Caroline Chen Period 6 Chapter #34: Franklin D. Roosevelt and the Shadow of War Big Picture Themes 1.

. When it became evident that both Japan and Germany were marching toward militarism, FDR (and Europe) made it clear they wanted peace. This effectively gave the dictators a go-ahead sign. 2. Events showed war as inevitable. Japan attacked China. Spain became a dictatorship, and Italy and Germany did as well. 3. After watching Hitler go on the move, he finally broke a pledge to not attack Poland. England and France went to war. The U.S. still wanted to stay out. 4. As the situation overseas deteriorated, the U.S. began to support England and France more openly with words and supplies. Finally, when Pearl Harbor was attacked, the U.S. entered WWII. Chapter #34: IDENTIFICATIONS Nuremburg Trials After WWII, the Allied forces agreed that Nazism had to be cut out of Germany. They tried twenty-two Nazi war criminals in Nuremberg, Germany in 1945-1946. Twelve of the tried were hanged, and seven sent to jail. Cordell Hull Hull was Secretary of State during FDR's presidency. He believed in the reciprocal trade policy of the New Dealers, as well as a low tariff. He led to passage of the Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act of 1934. He also believed in the Good Neighbor policy with Latin America. Winston Churchill He was the prime minister of England during World War II. He was known as the bulldog-jawed orator who gave his people the nerve to fight off the air bombings occurring in their cities. He was in favor of the eight point Atlantic Charter. He was also one of the Big Three. Charles Lindbergh In 1927, he was the first person to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean in his plane, the Spirit of St. Louis. He later became an ambassador of goodwill for the United States. Good Neighbor Policy This was established by Herbert Hoover to create good relations with Latin America. It took much of the American military out of these countries. It also nullified the Roosevelt Corollary. Reciprocal Trade Agreement Act The act was designed in 1934 to raise American exports and was aimed at both relief and recovery. Led by Cordell Hull, it helped reverse the high-tariff policy. Rome-Berlin Axis In 1936 Hitler and Mussolini allied together in the Rome-Berlin Axis. They were both allied with Japan. They fought against the Allies in World War II.

Caroline Chen Period 6 Nye Committee The Nye Committee investigated arms manufacturers and bankers of World War I. It claimed they had caused America's entry into WWI. Public opinion pushed Congress to pass the Neutrality Acts to keep us out of WWII. Neutrality Acts Congress made an effort to legislate the nation out of war. The Neutrality Acts of 1935, 1936, and 1937 stipulated that when the president proclaimed the existence of a foreign war, certain restrictions would automatically go into effect. No American could legally sail on a belligerent ship, or sell or transport munitions to a belligerent nation, or make loans to a belligerent. Russo-German Nonaggression Pact This pact was signed by Hitler and Stalin on August 23, 1939. It allowed Hitler to attack Poland without fear of an attack from Russia. This pact helped spur the start of World War II. Hitler later broke this pact and attacked Russia anyway. "cash and carry" This was the only way that Europe could buy American war materials in World War II. They would have to transport the munitions in their own ships and they could only purchase the munitions with cash. America First Committee This was a committee organized by isolationists before WWII, who wished to spare American lives. They wanted to protect America before we went to war in another country. Charles A. Lindbergh was its most effective speaker. Lend-Lease Act This was a law passed in March of 1941 by sweeping majorities in both houses of Congress. This law said that the U.S. would lend or lease weapons to overseas countries and victims of aggression who would in turn finish the job of the fighting, and keep the war overseas and thus the U.S. would not have to enter. Atlantic Charter This was created by Winston Churchill and President Franklin D. Roosevelt in a secret conference. It outlined the hopes of the democracies and their intentions for improvements after World War II. It reflected the ideals of Woodrow Wilsons Fourteen Points of WWI.

Chapter #34 Guided Reading Questions The London Conference Know: London Economic Conference 1. What were the results of Roosevelt's decision not to help stabilize currencies?

