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AIR OPERATIONS
COMMERCIAL AIR TRANSPORT
(Aeroplanes and Helicopters)
First issue May 2013
AIR OPS
Commercial Air Transport
Commission Regulation (EU) No 965/2012 of 05 October 2012
laying down technical requirements and administrative procedures related to air operations pursuant to Regulation (EC) No 216/2008
of the European Parliament and of the Council
Initially published on 25.10.2012, Official Journal L 296
+ related EASA Decisions
(AMC&GM)
ED Decision 2012/015/R (GM to Definitions for terms used in Annexes II-V (OPS - Annex I))
ED Decision 2012/016/R (AMC and GM to Part-ARO (OPS - Annex II))
ED Decision 2012/017/R (AMC and GM to Part-ORO (OPS - Annex III))
ED Decision 2012/018/R (AMC and GM to Part-CAT (OPS - Annex IV))
ED Decision 2012/019/R (AMC and GM to Part-SPA (OPS - Annex V))
Europe Direct is a service to help you find answers
to your questions about the European Union
Freephone number (*):
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(*) Certain mobile telephone operators do not allow access to 00800 numbers or
these calls may be billed.
More information on the European Union is available on the Internet (http://europa.eu).
Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication.
Luxembourg: Publications Office of the European Union, 2013
ISBN 978-92-9210-150-3
doi:10.2822/42097
European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA), 2013
Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged.
Layout by EASA.
AIR OPS and AMC/GM May 2013 Dear Reader,
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AIR OPS and AMC/GM May 2013 Dear Reader
Dear Reader,
We are pleased to confirm that the EASA Technical Publications are becoming more known and
also more successful. 2013 starts with two new productions, AIR OPS and Part-21. This AIR OPS
version you are looking at contains the first package of all adopted OPS rules in the Technical
Publications format. It includes Definitions, Authority Requirements, Organisation Requirements,
Commercial Air Transport, and Specific Approvals. The upcoming Annexes that are yet to be
adopted will also be published in the Technical Publications format on a CD.
The Agencys 3 other Technical Publications of 2012 Part-M, Part-145 and Part-66 are
also available for our stakeholders. In 2013 and beyond, there will be additional new Technical
Publications in the various technical fields.
Cologne, May 2013 Patrick Goudou
Executive Director, EASA
AIR OPS and AMC/GM May 2013 Disclaimer
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Disclaimer
This AIR OPS consolidated version has been prepared by the Agency in order to provide stakeholders with an updated and
easy-to-read publication. It has been prepared by combining the officially published corresponding text of the regulation
and all amendments together with the acceptable means of compliance and guidance material adopted so far. However,
this is not an official publication and the Agency accepts no liability for damage of any kind resulting from the risks inher-
ent in the use of this document.
Officially published documents, used to amalgamate all the elements into this consolidated version, may be found on the
Agencys webpage www.easa.europa.eu
The format of this publication has been adjusted in order to make it easier to read and for reference purposes. Readers are
invited and encouraged to report to Air_Ops@easa.europa.eu any perceived errors or comments relating to this publication.
The footnotes in this consolidated version of AIR OPS have not preserved the same numbering as the footnotes in the
original documents because the regulation and its related acceptable means of compliance and guidance materials have
combined into a single unit. However, the references in the footnotes have not changed.
AIR OPS and AMC/GM May 2013 Key to use of document
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Key to use of document
GM Guidance Material
[pages with thick green bars
(dark grey)]
AMC Acceptable Means of
Compliance [pages with thick
yellow bars (light grey)]
Implementing Rule (no
coloured bar on the side
ofthe page)
AIR OPS and AMC/GM January 2013 ANNEX II Part-ARO
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GM1 ARO.GEN.300(a); (b);(c) Oversight
GENERAL
(a) Responsibility for the conduct of safe operations lies with the organisation. Under these provisions a posi-
tive move is made towards devolving upon the organisation a share of the responsibility for monitoring
the safety of operations. The objective cannot be attained unless organisations are prepared to accept the
implications of this policy including that of committing the necessary resources to its implementation. Cru-
cial to the success of the policy is the content of Part-ORO, which requires the establishment of a manage-
ment system by the organisation.
(b) The competent authority should continue to assess the organisations compliance with the applicable
requirements, including the eectiveness of the management system. If the management system is judged
to have failed in its eectiveness, then this in itself is a breach of the requirements which may, among oth-
ers, call into question the validity of a certicate, if applicable.
(c) The accountable manager is accountable to the competent authority as well as to those who may appoint
him/her. It follows that the competent authority cannot accept a situation in which the accountable man-
ager is denied su cient funds, manpower or inuence to rectify deciencies identied by the management
system.
GM1 ARO.GEN.300(d) Oversight
ACTIVITIES WITHIN THE TERRITORY OF THE MEMBER STATE
(a) Activities performed in the territory of the Member State by persons or organisations established or resid-
ing in another Member State include:
AIR OPS and AMC/GM January 2013 ANNEX II Part-ARO
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AMC1 ARO.GEN.305(b) Oversight programme
SPECIFIC NATURE AND COMPLEXITY OF THE ORGANISATION, RESULTS OF PAST OVERSIGHT
(a) When determining the oversight programme for an organisation the competent authority should consider
in particular the following elements, as applicable:
(1) the implementation by the organisation of industry standards, directly relevant to the organisations
activity subject to this Regulation;
(2) the procedure applied for and scope of changes not requiring prior approval;
(3) specic approvals held by the organisation;
(4) specic procedures implemented by the organisation related to any alternative means of compliance
used.
(b) For the purpose of assessing the complexity of an organisations management system, AMC1 ORO.
GEN.200(b) should be used.
(c) Regarding results of past oversight, the competent authority should also take into account relevant results
of ramp inspections of organisations it has certied that were performed in other Member States in accord-
ance with ARO.RAMP.
AIR OPS and AMC/GM January 2013 ANNEX II Part-ARO
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ARO.GEN.350 Findings and corrective actions organisations
(a) The competent authority for oversight in accordance with ARO.GEN.300 (a) shall have a system to analyse
ndings for their safety signicance.
(b) A level 1 nding shall be issued by the competent authority when any signicant non-compliance is
detected with the applicable requirements of Regulation (EC) No 216/2008 and its Implementing Rules,
with the organisations procedures and manuals or with the terms of an approval or certicate which low-
ers safety or seriously hazards ight safety.
The level 1 ndings shall include:
(1) failure to give the competent authority access to the organisations facilities as dened in ORO.GEN.140
during normal operating hours and after two written requests;
(2) obtaining or maintaining the validity of the organisation certicate by falsication of submitted docu-
mentary evidence;
(3) evidence of malpractice or fraudulent use of the organisation certicate; and
(4) the lack of an accountable manager.
(c) A level 2 nding shall be issued by the competent authority when any non-compliance is detected with the
applicable requirements of Regulation (EC) No 216/2008 and its Implementing Rules, with the organisa-
tions procedures and manuals or with the terms of an approval or certicate which could lower safety or
Annex number and
Part of the rule
Subpart of the rule
European Aviation Safety Agency
CONSOLIDATED DOCUMENT
OFANNEX I DEFINITIONS FOR TERMS USED
IN ANNEXES IIV
Implementing Rule, Acceptable Means
of Compliance and Guidance Material
First edition: May 2013
AIR OPS and AMC/GM May 2013 Annex I Part-Definitions
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Dear Reader ............................................................................................................................................................ 3
Disclaimer ................................................................................................................................................................ 4
Key to use of document .......................................................................................................................................... 5
ANNEX I
Definitions for terms used in Annexes II-V ................................................................................. 9
GM1 Annex I Definitions ................................................................................................................................... 16
GM2 Annex I Definitions ................................................................................................................................... 17
GM3 Annex I Definitions ................................................................................................................................... 25
GM4 Annex I Definitions ................................................................................................................................... 25
GM5 Annex I Definitions ................................................................................................................................... 25
GM6 Annex I Definitions ................................................................................................................................... 25
GM7 Annex I Definitions ................................................................................................................................... 25
GM8 Annex I Definitions ................................................................................................................................... 25
GM9 Annex I Definitions ................................................................................................................................... 26
GM10 Annex I Definitions ................................................................................................................................... 26
Contents
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AIR OPS and AMC/GM May 2013 Annex I Part-Definitions
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ANNEX I
Defnitions for terms used in Annexes II-V
For the purpose of this Regulation, the following defnitions shall apply:
1. Accelerate-stop distance available (ASDA) means the length of the take-of run available plus the length
of stopway, if such stopway is declared available by the State of the aerodrome and is capable of bearing
the mass of the aeroplane under the prevailing operating conditions.
2. Acceptable Means of Compliance (AMC) means non-binding standards adopted by the Agency to illus-
trate means to establish compliance with Regulation (EC) No216/2008 and its Implementing Rules.
3. Acceptance checklist means a document used to assist in carrying out a check on the external appear-
ance of packages of dangerous goods and their associated documents to determine that all appropriate
requirements have been met with.
4. Adequate aerodrome means an aerodrome on which the aircraft can be operated, taking account of the
applicable performance requirements and runway characteristics.
5. For the purpose of passenger classifcation:
(a) adult means a person of an age of 12 years and above;
(b) child/children means persons who are of an age of two years and above but who are less than 12
years of age;
(c) infant means a person under the age of two years.
6. Aeroplane means an engine-driven fxed-wing aircraft heavier than air that is supported in fight by the
dynamic reaction of the air against its wings.
7. Aided night vision imaging system (NVIS) fight means, in the case of NVIS operations, that portion of
a visual fight rules (VFR) fight performed at night when a crew member is using night vision goggles
(NVG).
8. Aircraft means a machine that can derive support in the atmosphere from the reactions of the air other
than the reactions of the air against the earths surface.
9. Alternative means of compliance mean those means that propose an alternative to an existing Accept-
able Means of Compliance or those that propose new means to establish compliance with Regulation
(EC) No216/2008 and its Implementing Rules for which no associated AMC have been adopted by the
Agency.
10. Anti-icing, in the case of ground procedures, means a procedure that provides protection against the
formation of frost or ice and accumulation of snow on treated surfaces of the aircraft for a limited period
of time (hold-over time).
11. Cabin crew member means an appropriately qualifed crew member, other than a fight crew or techni-
cal crew member, who is assigned by an operator to perform duties related to the safety of passengers
and fight during operations.
12. Category I (CAT I) approach operation means a precision instrument approach and landing using an
instrument landing system (ILS), microwave landing system (MLS), GLS (ground-based augmented global
navigation satellite system (GNSS/GBAS) landing system), precision approach radar (PAR) or GNSS using
a satellite-based augmentation system (SBAS) with a decision height (DH) not lower than 200 ft and with
a runway visual range (RVR) not less than 550 m for aeroplanes and 500 m for helicopters.
13. Category II (CAT II) operation means a precision instrument approach and landing operation using ILS or
MLS with:
(a) DH below 200 ft but not lower than 100 ft; and
(b) RVR of not less than 300 m.
14. Category IIIA (CAT IIIA) operation means a precision instrument approach and landing operation using
ILS or MLS with:
(a) DH lower than 100 ft; and
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(b) RVR not less than 200 m.
15. Category IIIB (CAT IIIB) operation means a precision instrument approach and landing operation using
ILS or MLS with:
(a) DH lower than 100 ft, or no DH; and
(b) RVR lower than 200 m but not less than 75 m.
16. Category A with respect to helicopters means a multi-engined helicopter designed with engine and
system isolation features specifed in the applicable airworthiness codes and capable of operations using
take-of and landing data scheduled under a critical engine failure concept that assures adequate desig-
nated surface area and adequate performance capability for continued safe fight or safe rejected take-of
in the event of engine failure.
17. Category B with respect to helicopters means a single-engined or multi-engined helicopter that does
not meet Category A standards. Category B helicopters have no guaranteed capability to continue safe
fight in the event of an engine failure, and unscheduled landing is assumed.
18. Certifcation Specifcations (CS) mean technical standards adopted by the Agency indicating means to
show compliance with Regulation (EC) No216/2008 and its Implementing Rules and which can be used
by an organisation for the purpose of certifcation.
