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2
Govt. College of Technology
Burewala
Project Training Report
132kv Grid Station Bosan Road Multan.
Affiliated With
Training Supervisor
Incharge B-Tech (Pass) Electrical
Sig.
Sig.
Muhammad Tariq Khurshid Sb.
Mr. Amir Gafoor Sb.
Incharge
Head of Department
132kv Grid Station MEPCO B-
Tech (Pass) Electrical
Bosan Road Multan.
G.C.T. Burewala.
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Sig.
Sig.
Mr. Ghulam Abbas Sb
Muhammad Shoaib Saleem
B-Tech (Pass) Electrical
B-Tech (Pass) Electrical
G.C.T. Burewala.
University Roll# 31
Introduction
The present day electrical power system is a.c. i.e. electric
which are located at favorable places, generally quite away from the
electric power. Similarly near the consumer’s localities, the voltage may
Definition of sub-station :-
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“The assembly of apparatus used to change some
called sub-station”.
Classification of sub-station
There are several ways of classifying sub-station. However the two
classified into.
1) Transformer sub-station :-
2) Switching sub-station :-
power line.
system are called p.f. correction s/s. these are generally located at
known as frequency changer s/s. Such s/s may be required for industrial
utilization.
5) Converting sub-station :-
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Those sub-station which change a.c. power into d.c. power
6) Industrial sub-station :-
classified as :
1) Outdoor Sub-Station :-
conductor and the space required for switches, C.B. and other
equipment indoor.
2) Indoor Sub-station :-
equipment and building is limited and the cost of the land is high.
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Fig. Shows a typical underground sub-station in which
against fire.
4) Pole-mounted sub-station :-
is given bellow.
pole.
gang isolator and fuses. The lighting arresters are installed on the H.T.
Side to protect the sub-station from lighting strokes. The T/F step down
voltage to 400 V, 3 phase, 4 wire supply. The voltage between any two
lines is 400 V & between line & neutral is 230V. The oil ckt breaker
T/F are generally in the event of fault generally 200KVA T/F is used.
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Functions of a Substation:
1 - Supply of required electrical power.
2 - Maximum possible coverage of the supply network.
3 - Maximum security of supply.
4 - Shortest possible fault-duration.
5 - Optimum efficiency of plants and the network.
6 - Supply of electrical power within targeted frequency limits, (49.5 Hz and
50.5 Hz).
7 - Supply of electrical power within specified voltage limits.
8 - Supply of electrical energy to the consumers at the lowest cost.
1) Bus - bar :-
incoming and outgoing lines can be connected to either b/b. With the
2) Insulators :-
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The insulator serves two purpose. They support the
conductor ( or bus bar ) and confine the current to the conductor. The
porcelain. There are several type of insulator (i.e. pine type, suspension
type etc.) and there used in Sub-Station will depend upon the service
requirement.
3) Isolating Switches :-
and is design to often open a ckt under no load, in other words, isolator
Switches are operate only when the line is which they are connected
carry no load. For example, consider that the isolator are connected on
both side of a cut breaker, if the isolators are to be opened, the C.B.
4) Instrument Transformer :-
protective devices are designed for low voltage (generally 110V) and
current (about 5A). Therefore, they will not work satisfactory if mounted
instrument transformer.
i) Current Transformer :-
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A current transformer is essentially a step-down transformer
with the line, the secondary consist of thick wire connected in series
with line having large number of turn of fine wire and provides for
CT Connections:
As previously mentioned, some dev ices are sensitive to the direction of
current flow. It is often critical in
three-phase schemes to maintain proper phase shifting . Residually
connected CTs in three-phase
ground-fault scheme sum to zero when the phases are balanced. Reversed
polarity of a
CT could cause a ground-fault relay to trip under a normal balanced
condition. Another scheme to
detect zero-sequence faults uses one CT to simultaneously monitor all leads
and neutral. In differential protection schemes current-source phase and
magnitude are compared. Reverse polarity of a CT could effectively double
the phase current flowing into the relay, thus causing a nuisance tripping of a
relay. When two CTs are driving a three-phase ammeter through a switch, a
reversed CT could show 1.73 times the monitored current flowing in the
unmonitored circuit.
