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AIJA JEF @A AI?= = = @ELEI AIJA JEF @A AI?= = AC JE B= =H A
=H>EJH HE ?E=I
?= = E JAHL= =H
@ I E JAHL= I IA @ 3K= @ AI I
FHAIAHL=@= = @EIJ IEC E ?=@ B IE? A = AIJAI F @A
?E= = F EJK@A @A H@A = IAH A@E@ I A I B= =H
0 IEC E ?= =KI ?E= @A JA

=I IK>JH=? AI =I H= AI J K AI?= = =>I KJ=
AI?= = @A H=
) AI?= = @A 5JALA JEF @A =
AIJA JEF @A AI?= = F @A
@ >H @A = JAH = F=HJA @A >=IJ= JA E F HJ= JA K = LA GKA FAH EJA FAH?A>AH GKA B= AH F=H= I @=@ I A ?=KI= EIA IA F @AH K
@=@ I
HE? I AI?= =
E =
& 5A = = L=HE LA A ?=KI= HA =JEL= = ? H @ I IJH= @A # ?HE=
D I @=I ?HE=
=I @ @EIJHEJ @A
*H=C=
+ A ? IE@AH= @ K = = JH= =I E JH @K E I I @=@ I GKA IA K = AI?= = =FA =I E = B= A @
I?= MD=J ?=I ?=I ?=I ?=I ?=I LAH ?=I ?=I LAH
# 4A=@ # EJA I ? =II ?D=H=?JAH @A ?D=H=?JAH

+ AIJAI @=@ I F @A I ? IJHKEH K = J=>A = ? I ABA?JEL I A ?=@=
? =IIA K ?=JAC HE=
J=> J=> A J=> = ?=I % "
FH LAH ! $
CH ?= @AIJAI @=@ I =C H= HC= E =@ I A CH ? ?EH?K =H B= A @ ?=JAC HE=I K
) HAFHAIA J=
? =IIAI F @A IAH =JH=L I @A K
FEAJ=> ? =E ? H @ I
?> KA >H M > =? CHAA D I @A # ?HE= ?=I

cor dos olhos de 50 criancas
'
cas az
pr
ver
K =JH=L I @A K
CH
? @A >=HH=I
>=HF =E
JJ=> ?
?> KA >H M > =? CHAA D I @A # ?HE= ?=I

cor dos olhos de 50 criancas
? H @ I
10
15
20
az
cas
pr
ver
JA GKA I CH DK =
? I ?EH?K =HAI @ALA KEJ > = =L= E=
IAH KI=@ I ?
?=KJA = ,A B=?J AIJ=
IAH
@A HA=I HA =JEL=I
A@E@= I
CH 5KF ? I @A >=HH=I @ALA D= IAH FHABAHE@ I F=H= I E JAHAII=@ I HAIK C
-IJ=J IJE?= ,AI?HEJEL= @AIJA JEF @A @=@ I AH =II ?E=@ ? H@ I
I =C H= GKA AIJ= IA I @=@ I
D I 1 JH @K =
CA B B B
I?= MD=J B B B B B "" B B B B B B B B B B B B B
B B
# 4A=@ # EJA I
2=H= ?HK = A J @= E B H = I? @=I @K=I L=HE LAEI ?=JAC HE?=I A AI?= =
E = F @A
IJHKEH =I IACKE JAI J=>A =I
J=>A = J=> ACA J=>A = J=> A J=>A = CA = B ! " ?=I FH LAH ! & &
CA
J=>A = J=> A J=>A = CA B = FH ! & " ?=I ! LAH &
CA
8=HE LAEI AIJ=J IJE?=I -I?= =I @A 5JALA +K I CH ? I =II ?E=@ I F @A IAH
>=HF JJ=>A = >AIE@A 6 ACA @ JAN ? A E = H=F= =E ? H @ I D I F H C AH N => ? H @ I D I O => BHAGKA ?E= ? ?FE > KA
@A IA ?
IACKA ?
F=H=H ?=@= ? H @A
D IA
A E
IA
A E =I
cor dos olhos por gnero
12
menina rapaz
frequencia
10
az
cas cor dos olhos
pr
ver
CH
? HA =JEL
KJH= J=>A =
>=HF
JJ=>A =
>AIE@A 6 ACA @ JAN ?= K ?=IJ= D LAH@A FHAJ D I F H C AH N => C AH ?> KA >H M CHAA > =?
=E ? H @ I
O => BHAGKA ?E= ?
= K@= = LEIK= E =H = @EIJHE>KE
@= ? H @ I
D IF HC
AH

cor dos olhos por gnero
12
frequencia
10
azul castanho verde preto
f gnero
JH=J= A J AIJ=J IJE? E E?E= @A @=@ I A KEJ HAIJHEJEL + LE I? ? I ?EH?K =HAI K @A >=HH=I
AI?= =
E = A
=JKH=
A JA
IEIJA = IK= HC= E =
J=>A =I A CH
6H=J= A J @A @=@ I GK= JEJ=JEL I -I?= = E JAH L= =H A AI?= = =>I KJ=

, IA A @A @EIJHE>KE =? ?E=I @A BHAGK ?E=I = ? K J @A J @ I I L= HAI ?E=I ? HHAIF
GKA = L=HE LA J @A JA BHAGK 2 @A ? BHAGK
K J= A JA ?
AH @A ? HH
IJHKEH IA K = J=>A = @A BHAGK ?E= ni ?

ni n
?E=I GKA E ? KE CAH= A JA =

?=@= ?=JAC HE= BHAGK
i k=1
@ I L= HAI xi GKA = L=HE LA x J J=CA JEL= fi = BHAGK

Ni n
= F=H= ?=@= i = 1, . . . , n = HAIFA?JEL= ?E= HA =
@ I ABA?JEL I A
?E= =?K K =@= Ni =
nk A = BHAGK ?E= =?K K =@=
HA =JEL= Fi =

/H
? I @A >=HH=I A @A E D=I 0EIJ CH= =I

@ I @=@ I @EIJHE>KE I @=@ I I B H= A F HE?= BHA ? I 3K= @ @EI?HAJ I
2=H= @=H K = I JAIA LEIK= @= @EIJHE>KE HA? HHA IA BHAGKA JA A JA = CH GKA JA KJE E =H IA I CH K CH ? I @A E D=I
? I @A >=HH=I GKA
HABAHE@ I = JAHE H A JA
K
+
ANA F
IJH= @ AH @A ?=I I @A E J NE?= K = B >HE?=
IE@AHA = IACKE JA =
@A FH @KJ I GK
E? I @KH= JA ! @E=I
o o
@A ?=I I @A @E=I

"
"
#
$
.= =
CH
? @A E D=I
K ?=I I
$ K @E=I@=@ I >HKJ I
K @E=I ? " E J HAF K ?=I I J=> E J E J F " ! " $ K
J=> E J J=> AE JJ=>A =
J K ?=I I
@E=I ! JOFA D =E =E
?=I I @A E J NE?= ?E=
I
N =>
AH @A E J NE?= @=H > KA ?
AI O => BHAGK
HA =JEL= ?
@=H > KA
"
casos de intoxicao num ms
0.4
frequncia relativa
0.0 0
0.1
0.2
0.3
nmero de intoxicaes
3K= @ A AL=@
I @=@ I I @ALA
J K I K ?
AH @A ?=JAC HE=I
KEJ
IA =CHKF=H I @=@ I A
? =IIAI 6A HE?= A JA AIJ=I ? =IIA IK> =?A JA = I @=@ I A >I?KHA?AH
Cj = [cj , cj +1 [, j = 1, . . . , k @ALA
=I L=HE= AI ?=IK=EI
JAH K = = F EJK@A h @A B H = = HA= =H =I
FHE ?EF=EI ?=H=?JAH IJE?=I @= @EIJHE>KE
3K= J=I ? =IIAI

AH @A ? =IIAI k @ALA IAH = @E A I @= = A H E JAEH J= GKA 2k > n, @A n
IJH= HACH= @A 5JKHCAI
3K= = = F EJK@A @A ?=@= ? =IIA

,A JA IA F H x(n) NE @= = IJH= A x(1) E F H AN?AII @ GK ?E
) = F EJK@A h @A ? =IIA @ALA IAH = =FH NE = A JA

x(n) x(1) . k
AIJ= IEJK= 7 DEIJ CH= =
CH
? =@AGK=@ CH
DEIJ CH= = ?= F H HA?J CK I ?K = >=IA = BHAGK = ?E= FH F H?E
K = HAFHAIA J=
= F EJK@A @A ?=@= K = @=I ? =IIAI A ?K = HA=
8=HE LAEI AIJ=J IJE?=I -I?= =I @A 5JALA @= ? =IIA
2=H= GKA = HA= J J= @ DEIJ CH= = IA = 1 = = JKH= @A ?=@= >=HH= @ALAH IAH
fi h
GKA IA >J
KI= @
=HCK A J BHAG .) 5- = BK
DEIJ
I HA
-NA F
= =
+ IE@AHA
I AI
IACKE JA ?
K J @A @=@ I HA =JEL
?AEJ=I 1000 AKH I@ I 25
=EI LEIJ I @KH= JA K = @AJAH E =@= IA
BE AI $ !
I?= ' $ ! % ! ! % & HA@ ! " =E ' @=I % " " ! ! !
' $ &
DEIJBE
AI BHAG .) 5- ?
@EIJHE>KE
HA?AEJ=I N => ? =IIAI O => BHAG ? HHECE@=

distribuio das receitas
0.15 freq corrigida 0.00 0 0.05 0.10
10
15 classes
20
25
30
AIJA DEIJ CH= = =I = JKH=I @=I >=HH=I HAFHAIA J= = @ELE@EH FA = = F EJK@A @A ?=@= ? =IIA A I F ?= ?K =@ I ? 2 @A >=IA = HACH= @A 5JKHCAI DEIJ CH= = ? F J I @A GKA>H= I B= AH K
=I BHAGK
?E=I HA =JEL=I
J I @A GKA>H= @=I ? =IIAI I ? =IIAI AIFA? ? I
DEIJBE ?
AI BHAG .) 5- >HA= I ? @EIJHE>KE
! " #
=NBE
AI
> KA =E
@=I HA?AEJ=I N => ? =IIAI
O => BHAG ? HHECE@=
freq corrigida
0.0 0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
10
15 classes
20
25
30
2 @A
I =E @= @E AH IE F AI A JA GK= J=I ? =IIAI GKAHA
DEIJBE
AI >HA= I ! K IE F AI A JA DEIJBE
AI !