19. Circling means the visual phase of an instrument approach to bring an aircraft into position for landing
on a runway/FATO that is not suitably located for a straight-in approach.
20. Clearway means a defned rectangular area on the ground or water under the control of the appropriate
authority, selected or prepared as a suitable area over which an aeroplane may make a portion of its initial
climb to a specifed height.
21. Cloud base means the height of the base of the lowest observed or forecast cloud element in the vicin-
ity of an aerodrome or operating site or within a specifed area of operations, normally measured above
aerodrome elevation or, in the case of ofshore operations, above mean sea level.
22. Code share means an arrangement under which an operator places its designator code on a fight oper-
ated by another operator, and sells and issues tickets for that fight.
23. Congested area means in relation to a city, town or settlement, any area which is substantially used for
residential, commercial or recreational purposes.
24. Contaminated runway means a runway of which more than 25% of the runway surface area within the
required length and width being used is covered by the following:
(a) surface water more than 3 mm (0.125 in) deep, or by slush, or loose snow, equivalent to more than
3 mm (0.125 in) of water;
(b) snow which has been compressed into a solid mass which resists further compression and will hold
together or break into lumps if picked up (compacted snow); or
(c) ice, including wet ice.
25. Contingency fuel means the fuel required to compensate for unforeseen factors that could have an
infuence on the fuel consumption to the destination aerodrome.
26. Continuous descent fnal approach (CDFA) means a technique, consistent with stabilised approach pro-
cedures, for fying the fnal-approach segment of a non-precision instrument approach procedure as a
continuous descent, without level-of, from an altitude/height at or above the fnal approach fx altitude/
height to a point approximately 15 m (50 ft) above the landing runway threshold or the point where the
fare manoeuvre shall begin for the type of aircraft fown.
27. Converted meteorological visibility (CMV) means a value, equivalent to an RVR, which is derived from
the reported meteorological visibility.
28. Crew member means a person assigned by an operator to perform duties on board an aircraft.
29. Critical phases of fight in the case of aeroplanes means the take-of run, the take-of fight path, the fnal
approach, the missed approach, the landing, including the landing roll, and any other phases of fight as
determined by the pilot-in-command or commander.
30. Critical phases of fight in the case of helicopters means taxiing, hovering, take-of, fnal approach,
missed approach, the landing and any other phases of fight as determined by the pilot-in-command or
commander.
31. Damp runway means a runway where the surface is not dry, but when the moisture on it does not give
it a shiny appearance.
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32. Dangerous goods (DG) means articles or substances which are capable of posing a risk to health, safety,
property or the environment and which are shown in the list of dangerous goods in the Technical Instruc-
tions or which are classifed according to those Instructions.
33. Dangerous goods accident means an occurrence associated with and related to the transport of danger-
ous goods by air which results in fatal or serious injury to a person or major property damage.
34. Dangerous goods incident means:
(a) an occurrence other than a dangerous goods accident associated with and related to the transport
of dangerous goods by air, not necessarily occurring on board an aircraft, which results in injury to
a person, property damage, fre, breakage, spillage, leakage of fuid or radiation or other evidence
that the integrity of the packaging has not been maintained;
(b) any occurrence relating to the transport of dangerous goods which seriously jeopardises an air-
craft or its occupants.
35. De-icing, in the case of ground procedures, means a procedure by which frost, ice, snow or slush is
removed from an aircraft in order to provide uncontaminated surfaces.
36. Defned point after take-of (DPATO) means the point, within the take-of and initial climb phase, before
which the helicopters ability to continue the fight safely, with the critical engine inoperative, is not
assured and a forced landing may be required.
37. Defned point before landing (DPBL) means the point within the approach and landing phase, after
which the helicopters ability to continue the fight safely, with the critical engine inoperative, is not
assured and a forced landing may be required.
38. Distance DR means the horizontal distance that the helicopter has travelled from the end of the take-of
distance available.
39. Dry lease agreement means an agreement between undertakings pursuant to which the aircraft is oper-
ated under the air operator certifcate (AOC) of the lessee.
40. Dry operating mass means the total mass of the aircraft ready for a specifc type of operation, excluding
usable fuel and traf c load.
41. Dry runway means a runway which is neither wet nor contaminated, and includes those paved runways
which have been specially prepared with grooves or porous pavement and maintained to retain efec-
tively dry braking action even when moisture is present.
42. Elevated fnal approach and take-of area (elevated FATO) means a FATO that is at least 3 m above the
surrounding surface.
43. En-route alternate (ERA) aerodrome means an adequate aerodrome along the route, which may be
required at the planning stage.
44. Enhanced vision system (EVS) means a system to display electronic real-time images of the external
scene achieved through the use of imaging sensors.
45. Final approach and take-of area (FATO) means a defned area for helicopter operations, over which
the fnal phase of the approach manoeuvre to hover or land is completed, and from which the take-of
manoeuvre is commenced. In the case of helicopters operating in performance class 1, the defned area
includes the rejected take-of area available.
46. Flight data monitoring (FDM) means the proactive and non-punitive use of digital fight data from rou-
tine operations to improve aviation safety.
47. Flight simulation training device (FSTD) means a training device which is:
(a) in the case of aeroplanes, a full fight simulator (FFS), a fight training device (FTD), a fight and
navigation procedures trainer (FNPT), or a basic instrument training device (BITD);
(b) in the case of helicopters, a full fight simulator (FFS), a fight training device (FTD) or a fight and
navigation procedures trainer (FNPT).
48. Fuel ERA aerodrome means an ERA aerodrome selected for the purpose of reducing contingency fuel.
49. GBAS landing system (GLS) means an approach landing system using ground based augmented global
navigation satellite system (GNSS/GBAS) information to provide guidance to the aircraft based on its lat-
eral and vertical GNSS position. It uses geometric altitude reference for its fnal approach slope.
50. Ground emergency service personnel means any ground emergency service personnel (such as police-
men, fremen, etc.) involved with helicopter emergency medical services (HEMSs) and whose tasks are to
any extent pertinent to helicopter operations.
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51. Grounding means the formal prohibition of an aircraft to take-of and the taking of such steps as are
necessary to detain it.
52. Head-up display (HUD) means a display system which presents fight information to the pilots forward
external feld of view and which does not signifcantly restrict the external view.
53. Head-up guidance landing system (HUDLS) means the total airborne system that provides head-up
guidance to the pilot during the approach and landing and/or missed approach procedure. It includes all
sensors, computers, power supplies, indications and controls.
54. Helicopter means a heavier-than-air aircraft supported in fight chiefy by the reactions of the air on one
or more power-driven rotors on substantially vertical axes.
55. Helicopter hoist operation (HHO) crew member means a technical crew member who performs assigned
duties relating to the operation of a hoist.
56. Helideck means a FATO located on a foating or fxed ofshore structure.
57. HEMS crew member means a technical crew member who is assigned to a HEMS fight for the purpose
of attending to any person in need of medical assistance carried in the helicopter and assisting the pilot
during the mission.
58. HEMS fight means a fight by a helicopter operating under a HEMS approval, the purpose of which is to
facilitate emergency medical assistance, where immediate and rapid transportation is essential, by carry-
ing:
(a) medical personnel;
(b) medical supplies (equipment, blood, organs, drugs); or
(c) ill or injured persons and other persons directly involved.
59. HEMS operating base means an aerodrome at which the HEMS crew members and the HEMS helicopter
may be on stand-by for HEMS operations.
60. HEMS operating site means a site selected by the commander during a HEMS fight for helicopter hoist
operations, landing and take-of.
61. HHO fight means a fight by a helicopter operating under an HHO approval, the purpose of which is to
facilitate the transfer of persons and/or cargo by means of a helicopter hoist.
62. HHO ofshore means a fight by a helicopter operating under an HHO approval, the purpose of which
is to facilitate the transfer of persons and/or cargo by means of a helicopter hoist from or to a vessel or
structure in a sea area or to the sea itself.
63. HHO passenger means a person who is to be transferred by means of a helicopter hoist.
64. HHO site means a specifed area at which a helicopter performs a hoist transfer.
65. Hold-over time (HoT) means the estimated time the anti-icing fuid will prevent the formation of ice and
frost and the accumulation of snow on the protected (treated) surfaces of an aeroplane.
66. Hostile environment means:
(a) an environment in which:
(i) a safe forced landing cannot be accomplished because the surface is inadequate;
(ii) the helicopter occupants cannot be adequately protected from the elements;
(iii) search and rescue response/capability is not provided consistent with anticipated exposure;
or
(iv) there is an unacceptable risk of endangering persons or property on the ground.
(b) in any case, the following areas:
(i) for overwater operations, the open sea areas North of 45N and South of 45S designated by
the authority of the State concerned;
(ii) those parts of a congested area without adequate safe forced landing areas.
67. Landing decision point (LDP) means the point used in determining landing performance from which,
an engine failure having been recognised at this point, the landing may be safely continued or a balked
landing initiated.
68. Landing distance available (LDA) means the length of the runway which is declared available by the
State of the aerodrome and suitable for the ground run of an aeroplane landing.
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69. Landplane means a fxed wing aircraft which is designed for taking of and landing on land and includes
amphibians operated as landplanes.
70. Local helicopter operation means a commercial air transport operation of helicopters with a maximum
certifed take-of mass (MCTOM) over 3 175 kg and a maximum operational passenger seating confgura-
tion (MOPSC) of nine or less, by day, over routes navigated by reference to visual landmarks, conducted
within a local and defned geographical area specifed in the operations manual.
71. Low visibility procedures (LVP) means procedures applied at an aerodrome for the purpose of ensuring
safe operations during lower than Standard Category I, other than Standard Category II, Category II and
III approaches and low visibility take-ofs.
72. Low visibility take-of (LVTO) means a take-of with an RVR lower than 400 m but not less than 75 m.
73. Lower than Standard Category I (LTS CAT I) operation means a Category I instrument approach and
landing operation using Category I DH, with an RVR lower than would normally be associated with the
applicable DH but not lower than 400 m.
74. Maximum operational passenger seating confguration (MOPSC) means the maximum passenger seat-
ing capacity of an individual aircraft, excluding crew seats, established for operational purposes and
specifed in the operations manual. Taking as a baseline the maximum passenger seating confguration
established during the certifcation process conducted for the type certifcate (TC), supplemental type
certifcate (STC) or change to the TC or STC as relevant to the individual aircraft, the MOPSC may establish
an equal or lower number of seats, depending on the operational constraints.
75. Medical passenger means a medical person carried in a helicopter during a HEMS fight, including but
not limited to doctors, nurses and paramedics.
76. Night means the period between the end of evening civil twilight and the beginning of morning civil twi-
light or such other period between sunset and sunrise as may be prescribed by the appropriate authority,
as defned by the Member State.
77. Night vision goggles (NVG) means a head-mounted, binocular, light intensifcation appliance that
enhances the ability to maintain visual surface references at night.
78. Night vision imaging system (NVIS) means the integration of all elements required to successfully and
safely use NVGs while operating a helicopter. The system includes as a minimum: NVGs, NVIS lighting,
helicopter components, training and continuing airworthiness.
79. Non-hostile environment means an environment in which:
(a) a safe forced landing can be accomplished;
(b) the helicopter occupants can be protected from the elements; and
(c) search and rescue response/capability is provided consistent with the anticipated exposure.
In any case, those parts of a congested area with adequate safe forced landing areas shall be considered
non-hostile.
80. Non-precision approach (NPA) operation means an instrument approach with a minimum descent
height (MDH), or DH when fying a CDFA technique, not lower than 250 ft and an RVR/CMV of not less
than 750 m for aeroplanes and 600 m for helicopters.
81. NVIS crew member means a technical crew member assigned to an NVIS fight.
82. NVIS fight means a fight under night visual meteorological conditions (VMC) with the fight crew using
NVGs in a helicopter operating under an NVIS approval.
83. Ofshore operations means operations which routinely have a substantial proportion of the fight con-
ducted over sea areas to or from ofshore locations.
