... 492 procedure...;..................................493 Vessel,components, of pressurevessels ...................... 170 preferredlocations.......................241 rod ................................................493 Vibration..............................................60 symbols........................................ 179 Volumeof cylinders, partial ....,..........,...................418, 421 Wind load ............................................52 of shells and heads.......................416 Windspeed map ............................54,57 .........................488 of solids........................................ 264 Workingtcmpc.mturc Vortex breaker...................................320 Wroughtiron......................................493 Yield Wallthicknessfor internal pressure.................................... 18-27
........................................ 493

24 7