0.08 freq corrigida 0.00 0 0.02 0.04 0.06
10
15 classes
20
25
30
8=HE LAEI AIJ=J IJE?=I -I?= =I @A 5JALA 2 @A =I I =I BHAGK I F J I I JAH =?AII = E B H = ? IJHK @ I 2 @A @E I E@I =HCK A J F @AJ= D=@= =?AH?= @ I I=>AH GK=EI I I F 2 @A @ ?
% I DEIJ CH=
J I @A GKA>H= >HA= I J @=I =
?E=I =>I KJ=I ? K JI =I BHAGK
?E=I HA =JEL=I E JA IEJEAI @A IEJO AGKE@EIJ .) 5- 6K@ EIJ
I =E @= I=>AH IA =I ? =IIAI J
AI = = F EJK@A AGKE@EIJ 647- K F=II= @
J .) 5-
DEIJBE AI F J .) 5-
>HA= I ? K JI

# #
# !
E JA IEJEAI #!&"$ ! %$' !& #!&"$# %$' !& #!&"$# @A IEJO #!&"$ ! %$' !& #!&"$# %$' !& #!&"$# E@I # % # # % # # % #
N = A BE AI AGKE@EIJ 647=JJH ? =II DEIJ CH=
& 7 KJH CH ? KEJ JE = IF C F C
-IJ=J IJE?= ,AI?HEJEL= @A BHAGK ?E=I GKA IA >J
K E @ F H K = E D= F EC
J I
@E I @=I ? =IIAI @A BHAGK ?E=I
-NA F

?
IJHK
@ F
4A =JEL= A JA = ANA F CH= = A E @E?=H GKA GKAHA BK
= JAHE H ?
A?A
I F H @=H K
A = DEIJ
I E D=I GKA>H=@=I
GKA ? HHAIF @A = KI=H =
E AI 8A = D N DEIJBE
I?
AI =ND N>HA= I > KA
E AI? E D N>HA= I D N E@I ? D N@A IEJO JOFA ?
Histogram of filmes
0.15 Density 0.00 0 0.05 0.10
10
15 filmes
20
25
30
?= E =
AI?= = A B H =
@A @=@ I GK= JEJ=JEL I @ALA IJH=EI @= @EIJHE>KE @E= ? A ?EA JA @A L=HE= 6=EI A@E= = GK=HJEI @= I AIJK@=H =I IA @EIFAHI IJH= = A@E@=I HABAHA
2=H= @AI?HALAH K = @EIJHE>KE FHE ?EF=EI ?=H=?JAH IJE?=I = AIIA ?E= L=HE A JA ?= E = ?E= @AILE F=@H
= F EJK@A =
F EJK@A E JAH GK=HJEI A
B H = =IIE AJHE= A =?D=J= A J @= @EIJHE>KE
?= E =
AI?= = A B H = IJH=EI I ? I=>A
' I AIJE =JEL=I @=I ? HHAI @= IJH=
-IJ=I ?=H=?JAH IJE?=I = F F FK =
@A JAI ?=H=?JAH IJE?=I F FK =?E IK> =?A JA = I @=@ I = @E= = IJH=
=EI @AJAH E =@=I FA = @EIJHE>KE @E= =HEJ = I @=@ I I JE?= @ I @=@ I FH LA EA JAI =
2 H ANA F @EIJHE>KE
K = AIJE =JEL= @= F FK =?E
@E= F FK =?E = @= GK=
?=H=?JAH IJE?= JA HE?= =II ?E=@=
?= E =
@E= @A E@= F H
x=
F
1 n
xi ,
i=1
J @A AGKE >HE @=I >IAHL= AI A ?E= I= =JHE>KJ IAH H@A =@ I @E= = IJH= @A K ?
AIIA IA JE@
?= E =
?A JH=
F H AN?A 4 >JA
K J @A @=@ I KI= @ = BK AI?= = H@E = I @=@ I
A=
3K= @ F @A GK= JEJ=JEL K GK= EJ=JEL A
x(1) , x(2) , . . . , x(n) x(i)

= AIJ=J IJE?= @A H@A IJH=EI 3K= J L= H ?A JH= @= =
x(1) x(2) x(n)

I ANJHA = I A@E= =
i i = 1, . . . , n x(1) A x(n) I
F @A IAH @A K IA = ?= E = ?A JH= JA IKFAHE HAI
n 2 n 2
) F=HJEH @=I AIJ=J IJE?=I @A H@A JE?=I = GKA
E@=I KJH=I ?=H=?JAH I L= H F=H= GK= 50%
I F H ANA F
IJH= H@A =@=
@=I >IAHL= AI I
E BAHE HAI A 50% I
q1/2 =
+ F=H= @ = ? ?K @=
1 2
x( n ) + x( n +1) , 2 2
= @E= B=?E
N /N
? KE GKA A GK= J F=H= GKA AIJ= L=HEA =
x n ([ 2 ]+1) ,
A@E= = ?
A JA IA ?
@E= >=IJ= = JAH=H K = >IAHL=
! A@E= = FA K = ) @A E@= ? A K = IK= F IE E K = IK?AII @E=
-IJ=J IJE?= ,AI?HEJEL= H@A =@= @A >IAHL= AI =IIE
GKA AIJ A@E@= A@E= =
I IK AEJ=
?E= @A >IAHL= AI ANJHA =I CAH=
=EI HAIEIJA JA GKA =
?=I F=HJE?K =H @ I GK= JEI @A E@ F H
GK= JE A F HE?
@A H@A
p,
0<p<1 qp =
1 2
x(np) + x(np+1) , np N np /N
IJH= ?
x ([np]+1) ,
A@E= = = K >JA
1 ? KE I ?=I I F=HJE?K =HAI @=

2
p=
4
1 2
A @ I GK=HJEI q 1
4
FHE AEH GK=HJE q 1 IACK @ GK=HJE 4 @=@ K ? K J @A @=@ I F H ANA F
A@E= = A q 3 JAH?AEH GK=HJE I I GK= JEI HA? HHA @ BK
GK= JE A B= A @ GK= JE A@=@ I GK= JE A@=@ I GK= JE A@=@ I

JAH?AEH GK=HJE A ) BK ?= E =
# F=H= #
FHE AEH GK=HJE A@E= = A@E= = FHE AEH GK=HJE =
# K A@E= @=@ I F=H= = # %# '# F=H=

GK= JE 95
IK =HO =F E?=@= = I @=@ I @AL LA I L= HAI @=I N(1) G(1/4) G(1/2)

x
A@E@=I @A @E=CH= = IEIJA
G(3/4)
?
N(n)
A E @E?= K A JA I @=@ I A ?
CH
? @A ANJHA
I A GK=HJEI
GKA KI= AIJ=I ?=H=?JAH IJE?=I F=H= HAIK EH LEIK= HA?J= LAHJE?= ? HHAIF @A HA?J=I GKA K A HAIFA?JEL I ,A B=?J A IA ANEIJEHA @A JA A@E= = ? JE@ NE
K = ?=EN= @A E EJ=@= FA I FHE AEH A JAH?AEH GK=HJEI K I GK= JEI .25 A .75
IAC A J @A I
= ?=EN= @ EI IAC A J I = I L= HAI ANJHA
>IAHL= AI
KJ EAH A =
KEJ @EI?HAF= JAI A

=E H L= H GKA
HA =
=E HE= KJ EAHI =GKA AI IAC A J I @A HA?J= F @A

H L= H GKA JEL= A JA I KJ EAHI ?=
EH =FA =I =J =
KJ EAH HAIFA?
I
AIJA @E=CH= = HAFHAIA J=@ I F H FAGKA
?= E =
AI?= = A B H =
!
? H?K I
-NA F
+ IE@AHA
I = @=J= BH= A =EHGK= EJO @= F=? =CA LA ?E@=@A
)55
I L= HAI @= L=HE LA 9E @ GKA IA HABAHA
@E= @ LA J A
E D=I F H D H= A JHA =I % A =I D H=I
=AH F HJ @A =/K=H@E=
@=J==EHGK= EJO =EHGK= EJO =JJ=?D=EHGK= EJO = AI=EHGK= EJO > NF A GKA I A 5 =H 4 9E @ J= 6 =E 6A F LA JD ,=O J9E @ D HE ?E@=@A KJ EAHI @E= @ LA J
E@A JEBE?=@ I CH=BE?= A JA

velocidade mdia do vento
10
15
20
+ @A =
IA F @A LAH IAH ?EJ I FA EIA @ I @=@ I ? HAIK J=@
@E=CH= = D JH I F GKA A IA @ALA = )
J I GKA B H= HA =
E@A JE?=@ I ? = I KJH I F E F=?J GKA EIA ,ALA IA B= AH =
KJ EAHI -IJAI L= HAI =FAI=H @A @EI?HAF= JAI A

AIJAI L= HAI @A @EII K
IAH HAJEH=@ I @= =
@ = =L= E=H
AIJAI J
KJ EAH F @A IAH
CH
@AH=@ IA AIJELAH B H= @ E JAHL=

q1/4 1.5(q3/4 q1/4 ), q3/4 + 1.5(q3/4 q1/4 )
? F H @ABAEJ K IA KI=H I GKA IAH =IIE = =@ =HCK A J H= CA # = BK
> NF
K
IALAH IA AIJELAH B H= @ E JAHL= q1/4 3(q3/4 q1/4 ), q3/4 + 3(q3/4 q1/4 )