Caroline Chen Period 6 Because FDR changed his mind and reprimanded Europe for trying to stabilize currencies. Then without America's participation, the London conference accomplished nothing and thus solidifying America's isolationism. Freedom for (from?) the Filipinos and Recognition for the Russians Know: Tydings-McDuffie Act 2. What was the reason for America's decision to free the Philippines? The Philippines were more of a nuisance to America than they were a help. Organized labor demanded the exclusion of low-wage Filipino workers and American sugar producers called for the elimination of Philippine competition. Becoming a Good Neighbor Know: Good Neighbor Policy 3. Was the United States serious about the Good Neighbor policy? Explain. Yes, America was very serious about the Good neighbor policy that FDR even denounced TR's big stick policy later on in a conference. The next year the marines left Haiti and America lessened their influence in Cuba and Panama as well. Secretary Hull's Reciprocal Trade Agreements Know: Cordell Hull, Reciprocal Trade Agreements Act 4. Were reciprocal trade agreements a good idea? Explain. Yes , it was a good idea because it cut down the most offensive parts of the HawleySmoot tariff law merely mending them. And in some instances tariff rates were cut in half (provided that the other nation did the same). Storm-Cellar Isolationism Know: Joseph Stalin, Benito Mussolini, Adolf Hitler, Fascism 5. What were the reasons for American isolationism? The emergence of Stalin of Communist Soviet Union, Mussolini of Fascist Italy, Hitler of Nazi Germany, and a new imperialistic Japan frightened America. However, Americans thought that the Pacific ocean protected them from these threats. Congress Legislates Neutrality Know: Gerald Nye, Neutrality Acts 6. How did the Neutrality Acts attempt to keep the U.S. out of war? The Neutrality Acts effectively prevented Americans from associating with belligerent nations. It gave the President the power to proclaim the existence of a foreign war, which would make illegal Americans sailing on a belligerent ship, Americans selling or transporting munitions to a belligerent, or making loans to a belligerent.

America Dooms Loyalist Spain Know: Francisco Franco, Spanish Civil War 7. How did the Spanish Civil War contribute to WWII? The Spanish civil war was a test to the German weapons and to its war system, as well as a way to test on how much countries like France and England would tolerate

Caroline Chen Period 6 Germany rearming itself, especially since the hopes of the capitalist countries were that Germany would crush the soviets, who were also interfering with the Spanish civil war, before turning its weapons against France or England itself. Appeasing Japan and Germany Know: Quarantine Speech, Panay, Rhineland, Sudentenland, Munich Conference, Appeasement 8. What actions were taken by fascist governments that showed that they were a threat? Japan attacked China at the Marco Polo bridge. Hitler took Austria and invaded the Rhineland. He demanded the Sutenland and later took all of Czechoslovakia, even though he had promised not to take over anything else in Europe at the Munich Conference. Hitler's Belligerency and U.S. Neutrality Know: Nazi-Soviet Nonaggression Pact, Cash and Carry 9. How did the United States respond to the start of WWII in Europe? America rooted for France and Britain and responded with the cash and carry policy. This meant no credit and no US ships hauled the stuff. This helped the British and French keep the Germans away. The US improved her moral standing with the law, but also made some money. The Fall of France Know: Phony War, Blitzkrieg, Winston Churchill 10. What further steps did the United States take after the fall of France? FDR called for more air fleets and navies to be built and passed a conscription law, which made food provision available for training 1.2 million troops and 800,000 reserves. Makers of America: Refugees from the Holocaust Know: Anti-Semitism, Albert Einstein, American Jewish Committee, Father Coughlin, American Jewish Congress 11. Why did America not make more room for European Jews in the 1930's? The reduced immigration in the late 1930s was due to economic pressures, high unemployment, social frustration & disillusionment, bolstering Britain with the Destroyer Deal.

Bolstering Britain with the Destroyer Deal (1940) Know: Battle of Britain, Royal Air Force, Fortress America, America First, Charles Lindbergh, Destroyer Deal 12. Describe the conflict between interventionists and isolationists in America in 1940.

