Topic 9: Plants

1. Define vascular plant. Vascular plants have vascular bundles composed of xylem (conducts water and minerals) and phloem (conducts products of photosynthesis). 2. Distinguish between angiospermophytes and gymnospermophytes. Angiospermophyes are flowering plants (fruit or flower bearing) Gymnospermophytes are non-flowering plants (gymnospermophytes have naked seeds and are cone bearing) 3. Complete the table below to distinguish between monocotyledons and dicotyledons. You may use labeled diagrams if you wish.

Monocotyledon
Examples Number of cotyledons (first leaves) Roots

Dicotyledon Lettuce, oak trees Two cotyledons

Wheat, banana One cotyledon

Fibrous roots Vascular bundles arranged in a ring. Divided into a cortex and stele. Leaf veins are parallel Petals in multiples of 4 and 5. May bear fruit if it is a tree.

Taproot system Vascular bundles scattered through the stem. No cortex. Leaf veins are branched (reticulated) Petals in multiples of 3

Stem tissue distribution

Leaves

Flowers

4. In the space below, draw and label a tissue plan (low power) diagram of a dicot stem.

5. Draw and label a tissue plan diagram of a dicot leaf.

6. Outline the functions of the following leaf structures. How does their position/ distribution in the leaf relate to their function? Structure Waxy cuticle Palisade mesophyll Spongy mesophyll Function Distribution/ function relationship

Vascular bundle i. xylem ii. phloem Guard cells and stomata

7. Give named examples of the following modified leaf, root and stem structures: Example: How is it modified? Image: Leaf: tendril e.g. Bignonia Leaf: bulb

Stem tuber

Root tuber

8. Define meristem. 9. Explain why meristem cells are more likely to be in mitosis than cells found in other parts of the plant. 10. Distinguish between apical and lateral meristems in terms of location and function in the stem. Apical Lateral Location Function

11. Describe the function of the axillary bud. What is the trigger to growth of a new shoot or branch?

12. Define tropism.

13. Compare these types of tropism: Response to: Phototropism Geotropism (radicle) Geotropism (plumule) Hydrotropism Positive or negative?

14. Define auxin.

15. Explain, with the aid of a diagram, the role of auxins in phototropism.

16. Outline how the following structures of the roots are beneficial to the plant: a. Branching roots b. Root hairs c. Tap roots d. Wide-reaching roots

17. Match up the following mineral ions with their functions in plants: Nitrates (NO3) Stimulate root growth and flowering Regulation of water use/ loss Amino acid/ protein production

Phosphates (HPO4) Potassium (K+)

18. Describe these three methods of mineral ion movement through the soil to the roots: a. Diffusion b. Mass flow c. Via fungal hyphae (how is this relationship mutualistic?)

19. Explain why mineral ions need to be taken up by active transport in the roots.
(Go all the way back to membrane transport!)

20. Distinguish between anions and cations. 21. State the source of energy used in active transport at the root hairs.

22. Annotate the diagram below to explain the uptake of cations by mineral exchange.

23. Annotate the diagram below to explain the uptake of anions by symport.

24. Identify one step in ion uptake which is common to both symport and ion exchange.

25. Describe how the following methods help support a plant: a. Thickened cellulose b. Lignified xylem c. Cell turgor

26. Define transpiration.

27. Annotate the diagram to explain how the structure of primary xylem facilitates transpiration.

28. Outline how water leaves the leaves of a plant.

29. State one property of water which allows a transpiration pull to be generated.

30. Explain how the action of guard cells allows the plant to balance CO2 uptake with control over water loss.

31. Outline factors which cause the opening of the stoma.

32. Outline the hormonal control of opening and closing of the stoma.

33. Draw and label a simple diagram to show the open and closed stomata.
Include cell turgor, water pressure.

34. Define boundary layer.

35. Explain how the presence of a boundary layer decreases the rate of evaporation of water from the leaf.

36. Complete the table to explain how the following abiotic factors affect the rate of transpiration: Effect Temperature Reason