? IA KI=H I @AIJ= BAEJ= GKA IAH =IIE = =@ CH =HCK A J H= CA ! = HABAHE@= BK
> NF
)IIE
J
F=II= @ =HCK A J H= CA ECK= = 3
AIJA ANA F
> NF
J9E @ D HE
J=
=E LA
?E@=@A
@E= @
LA J H= CA ! > H@AH > KA

velocidade mdia do vento
10
15
20
LAHE ?= IA GKA I KJ EAHI A
?=KI= I
J @ I
@AH=@ I =H =HCK A J
2=H= I=>AH GKA L= HAI @=@ I I
KJ EAHI >=IJ= =??E
F J .) 5- = BK
,A B=?J
> NF
?= E =
AI?= = A B H =
!!
> NF IJ=JI
J9E @ F
J .
?
% #! B ' %$ &#
% " !
' %
"
#
$ $

!%# E@A JEBE?= I KJ EAHI
KJ
& " %
CH KF = AI
I HAIJ= JAI L= HAI J = LAH ? =? IJHK @ CH ? 5A LA = I
E 9E @ GK= JE A9E @ GK= JE A9E @ %# # % " # ' % %# # $ $
2 @A CH ? I FHAF=H=H = = A = CH
# GK= JE A9E @
# %
=N9E @ 9E @ & "
?= @A
@ = GKA JA D=
=EI @ GKA K
!" 5=>A CH =K JHK 8A = JHA I GKA F H @ABAEJ =FA =I K K = =JHE LA?J H ? @ I CH I = J JK CH ?
-IJ=J IJE?= ,AI?HEJEL= @AIA D=@ =I LA @ = = A =
?= ?
KI= @ = BK
F=H ?
>JA AI = = A =
=HCK A J I AIF=
BH M ECK=
F=H= = ? I
@A E D=I
@A ANA F ?
@A ? K =I
F @A
? I FHAJA @E@ I K =
I A => H=H K
@E=CH= = @A AN
I A GK=HJEI A K
DEIJ CH= = IE K J= A= A JA
F=H BH M ? =@ = =@
FHAF=H= = = A = F=H= HA?A>AH @ EI CH BE? I @K=I ? K =I J= =E 6 > H@AH HA@ @EIJHE>KE @= LA ?E@=@A HA@
7 = E D=
> NF J9E @ D HE DEIJ9E @ BHAG .) 5N => LA
?E@=@A @ LA J O => BHAG ? HHECE@= ?
distribuio da velocidade
0.12 freq corrigida 5 10 15 20 0.00 0 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10
10
15
20
velocidade do vento
5A JA
?= E =
AI?= = A B H =
!# I = @=J= BH= A =EHGK= EJO
=HCK A J @= BK I
> NF J E JH @K EH
F=H BH M ? > NF J=EHGK= EJO D HE J= 6 =E > NF J =EHGK= EJO
boxplot airquality
Ozone 0
Wind
Temp
Month
Day
50
100
150
200
250
300
-IJAI CH
? I B= A
IA JE@ F=H= J @=I =I L=HE LAEI A
?=KI=
KIJE GKA
? ?K @=I FHE ?EF=EI
A@E@=I @A
?= E =
=II ?E=@=I = I @=@ I 9E @
A= 9E @ ' '#%#$ @E= @= LA ?E@=@A @E= @ LA J
!$
H@ I HJ9E @ = IJH= H@A =@= A CJD9E @ %$ # H@ %% ' % A CJD9E @ " !& # FHE AEH GK=HJE >IAHL= A@E= =
H@ !' % " !
A CJD9E @ "
" %# H@ # # JAH?AEH GK=HJE
= JAH =JEL= KI= @ = BK
GK= JE A
GK= JE A9E @ # # ' % GK= JE A9E @ #
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quantis empricos
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(t) = 1- A
F=H= J @ t R HA = BC = BK
+
Ai x t f (x)dx,
?=H=?JAH IJE?= JA
= L= J=CA
@A ANEIJEH F=H=
J @ t R
+
,A B=?J
|Ai x t f (x)| dx < K = LA GKA |Ai x t | = 1 A

IA =F E?= IA B= A @ A I BK AI
f (x)dx = 1
AI ?=H=?JAH IJE?=I J= > H = , >J At+
t2 2 2
)I FH FHEA@=@AI @=I BK CAH=@ H=I @A )IIE = BK
A J I @AI@A GKA ANEIJ= K = LA GKA X (t) = M (it) ?=H=?JAH IJE?= @=
,
?=H=?JAH IJE?=
t = it
K IA = IA X N (, ) = IK= BK
X (t) = Ait
) JH= IB H =@= @A =F =?A 6
t2 2 2
@A K = L = X ?
+
B @ F f @A
E@= A
R+ 0
@=@= F H
L(t) = 1- AtX =
Ax t f (x)dx AC=JEL=I ) @EII F AN
) JH= IB H =@= @A =F =?A =FH FHE=@= F=H= L = ?
f AIJ =FA =I @A
@EIJHE>KE
E@= F=H= L= HAI @A x > 0 K IA x B H ? @A 2=HAJ ?K = BC ?

+
F=H= L= HAI @A Re(x) > 0 ANEIJA IA FHA 8 J= @ GKA @A ANEIJA K = LA GKA E JACH= A M @ELAHCA JA JH= IB H =@= @A =F =?A
L(t) =
0
At x k x(+1) dx = k t (), EIA ? IIE?= @A E@= F=
@A ?
= BK
C= = @A -K AH KIK= @= =
F AN A @=@= F H
(z ) =
0
tz1 At dt.
# JA GKA IA M ANEIJA A J F=H= M A L @AI@A GKA ANEIJ=

FH FHEA@=@AI @=I BK
L(t) = M (t)
AI ?=H=?JAH IJE?=I I E@=I L E@ I K AIJA = @A
I HAIK J=@ I @A IACKE@= =FHAIA J=@ I F=H= BK
AI ?=H=?JAH IJE?=I
7 E?E@=@A -NEIJA K = ? HHAIF

)IIE = BK
?E= E A?JEL= A JHA = BK
?=H=?
JAH IJE?= A = B @ F @A K = L = X ?=H=?JAH IJE?= ?=H=?JAHE = = L = K = LA GKA
X (t) = Y (t) X = Y 5A =I L = I X1 , . . . , Xn I
E @AFA @A JAI
X1 +...+Xn (t) = X1 (t) . . . Xn (t) X (t) = X (t) F=H= GK= GKAH R (t) = Ait F=H= GK= GKAH R
F II LA >JAH I A J I @A H@A
(r)
r @A X @AI@A GKA ANEIJ=
=JH=L I @= HA =
X (0) = ir 1- (X r ) ,
GKA FAH EJA =E @= = ANF= I @A X (t) A I HEA @A =? =KHE
X (t) = 1 + it1-(X ) +
(it)2 1-(X 2 ) + . . . 2
!! 5
=I @A L=HE LAEI
H =EI
6A HA = ! # 5A =
X N (x , x ) A Y N (y , y ) - J
2 + 2Cov (X, Y ) + 2 . x y
X + Y N x + y ,
IJH=CA
#
5A A
F=HJE?K =H X A Y I
E @AFA @A JAI A J
2 + 2 . x y
X + Y N x + y ,
) E F HJ ?E= @AIJA JA HA = LA
@ B=?J @A = H =H GKA = I H =
= @A L = I
H =EI E @AFA @A JAI K @AFA @A JAI
+ H
HE ! $ 5A {Xn }n1 B H K = IK?AII

n
@A L =I
H =EI E E @ I A
GKA ?=@= Xi N (, ) A J
Sn =
i=1
Xi N n,
Xn =
1 Sn N n
, n
,A
IJH=
6H=J= @ IA @A L=HE LAEI = A=J HE=I E @AFA @A JAI = BK = @AIJ=I L = I IE F AI A JA = @EII I FH @KJ @=I ? HHAIF E @ JA
n
?=H=?JAH IJE?= @= I @A JAI BK
AI ?=H=?JAH IJE?=I +
(2n Xi ) (t) = i=1

@A X N (, ) A F HJ= J
X (t)
2 2 t 2
X (t) = Ait
i=1
)IIE
(2n
JH=J= @ IA @= BK
int Xi ) (t) = A
n 2 2 t 2
?=H=?JAH IJE?= @A K = AE N (n,

n
n )
1 3K= J = Z = X n = n
Xi
i=1
Z (t) = (2n
GKA = = BK
(t/n) i=1 Xi )
= Aint/n
n 2 t2 2n2
= Ait 2n t
2 2
?=H=?JAH IJE?= @A K = AE N , n
1 JAHFHAJ= @ =
H = ?
= AE @ I AHH I A
GKA
> A?JEL
A@EH
-IJ=J IJE?= ,AI?HEJEL= E JAHAII= JA J=H GKA B= IA JE@ B= AH ANFAHE ?E=I HAFAJE@=I K = LA
GKA =? I
@AILE F=@H @= @E= @E E KE =FAI=H @A B= AH KEJ A J= A JA F= D= 1/ n ,A B=?J F=H= HA@K EH @AILE F=@H = K @ ?E A?AII HE=I 100 >IAHL= AI A F=H= HA@K EH @A L = K @ ?E I =EI 9900
A?AII HE=I
!"
) I I = A=J HE= =A
6A HA = E EJA +A JH=
= @A L = I Xi i = 1, . . . , n F @A IAH =FH NE =@= F H K = L=HE LA H = ? GKAIJ A IAH I = LAHI ? AI @E AI L= H @E A AI @AILE F=@H =I @= KEJ CAH=EI J=EI ? = @=I ?=K@=I
P (|X | > x)
)FHAIA J=
KEJ FAI=@= @ 6A HA = @ E EJA +A JH= @A E @A>AHC ALO GKA = @AJAH E = @A AEI E EJAI
@E HAIFAEJ = IK?AII AI @A L = I {Xn }nN E @AFA @A JAI A E@A JE?= A JA @EI JHE>K @=I -IJ= LAHI @A AIJ=J IJE?=I J=EI ? ?K = AE F @A IAH @AI? ? I > = DEF JAIA E E @ I=>A K = ? FE= @A X )IIE HAIK J=@ @= ) ) JAI @A A K ?E=H HA? H@=H K F=HJE?K =H A JA JE = @E= = IJH= HAJEH=@= @A K = F FK =
DA?E@= )IIK E @ GKA 1-(X ) = A Var (X ) = 2 I GKA ?=@= L=HE LA A I JA HA = A
{Xn }nN F @A IAH LEIJ=