Caroline Chen Period 6 Interventionists argued that it would only be a matter of time before Hitler turned his eyes towards America, and that America should help Britain before it was too late. Isolationists argued that if America lay low, Hitler would be less likely to turn and attack America. FDR Shatters the Two-Term Tradition (1940) Know: Wendell Wilke 13. Interpret the results of the 1940 election. This was a shocking result because FDR shatters the two term tradition. Normally a president can only run 2 terms. But FDR beat Republican candidate Wilkie, who really didn't have strong points to attack FDR. Congress Passes the Landmark Lend-Lease Law Know: Lend-Lease 14. What was so controversial about Lend-Lease? The lend-Lease was so controversial because it was the first step to the abandonment of America from isolationism. Everyone realized this, from mainstream America to Hitler himself. Germany mostly had avoided American ships, but then the Germans destroyed American ship "Robin Moor." Hitler's Assault on the Soviet Union Spawns the Atlantic Charter Know: Atlantic Charter 15. What was the reaction in America to the Nazi attack on the Soviet Union? FDR and Winston Churchill met to create the Atlantic Charter, which outlined the aspirations of democracies for a better world after the war had ended. The Atlantic Charter was not unlike Wilsons 14 Points in that it also called for a new League o f Nations. U.S. Destroyers and Hitler's U-Boats Clash 16. How did America's implementation of the Lend-Lease policy bring us closer to war? The Lend-Lease bill became law on March 11, 1941. During the next four years, the U.S. sent more than $50 billion worth of war material to the Allies. The reason it brought us into war after taking an isolation stance was that the US had a financial investment and needed the outcome to fall in favor of the US. America's Transformation from Bystander to Belligerent 17. Was United States entry into WWII sudden or gradual? Explain. The United States' entry into WWII was very gradual, first with the Neutrality Act of 1939, then the Lend-Lease Act, and finally declaration of war.

Chapter #35: America in World War II Big Picture Themes 1. The first goal of the U.S. in the war was to mobilize. This meant signing up thousands of troops, and switching the American economy over to war. For example, it was time to stop making sedans, and start building bombers.

Caroline Chen Period 6 2. The war affected all Americans. Men (of all races) went to war and women took the jobs the men had left. 3. In the Pacific, the U.S. island hopped over four years from Hawaii all the way to Okinawa and were knocking on Japans door. Finally, the atomic bomb drove Japan to surrender. 4. In Europe, the U.S. and her allies worked from North Africa up through Italy and toward the soft underbelly of Germany. Then, the massive D-Day invasion drove the Nazis back to Germany where Hitler committed suicide and his generals surrendered. Chapter #35: IDENTIFICATIONS A. Philip Randolph He was the black leader of The Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters. He demanded equal opportunities in war jobs and armed forces during WWII. George S. Patton Patton, known as "Blood 'n' Guts," commanded lunges across France by an American armored tank division. He was most famous for holding off the Germans at the Battle of the Bulge. Albert Einstein Einstein was a German-born scientist who encouraged Roosevelt and America to build the first atomic bomb and thus start the Manhattan Project. Office of Price Administration FDR created this in order to prevent inflation in the economy during WWII. Fair Employment Practice Commission Roosevelt established this initially to give fair employment to blacks. Eventually, and to this day, its purpose is to ensure equality for all races, sexes, ages, and ethnicities involving employment. D-Day D-Day was the first day of the Normandy landing which started the invasion of western Europe and liberated France from the Germans. V-E Day Victory in Europe Day. The German government surrendered unconditionally during WWII on May 7, 1945. Manhattan Project The Manhattan Project was a top-secret project that developed the atomic bomb based on the writings of Albert Einstein. Prominent physicists such as Richard P. Feynman worked on it. Braceros Mexican agricultural workers that harvested fruit and grain crops.