84. Operating site means a site, other than an aerodrome, selected by the operator or pilot-in-command or
commander for landing, take-of and/or external load operations.
85. Operation in performance class 1 means an operation that, in the event of failure of the critical engine,
the helicopter is able to land within the rejected take-of distance available or safely continue the fight to
an appropriate landing area, depending on when the failure occurs.
86. Operation in performance class 2 means an operation that, in the event of failure of the critical engine,
performance is available to enable the helicopter to safely continue the fight, except when the failure
occurs early during the take-of manoeuvre or late in the landing manoeuvre, in which cases a forced
landing may be required.
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87. Operation in performance class 3 means an operation that, in the event of an engine failure at any time
during the fight, a forced landing may be required in a multi-engined helicopter and will be required in
a single-engined helicopter.
88. Operational control means the responsibility for the initiation, continuation, termination or diversion of
a fight in the interest of safety.
89. Other than Standard Category II (OTS CAT II) operation means a precision instrument approach and
landing operation using ILS or MLS where some or all of the elements of the precision approach category
II light system are not available, and with:
(a) DH below 200 ft but not lower than 100 ft; and
(b) RVR of not less than 350 m.
90. Performance class A aeroplanes means multi-engined aeroplanes powered by turbo-propeller engines
with an MOPSC of more than nine or a maximum take-of mass exceeding 5 700 kg, and all multi-engined
turbo-jet powered aeroplanes.
91. Performance class B aeroplanes means aeroplanes powered by propeller engines with an MOPSC of nine
or less and a maximum take-of mass of 5 700 kg or less.
92. Performance class C aeroplanes means aeroplanes powered by reciprocating engines with an MOPSC of
more than nine or a maximum take-of mass exceeding 5 700 kg.
93. Pilot-in-command means the pilot designated as being in command and charged with the safe conduct
of the fight. For the purpose of commercial air transport operations, the pilot-in-command shall be
termed the commander.
94. Principal place of business means the head of ce or registered of ce of the organisation within which
the principal fnancial functions and operational control of the activities referred to in this Regulation are
exercised.
95. Prioritisation of ramp inspections means the dedication of an appropriate portion of the total number of
ramp inspections conducted by or on behalf of a competent authority on an annual basis as provided in
Part-ARO.
96. Public interest site (PIS) means a site used exclusively for operations in the public interest.
97. Ramp inspection means the inspection of aircraft, of fight and cabin crew qualifcations and of fight
documentation in order to verify the compliance with the applicable requirements.
98. Rectifcation interval means a limitation on the duration of operations with inoperative equipment.
99. Rejected take-of distance available (RTODAH) means the length of the fnal approach and take-of area
declared available and suitable for helicopters operated in performance class 1 to complete a rejected
take-of.
100. Rejected take-of distance required (RTODRH) means the horizontal distance required from the start of
the take-of to the point where the helicopter comes to a full stop following an engine failure and rejec-
tion of the take-of at the take-of decision point.
101. Runway visual range (RVR) means the range over which the pilot of an aircraft on the centre line of a
runway can see the runway surface markings or the lights delineating the runway or identifying its centre
line.
102. Safe forced landing means an unavoidable landing or ditching with a reasonable expectancy of no inju-
ries to persons in the aircraft or on the surface.
103. Seaplane means a fxed wing aircraft which is designed for taking of and landing on water and includes
amphibians operated as seaplanes.
104. Separate runways means runways at the same aerodrome that are separate landing surfaces. These
runways may overlay or cross in such a way that if one of the runways is blocked, it will not prevent the
planned type of operations on the other runway. Each runway shall have a separate approach procedure
based on a separate navigation aid.
105. Special VFR fight means a VFR fight cleared by air traf c control to operate within a control zone in
meteorological conditions below VMC.
106. Stabilised approach (SAp) means an approach that is fown in a controlled and appropriate manner in
terms of confguration, energy and control of the fight path from a pre-determined point or altitude/
height down to a point 50 ft above the threshold or the point where the fare manoeuvre is initiated if
higher.
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AIR OPS and AMC/GM May 2013 Annex I Part-Definitions
107. Take-of alternate aerodrome means an alternate aerodrome at which an aircraft can land should this
become necessary shortly after take-of and if it is not possible to use the aerodrome of departure.
108. Take-of decision point (TDP) means the point used in determining take-of performance from which, an
engine failure having been recognised at this point, either a rejected take-of may be made or a take-of
safely continued.
109. Take-of distance available (TODA) in the case of aeroplanes means the length of the take-of run avail-
able plus the length of the clearway, if provided.
110. Take-of distance available (TODAH) in the case of helicopters means the length of the fnal approach
and take-of area plus, if provided, the length of helicopter clearway declared available and suitable for
helicopters to complete the take-of.
111. Take-of distance required (TODRH) in the case of helicopters means the horizontal distance required
from the start of the take-of to the point at which take-of safety speed (VTOSS), a selected height and a
positive climb gradient are achieved, following failure of the critical engine being recognised at the TDP,
the remaining engines operating within approved operating limits.
112. Take-of fight path means the vertical and horizontal path, with the critical engine inoperative, from a
specifed point in the take-of for aeroplanes to 1 500 ft above the surface and for helicopters to 1 000 ft
above the surface.
113. Take-of mass means the mass including everything and everyone carried at the commencement of the
take-of for helicopters and take-of run for aeroplanes.
114. Take-of run available (TORA) means the length of runway that is declared available by the State of the
aerodrome and suitable for the ground run of an aeroplane taking of.
115. Technical crew member means a crew member in commercial air transport HEMS, HHO or NVIS opera-
tions other than a fight or cabin crew member, assigned by the operator to duties in the aircraft or on the
ground for the purpose of assisting the pilot during HEMS, HHO or NVIS operations, which may require
the operation of specialised on-board equipment.
116. Technical Instructions (TI) means the latest efective edition of the Technical Instructions for the Safe
Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air, including the Supplement and any Addenda, approved and pub-
lished by the International Civil Aviation Organisation.
117. Traf c load means the total mass of passengers, baggage, cargo and carry-on specialist equipment,
including any ballast.
118. Unaided NVIS fight means, in the case of NVIS operations, that portion of a VFR fight performed at night
when a crew member is not using NVG.
119. Undertaking means any natural or legal person, whether proft-making or not, or any of cial body
whether having its own personality or not.
120. V1 means the maximum speed in the take-of at which the pilot must take the frst action to stop the
aeroplane within the accelerate-stop distance. V1 also means the minimum speed in the take-of, fol-
lowing a failure of the critical engine at VEF, at which the pilot can continue the take-of and achieve the
required height above the take-of surface within the take-of distance.
121. VEF means the speed at which the critical engine is assumed to fail during take-of.
122. Visual approach means an approach when either part or all of an instrument approach procedure is not
completed and the approach is executed with visual reference to the terrain.
123. Wet lease agreement means an agreement between air carriers pursuant to which the aircraft is oper-
ated under the AOC of the lessor.
124. Wet runway means a runway of which the surface is covered with water, or equivalent, less than speci-
fed by the contaminated runway defnition or when there is suf cient moisture on the runway surface
to cause it to appear refective, but without signifcant areas of standing water.
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GM1 Annex I Defnitions
DEFINITIONS FOR TERMS USED IN ACCEPTABLE MEANS OF COMPLIANCE AND GUIDANCE MATERIAL
For the purpose of Acceptable Means of Compliance and Guidance Material to Regulation (EU) No965/2012 [air
operations], the following defnitions should apply:
(a) Committal point means the point in the approach at which the pilot fying decides that, in the event of
an engine failure being recognised, the safest option is to continue to the elevated fnal approach and
take-of area (elevated FATO).
(b) Emergency locator transmitter is a generic term describing equipment that broadcasts distinctive sig-
nals on designated frequencies and, depending on application, may be activated by impact or may be
manually activated.
(c) Exposure time means the actual period during which the performance of the helicopter with the criti-
cal engine inoperative in still air does not guarantee a safe forced landing or the safe continuation of the
fight.
(d) Fail-operational fight control system means a fight control system with which, in the event of a failure
below alert height, the approach, fare and landing can be completed automatically. In the event of a
failure, the automatic landing system will operate as a fail-passive system.
(e) Fail-operational hybrid landing system means a system that consists of a primary fail-passive automatic
landing system and a secondary independent guidance system enabling the pilot to complete a landing
manually after failure of the primary system.
(f) Fail-passive fight control system: a fight control system is fail-passive if, in the event of a failure, there
is no signifcant out-of-trim condition or deviation of fight path or attitude but the landing is not com-
pleted automatically. For a fail-passive automatic fight control system the pilot assumes control of the
aeroplane after a failure.
(g) Flight control system in the context of low visibility operations means a system that includes an auto-
matic landing system and/or a hybrid landing system.
(h) HEMS dispatch centre means a place where, if established, the coordination or control of the helicopter
emergency medical service (HEMS) fight takes place. It may be located in a HEMS operating base.
(i) Hybrid head-up display landing system (hybrid HUDLS) means a system that consists of a primary fail-
passive automatic landing system and a secondary independent HUD/HUDLS enabling the pilot to com-
plete a landing manually after failure of the primary system.
(j) Landing distance available (LDAH) means the length of the fnal approach and take-of area plus any
additional area declared available by the State of the aerodrome and suitable for helicopters to complete
the landing manoeuvre from a defned height.
(k) Landing distance required (LDRH), in the case of helicopters, means the horizontal distance required to
land and come to a full stop from a point 15 m (50 ft) above the landing surface.
(l) Maximum structural landing mass means the maximum permissible total aeroplane mass upon landing
under normal circumstances.
(m) Maximum zero fuel mass means the maximum permissible mass of an aeroplane with no usable fuel.
The mass of the fuel contained in particular tanks should be included in the zero fuel mass when it is
explicitly mentioned in the aircraft fight manual.
(n) Overpack, for the purpose of transporting dangerous goods, means an enclosure used by a single ship-
per to contain one or more packages and to form one handling unit for convenience of handling and
stowage.
(o) Package, for the purpose of transporting dangerous goods, means the complete product of the packing
operation consisting of the packaging and its contents prepared for transport.
(p) Packaging, for the purpose of transporting dangerous goods, means receptacles and any other compo-
nents or materials necessary for the receptacle to perform its containment function.
(q) Rotation point (RP) means the point at which a cyclic input is made to initiate a nose-down attitude
change during the take-of fight path. It is the last point in the take-of path from which, in the event of
an engine failure being recognised, a forced landing on the aerodrome can be achieved.
(r) Touch down and lift-of area (TLOF) means a load-bearing area on which a helicopter may touch down
or lift of.