GKAIJ L= I =FA =I
1-(Xi ) = A Var (Xi ) = 2 F=H= ?=@= i N EIA ? IIE?= GKA AIJ=>A A?A GKA AH I ? F AN I J=EI GKA n an 0 F=H= J @ x
I A FH L=H
,=@= K = IK?AII ? F AN
{an }nN @A
GK= @ n JA @A F=H=
K IA = an = o(1/n) A J
1+
x + an n
Ax .
6A HA = ! %
6A HA = @
E EJA +A JH=
L=HE ?E= EJ=
5A = {Xn }n1 K = IK?AII
@A L = I E E @ I ?
IJH=CA
n
#!
Var (Xi ) = , i ,A
2
JA IA 1-(Xi ) = , i A IA = Sn = LA EA JA A JA
i=1
Xi
LAHCA F=H=
3K= @ n = B @ @A Sn ? K =B@ H =
H = E =@= ?
Sn n d Z N (0, 1). n
,AJAH E A I = BK
n
,A
IJH=
?=H=?JAH IJE?= @A
1 Sn n = n n 1
2n
Xk
k=1
Xk ,
k=1
(t) =
n
2n
) L=
Xk k=1
t t ( ) = Xk ( ) n n
Xk
JA
L= H A
@E 0 A L=HE I HEA @A
?E= 1 ) IK= BK
?=H=?JAH IJE?=
Xk =@ EJA ANF= I
=? =KHE
u2 Xk (u) = 1 + o(u2 ), u 0. 2
)IIE F=H= GK= GKAH t R
n n
Xk (t/ n) =
t2 2
+o
1 n
A 2
t2
JH=J= @ IA @= BK
?=H=?JAH IJE?= @= N (0, 1)
F @AH @ 6A HA = @
E EJA +A JH= HAIE@A
B=?J @= @EIJHE>KE EE@ A J
@A =I
JAH GKA IAH ? DA?E@= JA GKA IA =I L = I Xk B HA Xk L = I Yk = J= > I n Sn )IIE = @E= = IJH= X n = JA E EJA @EIJHE>KE n IA @ A?AII HE GKA =I F=H?A =I IA = H =EI K IA =
H =
Xn
n
Z N (0, 1).
#"
)I L = I GKA F @A ? ? IAGK
IAH @A?
F IJ=I ?
=I @A F=H?A =I E E @ I F @A L=HE ?E= EJ=
IAH =FH NE =@=I FA = @EIJHE>KE ?E= @ 6A HA = @
H = @AI@A GKA JA D= E EJA +A JH=
)FH NE = L = I Yi I )IIE FA
@= >E
E= FA =
H =
7 = L = Xn >E
E= (n, p) F @A IAH AI?HEJ= ? K E(p) E EJA +A JH=
Xn =
n i=1
Yi
@A =I
E @AFA @A JAI A ?=@= Yi *AH 6A HA = @
Xn 1-(Xn ) Var (Xn )
Z N (0, 1)
6= >
= @EIJHE>KE K =I
@A 2 EII H =
JA
FH FHEA@=@AI =@EJEL=I GKA FAH EJA IA X P o() A J 6A HA = @
K = =FH NE = ANFHAII= ? +
,A B=?J
X F @A IAH
E EJA +A JH=
= @A n L = E E @ I P o(/n)
1-(X ) = A Var (X ) = IACKA IA FA
GKA IA X P o()
Z N (0, 1).
-IJ=I L = I F H IAHA >=>E E@=@AI ? KJH=I L = I J=EI ? @A L = E E @ I ANF AE H = ? F=H
@EI?HAJ=I AIJ =I GKA J
IK AEJ=I A
JAH
I @A ? ?K JE KE@=@A
@A FH =
>=IA @= AE E EJA = ? HHA? AI @A ? @EIJHE>KE A ?E=EI K 3KE GK=@H=@ AJH I =@AGK=@ I F @A
/= = >JE@= ?
K =I
IAH =FH NE =@=I FA =
"
@A I HA =?E
=@ I ?
@A
H =
##
" =
@A I HA =?E
=@ I ?
@A
" ) @EIJHE>KE
L = Y = Z2 @A
GKE GK=@H=@
@AH y = z 2 ) JA GKA IKF HJA @AIJ= L =
5A = X N (0, 1) A g : R R J= GKA = ?=@= z B= ? HHAIF E =@= @A GKE GK=@H=@
R+ 0
8A = + I GK= = IK= @A IE@=@A @A FH >=>E E@=@A A?A I F H ?= ?K =H = BK @A @EIJHE>KE
FY (y ) = 12 Z 2 y = 12 (|Z | y ) = 12( y Z y ) = FZ ( y ) = FZ ( y ) FZ ( y ).
,AHEL= @ =C H= AIJ= ANFHAII LA A 2 1(0,+) = 2y @EIJHE>KE
y
1 1 fY (y ) = fZ ( y ) fZ ( y ) 2 y 2 y
8A = ) BK I I =C H= = AE @A n L = I E @AFA @A JAI ? ?=H=?JAH IJE?= @A ?=@= K = @AIJ= L =I BK ?=H=?JAH IJE?=
n
(t) =
= @A n L = I E E @ JA
1 )IIE 1 2it
2 1
(t) =
JH=J= @ IA @= BK @A E>AH@=@A + ? ?K = BK
1 1 2it
= (1 2it)n/2 n CH=KI
?=H=?JAH IJE?= @A K = AE @ GKE GK=@H=@ ?
?=H=?JAH IJE?= ?=H=?JAHE = ?
F AJ= A JA = AE @A K = L = @EIJHE>KE
I GKA = I
= @A n L = I E @AFA @A JAI ? B=
2 1 JA
@EIJHE>KE ) @EIJHE>KE
2 n 2 n FAHJA ?A
E= @A @EIJHE>KE AI /= = AIJ= @EIJHE>KE AJH I F IEJEL I A ,A B=?J = @EIJHE>KE
@AFA @A @A @ EI F=H
2 n K =
#$
-IJ=J IJE?= ,AI?HEJEL= ANF A ?E= K = /= =(1, )
/= =(n/2, 1/2) 4A? H@A GKA = @EIJHE>KE

FA GKA = @EIJHE>KE BK >J ANF A ?E= @A F=H K = 2 2 ? @EIJHE>KE
AJH 1/2 F @A IAH LEIJ= ? @EIFAHI A B H = @AIJ=
?=H=?JAH IJE?= (t) = (1 2it)1 ?= E = E 6A IA =JH=L I @= @A IA GKA IA X 2 n
)I ?=H=?JAH IJE?=I FHE ?EF=EI HA =JEL=I
1-(X ) = n Var (X ) = 2n 1 = 2 2/n HALA = K = =IIE AJHE= F IEJEL= GKA IA J H =

A I =H
?=@= F=H= CH= @AI L= HAI @A n
2 = 3 + 12/n
=?D=J= A J
IA FHA
=E H GKA
@= AE
H =
=FH NE = @ IA @A ! F=H= CH= @AI L= HAI @A
"
7 = L=
) @EIJHE>KE
J @A 5JK@A J
L =I E @AFA @A JAI J=EI Z
Z Tn = n @A Z A Xn I Xn N (0, 1) A Xn 2 @EIJHE>KE n @E IA GKA JA

E>AH@=@A IKF HJA @AIJ= L =
t @A 5JK@A J ?
n CH=KI @A
R A = IK= B @ F ((n + 1)/2) (n/2) n 1+
@=@= F H
x2 n
(n+1)/2
.
IE JHE?= A JA ?=K@=I
-IJ= @EIJHE>KE =EI FAI=@=I GKA =
JA H =
@E= K = F=H= n 2
1-(X ) = 0 Var (X ) = 1 = 0
n n 2
F=H= n 3
"
@A I HA =?E
=@ I ? F=H= n 4
@A
H = IA FHA =E H GKA
#% @= AE
2 = 3 +
6 n4
=?D=J= A J
H = =FH NE = @ IA @A ! F=H= CH= @AI L= HAI @A 3K= @ n = 1 JA IA = @EIJHE>KE @A +=K?DO
" ! ) @EIJHE>KE
) L=HE LA = A=J HE= Wm,n =
. @A .EIDAH 5 A@A? H
@EIJHE>KE
U/m ? U A V E @AFA @A JAI A ? V /n 2 HAIFA?JEL= A JA 2 IKF HJA R A B @ F @=@= F H m A n JA nn/2 mm/2 ((m + n)/2) (m2)/2 x (n + mx)(m+n)/2 (m/2)(n/2)
A @E IA GKA JA E>AH@=@A
@EIJHE>KE
. @A .EIDAH 5 A@A? H ?
CH=KI @A
JA GKA IA Wm,n Fm,n A J
Wn,m =
V /n W/m
Fn,m
A
1 LAIJECKA = CK =I @=I IK=I ?=H=?JAH IJE?=I F=H= L HE I L= HAI @A
" " )I @EIJHE>KE AI 2 t A F A