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(a) Over current and ground-fault protection scheme. (b) Differential
protection scheme. (c) Zero sequence
scheme with all three-phase leads going through the window of the CT. This
connection, as well as the
residual connection in Figure 7.17a, will cancel out the positive- and
negative-sequence currents leaving only the zero-sequence current to the
50G device. Sometimes the ground or neutral lead will be included. The
diagram on the right shows sheathed cable. It is important that one ground
point go back through the window to avoid the possibility of a shorted
electrical turn via the ground path.
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CT
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ii) Voltage Transformer :-
large number of turn of fine wire connected across the line. The
voltage.
PTs
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5) Metering and Indicating Instrument :-
maintain which over the ckt quantities. The instrument transformer are
6) Miscellaneous equipment :-
Sub-Station.
i) Fuses.
7) Protective relay :-
initiates the operation of the C.B. to isolate the defective element from
the rest of the system”. The relay detects the abnormal condition in the
are different under normal and fault condition. The electrical quantities
which may change under fault condition are voltage, current, frequency
and phase angle. Having detect the fault, the relay operate to close the
Buchholz Relays:-
The following protective devices are used so that, upon a fault
development inside a
Transformer, an alarm is set off or the Transformer is disconnected
from the circuit. In the event of a fault, oil or insulations decomposes
by heat, producing gas or developing an impulse oil flow.
To detect these phenomena, a Buchholz relay is installed.
The Buchholz relay is installed at the middle of the connection pipe
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between the Transformer tank and the conservator. There are a 1st
stage contact and a 2nd stage contact as shown in Fig. The 1st stage
contact is used to detect minor faults.
When gas produced in the tank due to a minor fault surfaces to
accumulate in the relay chamber within a certain amount (0.3Q-0.35Q)
or above, the float lowers and closes the contact, thereby actuating
the alarm device.
The 2nd stage contact is used to detect major faults. In the event of a
major fault, abrupt gas production causes pressure in the tank to flow
oil into the conservator. In this case, the float is lowered to close the
contact, thereby causing the Circuit Breaker to trip or actuating the
alarm device.
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Structure of Buchholz Relay
Attraction relays:
Attraction relays can be supplied by AC or DC, and operate by the
movement of a piece of metal when it is attracted by the magnetic field
produced by a coil. There are two main types of relay in this class.
The attracted armature relay, which is shown in fig ure 1, consists of
a bar or plate of metal which pivots when it is att r acted towards the coil.
The armature carries the moving part of the contact, which is
closed or opened according to the design when the armature is attracted to
the coil. The other type is the piston or solenoid relay, illustrated in Figure 2, in
which α bar or piston is attracted axially within the field of the solenoid. In this
case, the piston also carries the operating contacts.
It can be shown that the force of attraction is equal to K1I2 - K2, where Κ1
depends upon the number of turns on the operating solenoid, the air gap, the
effective area and the reluctance of the magnetic circuit, among other
factors. K2 is the restraining force, usually produced by a spring. When the
relay is balanced, the resultant force is zero and therefore Κ112 = K2,
So that
I = K 2 / K1 =constant.
In order to control the value at which the relay starts to operate, the
restraining tension of the spring or the resistance of the solenoid circuit can
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be varied, thus modifying the restricting force. Attraction relays effectively
have no time delay and, for that reason, are widely used when
instantaneous operations are required.
8) Circuit breaker :-
and automatically under fault condition. For the latter operation a relay
wt. is used with a C.B. generally bulk oil C.B. are used for voltage upto
66 KV while for high voltage low oil & SF6 C.B. are used. For still higher
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The type of the Circuit Breaker
The type of the Circuit Breaker is usually identified according to the
medium of arc extinction. The classification of the Circuit Breakers
based on the medium of arc extinction is as follows:
(1) Air break' Circuit Breaker. (Miniature Circuit
Breaker).
(2) Oil Circuit Breaker (tank type of bulk oil)
(3) Minimum oil Circuit Breaker.
(4) Air blast Circuit Breaker.
(5) Vacuum Circuit Breaker.
(6) Sulphur hexafluoride Circuit Breaker. (Single
pressure or
Double Pressure).
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Di
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Fig Type 8D.2 SF6 Gas breaker
Make SIEMENS.
