Tajalli 1 Shereen Tajalli Professor Wolcott ENC 1102-Literature Review April 4, 2014 Healthy lifestyle changes to type 2 diabetes

The importance of proper nutritional intake for type 2 diabetics is crucial for those diagnosed to be aware of. Insulin resistance is a huge concern regarding type 2 diabetes and with adequate quality of food and exercise, the patient can remain in control of their blood glucose level. Many studies have been held in the past 13 years that test both medicinal and nonmedicinal methods of moderating type 2 diabetes; however this paper will focus on the nutritional factors of it; more specifically proper dieting, as a means of maintenance. Since blood sugar level must be moderated, low cholesterol consumption is advised. Many examinations around the world have been held by experimenting with insulin resistance of diabetics through means of cholesterol intake. Studies have shown that greater cholesterol intake and less exercise allows for greater resistance of insulin whereas diabetics who consume a more balanced quality and quantity of cholesterol and regularly exercise are much healthier (Biro et al, 1500). Obesity continues to be a significant public health burden due to its contribution to type 2 diabetes and eventually an increased risk for cardiovascular disease (Dabelea 562). Primary prevention of obesity prevents the development of serious secondary complications later on in life. Burrowes, an associate professor in the Department of Nutrition at Long Island University mentions that obesity is an early risk factor for the contribution to long-term health problems such as type 2 diabetes, coronary heart disease, and osteoporosis (Burrowes 160). He suggests that diet and lifestyle strategies taught at an early age may impact future obesity rates in children.

Tajalli 2 Specialists can help by providing nutritional advice and, through weight management programs, offer strategies for decreasing caloric intake and increasing physical activity (Rabbitt and Coyne, 2012). Type 2 diabetics have over time built a resistance against insulin due to the bodys increasing inability to store and use that sugar for energy; therefore its crucial to moderate ones blood glucose level. That is why consuming more whole grain, fruits and vegetables and less saturated and trans fat are recommended (Donin et al, 2010). Healthy eating and exercise promotes a healthier lifestyle, and with that allows diabetics to live more comfortably. Consumption of dietary fibers that are viscous lowers blood cholesterol levels and helps to normalize blood glucose and insulin levels, making these kinds of fibers part of the dietary plans to treat cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes. A diet adequate in fiber-containing foods is also usually rich in micronutrients and nonnutritive ingredients that have additional health benefits. A fiber-rich meal is processed more slowly, which promotes earlier satiety, and is frequently less calorically dense and lower in fat and added sugars. All of these characteristics are features of a dietary pattern to treat and prevent obesity (Marlett et al, 993). A study was assessed to observe the extent to which food environment on/near a campus of a major university facilitated healthful eating. The Nutrition Environment Measures SurveyRestaurants was used to evaluate 20% of restaurants on/near campus and adapted to assess 4 dining halls. Assessment of healthy food choice indicators, (evaluators of vegetarian, and salad entrees; healthy accompaniments (whole grain breads, baked chips, reduced-fat salad dressing, non-fried vegetables, fruit without added sugar), and healthy beverages (100% juice, reduced-fat milk, diet drinks)) revealed that dining halls scored significantly higher than sit-down and fastfood, but not fast-casual restaurants. Facilitators to healthy eating (for example menu notations: stating calorie/nutrient content, identifying healthy choices, indicating reduced portion size