+ IE@AHA I (X1 , . . . , Xn ) K = =
@A
H =
@A @E=
N (, ) 5A =
A = L=HE ?E= =
IJH= = A=J HE= FH LA EA JA @ n 1 2 HAIFA?JEL= A JA X n A S = (Xi X n )2 = n 1 i=1 IJH= @A (X1 , . . . , Xn ) 6A IA GKA E @AFA @A JAI
X n A S2 I
(n 1)S 2 2 n1 2 X n tn1 S
IJH=I E @AFA @A JAI (X1 , . . . , Xn ) A (Y1 , . . . , Ym ) FH @A I N (x , x ) A N (y , y ) HAIFA?JEL= A JA A J
2 2 /x Sx Fn1,m1 2 / 2 Sy y
,=@=I @K=I =
LA EA JAI @ I
#&
" # -NAH? ?E I
+ IE@AHA K = = IJH= = A=J HE= @A @E A I IJHA KI= @ = B C
n FH LA EA JA @A K =
GKA X n JA @EIJHE>KE
F FK =
Exp(1)
Gama(n, n)
2H LA GKA K = = IJH= = A=J HE= @A @E A I n FH LA EA JA @A K = nM (2) F FK = N (0, ) = L = JA @EIJHE>KE 2 L= H n 1 @EGKA 2 n 1 (2) (2) @E A = L=HE ?E= @A M JA GKA M = A J Xi2 n i=1 @A H@A @A X ! 4AFHAIA JA CH= ?= A JA = @A IE@=@A J @A 5JK@A J ? CH " ? ? ACA @= @A 25000 L= HAI FIAK@ = A=J HE I FH LA EA JAI K EB H A E JAHL= H = HA@K E@= A @A IE@=@AI tn
F=H= @ =I F=H= @ELAHI I L= HAI @A n - => HA
>JA D= K = IK?AII @A K = @EIJHE>KE K = = + BK =
(0, 1)
HC= E A I @=@ I
=JHE =JHE @=@ I ?
E D=I A # ? K =I K == ? IJH= @A @E A I #
IE@AHA =C H= GKA ?=@= E D= @ 4 H M A= I F=H= >JAH IJH= @=I
FH LA EA JA @A K = F FK =
AE K EB H A (0, 1)
7IA =
L= H >IAHL=@ @A X @A ?=@=
> -N= E A = @EIJHE>KE CH
@E=I = A@E@=I
IJH=EI >JE@=I A
JAH
? I A ?= ?K = @ = CK =I
? 8AHE GKA IA JE@ I J H = K
F II LA = H =H A FEHE?= A JA GKA I @=@ I > ? F HJ= A J @A =? H@ ? HAIK J=@ >JE@ A@E@=I A F HE?=I GKA ?= ?K K AIJ K = @EIJHE>KE
KIJE GKA
I L= HAI >JE@ I F=H= =I @A =? H@ ?
GKA JA HE?= A JA IA AIFAH=
+=F JK -IJE =
+ I=>A I @=@= K = L = X @AIEC =@ I F=H L= H @E
= L=HE
?E= 2 = =IIE I F H
AJHE= 1 AJ? I 3K= @ IA B= = A ANA F E=EI F=H ? -IJAI F=H AJH I B= B=
AJH I @= @EIJHE>KE
I AIJ=H = HABAHEH ? H =EI B= E= @=I @EIJHE>KE AI >E DA?E A J @ I IJH=
B=
E= @A @EIJHE>KE AI F @A
E= @=I @EIJHE>KE AI E= @=I @EIJHE>KE AI ANF
A ?E=EI AJ? IA
AJH I F @AH
IAH AIJE =@ I GK= @ IA @EIF A @A K = =
?HAJ= (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) HA= E =
@A n L = I (X1 , X2 , . . . , Xn ) ? FE=I E @A FA GKA = AI? D= @ GKA = = IJH=CA
FA @A JAI @= F FK = ) = FH ?AII @A = IJH=CA
X
BK @= A J= IJEJKA == ?=I A IJH= I IJH=I ? =
IJH= @ALA IAH HAFHAIA J=JEL= @= F FK =
= A=J HE= =I n L = I GKA ?
E @AFA @A JAI A E@A JE?=
A JA @EIJHE>K @=I -IJA FH ?AII @AIEC = IA F H =
IJH=CA
= A=J HE= K
= AI = GKA EHA
?=IK= IE F AI IA J @=I =I F II LAEI =

FH >=>E E@=@A @A IAHA I? ? IE@AH=H = IA A??E
nAA A J IJ
JEF @A = = IJH=CA
=@=I -IJA
C @= @EI?EF E = )IIE
IJH= = A=J HE= @AIEC = K AI = @EIJHE>KE
K J @A L=HE LAEI = A=J HE=I E @AFA @A JAI A ? #'
$ 7 F AI @ I FH ?A@E A J I KJE E =@ I F=H= FH ?A@AH IJH= @A =? H@ ? @A = J= ? FH ?AII @A = IJH=CA =JH=L I @= KJE E = IA A? IJH=CA
-IJE = @ I AA A J I = = A=J HE= IE == IJH=CA
E ? KEH = =
AH I FIAK@ = A=J HE I = A=J HE= IE F AI A =F E?=@ GK= @ ANEIJA = CK = E LAEI @A HA @E A J I @= F FK = @A = ? A IJH=I @E A @A JH @A ?=@=
7 = = JAH =JEL= E F HJ= JA B H = A K I >HA = F FK =
AIJH=JE ?=@= -IJA JEF @A FH ?A@E A J CHKF I AJ HE I A D HA=I CA CH IJH=CA
= IK= @ELEI
?=I AJ? ) ? =IIE ?= AIJH=JE ?=@= = F FK = B= IA JE@ GK= @ AIJK@ =I GKA L=HE= AIJ=I ? 6= HA @E A J
? =IIAI K AIJH=J I KJK= A JA AN? KIEL I GKA =FHAIA J= CA AE@=@A ) = = IA A? = A=J HE=I IE F AI E @AFA @A JAI @A E @EL @K I A I AI FH F H?E ) AIJH=JE ?= =EI I GKA ANEIJA @A K = F FK = L=HE LA A
?=@= CHKF
F II LA E@A JE ?=H F K? @A JH @A @E AI K = = I IJH=
IK>F FK = AI GKA L=HE= GKA @E HAIFAEJ IE D
KEJ A JHA IE DAJAH CA AE@=@A A JHA AIJH=J I
CA AE@=@A @A JH @A ?=@= AIJH=J K J @= F FK = E@=@A C AH
JH= AIJH=JE ?=@= F @A B H A?AH HAIK J=@ I IE F AI ANJH= @= @ ? HE LAEI ? CA CH F H ANA F IA = L=HE LA = IAH AIJH=JE ?=@= IA A ? ?= AJ?
=EI FHA?EI I @ GKA K = = =E @= =@= ?
=EI E F HJ= JA KJH=I L= =
JH=H ? HHA =?E
AIJ=JKJ I ?E=
GKA FAH EJEH AIJH=JE ?=H IE K J= A= A JA IACK @ L HE=I
L=HE LAEI @AI@A GKA IA =IIACKHA K = =@AGK=@= HAFHAIA J=JELE@=@A @ I AIJH= J I ANEIJA JAI = F FK = 6= > IA F @A FH ?A@AH = IJH=CA C F H CHKF I GK= @ = F FK = A I A JHA IE E @EL @K I ? J @ ? IJH=CA =I IEIJA A = A=J HE= I@= F @ELE@E@= A IA A??E IE F AI =H K CHKF I ? KIJAHI D @AJAH E =@
AI =I ?=H=?JAH IJE?=I A DAJAH C I CHKF I @ALAH
A I @A JH @A IE AH @A CHKF I F H =
J= J GK= J F II LA IAH E?H ? I
-IJE = FK = A A A
JK= @A F=H
AJH I =
$ IA = A=J HE= A JA = CK I @ I CHKF I IJH=CA IJH=CA ?=IK= IE F AI ANECA IA =FA =I ? IJH=CA I @A K = = @ K = @=I JKH =I
= AIJK@=H 2HE AEH IA A??E IACKE@= E ? KA IA = = ? KIJAH ? =@ I 6H=J= IA @A K
IJH= J @ I I E @EL @K I FAHJA ?A JAI = I FH ?AII @A = AIJA JEF @A =
CHKF I IA A??E GKA IA @EIF F FK = ?=I A A ?=I @=I = AI? = F FK = CHKF I @A = K = J @ I I=K I
GKA ?=@= K E@=@A
D= @A K = EIJ=CA K = EIJ=CA
@ I CHKF I @A E @EL @K I K A A A J I @= F AJ= @ I A A A J I @= F FK = ANA F @=CA @AIJA JEF @A = @A FE E = I=K
IJH=CA I = JAHE HAI 7
GKA IA FHAJA @A B= AH K = I I 7 = =
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IJH= = A=J HE= @A JKH =I A E GKEHE @
@A JH @A ?=@= JKH = AI? DE@=
-IJE =
7 AE B 5KF F=H?E= F D= A JA ?
2
DA?E@= +
JK= @A F=H
IEIJA A DA?A IA = ANFHAII AJH I 1 , 2 , . . . , n I DA?A DA?E@
AJH I
?K = CAH= @= IK= B @ F K @AI? DA?E@ I
@ I FH > A =I @= -IJ=J IJE?= ? =I I L= HAI @ I F=H F=H
AIJK@=H K = F FK =
I F=H= IE F E ?=H GKA ? IEIJA A @A EH K = BK
I = B H = @= B @ F f @A X GKA @ IJH= DA
@AFA @A =FA =I @A K ) E@AE= ?
AJH @AI?
T @= = = (X1 , . . . , Xn ) @A X @A
I @A IAK L= H F=HJE?K =H @=@= K = = @AFA @A @A F=H AJH I @AI? E =
GKA = L = T = T (X1 , . . . , Xn ) =IIK = L= HAI FH NE ) L = T @E IA K ? -IJ=I L = BK ?E@ I J K AIJE =@ H @A A AI @= = F=FA IJH= GKA ?HAJ= t = t(x1 , . . . , yn ) @E IA K = AIJE =JEL= @A KEJ E F HJ= JA A
-IJ=J IJE?= A @A
IA AI
J=J IJE?=I
-IJE =
-NA F
5KF D=
?K I A = LA
I GKA IA FHAJA @A = = EI=H = FAH?A J=CA @AJAH E =@= F FK = LA KI= ?K I ?
@A
LA I GKA KI= K EF GKA J L= H =
5A = Xi = L = @A *AH FH >=>E E@=@A p A 4AJEH=@= K = JA IA GKA ?K I = E= ?
L= H
KI= ?K I ?
FH >=>E E@=@A 1 p
IJH= = AJ HE= @A @E A I
n
n (X1 , . . . , Xn ) @= F FK =
AH @A
=
i=1
Xi
= AIJ=J IJE?= GKA HAFHAIA J= ?
LA I ? >E
IJH= -IJ= AIJ=J IJE?= JA
IA I=>A @EIJHE>KE
F=H
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n
1 Xn = Xi = AIJ=J IJE?= GKA E @E?= = FH F H n i=1 LA I ? IE@AH= @ I n E @EL @K I @= = IJH=
@AI?
DA?E@= @A
) CK I ANA F I @A AIJ=J IJE?=I
@E= =
1 IJH= X n = n
IJH=
Xi
i=1 n 2 2
L=HE
?E= =
n
1 ? HHECE@= S = M2 = n
Xi X n
i=1
=
A J
1 2 = Xi2 X n = M 2 (M 1 )2 n i=1 = IJH= ?A JH=@ @A H@A k A M