Light

Wind

Humidity

37. Define xerophyte.

 38. Define hydrophyte. 39. Describe three physical adaptations of xerophytes to minimise water loss. 40. Describe two life cycle adaptations of xerophytes to minimize water loss. 41. Describe how CAM plant metabolism is an adaptation to preventing water loss. 42. List three types of macromolecule transported by active translocation. 43. State the function of phloem. 44. Distinguish between source and sink in terms of molecules in plants. 45. Complete the table below to show the sources and sinks of sugars and amino acids in plants. Sugars Amino Acids

Sources

Sinks

46. Draw and label a simple line drawing of an animal-pollinated dicot.

Include all reproductive structures.

47. Outline the steps involved in insect-pollination of a flower.

Begin with attraction of the insect to the flower.

48. Describe the process of fertilization in a flowering plant.

Begin with the pollen grain on the stigma.

49. Identify the site of seed development in a fertilized dicot. 50. State two advantages of dispersing seeds over a wide area.

51. Outline some examples of these methods of seed dispersal: a. By wind

b. By water

c. By animal vector

52. In the space below, draw a simple line drawing to show the structure of a green bean seed.
Label and include functions of: testa, micropyle, scar, radical and plumule

53. Define germination.

54. State the functions of the following in the germination of a seed? a. Water b. Ideal temperature/ pH c. Oxygen

55. Annotate the diagram below to outline the metabolic processes during the germination of a starchy seed: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6.

56. Distinguish between long-day and short-day plants in terms of conditions needed for flowering.

57. Define phytochrome.

58. Distinguish between red light and far-red light.

59. Use the diagram below to help explain the interconversion of phytochromes during daylight and darkness.

60. Explain how phytochrome levels control flowering: a. In short-day plants. b. In long-day plants. 61. Describe the results of one experiment to show that it is in fact night-length that is critical in triggering flowering and not day-length.

Works Cited
1. Allott, Andrew. IB Study Guide: Biology for the IB Diploma. s.l. : Oxford University Press, 2007. 978-019-915143-1. 2. Mindorff, D and Allott, A. Biology Course Companion. Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2007. 978099151240. 3. Clegg, CJ. Biology for the IB Diploma. London : Hodder Murray, 2007. 978-0340926529. 4. Campbell N., Reece J., Taylor M., Simon. E. Biology Concepts and Connections. San Fransisco : Pearson Benjamin Cummings, 2006. 0-8053-7160-5. 5. Taylor, Stephen. Science Video Resources. [Online] Wordpress, 2010. http://sciencevideos.wordpress.com. 6. Burrell, John. Click4Biology. [Online] 2010. http://click4biology.info/. 7. IBO. Biology Subject Guide. [Online] 2007. http://xmltwo.ibo.org/publications/migrated/productionapp2.ibo.org/publication/7/part/2/chapter/1.html.

Self Assessment:

Essential Biology
Criterion Complete (2) Partially complete (1)
Complete and neat. All command terms highlighted, tables and diagrams well presented.

Assessment Self MrT

Presentation & Organisation Academic Honesty Objective 1 understanding Objective 2 understanding Objective3 understanding Logic, notation, mathematical working Further research

NA NA

Sources cited using the CSE (ISO 690 numerical) method, with Works Cited section complete and correct. All answers for the following command terms Most answers for the following command terms correct: correct: Define Draw Label List Measure State Most answers for the following command terms All answers for the following command terms correct: correct: Annotate Apply Calculate Describe Distinguish Estimate Identify Outline Most answers for the following command terms All answers for the following command terms correct: correct: Analyse Comment Compare Construct Deduce Derive Design Determine Discuss Evaluate Explain Predict Show Solve Sketch Suggest Answers are presented in a logical and concise manner. SI units used most times, with correct NA unit symbols and definitions of terms. All mathematical working shown. Evidence is apparent of research and reading beyond the textbook and presentations to find correct answers to challenging questions. If any NA questions are unanswered, this criterion scores zero.

Total (max 10):