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GM2 Annex I Defnitions
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
The following abbreviations and acronyms are used in the Annexes to this Regulation:
A aeroplane
a/c aircraft
AAC aeronautical administrative communications
AAL above aerodrome level
AC advisory circular
AC alternating current
ACAS airborne collision avoidance system
ADF automatic direction finder
ADG air driven generator
ADS automatic dependent surveillance
ADS-B automatic dependent surveillance - broadcast
ADS-C automatic dependent surveillance contract
AEA Association of European Airlines
AEO all-engines-operative
AFFF aqueous film forming foams
AFM aircraft flight manual
AFN aircraft flight notification
AFN ATS facilities notification
AGL above ground level
AHRS attitude heading reference system
AIS aeronautical information service
ALARP as low as reasonably practicable
ALSF approach lighting system with sequenced flashing lights
AMC Acceptable Means of Compliance
AML aircraft maintenance licence
AMSL above mean sea level
ANP actual navigation performance
AOC aeronautical operational control
AOC air operator certificate
APU auxiliary power unit
APV approach procedure with vertical guidance
ARA airborne radar approach
ARA Authority Requirements for Aircrew
ARO Authority Requirements for Air Operations
ARP Aerospace Recommended Practices
ASC Air Safety Committee
ASDA accelerate-stop distance available
ASE altimeter system error
ATA Air Transport Association
ATC air traffic control
ATIS automatic terminal information service
ATN air traffic navigation
ATPL airline transport pilot licence
ATQP alternative training and qualification programme
ATS air traffic services
ATSC air traffic service communication
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AVGAS aviation gasoline
AVTAG aviation turbine gasoline (wide-cut fuel)
AWO all-weather operations
BALS basic approach lighting system
BCAR British civil airworthiness requirements
BITD basic instrument training device
CAP controller access parameters
CAT commercial air transport
CAT I/II/III category I / II / III
CBT computer-based training
CC cabin crew
CDFA continuous descent final approach
CDL configuration deviation list
CFIT controlled flight into terrain
CG centre of gravity
CM context management
CMV converted meteorological visibility
CofA certificate of airworthiness
COP code of practice
CoR certificate of registration
CP committal point
CPA closest point of approach
CPDLC controller pilot data link communication
CPL commercial pilot licence
C-PED controlled portable electronic device
CRE class rating examiner
CRI class rating instructor
CRM crew resource management
CS Certification Specifications
CVR cockpit voice recorder
DA decision altitude
DA/H decision altitude/height
DAP downlinked aircraft parameters
D-ATIS digital automatic terminal information service
DC direct current
DCL departure clearance
D-FIS data link flight information service
DG dangerous goods
DH decision height
DI daily inspection
DIFF deck integrated fire fighting system
DLR data link recorder
DME distance measuring equipment
D-METAR data link meteorological aerodrome report
D-OTIS data link operational terminal information service
DPATO defined point after take-off
DPBL defined point before landing
DR decision range
DSTRK desired track
EC European Community
ECAC European Civil Aviation Conference
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EFB electronic flight bag
EFIS electronic flight instrument system
EGNOS European geostationary navigation overlay service
EGT exhaust gas temperature
ELT emergency locator transmitter
ELT(AD) emergency locator transmitter (automatically deployable)
ELT(AF) emergency locator transmitter (automatic fixed)
ELT(AP) emergency locator transmitter (automatic portable)
ELT(S) survival emergency locator transmitter
EPE estimated position of error
EPR engine pressure ratio
EPU estimated position of uncertainty
ERA en-route alternate (aerodrome)
ERP emergency response plan
ETOPS extended range operations with two-engined aeroplanes
EU European Union
EUROCAE European Organisation for Civil Aviation Equipment
EVS enhanced vision system
FAA Federal Aviation Administration
FAF final approach fix
FALS full approach lighting system
FANS future air navigation systems
FAP final approach point
FAR Federal Aviation Regulation
FATO final approach and take-off
FC flight crew
FCL flight crew licensing
FCOM flight crew operating manual
FDM flight data monitoring
FDO flying display operation
FDR flight data recorder
FFS full flight simulator
FGS flight control/guidance system
FI flight instructor
FLIPCY flight plan consistency
FLTA forward-looking terrain avoidance
FMECA failure mode, effects and criticality analysis
FMS flight management system
FNPT flight and navigation procedures trainer
FOD foreign object damage
fpm feet per minute
FSTD flight simulation training device
ft feet
FTD flight training device
FTE full time equivalent
FTL flight and duty time limitations
g gram
GAGAN GPS aided geo augmented navigation
GBAS ground-based augmentation system
GCAS ground collision avoidance system
GEN general
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GIDS ground ice detection system
GLS GBAS landing system
GM Guidance Material
GMP general medical practitioner
GNSS global navigation satellite system
GPS global positioning system
GPWS ground proximity warning system
H helicopter
HEMS helicopter emergency medical service
HF high frequency
Hg mercury
HHO helicopter hoist operation
HIALS high intensity approach lighting system
HIGE hover in ground effect
HLL helideck limitations list
HOGE hover out of ground effect
HoT hold-over time
hPa hectopascals
HPL human performance and limitations
HUD head-up display
HUDLS head-up guidance landing system
HUMS health usage monitor system
IAF initial approach fix
IALS intermediate approach lighting system
ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization
IDE instruments, data and equipment
IF intermediate fix
IFR instrument flight rules
IFSD in-flight shutdown
IGE in ground effect
ILS instrument landing system
IMC instrument meteorological conditions
in inches
INS inertial navigation system
IP intermediate point
IR Implementing Rule
IR instrument rating
IRS inertial reference system
ISA international standard atmosphere
ISO International Organization for Standardization
IV intravenous
JAA Joint Aviation Authorities
JAR Joint Aviation Requirements
kg kilograms
km kilometres
kt knots
LDA landing distance available
LDP landing decision point
LED light-emitting diode
LHS left hand seat
LIFUS line flying under supervision
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LNAV lateral navigation
LoA letter of acceptance
LOC localiser
LOE line-oriented evaluation
LOFT line-oriented flight training
LOQE line-oriented quality evaluation
LOS limited obstacle surface
LPV localiser performance with vertical guidance
LRCS long range communication system
LRNS long range navigation system
LVO low visibility operation
LVP low visibility procedures
LVTO low visibility take-off
m metres
MALS medium intensity approach lighting system
MALSF medium intensity approach lighting system with sequenced flashing lights
MALSR medium intensity approach lighting system with runway alignment indicator lights
MAPt missed approach point
MCTOM maximum certified take-off mass
MDA minimum descent altitude
MDH minimum descent height
MEA minimum en-route altitude
MED medical
MEL minimum equipment list
METAR meteorological aerodrome report
MGA minimum grid altitude
MHA minimum holding altitude
MHz megahertz
MID midpoint
MLR manuals, logs and records
MLS microwave landing system
MLX millilux
mm millimetres
MM multi-mode
MMEL master minimum equipment list
MNPS minimum navigation performance specifications
MOC minimum obstacle clearance
MOCA minimum obstacle clearance altitude
MOPSC maximum operational passenger seating configuration
MORA minimum off-route altitude
MPSC maximum passenger seating capacity
MSA minimum sector altitude
MSAS multi-functional satellite augmentation system
MTCA minimum terrain clearance altitude
N North
NADP noise abatement departure procedure
NALS no approach lighting system
NCC non-commercial operations with complex motor-powered aircraft
NCO non-commercial operations with other-than-complex motor-powered aircraft
NF free power turbine speed
NG engine gas generator speed
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NM nautical miles
NOTAM notice to airmen
NOTECHS non-technical skills evaluation
NOTOC notification to captain
NPA non-precision approach
NPA Notice of Proposed Amendment
NVD night vision device
NVG night vision goggles
NVIS night vision imaging system
OAT outside air temperature
OCH obstacle clearance height
OCL oceanic clearance
ODALS omnidirectional approach lighting system
OEI one-engine-inoperative
OFS obstacle-free surface
OGE out of ground effect
OIP offset initiation point
OM operations manual
OML operational multi-pilot limitation
ONC operational navigation chart
OPS operations
ORO Organisation Requirements for Air Operations
OTS CAT II other than standard category II
PAPI precision approach path indicator
PAR precision approach radar
PBE protective breathing equipment
PBN performance-based navigation
PCDS personnel carrying device system
PDA premature descent alert
PDP predetermined point
PED portable electronic device
PIC pilot-in-command
PIN personal identification number
PIS public interest site
PNR point of no return
POH pilots operating handbook
PRM person with reduced mobility
QAR quick access recorder
QFE atmospheric pressure at aerodrome elevation / runway threshold
QNH atmospheric pressure at nautical height
RA resolution advisory
RAT ram air turbine
RCC rescue coordination centre
RCF reduced contingency fuel
RCLL runway centre line lights
RF fixed radius
RF radio frequency
RFC route facility chart
RI ramp inspection
RI rectification interval
RIE rectification interval extension
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RMA regional monitoring agency
RNAV area navigation
RNP required navigation performance
ROD rate of descent
RP rotation point
RTCA Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics
RTODAH rejected take-off distance available (helicopters)
RTODRH rejected take-off distance required (helicopters)
RTOM reduced take-off mass
RTZL runway touchdown zone lights
RVR runway visual range
RVSM reduced vertical separation minima
S South
SAFA safety assessment of foreign aircraft
SALS simple approach lighting system
SALSF simple approach lighting system with sequenced flashing lights
SAp stabilised approach
SAP system access parameters
SAR search and rescue
SAS stability augmentation system
SBAS satellite-based augmentation system
SCC senior cabin crew
SCP special category of passenger
SDCM system of differential correction and monitoring
SFE synthetic flight examiner
SFI synthetic flight instructor
SID standard instrument departure
SMM safety management manual
SMS safety management system
SNAS satellite navigation augmentation system
SOP standard operating procedure
SPA operations requiring specific approvals
SPECI aviation selected special weather report
SPO specialised operations
SRA surveillance radar approach
SSALF simplified short approach lighting system with sequenced flashing lights
SSALR simplified short approach lighting system with runway alignment indicator lights
SSALS simplified short approach lighting system
SSEC static source error correction
SSR secondary surveillance radar
STAR standard terminal arrival route
STC supplemental type certificate
TA traffic advisory
TAC terminal approach chart
TAS true airspeed
TAWS terrain awareness warning system
TC technical crew
TC type certificate
TCAS traffic collision avoidance system
TCCA Transport Canada Civil Aviation
TCH type certificate holder
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TDP take-off decision point
TDZ touchdown zone
THR threshold
TI Technical Instructions
TIT turbine inlet temperature
TMG touring motor glider
TODA take-off distance available (aeroplanes)
TODAH take-off distance available (helicopters)
TODRH take-off distance required (helicopters)
TORA take-off run available
T-PED transmitting portable electronic device
TRE type rating examiner
TRI type rating instructor
TSE total system error
TVE total vertical error
TWIP terminal weather information for pilots
UMS usage monitoring system
UTC coordinated universal time
V2 take-off safety speed
V50 stalling speed
VAT indicated airspeed at threshold
VDF VHF direction finder
VFR visual flight rules
VHF very high frequency
VIS visibility
VMC visual meteorological conditions
VMO maximum operating speed
VNAV vertical navigation
VOR VHF omnidirectional radio range
VT threshold speed
VTOL vertical take-off and landing
VTOSS take-off safety speed
WAAS wide area augmentation system
WAC world aeronautical chart
WIFI wireless fidelity
ZFTT zero flight-time training
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GM3 Annex I Defnitions
HELICOPTER EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICES (HEMS) FLIGHT
(a) A HEMS fight (or more commonly referred to as HEMS mission) normally starts and ends at the HEMS
operating base following tasking by the HEMS dispatch centre. Tasking can also occur when airborne, or
on the ground at locations other than the HEMS operating base.
(b) The following elements should be regarded as integral parts of the HEMS mission:
(1) fights to and from the HEMS operating site when initiated by the HEMS dispatch centre;
(2) fights to and from an aerodrome/operating site for the delivery or pick-up of medical supplies
and/or persons required for completion of the HEMS mission; and
(3) fights to and from an aerodrome/operating site for refuelling required for completion of the HEMS
mission.
GM4 Annex I Defnitions
HEAD-UP GUIDANCE LANDING SYSTEM (HUDLS)
A HUDLS is typically used for primary approach guidance to decision heights of 50 ft.
GM5 Annex I Defnitions
HOSTILE ENVIRONMENT
The open sea areas considered to constitute a hostile environment should be designated by the appropriate
authority in the appropriate Aeronautical Information Publication or other suitable documentation.
GM6 Annex I Defnitions
NIGHT VISION IMAGING SYSTEM (NVIS)
Helicopter components of the NVIS include the radio altimeter, visual warning system and audio warning sys-
tem.
GM7 Annex I Defnitions
OFFSHORE OPERATIONS
Ofshore operations include, but are not limited to, support of ofshore oil, gas and mineral exploitation and
sea-pilot transfer.
GM8 Annex I Defnitions
PUBLIC INTEREST SITE
An example of a public interest sites is a landing site based at a hospital located in a hostile environment in a
congested area, which due to its size or obstacle environment does not allow the application of performance
class 1 requirements that would otherwise be required for operations in a congested hostile environment.
AIR OPS and AMC/GM May 2013 Annex I Part-Definitions
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GM9 Annex I Defnitions
TECHNICAL INSTRUCTIONS
The ICAO document number for the Technical Instructions is Doc 9284-AN/905.