= IJH= @A H@A ?E= = E NE @= = @= =
@A Mk HAFHAIA J=
k
HAFHAIA J=
A J IE F AI
k
n 2
L=HE
1 IJH= ? HHECE@= S = n1
Xi X n
i=1
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=IIE AJHE= @= =
M3 M2
3/2
-IJ=J IJE?=I 5K ?EA JAI
$!
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6A =
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A J I F FK =?E J= >
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k @A X I
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I =E @= GKA IA ANEIJEH A B H ANEIJA
A J @A H@A
k @A K = L = X A J
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EJ I J @ I I
= ?A JH=@ @A H@A FHE AEH
@=@ F H 1- X 1-(X )k ?E=
@E @= L = X IACK @
A J IE F AI @A X A = L=HE
2 @= L = X
A J ?A JH=@ @A X

) E@AE= @A IK ?E ) = >IAHL=H ?E= @A K = AIJ=J IJE?= = IACKE JA @AFA @A @A =JH=L I @A K = I K = L = X ?K = @EIJHE>KE
IJH= (X1 , . . . , Xn ) K @A K = BK @AII= = IJH= F H ANA F =JH=L I n 1 Xi IA A DK = E B H = =?AH?= @A @A T = T (X1 , . . . , Xn ) = X n = n i=1 FAH@E@= A J T @E IA K = AIJ=J IJE?= IK ?EA JA
,A
7 = AIJ=J IJE?= T = T (X1 , . . . , Xn ) @E IA IK ?EA JA F=H=

E= @A @EIJHE>KE AI IA A I IA = @EIJHE>KE = AI = F=H= J @ I I A A A J I @= B= ? @E?E E= E A = @A X @=@ @AFA @A
K = B= @A
+ IE@AHA ?=I ?
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I @A J K
E AI AGKEL= A JAI
= JAHE H F=H=
?=I @EI?HAJ A F=H=
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5A = f (x; ) ?
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?HAJ=I ,=@= K = = = (X1 , . . . , Xn ) @A f (x; ) A T = T (X1 , . . . , Xn ) @E IA
$"
-IJE =
GKA T ?
K = AIJ=J IJE?= IK ?EA JA F=H= IA F=H= J @ A F=H= J @ I =I IJH= (x1 , . . . , xn )
?HAJE = AI @= =
12(X1 = x1 , X2 = x2 , . . . , Xn = xn )|T = t(x1 , . . . , xn )
@AFA @A @A
-NA F
K = F FK =
! 5A = (X1 , . . . , Xn ) K = =
*E
n
IJH= = A=J HE= FH LA EA JA @A
E= ?
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AJH I m A
IJHA GKA T =
Xi
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K = AIJ=J IJE?= IK ?EA JA F=H=
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FHE AEH
KC=H
JA GKA K = LA GKA I Xi I IA J
E @AFA @A JAI
Xi Bi(nm, ) 6A
12 X1 = x1 , X2 = x2 , . . . , Xn = xn T = t(x1 , . . . , xn ) =
= m x1
m xn
xn (1 )mxn
x1 (1 )mx1 . . . mn t
t (1 )mnt
xi = 0, 1, . . . , m A
xi = t
JA IA m m m ... x1 x2 x1 mn t @EII I L= HAI GKA ?=@= Xi F @A ?=KI= IK ?EA JA J =H
5E F E ?= @ AIJ= ANFHAII
GKA @AFA @A
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C = AIJ=J IJE?= A
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T
IJH= = A=J HE= >JE@= @A K =
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J K= f (x; ) 5A = T = T (X1 , . . . , Xn ) K = AIJ=J IJE?= IK ?EA JA F=H= IA A I IA
B @ F fT - J
f (x1 ; ) f (x2 ; ) . . . f (xn ; ) fT (t(x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ); )

@AFA @A @A F=H= J @ L= H @A t N @A IJH= = A=J HE= >JE@= @A K = ) @EII I L= HAI GKA ?=@=
Xi F @A
=H
@AFA @A
-NA F
@EIJHE>KE
# 5A = (X1 , . . . , Xn ) K = =
ANF A ?E= JHK ?=@= FHE AEH KC=H
@A fXi (x) = Ax , IK ?EA JA F=H= JA GKA ?=@= Xi JA

x
x>
B@
IJHA GKA Y = min (X1 , . . . , Xn )
4AI K
FXi (x) =
) @EII = B @ @A Y
Ax dx = 1 Ax
@=@= F H
FY (y ) = 12(Y y ) = 112(Y > y ) = 1(P (X1 > y ) P (X2 > y ) . . . P (Xn > y ))
C
FY (y ) = 1 (1 FX (y ))n = 1 An(y)
FA GKA = B @ F @A Y
fY (y ) = nAn(y) ,
)IIE = @EIJHE>KE
F=H= y > = =Y =y
2
@A X1 , . . . , Xn ? @E?E
A x i Ax1 Ax2 . . . Axn = nAn(y) nAny
xi > y A i = 1 , . . . , n
@AFA @A @A =IIE ? I L= HAI @A xi C Y K =
-IJ= ANFHAII
AIJ=J IJE?= IK ?EA JA F=H=
$$
-IJE =
+HEJ HE @A .EIDAH
6A HA =
ANEIJEHA
AO =
? IK ?EA JA F=H= IA A I IA IJH= IA AI?HALAH ?
$ 5A = (X1 , . . . , Xn ) K = = = HAJEH=@= @A K = F FK =
AI g A h J=EI GKA = B @ F @= = AI A
B @ F f (x; ) ) AIJ=J IJE?= T = T (X1 , . . . , Xn ) @K=I BK FH @KJ @A @K=I BK
GKA =FA =I K = @AFA @A @A EIJ
f (x1 , . . . , xn ; ) = g (t(x1 , . . . , xn ); )h(x1 , . . . , xn )

@A F=H= ?=@= L= H N @A t(x1 , . . . , xn ) h @AFA @A @A ) @AFA @A @EII @A
I L= HAI @A x1 , . . . , xn F=H= I GK=EI f (x1 , . . . , xn ; ) > 0
-NA F
F H
% 4AJ
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n
= JAHE H ) @A IE@=@A ?
K J= @A @=@=
X1 , . . . , Xn GK= @ ?=@= Xi
A ?E= JHK ?=@= @A F=H
AJH
f (x1 , . . . , xn ) =
i=1
Axi , x1 > , x2 > , . . . , xn >
K IA =
f (x1 , . . . , xn ) = An
xi
= A
xi n
A ,
IA min (x1 , . . . , xn ) >
! 2H FHEA@=@AI @ I AIJE =@ HAI

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=EI F II LA ?A JH=@=
JH HE =HHEI?= A
I = >JAH IK>AIJE =@ HAI K I A D H GK= J =E H FHA?EI -IJ=I @K=I I AIJE =@ HAI
>HAIJE =@ HAI + =H GKA K @= IK= @EIJHE>KE IAH ? FH FHEA@=@AI @ALA
AIJE =@ H IAH J= J H @EIFAHI IE@AH=@=I ?
K J= A JA 3KAHA
! 2H FHEA@=@AI @ I AIJE =@ HAI ?A JH=@ I ) @EBAHA LAH@=@AEH L= H @ F=H = A JHA AIJE =@ H A @E F=H @A AJH A ? AJH L=HE ?E= FAGKA = AHH A K =
$%
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E@ =>=EN
A@E@= @= FAH
B H = ?A @ AIJE =@ H
,A
! ,=@= K = = = (X1 , . . . , Xn ) @A X ?
K
B @ F f ( x | ) K =
AIJ=J IJE?= T = t(X1 , . . . , Xn )
AIJE =@ H ?A JH=@ @A IA 1-(T ) = AIJE =@ H T @A = @EBAHA = A JHA
,A
E
F=H
LE I K *1)5 @A K AJH
1-(T ) A
BIAS(T ) = 1-(T )
,A
@A
E
E@ ?
! ! ,=@= K = = = (X1 , . . . , Xn ) @A X ?
AHH GK=@H JE?
B @ F f (x; ) A K @E -3 K 5-
AIJE =@ H T = T (X1 , . . . , Xn ) @A
MSE = 1- (T )2
JA GKA 1- (T )2 = 1- ((T 1-(T )) + (1-(T ) ))2 = 1- (T 1-(T ))2 +(1-(T ) )2 6A I =IIE
MSE(T ) = Var (T ) + BIAS2 (T )

5A = ) A ?E
T1 A T2 AIJE =@ HAI @
?E= HA =JEL= @A T2 A
AI HA =
F=H = T1
AJH 5A T1 JA @=@= F H
5-
H GKA
5- @A T2 T1
=EI A ?EA JA GKA T2

MSE(T1 ) MSE(T2 )
+=I = > I I AIJE =@ HAI IA = =FHAIA J=H A H L=HE
?A JH=@ I IAH ?E= HA =JEL=
=EI A ?EA JA =GKA A GKA AIJA ?=I GK ?EA JA
?E= A = A ?E
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7 = KJH= FH FHEA@=@A @AIA LA K = FH FHEA@=@A =IIE FJ JE?=
IEIJ
T?
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IA @
2=H= GKA IA A JA @= AIJ= FH FHEA@=@A FHA?EI= K @ I A A A J I @A K = IK?AII E CK=CA JH= ? HHA JA @E A I GKA K
I @A FA I=H A ?
@A AIJE =@ HAI {Tn }nN AIJE =@ H IEIJA JA IA GK= @ @A JH=H =H>HEJ=HE= A JA FH NE
n
E
CH= @A = FH >=>E E@=@A @A Tn IA A ? EJ =EI B H = A JA
IA A ?
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,A
!" 7
n
AIJE =@ H Tn = T (X1 , . . . , Xn ) @A F=H= J @