Breaker chamber
Support
Hydraulic storage cylinder
Operating mechanism
Gas tank
Adapter chamber
Interrupter unit
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9) Power Transformer:-
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Fig Power Transformer
CONSTRUCTION
1- Transformer Core
Construction in which the iron circuit is surrounded by windings and forms a
low reluctance path for the magnetic flux set up by the voltage impressed on
the primary.
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The core of shell type is sh
own Fig.(2), Fig.(3), Fig.(4), and Fig.(5), in which The winding is
surrounded by the iron Circuit Consisting of two or more paths through which
the flux divides. This arrangement affords somewhat Better protection to
coils under short circuit conditions.
In actual construction there are Variations from This simple construction but
these can be designed
With such proportions as to give similar electrical characteristics.
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Fig. (5) 3- phase Transformer Shell type
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Windings:
The windings consist of the current-carrying conductors wound around the
sections of the core, and
these must be properly insulated, supported, and cooled to withstand
operational and test conditions.
The terms winding and coil are used interchangeably in this discussion.
Copper and aluminum are the primary materials used as conductors in
power-transformer windings.
While aluminum is lighter and generally less expensive than copper, a larger
cross section of aluminum
conductor must be used to carry a current with similar performance as
copper. Copper has higher
mechanical strength and is used almost exclusively in all but the smaller size
ranges, where aluminum
conductors may be perfectly acceptable. In cases where extreme forces are
encountered, materials such as
silver-bearing copper can be used for even greater strength. The conductors
used in power transformers
are t y pically stranded with a rectangular cross section, although some
transformers at the lowest ratings
may use sheet or foil conductors. Multiple strands can be wound in parallel
and joined together at the
ends of the winding, in which case it is necessary to transpose the strands at
various points throughout
the winding to prevent circulating currents around the loop(s) created by
joining the strands at the ends.
Individual strands may be subjected to differences in the flux field due to
their respective positions
within the winding , which create differences in voltages between the strands
and drive circulating
currents through the conductor loops. Proper transposition of the strands
cancels out these voltage
differences and eliminates or greatly reduces the circulating currents. A
variation of this technique, involving
many rectangular conductor strands combined into a cable, is called
continuously transposed cable (CTC),
as shown in Figure
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Continuously transposed cable (CTC).
Concentric arrangement, outer coil being lowered onto core leg over top of
inner coil.
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A variety of different types of windings have been used in power transformers
through the years. Coils
can be wound in an upright, vertical orientation, as is necessary with larger,
heavier coils; or they can be
wound horizontally and placed upright upon completion. As mentioned
previously, the type of winding
depends on the transformer rating as well as the core construction. Several of
the more common
winding types are discussed here..
Pancake Windings
Several types of windings are commonly referred to as ‘‘pancake’’ windings
due to the arrangement of
conductors into discs. However, the term most often refers to a coil type that
is used almost exclusively
in shell-form transformers. The conductors are wound around a rectangular
form, with the widest face
of the conductor oriented either horizontally or vertically. Figure 2.12
illustrates how these coils are
typically wound. This type of winding lends itself to the interleaved
arrangement previously discussed.
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Stacked pancake windings.
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Helical winding during assembly.
Tank:
The tank has two main parts:
a –The tank is manufactured by forming and welding steel plate to be used as
a container for holding the core and coil assembly together with insulating oil.
The base and the shroud, over which a cover is sometimes bolted. These
parts are manufactured in steel plates assembled together via weld beads.
The tank is provided internally with devices usually made of wood for fixing
the magnetic circuit and the windings.
In addition, the tank is designed to withstand a total vacuum during the
treatment process. Sealing between the base and shroud is provided by weld
beads. The other openings are sealed with oil-resistant synthetic rubber
joints, whose compression is limited by steel stops.
Finally the tank is designed to withstand the application of the internal
overpressure specified, without permanent deformation.
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Fig Power Transformer 30 MVA 132 / 11 KV
Conservator:
The tank is equipped with an expansion reservoir (conservator) which allows
for the expansion of the oil during operation. The conservator is designed to
hold a total vacuum and may be equipped with a rubber membrane
preventing direct contact between the oil and the air.
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The dehydrating breather:
The dehydrating breather is provided at the entrance of the conservator of
oil immersed equipment such as Transformers and reactors.