GM10 Annex I Defnitions
V
1
The frst action includes for example: apply brakes, reduce thrust, deploy speed brakes.
European Aviation Safety Agency
CONSOLIDATED DOCUMENT OF
ANNEX II AUTHORITY REQUIREMENTS FOR AIR
OPERATIONS PART-ARO
Implementing Rule, Acceptable Means
of Compliance and Guidance Material
First edition: May 2013
AIR OPS and AMC/GM May 2013 Annex II Part-ARO
2 | ARO
ANNEX II Authority requirements for air operations [Part-ARO] ....................................... 5
ARO.GEN.005 Scope ............................................................................................................................................. 5
SUBPART GEN GENERAL REQUIREMENTS .............................................................................. 6
ARO.GEN.115 Oversight documentation .............................................................................................................. 6
ARO.GEN.120 Means of compliance .................................................................................................................... 6
AMC1 ARO.GEN.120(d)(3) Means of compliance ................................................................................................ 7
GM1 ARO.GEN.120 Means of compliance ........................................................................................................... 8
ARO.GEN.125 Information to the Agency ............................................................................................................ 9
ARO.GEN.135 Immediate reaction to a safety problem ..................................................................................... 10
ARO.GEN.200 Management system ................................................................................................................... 11
AMC1 ARO.GEN.200(a) Management system .................................................................................................... 12
GM1 ARO.GEN.200(a) Management system ...................................................................................................... 13
AMC1 ARO.GEN.200(a)(1) Management system ............................................................................................... 14
AMC1 ARO.GEN.200(a)(2) Management system ............................................................................................... 14
AMC2 ARO.GEN.200(a)(2) Management system ............................................................................................... 15
GM1 ARO.GEN.200(a)(2) Management System ................................................................................................. 16
AMC1 ARO.GEN.200(d) Management system .................................................................................................... 18
ARO.GEN.205 Allocation of tasks to qualified entities ...................................................................................... 19
GM1 ARO.GEN.205 Allocation of tasks to qualified entities .............................................................................. 20
ARO.GEN.210 Changes in the management system .......................................................................................... 21
ARO.GEN.220 Record-keeping ............................................................................................................................ 22
AMC1 ARO.GEN.220(a) Record-keeping ............................................................................................................. 23
AMC1 ARO.GEN.220(a)(1);(2);(3) Record-keeping ............................................................................................. 23
AMC1 ARO.GEN.220(a)(4) Record-keeping ........................................................................................................ 23
GM1 ARO.GEN.220(a)(4) Record-keeping .......................................................................................................... 24
AMC1 ARO.GEN.220(a)(6) Record-keeping ........................................................................................................ 25
GM1 ARO.GEN.220 Record-keeping ................................................................................................................... 26
ARO.GEN.300 Oversight ..................................................................................................................................... 27
AMC1 ARO.GEN.300 (a);(b);(c) Oversight ........................................................................................................... 28
GM1 ARO.GEN.300(a); (b);(c) Oversight ............................................................................................................ 29
GM1 ARO.GEN.300(d) Oversight ....................................................................................................................... 29
ARO.GEN.305 Oversight programme ................................................................................................................. 30
AMC1 ARO.GEN.305(b) Oversight programme .................................................................................................. 31
AMC2 ARO.GEN.305(b) Oversight programme .................................................................................................. 32
GM1 ARO.GEN.305(b) Oversight Programme .................................................................................................... 33
AMC1 ARO.GEN.305(b)(1) Oversight programme .............................................................................................. 34
AMC2 ARO.GEN.305(b)(1) Oversight programme .............................................................................................. 34
AMC1 ARO.GEN.305(b);(c) Oversight programme ............................................................................................. 34
AMC1 ARO.GEN.305(c) Oversight programme ................................................................................................... 35
AMC2 ARO.GEN.305(c) Oversight programme ................................................................................................... 35
AMC1 ARO.GEN.305(d) Oversight programme ................................................................................................. 35
ARO.GEN.310 Initial certification procedure organisations ........................................................................... 36
AMC1 ARO.GEN.310(a) Initial certification procedure organisations ............................................................. 37
ARO.GEN.330 Changes organisations ............................................................................................................ 38
AMC1 ARO.GEN.330 Changes organisations ................................................................................................... 39
GM1 ARO.GEN.330 Changes organisations ..................................................................................................... 40
ARO.GEN.350 Findings and corrective actions organisations ........................................................................ 41
GM1 ARO.GEN.350 Findings and corrective actions organisations................................................................. 42
ARO.GEN.355 Findings and enforcement measures persons ........................................................................ 43
GM1 ARO.GEN.355(b) Findings and enforcement measures persons ........................................................... 44
SUBPART OPS AIR OPERATIONS ..........................................................................................45
ARO.OPS.100 Issue of the air operator certificate ............................................................................................. 45
ARO.OPS.105 Code-share arrangements ........................................................................................................... 45
AMC1 ARO.OPS.105 Code-share arrangements ................................................................................................. 46
AMC2 ARO.OPS.105 Code-share arrangements ................................................................................................. 46
Contents
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ARO.OPS.110 Lease agreements ........................................................................................................................ 47
AMC1 ARO.OPS.110 Lease agreements ............................................................................................................. 48
AMC2 ARO.OPS.110 Lease agreements ............................................................................................................. 48
GM1 ARO.OPS.110 Lease agreements ............................................................................................................... 49
GM2 ARO.OPS.110 Lease agreements ............................................................................................................... 49
ARO.OPS.200 Specific approval procedure ........................................................................................................ 50
AMC1 ARO.OPS.200 Specific approval procedure .............................................................................................. 51
AMC2 ARO.OPS.200 Specific approval procedure .............................................................................................. 51
ARO.OPS.205 Minimum equipment list approval .............................................................................................. 53
GM1 ARO.OPS.205 Minimum equipment list approval ..................................................................................... 54
ARO.OPS.210 Determination of local area ......................................................................................................... 55
GM1 ARO.OPS.210 Determination of local area ................................................................................................ 56
ARO.OPS.215 Approval of helicopter operations over a hostile environment located outside
a congested area ................................................................................................................................................... 57
AMC1 ARO.OPS.215 Approval of helicopter operations over a hostile environment located outside
a congested area ................................................................................................................................................... 58
AMC2 ARO.OPS.215 Approval of helicopter operations over a hostile environment located outside
a congested area ................................................................................................................................................... 58
ARO.OPS.220 Approval of helicopter operations to or from a public interest site ............................................ 59
AMC1 ARO.OPS.220 Approval of helicopter operations to or from a public interest site ................................. 60
AMC2 ARO.OPS.220 Approval of helicopter operations to or from a public interest site ................................. 60
ARO.OPS.225 Approval of operations to an isolated aerodrome ...................................................................... 61
GM1 ARO.OPS.225 Approval of operations to an isolated aerodrome.............................................................. 62
SUBPART RAMP RAMP INSPECTIONS OF AIRCRAFT OF OPERATORS
UNDER THE REGULATORY OVERSIGHT OF ANOTHER STATE ......................................................63
ARO.RAMP.005 Scope ......................................................................................................................................... 63
ARO.RAMP.100 General ...................................................................................................................................... 63
AMC1 ARO.RAMP.100 General ........................................................................................................................... 64
AMC1 ARO.RAMP.100(b) General ...................................................................................................................... 64
AMC1 ARO.RAMP.100(c)(1) General .................................................................................................................. 65
GM1 ARO.RAMP.100(c)(1) General ................................................................................................................... 66
ARO.RAMP.105 Prioritisation criteria ................................................................................................................. 67
GM1 ARO.RAMP.105(b)(2)(i) Prioritisation criteria ............................................................................................ 68
ARO.RAMP.110 Collection of information .......................................................................................................... 69
AMC1 ARO.RAMP.110 Collection of information ............................................................................................... 70
ARO.RAMP.115 Qualification of ramp inspectors............................................................................................... 71
AMC1 ARO.RAMP.115(a) Qualification of ramp inspectors ............................................................................... 72
AMC1 ARO.RAMP.115(b)(1) Qualification of ramp inspectors ........................................................................... 72
AMC1 ARO.RAMP.115(b)(2) Qualification of ramp inspectors ........................................................................... 73
AMC2 ARO.RAMP.115(b)(2) Qualification of ramp inspectors ........................................................................... 73
AMC3 ARO.RAMP.115(b)(2) Qualification of ramp inspectors ........................................................................... 76
AMC4 ARO.RAMP.115(b)(2) Qualification of ramp inspectors ........................................................................... 77
GM1 ARO.RAMP.115(b)(2) Qualification of inspectors ...................................................................................... 87
AMC1 ARO.RAMP.115(b)(2)(i) Qualification of ramp inspectors........................................................................ 88
AMC2 ARO.RAMP.115(b)(2)(i) Qualification of ramp inspectors...................................................................... 102
AMC1 ARO.RAMP.115(b)(3) Qualification of ramp inspectors ......................................................................... 110
AMC2 ARO.RAMP.115(b)(3) Qualification of ramp inspectors ......................................................................... 110
AMC1 ARO.RAMP.115(c) Qualification of ramp inspectors .............................................................................. 111
GM1 ARO.RAMP.115(c) Qualification of ramp inspectors ................................................................................ 112
GM2 ARO.RAMP.115(c) Qualification of ramp inspectors ................................................................................ 113
GM3 ARO.RAMP.115(c) Qualification of ramp inspectors ................................................................................ 114
ARO.RAMP.120 Approval of training organisations .......................................................................................... 115
AMC1 ARO.RAMP.120 Approval of training organisations .............................................................................. 116
ARO.RAMP.125 Conduct of ramp inspections .................................................................................................. 117
AMC1 ARO.RAMP.125(b) Conduct of Ramp inspections .................................................................................. 118
GM1 ARO.RAMP.125(b) Conduct of Ramp inspections .................................................................................... 119
ARO.RAMP.130 Categorisation of findings ....................................................................................................... 120
ARO.RAMP.135 Follow-up actions on findings ................................................................................................. 120
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ARO.RAMP.140 Grounding of aircraft .............................................................................................................. 120
ARO.RAMP.145 Reporting ................................................................................................................................ 121
ARO.RAMP.150 Agency coordination tasks ...................................................................................................... 121
ARO.RAMP.155 Annual report .......................................................................................................................... 122
ARO.RAMP.160 Information to the public and protection of information ....................................................... 122
Appendix I .............................................................................................................................123
Appendix II ............................................................................................................................125
Appendix III ............................................................................................................................128
Appendix IV ...........................................................................................................................130
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ANNEX II
AUTHORITY REQUIREMENTS
FORAIROPERATIONS
[PART-ARO]
ARO.GEN.005 Scope
This Annex establishes requirements for the administration and management system to be fulflled by the
Agency and Member States for the implementation and enforcement of Regulation (EC) No216/2008and its
Implementing Rules regarding civil aviation air operations.
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SUBPART GEN GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
Section I General
ARO.GEN.115 Oversight documentation
The competent authority shall provide all legislative acts, standards, rules, technical publications and related
documents to relevant personnel in order to allow them to perform their tasks and to discharge their responsi-
bilities.
ARO.GEN.120 Means of compliance
(a) The Agency shall develop Acceptable Means of Compliance (AMC) that may be used to establish compli-
ance with Regulation (EC) No216/2008and its Implementing Rules. When the AMC are complied with,
the related requirements of the Implementing Rules are met.
(b) Alternative means of compliance may be used to establish compliance with the Implementing Rules.
(c) The competent authority shall establish a system to consistently evaluate that all alternative means of
compliance used by itself or by organisations and persons under its oversight allow the establishment of
compliance with Regulation (EC) No216/2008and its Implementing Rules.
(d) The competent authority shall evaluate all alternative means of compliance proposed by an organisation
in accordance with ORO.GEN.120(b) by analysing the documentation provided and, if considered neces-
sary, conducting an inspection of the organisation.