LAHC
IEIJA JA IA
lim 12 (|Tn | ) = 0
?E= ?
>0
?E= A A J FH >=>E E@=@A K = @A E =
-IJA JEF @A ? 5A X JA JAH =JEL=
LAHC
IA I=>A ?
A J @A IACK @= H@A
= JAHE H
EJ
,A
!# 7
AIJE =@ H Tn = t(X1 , . . . , Xn ) @A
n
IEIJA JA IA
lim 1- (Tn )2 = 0
K IA = H=
AIJE =@ H EJ
IEIJA JA IA
5- @A Tn JA @A F=H= AH GK= @ n
JA @A F=H= E
5- @A Tn JA @A F=H= AH IA Tn B H =IIE FJ JE?= A JA ?A JH=@ A
IA = IK= L=HE
?E= @A?HAI?AH F=H= AH GK= @ n JA @A F=H= E ?E= E =
EJ
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5=>A AJH ?=KI= F=H AJH I GKA K =I A ? ?
K J @A AIJE =@ HAI ?A JH=@ I @A @AJAH E =@ F=H A H L=HE ?E= ? K J A K J @A J @ I I AIJE =@ HAI ?A JH=@ I @A @AJAH E =@
A D H AIJE =@ H =GKA A GKA JELAH
$'
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! $ 7 AIJE =@ H ?A JH=@ T @A @E IA @A L=HE ?E=

?E= B H A H K ECK= L=HE
E =
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@A F=H= J @
5A B H F II LA AIJ=>A AH K @A @AJAH E =@= = IA = L=HE E F=H= = L=HE E A J ?E= @A K AIJE =@ H BK ?E= E =
IJH= = A=J HE= A @A K = AE @A FH >=>E E@=@A =II ?E=@= JAH L=HE
?E= @ AIJE =@ H B H AIIA E F=H= = L=HE
) @AIECK= @=@A @A +H= LAH =@E= JA K K BK F=H @A K = = K
H 4= AIJ=>A A?A I > = CK =I ? @E AI =

?E= @A K AIJE =@ H ?A JH=@ T @A AJH 5KF D= ? I GKA T B@F
AJH K @A K = BK AIJE =@ H @A () 6A
@AIIA F=H
IA GKA
IJH= = A=J HE= FH LA EA JA @A K = F FK =
f ( x; )
Var (T ) n1F II LA FH L=H I > = CK =I ? 1-NEIJA

d log f (X ; ) dx
( ())2
dlog f (X ;) d 2
@E AI =@E?E
2
=EI GKA
= 1-
2 log f (X ; ) 2
@AH JHE?=I ANEIJA IA FHA K
=C H= GKAIJ AI GKA E F HJ= HAIF
2=H= GK= GKAH B= AIJE =@ H @A L=HE + ) HAIF J= = ?=KI= FAHJA ?AH ?KHI ) HAIF IJ= = >JAH K
E= @A @EIJHE>KE AI F=H= ?E= E = ?E=
AIJE =@ H @A L=HE
E = @= F FK = A
AC=JEL= 6= I B= E= ANF
LAH@=@A IA = @EIJHE>KE A ?E= @A @EIJHE>KE AI
=> H@=@= AIJA
F=II= F H K
HAIK J=@ GKA AIJ=>A A?A = ECK= @=@A @= @AIE
CK= @=@A =?E = IA A I IA ANEIJEH K = BK
K (n, ) J= GKA
log f (Xi ; ) = K (n, ) (t(x1 , . . . , xn ) ())
% AIJE =@ H T = T (X1 , . . . , Xn ) @A () AIJE =@ H @A L=HE
-IJE = ?E= E =
-NA F
K = F FK =
! % 5A = (X1 , . . . , Xn ) K = =
X ?
B@F
IJH= = A=J HE= FH LA EA JA @A
f (x; ) = (1 + x)(1+) , x > 0

?
> 0 @AI?
3K=
DA?E@ H 4= F=H= = L=HE ?E= @ I AIJE =@ HAI
E EJA E BAHE H @A +H= 1 ?A JH=@ I @A () = >JAH ?=I ANEIJ= K 1 () =
AIJE =@ H ?A JH=@ @A L=HE
?E=
E = F=H=
4AI K
) @A IAH KJE E =@= = @AIECK= @=@A @A +H= H 4= JA I GKA
( ())2 = 2=H= 1C @A
1 4
E =@ H
d2 log f (X ; ) d2
= 1H 4=
1 4 n 12
1 log (1 + X )
1 2
E EJA E BAHE H @A +H=
1 n2
) ANFHAII
d log f (xi ; ) = d
ECK= =
1 log (1 + xi ) 1 n
log (1 + xi )
log (1 + xi )
%
?K
I A J
GKA
AIJE =@ H
T =
AIJE =@ H @A L=HE
8= I =C H= ?
1 n
log (1 + xi ) 1
@A F=H
?E=
E = F=H= () =
J @ I
IE@AH=H @ EI @ I
=EI KIK=EI @A AIJE =
AJH I
!
J @ @ I
@A E@= A
A J I
JAH I @A r F=H J @ @ I AJH I 1 , 2 , . . . , r A J I >J IA HAI I AJH I FA
5A = K = @EIJHE>KE LA @
AIJE =@ HAI @AIJAI F=H
IACKE JA IEIJA = @A r AGK= AI A r E ? C EJ=I 1-(X k ) = Mk ,
k = 1, . . . , r
A J JA HE? @= @EIJHE>KE A J A F HE?
K IA =
AIJE =@ H @A k J= GKA k IE ECK= = k IE
f (x; 1 , 2 , . . . , r )
-NA F
@A
! & 5A = X1 , . . . , Xn K = =
IJH= = A=J HE= FH LA EA JA @ J @ @ I A J I F=H=
N (, ) ?
A @AI? DA?E@ I 7IA
>JAH AIJE =@ HAI F=H= A 2
4AI K
1 1-(X ) = = M1 = n
n
Xi = X n
i=1
1-(X 2 ) = Var (X ) + (1-(X ))2 = 2 + 2 = M2 =
1 n
Xi2
i=1
,= FHE AEH= AGK=
LA
E A@E=J= A JA
= Xn
-IJE =
A @= FHE AEH= A IACK @= AGK= AI JA
2
-IJ= + F=H L=HE JE = ECK= @=@A AJH I @ ?E= = IJH= @A
1 = n
Xi2 X n
i=1
= L=HE H = I ? HHECE@=
?E=
? HHECE@= @A X M2 J @ I @ I A J I @A A 2 @E= = IJH= A = HAIFA?JEL= A JA =
? KI
I AIJE =@ HAI >JE@ I FA
?=I @ ANA F @ALA IA HA? HHAH =
IACKE JA =FAI=H @A IA FHAJA @AH AIJE =H =FA =I K A J @A H@A
F=H
AJH
-NA F
L=
! ' + IE@AHA K = F FK =
3K= >=IA K = =
X ?K = AE
>J
K EB H A FA
E JAH J @ @ I
[, ]
A J I ?
AIJE =@ H @A > 0 GKA IA IJH= X1 , . . . , Xn @A X >=IA=@=
4AI K
F II LA KI=H K = AGK= K = LA GKA 1-(X ) = 0 3KAHA I J= GKA
1-(X 2 ) = M2
FHE AEH
A J A F HE?
H= AIJA ?=I 1-(X 2 ) = Var (X ) =
2 FA GKA 3 2 1 = Xi2 3 n
H@A = LA GKA AIJE =@ H GKA IA FHA
4AI LA @ AIJ= AGK= JA @A
=
8A =
1 n
Xi2 =
3M2
=FA =I AIJE =JEL=I
I =C H= KJH I ANA F I A A?AII HE IACKEH
GKA IA FHAJA @A
2=H= J= @EB ?E @A ?
>JAH = ANFHAII
CAH= @ AIJE =@ H F H LA AI
%!
-NA F
HA= E =
! .=?A = K
@A =
K J @A @=@ I {3, 4, 8, 10, 12, 18, 22, 35}
IJH= = A=J HE= FH LA EA JA @A K = L = X
3K= = AIJE =JEL= @A IA X Exp(1/) 3K=EI =I AIJE =JEL=I @A A 2 IA X ! 3K= = AIJE =JEL= @A IA X P o() C H =
4AI K
AGK= J @ @ I A J I F=H= >JA @ AIJE =@ H @A >=IA=@ =
1 1-(X ) = M1 = (3 + 4 + . . . + 35) = 14 8
C H = JA C
) @EIJHE>KE 5=>A
2 F=H
AJH I FA
GKA A?AIIEJ=
I @A
@K=I AGK= AI A L LA @ I GKA IA Y
A J I F=H= >JAH =I IK=I AIJE =JEL=I H = (, ) A J
Y = exp(X ) ?
X N (, ) )IIE
1-(Y ) = A+
2 /2
Var (Y ) = A2+2 A2+ = 1-(X 2 ) (1-(X ))2
6A
IA J
GKA HAI LAH IEIJA = A+2 /2 = 1 (3 + 4 + . . . + 35) = 14 8 A2+22 = 1 (32 + 42 + . . . + 352 ) = 295.75
8
K IA =
+ 2 /2 = log (14) 2 + 2 2 = log (295.75)