Caroline Chen Period 6

Chapter #35: Guided Reading Questions The Allies Trade Space for Time Know: Germany First 1. "America's task was far more complex and back-breaking [in World War II] than in World War I." Explain. Pearl Harbor brought America out of isolationism. America wanted war with Japan first but FDR wanted to fight Germany first. This was because they had to fight Germany to save Britain or else Europe was lost. This changed industry for total war and helped the economy. FDR called this plan Germany First. The Shock of War Know: Axis Powers, Internment Camps, Korematsu v. U.S. 2. How did the war affect liberal ideals and goals at home? Many American Communists started to denounce Hitler instead of the Anglo-French imperialistic war, and many pro-Hitlerites disappeared. The Japanese Americans were herded into concentration camps, even if they were native-born Americans, for the duration of the war after Pearl Harbor. Building the War Machine Know: War Production Board, War Labor Board 3. What effects did the war have on manufacturing, agriculture and labor? The Great Depression was ended by the war. More than $100 billion was made in 1942. The War Production Board took control of industry and made everything more focused on war and not civilian needs. They controlled passenger cars, gasoline, and rubber. This also helped agriculture because new equipment was invented to increase harvest. People also got jobs because labor unions could not strike and wages were lowered to increase the amount of jobs available. Makers of America: The Japanese Know: Matthew Perry, Meiji Government, Picture Brides, Gentleman's Agreement, Issei, Nissei 4. In what way can it be said that the reasons for Japanese immigrants' success also caused them trouble? Many anti-Japanese resented the successes of the Japanese, which led to TRs Gentlemans Agreement. The Gentlemens Agreement made the Japanese government stop sending Japanese to work in California.

Manpower and Womanpower Know: WAACS, WAVES, SPARS, GI, Braceros, Rosie the Riveter 5. What opportunities were opened to women as a result of the war? 216000 women served in WWII. The most famous were in the WAACS, WAVES, and SPARS. Women took up male jobs when they left for the war. These included industry

Caroline Chen Period 6 jobs that built tanks, planes, and ships. These women were called Rosie the Riveter. They gained respect and proved themselves. Wartime Migrations Know: A. Philip Randolph, Fair Employment Practices Commission, Double V, CORE, Code Talkers, Zoot Suit Riots 6. What effect did the war have on the nation's minorities? African Americans moved from the South and the East towards the North and the West, seeking the newly opened jobs left behind by those fighting in the war. African Americans moved to the North and the West during WWII. A. Philip Randolph led them to Washington and fought against discrimination. FDR banned discrimination in response. Fair Employment Practices Commission enforced the discrimination ban. Blacks were given jobs such as cooks and truck drivers and when the war was won, they declared Double V. Double V was victory against racism and overseas. Native Americans were used as Code Talkers during the war because their language could not be deciphered. Holding the Homefront 7. What economic effects resulted from American participation in the war? The US came out of the depression. Profits and product was increased. Also income was increased. However, the nations debt increased to $259 billion. Many people were forced to pay more taxes but some paid on credit. The Rising Sun in the Pacific Know: Douglas MacArthur, Bataan Death March 8. Describe Japanese victories in the Pacific in the months following Pearl Harbor. After Japan attacked Pearl Harbor, they overtook and captured Guam, Wake Island, the Philippines, Hong Kong, Malaya, Burma, East Indies, and much of China. Douglas MacArthur was the general that was supposed to defend the Philippines. However, he failed and the Bataan Death March was the result. Japan's High Tide at Midway Know: Battle of the Coral Sea, Midway, Chester Nimitz 9. Why was Midway an important battle? The first big battle between Japan and the US was the Battle of the Coral Sea. This was fought with aircraft carriers. Adm. Chester Nimitz led the US fleet into the Battle of Midway. They surprised the Japanese and sunk 4 of their aircraft carriers. The Battle of Midway was important because that was where Japanese expansion was stopped.