When the competent authority fnds that the alternative means of compliance are in accordance with the
Implementing Rules, it shall without undue delay:
(1) notify the applicant that the alternative means of compliance may be implemented and, if applica-
ble, amend the approval or certifcate of the applicant accordingly; and
(2) notify the Agency of their content, including copies of all relevant documentation.
(3) inform other Member States about alternative means of compliance that were accepted.
(e) When the competent authority itself uses alternative means of compliance to achieve compliance with
Regulation (EC) No216/2008and its Implementing Rules it shall:
(1) make them available to all organisations and persons under its oversight; and
(2) without undue delay notify the Agency.
The competent authority shall provide the Agency with a full description of the alternative means of
compliance, including any revisions to procedures that may be relevant, as well as an assessment dem-
onstrating that the Implementing Rules are met.
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AMC1ARO.GEN.120(d)(3) Means of compliance
GENERAL
The information to be provided to other Member States following approval of an alternative means of compli-
ance should contain a reference to the Acceptable Means of Compliance (AMC) to which such means of com-
pliance provides an alternative, as well as a reference to the corresponding Implementing Rule, indicating as
applicable the subparagraph(s) covered by the alternative means of compliance.
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GM1ARO.GEN.120 Means of compliance
GENERAL
Alternative means of compliance used by a competent authority or by organisations under its oversight may
be used by other competent authorities or organisations only if processed again in accordance with ARO.
GEN.120(d) and (e).
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ARO.GEN.125 Information to the Agency
(a) The competent authority shall without undue delay notify the Agency in case of any signifcant problems
with the implementation of Regulation (EC) No216/2008and its Implementing Rules.
(b) The competent authority shall provide the Agency with safety-signifcant information stemming from
the occurrence reports it has received.
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ARO.GEN.135 Immediate reaction to a safety problem
(a) Without prejudice to Directive 2003/42/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council the competent
authority shall implement a system to appropriately collect, analyse and disseminate safety information.
(b) The Agency shall implement a system to appropriately analyse any relevant safety information received
and without undue delay provide to Member States and the Commission any information, including rec-
ommendations or corrective actions to be taken, necessary for them to react in a timely manner to a
safety problem involving products, parts, appliances, persons or organisations subject to Regulation (EC)
No216/2008and its Implementing Rules.
(c) Upon receiving the information referred to in (a) and (b), the competent authority shall take adequate
measures to address the safety problem.
(d) Measures taken under (c) shall immediately be notifed to all persons or organisations which need to com-
ply with them under Regulation (EC) No216/2008and its Implementing Rules. The competent authority
shall also notify those measures to the Agency and, when combined action is required, the other Member
States concerned.
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Section II Management
ARO.GEN.200 Management system
(a) The competent authority shall establish and maintain a management system, including as a minimum:
(1) documented policies and procedures to describe its organisation, means and methods to achieve
compliance with Regulation (EC) No216/2008and its Implementing Rules. The procedures shall be
kept up-to-date and serve as the basic working documents within that competent authority for all
related tasks;
(2) a suf cient number of personnel to perform its tasks and discharge its responsibilities. Such per-
sonnel shall be qualifed to perform their allocated tasks and have the necessary knowledge, expe-
rience, initial and recurrent training to ensure continuing competence. A system shall be in place
to plan the availability of personnel, in order to ensure the proper completion of all tasks;
(3) adequate facilities and of ce accommodation to perform the allocated tasks;
(4) a function to monitor compliance of the management system with the relevant requirements and
adequacy of the procedures including the establishment of an internal audit process and a safety
risk management process. Compliance monitoring shall include a feedback system of audit fnd-
ings to the senior management of the competent authority to ensure implementation of correc-
tive actions as necessary; and
(5) a person or group of persons, ultimately responsible to the senior management of the competent
authority for the compliance monitoring function.
(b) The competent authority shall, for each feld of activity, including management system, appoint one or
more persons with the overall responsibility for the management of the relevant task(s).
(c) The competent authority shall establish procedures for participation in a mutual exchange of all neces-
sary information and assistance with other competent authorities concerned including on all fndings
raised and follow-up actions taken as a result of oversight of persons and organisations exercising activi-
ties in the territory of a Member State, but certifed by the competent authority of another Member State
or the Agency.
(d) A copy of the procedures related to the management system and their amendments shall be made avail-
able to the Agency for the purpose of standardisation.
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AMC1ARO.GEN.200(a) Management system
GENERAL
(a) All of the following should be considered when deciding upon the required organisational structure:
(1) the number of certifcates, attestations, authorisations and approvals to be issued;
(2) the number of certifed persons and organisations exercising an activity within that Member State,
including persons or organisations certifed by other competent authorities;
(3) the possible use of qualifed entities and of resources of other competent authorities to fulfl the
continuing oversight obligations;
(4) the level of civil aviation activity in terms of (i) number and complexity of aircraft operated; (ii) size
and complexity of the Member States aviation industry;
(5) the potential growth of activities in the feld of civil aviation.
(b) The set-up of the organisational structure should ensure that the various tasks and obligations of the
competent authority do not rely solely on individuals. A continuous and undisturbed fulflment of these
tasks and obligations of the competent authority should also be guaranteed in case of illness, accident or
leave of individual employees.
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GM1ARO.GEN.200(a) Management system
GENERAL
(a) The competent authority designated by each Member State should be organised in such a way that:
(1) there is specifc and efective management authority in the conduct of all relevant activities;
(2) the functions and processes described in the applicable requirements of Regulation (EC)
No 216/2008
1
and its Implementing Rules and AMCs, Certifcation Specifcations (CSs) and Guid-
ance Material (GM) may be properly implemented;
(3) the competent authoritys organisation and operating procedures for the implementation of the
applicable requirements of Regulation (EC) No216/2008and its Implementing Rules are properly
documented and applied;
(4) all competent authority personnel involved in the related activities are provided with training
where necessary;
(5) specifc and efective provision is made for the communication and interface as necessary with the
Agency and the competent authorities of other Member States; and
(6) all functions related to implementing the applicable requirements are adequately described.
(b) A general policy in respect of activities related to the applicable requirements of Regulation (EC)
No216/2008and its Implementing Rules should be developed, promoted and implemented by the man-
ager at the highest appropriate level; for example the manager at the top of the functional area of the
competent authority that is responsible for such activities.
(c) Appropriate steps should be taken to ensure that the policy is known and understood by all personnel
involved, and all necessary steps should be taken to implement and maintain the policy.
(d) The general policy, whilst also satisfying additional national regulatory responsibilities, should in particu-
lar take into account:
(1) the provisions of Regulation (EC) No216/2008;
(2) the provisions of the applicable Implementing Rules and their AMCs, CSs and GM;
(3) the needs of industry; and
(4) the needs of the Agency and of the competent authority.
(e) The policy should defne specifc objectives for key elements of the organisation and processes for imple-
menting related activities, including the corresponding control procedures and the measurement of the
achieved standard.
1
Regulation (EC) No216/2008of the European Parliament and of the Council of 20February 2008on common rules in the feld of
civil aviation and establishing a European Aviation Safety Agency, and repealing Council Directive 91/670/EEC, Regulation (EC)
No1592/2002and Directive 2004/36/EC. OJ L 79, 19.3.2008, p. 1.
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AMC1ARO.GEN.200(a)(1) Management system
DOCUMENTED POLICIES AND PROCEDURES
(a) The various elements of the organisation involved with the activities related to Regulation (EC)
No216/2008and its Implementing Rules should be documented in order to establish a reference source
for the establishment and maintenance of this organisation.
(b) The documented procedures should be established in a way that facilitates their use. They should be
clearly identifed, kept up-to-date and made readily available to all personnel involved in the related
activities.
(c) The documented procedures should cover, as a minimum, all of the following aspects:
(1) policy and objectives;
(2) organisational structure;
(3) responsibilities and associated authority;
(4) procedures and processes;
(5) internal and external interfaces;
(6) internal control procedures;
(7) training of personnel;
(8) cross-references to associated documents;
(9) assistance from other competent authorities or the Agency (where required).
(d) It is likely that the information is held in more than one document or series of documents, and suitable
cross-referencing should be provided. For example, organisational structure and job descriptions are not
usually in the same documentation as the detailed working procedures. In such cases it is recommended
that the documented procedures include an index of cross-references to all such other related informa-
tion, and the related documentation should be readily available when required.
AMC1ARO.GEN.200(a)(2) Management system
QUALIFICATION AND TRAINING GENERAL
(a) The competent authority should ensure appropriate and adequate training of its personnel to meet
the standard that is considered necessary to perform the work. To ensure personnel remain qualifed,
arrangements should be made for initial and recurrent training as required.
(b) The basic capability of the competent authoritys personnel is a matter of recruitment and normal man-
agement functions in selection of personnel for particular duties. Moreover, the competent authority
should provide training in the basic skills as required for those duties. However, to avoid diferences
in understanding and interpretation, all personnel should be provided with further training specifcally
related to Regulation (EC) No216/2008, its Implementing Rules and related AMCs, CSs and GM, as well as
related to the assessment of alternative means of compliance.
(c) The competent authority may provide training through its own training organisation with qualifed train-
ers or through another qualifed training source.
(d) When training is not provided through an internal training organisation, adequately experienced and
qualifed persons may act as trainers, provided their training skills have been assessed. If required, an
individual training plan should be established covering specifc training skills. Records should be kept of
such training and of the assessment, as appropriate.
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AMC2ARO.GEN.200(a)(2) Management system
QUALIFICATION AND TRAINING INSPECTORS
(a) Initial training programme:
The initial training programme for inspectors should include, as appropriate to their role, current knowl-
edge, experience and skills in at least all of the following:
(1) aviation legislation organisation and structure;
(2) the Chicago Convention, relevant ICAO annexes and documents;
(3) the applicable requirements and procedures;
(4) management systems, including auditing, risk assessment and reporting techniques;
(5) human factors principles;
(6) rights and obligations of inspecting personnel of the competent authority;
(7) on-the-job training;
(8) suitable technical training appropriate to the role and tasks of the inspector, in particular for those
areas requiring approvals.
(b) Recurrent training programme:
The recurrent training programme should refect, at least, changes in aviation legislation and industry.
The programme should also cover the specifc needs of the inspectors and the competent authority.
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GM1ARO.GEN.200(a)(2) Management System
SUFFICIENT PERSONNEL
(a) This GM on the determination of the required personnel is limited to the performance of certifcation and
oversight tasks, excluding personnel required to perform tasks subject to any national regulatory require-
ments.
(b) The elements to be considered when determining required personnel and planning their availability may
be divided into quantitative and qualitative elements:
(1) Quantitative elements:
(i) the estimated number of initial certifcates to be issued;
(ii) the number of organisations certifed by the competent authority;
(iii) the number of persons to whom the competent authority has issued a licence, certifcate,
rating, authorisation or attestation;
(iv) the estimated number of persons and organisations exercising their activity within the terri-
tory of the Member State and established or residing in another Member State.
(2) Qualitative elements:
(i) the size, nature and complexity of activities of certifed organisations (cf. AMC1 ORO.
GEN.200(b)), taking into account:
(A) privileges of the organisation;
(B) type of approval, scope of approval, multiple certifcation;
(C) possible certifcation to industry standards;
(D) types of aircraft / fight simulation training devices (FSTDs) operated;
(E) number of personnel; and
(F) organisational structure, existence of subsidiaries;
(ii) the safety priorities identifed;
(iii) the results of past oversight activities, including audits, inspections and reviews, in terms of
risks and regulatory compliance, taking into account:
(A) number and level of fndings;
(B) timeframe for implementation of corrective actions; and
(C) maturity of management systems implemented by organisations and their ability
to efectively manage safety risks, taking into account also information provided by
other competent authorities related to activities in the territory of the Member States
concerned; and
(iv) the size and complexity of the Member States aviation industry and the potential growth
of activities in the feld of civil aviation, which may be an indication of the number of new
applications and changes to existing certifcates to be expected.
