Reproduction and Artificial Insemination Testosterone secondary sex characteristics, libido FSH Spermatogenesis LH Maintenance of interstitial cells, produce

uce testosterone o Sex differentiation during early gestation Sex differentiation o Male wolffian ducts o Female mullerian tract o Develops depending on predominant hormone o Free martin Female born twin to male 95% of females are infertile Occurs in cows Birth ration o Animal kingdom: 50/50 male/female Slightly more males are conceived Slightly more females are born Estrus synchronization o All animals in heat at same time, offspring born at same time o Can occur naturally Ova transplants o Egg from one animal transplanted to another Surrogate mother Placental compatibility o Transfers placentas within species o Increase endangered species Embryo freezing Embryo splitting o Produce twins Artificial Insemination (AI) o Began in 1500s o 50% of US dairy o All turkeys o Not extensively used with other animals Semen collection o Artificial vagina o Electroejaculator Electric probe rob in rectum Not as good quality semen Unhappy bull Semen dilution o Egg yolk/glycerol o Buffer for pH o Antibiotics for foreign organism o Frozen in liquid nitrogen at -196C Can remain frozen for years

Advantages o Many offspring o Decrease disease o Safer for handlers Disadvantages o Decrease male population o Limits gene pool o More labor check for estrus o Quickly disseminate undesirable traits o Fraud