The conservator governs the breathing action of the oil system on forming to
the temperature change of the equipment, and the dehydrating breather
removes the moisture and dust in the air inhaled and prevents the
deterioration of the Transformer oil due to moisture absorption.
Construction and Operation
See Fig.. The dehydrating breather uses silica - gel as the desiccating
Agent and is provided with an oil pot at the bottom to filtrate the inhaled air.
The specifications of the dehydrating breather are shown in Table (1) and
the operation of the component parts in Table (2).
Bushing:
Having manufactured various types of bushings ranging from 6kV-class to
800kV-class, Toshiba has accumulated many years of splendid actual results
in their operation.
Plain-type Bushing
Applicable to 24 kV-classes or below, this type of bushing is available in a
standard series up to 25,000A rated current. Consisting of a single porcelain
tube through which passes a central conductor, this bushing is of simplified
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construction and small mounting dimensions; especially, this type proves to
be advantageous when used as an opening of equipment to be placed in a
bus duct Fig.
Fig. 24 KV Bushing
Oil-impregnated, Paper-insulated Condenser Bushing
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Fig. (29) Construction of Winding Temperature Indicator Relay
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The temperature sensing system is filled with a liquid, which changes in
volume with varying temperature. The sensing bulb placed in a thermometer
well in the Transformer tank cover senses the maximum oil temperature. The
heating elements with a matching resistance is fed with current from the
Transformer associated with the loaded winding of the Transformer and
compensate the indicator so that a temperature increase of the heating
element is thereby proportional to a temperature increase of the winding-
over-the maximum- oil temperature.
Therefore, the measuring bellows react to both the temperature increase of
the winding-over-the-maximum-oil temperature and maximum oil
temperature. In this way the instrument indicates the temperature in the
hottest part of the Transformer winding.
The matching resistance of the heating element is preset at the factory.
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Fig. (32) Pressure Relief Device
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1 – Bus-Bar Isolator. (Disconnector Switch)
2 – Maintenance Earth Switches.
3 – CT's For Transformer protection.
4 – Circuit Breaker.
5 – CT's for Bus-Bar protection and metering.
6 – Maintenance Earth Switches.
7 – Transformer Isolator.
Maintenance Earth Switches. (Transformer E.S)
Drawing
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1 – Bus-Bar Isolator. (Disconnector Switch)
2 – Maintenance Earth Switches.
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3 – CT's For Bus-Bar protection and metering.
4 – Circuit Breaker.
5 – Maintenance Earth Switches.
Bus Section:
Bus coupler:
Battery:
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A battery is a device that converts the chemical energy contained in
its active materials
directly into electric energy by means of an electrochemical oxidation-
reduction (redox)
reaction. In the case of a rechargeable system, the battery is recharged by a
reversal of the
process. This type of reaction involves the transfer of electrons from one
material to another
through an electric circuit. In a no electrochemical redox reaction, such as
rusting or burning,
the transfer of electrons occurs directly and only heat is involved. As the
battery electrochemically
converts chemical energy into electric energy, it is not subject, as are
combustion
or heat engines, to the limitations of the Carnot cycle dictated by the second
law of thermodynamics.
Batteries, therefore, are capable of having higher energy conversion
efficiencies.
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cathode the one where reduction takes place, the positive electrode is now
the anode and
the negative the cathode.
In the example of the Zn/Cl2 cell, the reaction on charge can be written as
follows:
Negative electrode: cathodic reaction (reduction, gain of electrons)
Zn2_ _ 2e → Zn
Positive electrode: anodic reaction (oxidation, loss of electrons)
2Cl_ → Cl _ 2e 2
Overall reaction (charge):
Zn2_ _ 2Cl_ → Zn _ Cl2
Battery Room
Batteries Room:
2 Volt/cell, 150 AH
Energized on 13-01-1992
Skills Learnt:-
To understand the purpose of Grid Station, Breakers,
Relays, Switching, Transformer, CT, PT,
Batteries as well as many more things which used at the 132KV Grid Station
Bosan Road Multan.
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Training Supervisor
Trainee Student
Sig.
Sig.
Muhammad Tariq Khurshid Sb.
Muhammad Shoaib Saleem
Incharge
B-Tech (Pass) Electrical
132kv Grid Station MEPCO
University Roll# 31
Bosan Road Multan.
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