(c) Based on existing data from previous oversight planning cycles and taking into account the situation
within the Member States aviation industry, the competent authority may estimate:
(1) the standard working time required for processing applications for new certifcates (for persons
and organisations);
(2) the number of new certifcates to be issued for each planning period; and
(3) the number of changes to existing certifcates to be processed for each planning period.
(d) In line with the competent authoritys oversight policy, the following planning data should be deter-
mined specifcally for each type of organisation certifed by the competent authority:
(1) standard number of audits to be performed per oversight planning cycle;
(2) standard duration of each audit;
(3) standard working time for audit preparation, on-site audit, reporting and follow-up, per inspector;
(4) standard number of ramp and unannounced inspections to be performed;
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(5) standard duration of inspections, including preparation, reporting and follow-up, per inspector;
(6) minimum number and required qualifcation of inspectors for each audit/inspection.
(e) Standard working time could be expressed either in working hours per inspector or in working days per
inspector. All planning calculations should then be based on the same unit (hours or working days).
(f) It is recommended to use a spreadsheet application to process data defned under (c) and (d), to assist in
determining the total number of working hours / days per oversight planning cycle required for certifca-
tion, oversight and enforcement activities. This application could also serve as a basis for implementing a
system for planning the availability of personnel.
(g) For each type of organisation certifed by the competent authority the number of working hours / days
per planning period for each qualifed inspector that may be allocated for certifcation, oversight and
enforcement activities should be determined, taking into account:
(1) purely administrative tasks not directly related to oversight and certifcation;
(2) training;
(3) participation in other projects;
(4) planned absence; and
(5) the need to include a reserve for unplanned tasks or unforeseeable events.
(h) The determination of working time available for certifcation, oversight and enforcement activities should
also consider:
(1) the possible use of qualifed entities; and
(2) possible cooperation with other competent authorities for approvals involving more than one
Member State.
(i) Based on the elements listed above, the competent authority should be able to:
(1) monitor dates when audits and inspections are due and when they have been carried out;
(2) implement a system to plan the availability of personnel; and
(3) identify possible gaps between the number and qualifcation of personnel and the required vol-
ume of certifcation and oversight.
Care should be taken to keep planning data up-to-date in line with changes in the underlying planning
assumptions, with particular focus on risk-based oversight principles.
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AMC1ARO.GEN.200(d) Management system
PROCEDURES AVAILABLE TO THE AGENCY
(a) Copies of the procedures related to the competent authoritys management system and their amend-
ments to be made available to the Agency for the purpose of standardisation should provide at least the
following information:
(1) Regarding continuing oversight functions undertaken by the competent authority, the compe-
tent authoritys organisational structure with description of the main processes. This information
should demonstrate the allocation of responsibilities within the competent authority, and that
the competent authority is capable of carrying out the full range of tasks regarding the size and
complexity of the Member States aviation industry. It should also consider overall profciency and
authorisation scope of competent authority personnel.
(2) For personnel involved in oversight activities, the minimum professional qualifcation require-
ments and experience and principles guiding appointment (e.g. assessment).
(3) How the following are carried out: assessing applications and evaluating compliance, issuance of
certifcates, performance of continuing oversight, follow-up of fndings, enforcement measures
and resolution of safety concerns.
(4) Principles of managing exemptions and derogations.
(5) Processes in place to disseminate applicable safety information for timely reaction to a safety prob-
lem.
(6) Criteria for planning continuing oversight (oversight programme), including adequate manage-
ment of interfaces when conducting continuing oversight (air operations, fight crew licensing,
continuing airworthiness management for example).
(7) Outline of the initial training of newly recruited oversight personnel (taking future activities into
account), and the basic framework for continuation training of oversight personnel.
(b) As part of the continuous monitoring of a competent authority, the Agency may request details of the
working methods used, in addition to the copy of the procedures of the competent authoritys manage-
ment system (and amendments). These additional details are the procedures and related guidance mate-
rial describing working methods for competent authority personnel conducting oversight.
(c) Information related to the competent authoritys management system may be submitted in electronic
format.
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ARO.GEN.205 Allocation of tasks to qualifed entities
(a) Tasks related to the initial certifcation or continuing oversight of persons or organisations subject to
Regulation (EC) No 216/2008 and its Implementing Rules shall be allocated by Member States only to
qualifed entities. When allocating tasks, the competent authority shall ensure that it has:
(1) put a system in place to initially and continuously assess that the qualifed entity complies with
Annex V to Regulation (EC) No216/2008.
This system and the results of the assessments shall be documented.
(2) established a documented agreement with the qualifed entity, approved by both parties at the
appropriate management level, which clearly defnes:
(i) the tasks to be performed;
(ii) the declarations, reports and records to be provided;
(iii) the technical conditions to be met in performing such tasks;
(iv) the related liability coverage; and
(v) the protection given to information acquired in carrying out such tasks.
(b) The competent authority shall ensure that the internal audit process and safety risk management process
required by ARO.GEN.200 (a) (4) covers all certifcation or continuing oversight tasks performed on its
behalf.
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GM1ARO.GEN.205 Allocation of tasks to qualifed entities
CERTIFICATION TASKS
The tasks that may be performed by a qualifed entity on behalf of the competent authority include those related
to the initial certifcation and continuing oversight of persons and organisations as defned in this Regulation,
with the exclusion of the issuance of certifcates, licences, ratings or approvals.
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ARO.GEN.210 Changes in the management system
(a) The competent authority shall have a system in place to identify changes that afect its capability to per-
form its tasks and discharge its responsibilities as defned in Regulation (EC) No216/2008and its Imple-
menting Rules. This system shall enable it to take action as appropriate to ensure that its management
system remains adequate and efective.
(b) The competent authority shall update its management system to refect any change to Regulation (EC)
No216/2008and its Implementing Rules in a timely manner, so as to ensure efective implementation.
(c) The competent authority shall notify the Agency of changes afecting its capability to perform its tasks
and discharge its responsibilities as defned in Regulation (EC) No216/2008and its Implementing Rules.
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ARO.GEN.220 Record-keeping
(a) The competent authority shall establish a system of record-keeping providing for adequate storage,
accessibility and reliable traceability of:
(1) the management systems documented policies and procedures;
(2) training, qualifcation and authorisation of its personnel;
(3) the allocation of tasks, covering the elements required by ARO.GEN.205 as well as the details of
tasks allocated;
(4) certifcation processes and continuing oversight of certifed organisations;
(5) details of training courses provided by certifed organisations, and if applicable, records relating to
FSTDs used for such training;
(6) oversight of persons and organisations exercising activities within the territory of the Mem-
ber State, but overseen or certifed by the competent authority of another Member State or the
Agency, as agreed between these authorities;
(7) the evaluation and notifcation to the Agency of alternative means of compliance proposed by
organisations subject to certifcation and the assessment of alternative means of compliance used
by the competent authority itself;
(8) fndings, corrective actions and date of action closure;
(9) enforcement measures taken;
(10) safety information and follow-up measures; and
(11) the use of fexibility provisions in accordance with Article 14of Regulation (EC) No216/2008.
(b) The competent authority shall maintain a list of all organisation certifcates it issued.
(c) All records shall be kept for the minimum period specifed in this Regulation. In the absence of such indi-
cation, records shall be kept for a minimum period of 5years subject to applicable data protection law.
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AMC1ARO.GEN.220(a) Record-keeping
GENERAL
(a) The record-keeping system should ensure that all records are accessible whenever needed within a rea-
sonable time. These records should be organised in a way that ensures traceability and retrievability
throughout the required retention period.
(b) Records should be kept in paper form or in electronic format or a combination of both media. Records
stored on microflm or optical disc form are also acceptable. The records should remain legible and acces-
sible throughout the required retention period. The retention period starts when the record has been
created.
(c) Paper systems should use robust material, which can withstand normal handling and fling. Computer
systems should have at least one backup system, which should be updated within 24hours of any new
entry. Computer systems should include safeguards against unauthorised alteration of data.
(d) All computer hardware used to ensure data backup should be stored in a diferent location from that
containing the working data and in an environment that ensures they remain in good condition. When
hardware- or software-changes take place, special care should be taken that all necessary data continue
to be accessible at least through the full period specifed in the relevant Subpart or by default in ARO.
GEN.220(c).
AMC1ARO.GEN.220(a)(1);(2);(3) Record-keeping
COMPETENT AUTHORITY MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Records related to the competent authoritys management system should include, as a minimum and as appli-
cable:
(a) the documented policies and procedures;
(b) the personnel fles of competent authority personnel, with supporting documents related to training and
qualifcations;
(c) the results of the competent authoritys internal audit and safety risk management processes, including
audit fndings and corrective actions; and
(d) the contract(s) established with qualifed entities performing certifcation or oversight tasks on behalf of
the competent authority.
AMC1ARO.GEN.220(a)(4) Record-keeping
ORGANISATIONS
Records related to an organisation certifed by the competent authority should include, as appropriate to the
type of organisation:
(a) the application for an organisation approval;
(b) the documentation based on which the approval has been granted and any amendments to that docu-
mentation;
(c) the organisation approval certifcate including any changes;
(d) a copy of the continuing oversight programme listing the dates when audits are due and when such
audits were carried out;
(e) continuing oversight records including all audit and inspection records;
(f) copies of all relevant correspondence;
(g) details of any exemption and enforcement actions;
(h) any report from other competent authorities relating to the oversight of the organisation; and
(i) a copy of any other document approved by the competent authority.
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GM1ARO.GEN.220(a)(4) Record-keeping
ORGANISATIONS DOCUMENTATION
Documentation to be kept as records in support of the approval include the management system documen-
tation, including any technical manuals, such as the operations manual, and training manual, that have been
submitted with the initial application, and any amendments to these documents.
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AMC1ARO.GEN.220(a)(6) Record-keeping
ACTIVITIES PERFORMED IN THE TERRITORY OF A MEMBER STATE BY PERSONS OR ORGANISATIONS
ESTABLISHED OR RESIDING IN ANOTHER MEMBER STATE
(a) Records related to the oversight of activities performed in the territory of a Member State by persons or
organisations established or residing in another Member State should include, as a minimum:
(1) oversight records including all audit and inspection records and related correspondence;
(2) copies of all relevant correspondence to exchange information with other competent authorities
relating to the oversight of such persons/organisations;
(3) details of any enforcement measures and penalties and
(4) any report from other competent authorities relating to the oversight of these persons/organisa-
tions, including any notifcation of evidence showing non-compliance with the applicable require-
ments.
(b) Records should be kept by the competent authority having performed the audit or inspection and should
be made available to other competent authorities at least in the following cases:
(1) serious incidents or accidents;
(2) fndings through the oversight programme where organisations certifed by another competent
authority are involved, to determine the root cause;
(3) an organisation being certifed or having approvals in several Member States.
(c) When records are requested by another competent authority, the reason for the request should be clearly
stated.
(d) The records can be made available by sending a copy or by allowing access to them for consultation.
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GM1ARO.GEN.220 Record-keeping
GENERAL
Records are required to document results achieved or to provide evidence of activities performed. Records
become factual when recorded. Therefore, they are not subject to version control. Even when a new record is
produced covering the same issue, the previous record remains valid.
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Section III Oversight, Certifcation
AndEnforcement
ARO.GEN.300 Oversight
(a) The competent authority shall verify:
(1) compliance with the requirements applicable to organisations prior to the issue of an organisation
certifcate or approval, as applicable;
(2) continued compliance with the applicable requirements of organisations it has certifed;
(3) implementation of appropriate safety measures mandated by the competent authority as defned
in ARO.GEN.135(c) and (d).
(b) This verifcation shall:
(1) be supported by documentation specifcally intended to provide personnel responsible for safety
oversight with guidance to perform their functions;
(2) provide the persons and organisations concerned with the results of safety oversight activity;
(3) be based on audits and inspections, including ramp and unannounced inspections; and
(4) provide the competent authority with the evidence needed in case further action is required,
including the measures foreseen by ARO.GEN.350and ARO.GEN.355.
(c) The scope of oversight defned in (a) and (b) shall take into account the results of past oversight activities
and the safety priorities.
(d) Without prejudice to the competences of the Member States and to their obligations as set out in ARO.