Tajalli 3 availability, and encouraging healthy requests) did not differ among the restaurants. Barriers to healthy eating were noted only in sit-down and fast-food restaurants and dining halls. Signs and banners encouraging/discouraging healthy eating were observed infrequently. None of the establishments used pricing practices to encourage healthy eating, but fast-food restaurants were significantly more likely than to price menu items in a manner that discouraged healthy eating. (Timpson et al, 2011) This comes to show that on-campus dining halls facilitated healthful eating to a greater extent than restaurants. Its no secret that balancing nutritional intake and regularly exercising promotes a healthier lifestyle. Unfortunately for most, food environment can play a big role in affecting eating habits. Many people live busy lives, so given the assumption that someone who works 9 hours a day will most likely resort to the closest means of access to food; whether that be fast food chains, snack machines, or merely sipping a cup of coffee on an empty stomach the whole day. We dont think about it, but our busy lives do affect our eating habits and can very much jeopardize our health. Although these circumstances can greatly contribute to an unhealthy lifestyle, there are certain methods of addressing this issue in order to encourage healthy eating and staying consistent. These methods will not only assist in contributing to a healthy lifestyle for diabetics but also to decrease the drastic incline of obesity rates in America, thus preventing obese people from developing type 2 diabetes. Diabetics have to moderate what they eat daily, and sometimes we dont know the nutritional value of some (if not most) of the food we consume. If diabetics were to keep a log of their daily nutritional intake, it would be greatly beneficial because there would be less concern of excess or insufficiency in daily food consumption. This could easily be done if everyone were more educated on their necessary personal nutritional intake requirements. Being more educated

Tajalli 4 on this matter will include a better understanding of what to eat, how much to eat, and how frequently to eat. This better understanding of nutrition should trigger a proactive response to a healthier lifestyle. This would include healthier cooking and bringing those healthy foods to that 9 hour shift. Bringing personally prepared healthy foods to work or school can not only be advantageous to health, but can also save time and money. I believe this is the most effective method to promoting a healthy lifestyle because you are not only more confident in your food choices, but you also know what you put in your mouth and how much that food should affect your body. The only way for diabetics and those who need to prevent type 2 diabetes will obtain results is if these changes become habits, and if these habits become a lifestyle. My proposition to promoting healthier eating habits through education is to physically have a nutritionist educate groups of people on valuable health and nutrition information, and how to use that information to track our daily intake. It would be best to target younger children so they can grow up on a certain lifestyle, rather than targeting adults and having them try to pick up on habits. Every school board in US is required to teach a Physical Education class, but unfortunately that class is usually spent throwing dodge balls and gossiping about classmates. If every Physical Education class were required to bring in spokespeople to teach lessons on proper food and exercise, our population will be healthier, there would be less obesity in our country, and thus the number of diabetics will drastically decrease.

Tajalli 5 Works Cited Biro, FM. and Wien, M. Childhood obesity and adult morbidities. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. Vol 91. No. 5. May 2010. Pages 1499-1505. CINAHL Plus. Web. 8 March 2014. Burrowes, J. Nutrition for a Lifetime: Childhood Nutrition. Nutrition Today. Vol 42. Issue 4. July 2007. Pages 160-167. General Science. Web. 8 March 2014. Dabelea, D. and Harrod, C. S. Role of Developmental Nutrition in Pediatric Obesity and Type 2 Diabetes. Nutrition Reviews. Vol 71. Issue S1. 21 Oct 2013. Pages 562567. SPORTdiscus. Web. 1 March 2014. Donin, S. Nightingale, CM. and Owen, CG. Nutritional composition of the diets of South Asian, black African-Caribbean and white European children in the United Kingdom: The Child Heart and Health Study in England (CHASE). British Journal of Nutrition. Vol 104. Issue 02. July 2010. Pages 153-159. Cambridge University Press. Web. 8 March 2014. Marlett, J. McBurney, M. Slavin, J. Position of the American Dietetic Association: Health Implications of Dietary Fiber. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. Vol 102. Issue 7. July 2002. Pages 993-1000. Gale Cengage Learning. Web. 8 March 2014. Pereira, M, et al. Breakfast frequency and quality may affect glycemia and appetite in adults and children. The Journal of Nutrition. Vol 141. No 1. 1 January 2011. Page 163-168. American Society of Nutrition. Web. 8 March 2014.

Tajalli 6 Rabbitt, A. Coyne, I. Child obesity: nurses role in addressing the epidemic. British Journal of Nursing. Vol 21. No 12. 2012. 28 June 2012. Pages 731-735. CINAHL. Web. 8 March 2014. Timpson, A. Morales, E. and Abrams, E. Practical Aspects of Implementing an Intensive Lifestyle Program for Children and Adolescents with Type 2 Diabetes: TODAY Interventionist Perspective. Journal of the American Dietetic Association. Vol 111. Issue 9. September 2011. Pages 69. Medline. Web. 8 March 2014.