HECA =
GKA @
= 2.433 2 = 0.411
@A 2 EII = IK= @E= 6A IA J
F=H
AJH @= @EIJHE>KE
= 1-(X ) = 1 (3 + 4 + . . . + 35) = 14 8
%"
-IJE =
"
J @ @=
I ANF E?=
NE = 8AH IE E D=
@AIJA J @ L= IJH= I? = @A K = =
=
A =H F H @A EH
) JAI @A FH ?A@AH
GKA IA A JA @A F H LAH IE E D=
,A
?
" 5A = X1 , . . . , Xn K = = = HAJEH=@= @A K = F FK =
F = @= =
B@F KB
?=I @EI?HAJ f (x; ) A x1 , . . . , xn I ? HHAIF @A JAI IJH= = BK IA GKA

n
L= HAI >IAHL=@ I ) LAH IE E D= K BK @A IE@=@A @A FH >=>E E@=@A ? K J= K J= =II= @A FH >=>E E@=@A ? J=@= F H L 6A ?=I @EI?HAJ ?= ?K =@= A
x1 , . . . , xn @A
L(; x1 , . . . , xn ) = L(; x) = fX1 ,...,Xn (x; ) =

i=1
f (xi ; )
@ F=H
) AJH
J=
L(; x1 , . . . , xn ) = L(; x) HALA =

@=@= K = = IJH= ?
B=?J @A L IAH BK
?HAJ= >IAHL=@=
,A
"
7 = AIJE =JEL= @A
NE = LAH IE E D=
= BK @= = @A
= @A
L= H GKA
=NE E = = BK
@A LAH IE E D=
AIJE =@ H = (X1 , . . . , Xn ) AIJ=J IJE?= BK
IJH= @E IA AIJE
=@ H @A
6H=@E?E J= =
NE = LAH IE E D=
=
NE = LAH IE E D= =I @A
A JA AIJE =@ H A AIJE =JEL= @A AI I > @AFA @A @ @ ? AH
J=@ I FA
JANJ @ALA IAH ? =H IA AI I = B= =H @ IAK L= H
I = B= =H @A K = L = AIJE =@ H K IA AIJ=
>IAHL=@ AIJE =JEL= K
2=H= IA >JAH NE @= BK @A LAH IE E D= = HA? HHA IA I K @= dL dlog L AGK= = 0 K A = JAH =JEL= = = 0 ,A B=?J IA @ = BK log K = BK ?HAI?A JA GK= @ L ?HAI?A log L J= > ?HAI?A A GK= @ L @A?HAI?A log L J= > @A?HAI?A
"
J @ @=
NE = 8AH IE E D=
%#
-NA F
@A ? L= H == 8A = J=CA
"! +
I > ? @E ECK= L=HE J=
I=>A ?E=
@A
@A 2 EII
=@=FJ= IA = IEJK= AI
@E AI @A HACK =HE@=@A IA @ ?=H=?JAHE =@ F H JAH AH @A L I F IJ I F H # J=HJ=HKC=I + >=IA
5A = X = L = GKA ? KEJ =B=IJ=@ I
IJH= >IAHL=@= x = (53, 60, 50, 62, 45) x = 54 A s2 x = 49.5 L= HAI I GK= = AIJE =JEL= @A = @= = IJH= A NE = LAH IE E D= ?=KI= = F=H= L= H @E @A
X
) LAH IE E D=
L(, x) = 12(X1 = 5, X2 = 60, X3 = 50, X4 = 62, X5 = 45) = = A 53 45 . . . A 53! 45!
L(, x) = c A5 270
FA GKA A ? JH=H L= H @A GKA =NE E = AIJ= BK AGKEL= A JA =
dL(, x) 270 = 0 c(5A5 270 + 270A5 269 ) = 0 = = 54 = x d 5

2 @AH = K == I JAH =NE E =@ = BK @A C LAH IE E D= = = AIJA ?=I @=@=
IJH= x = (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) = BK
n
@A LAH IE E D=
n
L(, x) =
k=1
xk log L(, x) = xk !
( + xk log () log (xk !))

k=1
6A
IA J
d : log L(, x) = 0 d
FA GKA
k=1
xk 1 +
n
1 = 0 n +
xk = 0
k=1
1 n
xk = x n
k=1
%$ + ?K IA J GKA GK= @ X 2 EII AIJE =@ H @A
-IJE = NE = LAH
IE E D=
= @A =II ?E=@ = K = =
IJH= @A @E A I
= Xn
-IJA FH ?A@E A J @= BK KIK= GK= @ ?=I @ IK NE ANA F GKA IA FH ?A@AH NE ? HHAH = BH = ? HHA EIA @= BK E JAHE H @ @ @A LAH IE E D= E J @ =
JAEH= @ IKF HJA
=@AGK=@ A JA @EHA?J= A JA 8A =
-NA F
BK
" " 5A = X U [0, ] ,=@= = =

L(, x) =
IJH= x = (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn ) =
@A LAH IE E D= =
1 n
0 xi , i = 1, 2, . . . , n
?=I ? JH HE 5AH J= J =E H
) BK GK= J 6 = A
1 n
@A?HAI?A JA F=H= L= HAI @A F IEJEL I HB H @ELEI H 6A I GKA AI? DAH GKA IAH = A A
H F II LA A A J=
GKA 0 xi J @=I =I >IAHL= AI J IA J AIJE =@ H @A

+ IE@AHA
HAI GKA
= max (x1 , x2 , . . . , xn )
NE = LAH IE E D=
= X(n)
= I? = ?AEJ I @A AIJ=
I =C H=
IACKE JA HAIK J=@ GKA HA =?E
J IJE?= IK ?EA JA A @A AIJE =@ H @A
NE = LAH IE E D=
6A HA =
? BK
" # 5A = X1 , . . . , Xn K = = = HAJEH=@= @A K = F FK =
AIJE =@ H @A NE = LAH IE E D= = @A A J
@A IE@=@A f (x; ) 5A ANEIJEH K = AIJ=J IJE?= IK ?EA JA T = T (X1 , . . . , Xn )
F=H= A IA ANEIJEH @A T
"
J @ @=
NE = 8AH IE E D=
%%
" +
@E AI @A HACK =HE@=@A A FH FHEA@=@AI @ I AI L

@E AI @A HACK =HE@=@A @= B @ F F H ANA F = ANEIJ ?E= @ 1+4
JE =@ HAI @A
+ A = >=IA=@=I = B
I F H =FHAIA J=H =I ? L GKA C=H= JA
f (x, )
d log (f (x, )) d d d
ANEIJA F=H= J @ x A J @
. . . log L(x, ) dx =
...
d log L(x, ) dx d
d d
. . . t(x)log L(x, ) dx =
2 d log f (x, ) d
...
d t(x) d log L(x, ) dx
" 0 < 1-
< +
NE = LAH IE E D= L I = I=JEIB= L HE=I FH FHEA@=
J @ @A AIJE = @AI IA =I ? ?=
@A
@E AI @A HACK =HE@=@A B HA
I=JEIBAEJ=I A JHA =I GK=EI @AIJ=
I GKA I AIJE =@ HAI @A
IEIJA JAI
)IIE FJ JE?= A JA ?A JH=@ I )IIE FJ JE?= A JA

H =EI ANEIJA H L=HE ?E= KJH I AIJE =@ HAI AIJA ?=I = L=HE AIJ=I
)IIE FJ JE?= A JA A ?EA JAI

? @E AI GKA JA D= 1+4 E A A ?E@A ?
?E= ? E
2 = Var ()
1 n1d log f (X, )2 d
1 L=HE= JAI
@A
AIJE =@ H @A AIJE =@ H @A
NE = LAH IE E D=
= @A ()
( )
NE = LAH IE E D=
= @A
%&
-IJE =
"
+
-NAH? ?E I
IE@AHA K = = = X1 , . . . , Xn FH LA EA JA @= F FK =
X?
B@F
f (x; ) = x( + 1)x , 0 < x < 1

= 3K= > 3K= E D= + AIJE =@ H F=H= >JE@ FA AIJE =@ H F=H= >JE@ FA = @A J @ @ I J @ @= A J I NE = LAH IE
IE@AHA K = = = X1 , . . . , Xn FH LA EA JA @ DA?E@ AIJE =@ H @A
N (0, ) ?
@AI?
= ,AJAH E A
NE = LAH IE E D=
= @A 2 A AIJK@A
=I FH FHEA@=@AI AN=?J=I A =IIE FJ JE?=I @ AIJE =@ H > 3K= @=I AIJ=J IJE?=I M2 A S 2 2 HGK 8AHE GKA IA = CK L=HE ! + B@ ?E= @AIJAI AIJE =@ HAI AIJE =@ H ?A JH=@ @A ?E= ? E ?E@A ? 1+4 E = @A 2 A IA = IK= L=HE IJH= = A=J HE= @A @E A I K AIJE =@ H A D H F=H= 2
IE@AHA K = =
n FH LA EA JA @A X ?
1 exp((x )), x F (x; ) = 0, x<

GKA K F=H AJH @AI? DA?E@
=
IJHA GKA X Exp(1) AIJE =@ H @A FA = @= = J @ @ I IJH= A AI> ?A A J I IAK CH ?
> ,AJAH E A
? += ?K A = LAH IE E D= @ +
F=HA I AIJ E =@ HAI 1 = X 1 A 2 = X(1) GK= @ I @ EI AD H
KIJE ?= @
1 n
,EC=
"
J @ @=
NE = 8AH IE E D=
%'
" + ?E@ = > ?
IE@AHA K = = ,AJAH E A
IJH= = A=J HE= @A @E A I
n FH LA EA JA @A X ?
AJH @AI? DA
B @ F f (x; ) = (1 + x)(1+) , x > 0, ?
> 0 F=H
AIJE =@ H @A FA AIJE =@ H @A
J @ @ I J @ @=
A J I NE = LAH IE E D= =
1 FA
1+4 F=H= = L=HE
?E= @A AIJE =@ HAI ?A JH=@ I @A ?E=
1 1
E=
@ K
AIJE =@ H ?A JH=@ @A L=HE
E = ?=I ANEIJ= F=H=
# 5A = X1 , . . . , Xn K = = = FH LA EA JA @A K = F FK =
X *E
(n, p)
= ,AJAH E A =I ANFHAII AI F=H= =I BK C LAH IE E D= > >JA D= KIJE GKA ? 3K= AIJE =@ H F=H= (1 p)5 = @= = IJH= NE = LAH IE E D= = @A p A LAHE GKA ? IEIJA JA AI @A LAH IE E D= = A @A
AIJE =@ H @A
GKA AIJA AIJE =@ H
?A JH=@
AIJE =@ H >JE@

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