American Leapfrogging Toward Tokyo Know: Guadalcanal, Island Hopping, Guam 10. What strategy did the United States use to defeat the Japanese? The strategy the US used was to take islands around Japan. This was called islandhopping and its objective was to take islands and build airbases on them. One of the most

Caroline Chen Period 6 important victories in this campaign was Guadalcanal. This was where the US reached the Philippines. The Marianas islands were the perfect place for bombers to attack mainland Japan with atomic bombs. The Allied Halting of Hitler Know: Wolf Packs, Enigma, Erwin Rommel, Bernard Montgomery, El Alamein, Battle of Stalingrad 11. "The war against Hitler looked much better at the end of 1942 than it had in the beginning." Explain. German U boats communicated using the enigma codes. After these codes were broken, U boat Wolf Packs could be easily found. The Battle of the Atlantic helped the Allies gain control over the ocean. General Erwin Rommel was winning in Africa but he was stopped by Bernard Montgomery at the Battle of Alamein. The Russians also stopped the Germans at the battle of Stalingrad. A Second Front from North Africa to Rome Know: Soft Underbelly of Europe, Dwight D. Eisenhower, Casablanca, Sicily 12. Describe the purpose and outcome of the Invasion of North Africa. Winston Churchill wanted to attack Africa first. This was called the soft underbelly of Europe. This plan was put into motion by Dwight D. Eisenhower. They pushed the Germans out of North Africa. The Casablanca Conference set plans for Germany during the War. The Allies then took over Italy and Sicily which caused Mussolini to surrender Italy. Attacking Italy was used as a diversion for D-Day. D-Day: June 6, 1944 Know: Teheran, D-Day, Normandy, George Patton 13. Why could June 6, 1944 be considered THE turning point of the war? At the Tehran Conference, Stalin, Roosevelt, and Churchill met to plan their attack. This also planned D-Day. D-day was the invasion of Normandy, France on June 6ht, 1944. This was the largest assault in history that was commanded by General George S. Patton. This led to the liberation of Paris. FDR: The Fourth-Termite of 1944 Know: Thomas Dewey, Henry Wallace, Harry S Truman 14. Why was the choice of a vice-presidential candidate important and difficult for the democrats in 1944? The Republican party nominated Thomas E. Dewey in the election of 1944. However, FDR was nominated again. This led to the nomination of Harry S Truman as his vice president for the Democrats.

Roosevelt Defeats Dewey Know: Fala 15. What factors led to Roosevelt's victory over Dewey? Dewey campaigned against Roosevelt and his administration through call his presidency the Twelve Long Years. FDR did not need to campaign much. He got most of his money

Caroline Chen Period 6 and funding through the CIO and PAC. FDR won again because of his success in leadership during the war. The Last Days of Hitler Know: Battle of the Bulge, "Nuts," Elbe River, Holocaust, V-E Day 16. Describe the last six months of war in Europe. Hitlers army was retreating but wanted once last bush. The result was the Battle of the Bulge. The Americans were trapped at Bastogne and when they were asked to surrender, the reply was Nuts. When reinforcements came by the Elbe River, the US won the battle of the Bulge. On the way to Germany, they discovered the Holocaust and death camps. When Hitler killed himself, Germany surrendered after that. This was called VE day. Japan Dies Hard Know: Iwo Jima, Okinawa, Kamikazes 17. Explain the meaning of the title of this section. Japan did not surrender after Germany did. America was destroying merchant ships and bombing Japanese cities. Iwo Jima was a strategic location on the way to Japan. This provided an airstrip to Japan. Okinawa was the next target. After it fell, the Japanese used kamikaze as a last ditch effort to win. The Atomic Bombs Know: Potsdam, Hiroshima, Nagasaki, Hirohito 18. What was the military impact of the atomic bomb? At the Potsdam conference, President Truman decided that Japan had to surrender of be destroyed. FDR convinced many German Scientists to work on the Atomic Bomb. The first one was dropped on Hiroshima and the second one was dropped on Nagasaki. This led to Japans surrender 10 days later. The Allies Triumphant Know: George Marshall 19. "This complex conflict was the best fought war in America's history." Explain America lost 1 million casualties in WW2. This was small compared to other countries because of improved medication. Also, the homeland was untouched and the US did not have to rebuild. It brought the US out of debt and the nation was very well managed by its leaders. Varying Viewpoints: The Atomic Bombs: Were They Justified? 20. What questions concerning WWII have historians attempted to answer? WWII historians have attempted to answer whether or not 2 bombs were necessary for Japan's surrender. I don't think it was necessary because they were planning to surrender after the first one was dropped.