RAMP, the scope of the oversight of activities performed in the territory of a Member State by persons or
organisations established or residing in another Member State shall be determined on the basis of the
safety priorities, as well as of past oversight activities.
(e) Where the activity of a person or organisation involves more than one Member State or the Agency,
the competent authority responsible for the oversight under (a) may agree to have oversight tasks per-
formed by the competent authority(ies) of the Member State(s) where the activity takes place or by the
Agency. Any person or organisation subject to such agreement shall be informed of its existence and of
its scope.
(f) The competent authority shall collect and process any information deemed useful for oversight, includ-
ing for ramp and unannounced inspections.
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AMC1ARO.GEN.300(a);(b);(c) Oversight
GENERAL
(a) The competent authority should assess the organisation and monitor its continued competence to con-
duct safe operations in compliance with the applicable requirements. The competent authority should
ensure that accountability for assessing organisations is clearly defned. This accountability may be dele-
gated or shared, in whole or in part. Where more than one competent authority is involved, a responsible
person should be appointed under whose personal authority organisations are assessed.
(b) It is essential that the competent authority has the full capability to adequately assess the continued
competence of an organisation by ensuring that the whole range of activities is assessed by appropriately
qualifed personnel.
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GM1ARO.GEN.300(a); (b);(c) Oversight
GENERAL
(a) Responsibility for the conduct of safe operations lies with the organisation. Under these provisions a posi-
tive move is made towards devolving upon the organisation a share of the responsibility for monitoring
the safety of operations. The objective cannot be attained unless organisations are prepared to accept
the implications of this policy including that of committing the necessary resources to its implementa-
tion. Crucial to the success of the policy is the content of Part-ORO, which requires the establishment of a
management system by the organisation.
(b) The competent authority should continue to assess the organisations compliance with the applicable
requirements, including the efectiveness of the management system. If the management system is
judged to have failed in its efectiveness, then this in itself is a breach of the requirements which may,
among others, call into question the validity of a certifcate, if applicable.
(c) The accountable manager is accountable to the competent authority as well as to those who may appoint
him/her. It follows that the competent authority cannot accept a situation in which the accountable man-
ager is denied suf cient funds, manpower or infuence to rectify defciencies identifed by the manage-
ment system.
GM1ARO.GEN.300(d) Oversight
ACTIVITIES WITHIN THE TERRITORY OF THE MEMBER STATE
(a) Activities performed in the territory of the Member State by persons or organisations established or resid-
ing in another Member State include:
(1) activities of organisations certifed by the competent authority of any other Member State or the
Agency; and
(2) activities of persons holding a licence, certifcate, rating, or attestation issued by the competent
authority of any other Member State.
(b) Audits and inspections of such activities, including ramp and unannounced inspections, should be priori-
tised towards those areas of greater safety concern, as identifed through the analysis of data on safety
hazards and their consequences in operations.
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ARO.GEN.305 Oversight programme
(a) The competent authority shall establish and maintain an oversight programme covering the oversight
activities required by ARO.GEN.300and by ARO.RAMP.
(b) For organisations certifed by the competent authority, the oversight programme shall be developed tak-
ing into account the specifc nature of the organisation, the complexity of its activities, the results of past
certifcation and/or oversight activities required by ARO.GEN and ARO.RAMP and shall be based on the
assessment of associated risks. It shall include within each oversight planning cycle:
(1) audits and inspections, including ramp and unannounced inspections as appropriate; and
(2) meetings convened between the accountable manager and the competent authority to ensure
both remain informed of signifcant issues.
(c) For organisations certifed by the competent authority an oversight planning cycle not exceeding
24months shall be applied.
The oversight planning cycle may be reduced if there is evidence that the safety performance of the
organisation has decreased.
The oversight planning cycle may be extended to a maximum of 36months if the competent authority
has established that, during the previous 24months:
(1) the organisation has demonstrated an efective identifcation of aviation safety hazards and man-
agement of associated risks;
(2) the organisation has continuously demonstrated under ORO.GEN.130that it has full control over
all changes;
(3) no level 1fndings have been issued; and
(4) all corrective actions have been implemented within the time period accepted or extended by the
competent authority as defned in ARO.GEN.350(d)(2).
The oversight planning cycle may be further extended to a maximum of 48months if, in addition to the
above, the organisation has established, and the competent authority has approved, an efective contin-
uous reporting system to the competent authority on the safety performance and regulatory compliance
of the organisation itself.
(d) For persons holding a licence, certifcate, rating, or attestation issued by the competent authority the
oversight programme shall include inspections, including unannounced inspections, as appropriate.
(e) The oversight programme shall include records of the dates when audits, inspections and meetings are
due and when such audits, inspections and meetings have been carried out.
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AMC1ARO.GEN.305(b) Oversight programme
SPECIFIC NATURE AND COMPLEXITY OF THE ORGANISATION, RESULTS OF PAST OVERSIGHT
(a) When determining the oversight programme for an organisation the competent authority should con-
sider in particular the following elements, as applicable:
(1) the implementation by the organisation of industry standards, directly relevant to the organisa-
tions activity subject to this Regulation;
(2) the procedure applied for and scope of changes not requiring prior approval;
(3) specifc approvals held by the organisation;
(4) specifc procedures implemented by the organisation related to any alternative means of compli-
ance used.
(b) For the purpose of assessing the complexity of an organisations management system, AMC1 ORO.
GEN.200(b) should be used.
(c) Regarding results of past oversight, the competent authority should also take into account relevant
results of ramp inspections of organisations it has certifed that were performed in other Member States
in accordance with ARO.RAMP.
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AMC2ARO.GEN.305(b) Oversight programme
PROCEDURES FOR OVERSIGHT OF OPERATIONS
(a) Each organisation to which a certifcate has been issued should have an inspector specifcally assigned
to it. Several inspectors should be required for the larger companies with widespread or varied types of
operation. This does not prevent a single inspector being assigned to several companies. Where more
than one inspector is assigned to an organisation, one of them should be nominated as having overall
responsibility for supervision of, and liaison with, the organisations management, and be responsible for
reporting on compliance with the requirements for its operations as a whole.
(b) Audits and inspections, on a scale and frequency appropriate to the operation, should cover at least:
(1) infrastructure,
(2) manuals,
(3) training,
(4) crew records,
(5) equipment,
(6) release of fight/dispatch,
(7) dangerous goods,
(8) organisations management system.
(c) The following types of inspections should be envisaged, as part of the oversight programme:
(1) fight inspection,
(2) ground inspection (documents and records),
(3) ramp inspection.
The inspection should be a deep cut through the items selected and all fndings should be
recorded. Inspectors should review the root cause(s) identifed by the organisation for each con-
frmed fnding.
Inspectors should be satisfed that the root cause(s) identifed and the corrective actions taken are
adequate to correct the non-compliance and to prevent re-occurrence.
(d) Audits and inspections may be conducted separately or in combination. Audits and inspections may, at
the discretion of the competent authority, be conducted with or without prior notice to the organisation.
(e) Where it is apparent to an inspector that an organisation has permitted a breach of the applicable require-
ments, with the result that air safety has, or might have, been compromised, the inspector should ensure
that the responsible person within the competent authority is informed without delay.
(f) In the frst few months of a new operation, inspectors should be particularly alert to any irregular pro-
cedures, evidence of inadequate facilities or equipment, or indications that management control of the
operation may be inefective. They should also carefully examine any conditions that may indicate a
signifcant deterioration in the organisations fnancial management. When any fnancial dif culties are
identifed, inspectors should increase technical surveillance of the operation with particular emphasis on
the upholding of safety standards.
(g) The number or the magnitude of the non-compliances identifed by the competent authority will serve to
support the competent authoritys continuing confdence in the organisations competence or, alterna-
tively, may lead to an erosion of that confdence. In the latter case the competent authority should review
any identifable shortcomings of the management system.
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GM1ARO.GEN.305(b) Oversight Programme
FINANCIAL MANAGEMENT
Examples of trends that may indicate problems in a new organisations fnancial management are:
(a) signifcant lay-ofs or turnover of personnel;
(b) delays in meeting payroll;
(c) reduction of safe operating standards;
(d) decreasing standards of training;
(e) withdrawal of credit by suppliers;
(f) inadequate maintenance of aircraft;
(g) shortage of supplies and spare parts;
(h) curtailment or reduced frequency of revenue fights; and
(i) sale or repossession of aircraft or other major equipment items.
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AMC1ARO.GEN.305(b)(1) Oversight programme
AUDIT
(a) The oversight programme should indicate which aspects of the approval will be covered with each audit.
(b) Part of an audit should concentrate on the organisations compliance monitoring reports produced by
the compliance monitoring personnel to determine if the organisation is identifying and correcting its
problems.
(c) At the conclusion of the audit, an audit report should be completed by the auditing inspector, including
all fndings raised.
AMC2ARO.GEN.305(b)(1) Oversight programme
RAMP INSPECTIONS
(a) When conducting a ramp inspection of aircraft used by organisations under its regulatory oversight the
competent authority should, in as far as possible, comply with the requirements defned in ARO.RAMP.
(b) When conducting ramp inspections on other-than-suspected aircraft, the competent authority should
take into account the following elements:
(1) repeated inspections should be avoided of those organisations for which previous inspections
have not revealed safety defciencies;
(2) the oversight programme should enable the widest possible sampling rate of aircraft fying into
their territory; and
(3) there should be no discrimination on the basis of the organisations nationality, the type of opera-
tion or type of aircraft, unless such criteria can be linked to an increased risk.
(c) For aircraft other than those used by organisations under its regulatory oversight, when conducting a
risk assessment the competent authority should consider aircraft that have not been ramp inspected for
more than 6months.
AMC1ARO.GEN.305(b);(c) Oversight programme
INDUSTRY STANDARDS
(a) For organisations having demonstrated compliance with industry standards, the competent authority
may adapt its oversight programme, in order to avoid duplication of specifc audit items.
(b) Demonstrated compliance with industry standards should not be considered in isolation from the other
elements to be considered for the competent authoritys risk-based oversight.
(c) In order to be able to credit any audits performed as part of certifcation in accordance with industry
standards, the following should be considered:
(1) the demonstration of compliance is based on certifcation auditing schemes providing for inde-
pendent and systematic verifcation;
(2) the existence of an accreditation scheme and accreditation body for certifcation in accordance
with the industry standards has been verifed;
(3) certifcation audits are relevant to the requirements defned in Annex III (Part-ORO) and other
Annexes to this Regulation as applicable;
(4) the scope of such certifcation audits can easily be mapped against the scope of oversight in
accordance with Annex III (Part-ORO);
(5) audit results are accessible to the competent authority and open to exchange of information in
accordance with Article 15(1) of Regulation (EC) No 216/2008; and
(6) the audit planning intervals of certifcation audits i.a.w. industry standards are compatible with the
oversight planning cycle.
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AMC1ARO.GEN.305(c) Oversight programme
OVERSIGHT PLANNING CYCLE
(a) When determining the oversight planning cycle and defning the oversight programme, the competent
authority should assess the risks related to the activity of each organisation and adapt the oversight to the
level of risk identifed and to the organisations ability to efectively manage safety risks.
(b) The competent authority should establish a schedule of audits and inspections appropriate to each organi-
sations business. The planning of audits and inspections should take into account the results of the hazard
identifcation and risk assessment conducted and maintained by the organisation as part of the organisa-
tions management system. Inspectors should work in accordance with the schedule provided to them.
(c) When the competent authority, having regard to an organisations safety performance, varies the frequency
of an audit or inspection it should ensure that all aspects of the operation are audited and inspected within
the applicable oversight planning cycle.
(d) The section(s) of the oversight programme dealing with ramp inspections should be developed based on
geographical locations, taking into account aerodrome activity, and focusing on key issues that can be
inspected in the time available without unnecessarily delaying the operations.
AMC2ARO.GEN.305(c) Oversight programme
OVERSIGHT PLANNING CYCLE
(a) For each organisation certifed by the competent authority all processes should be completely audited at
periods not exceeding the applicable oversight planning cycle. The beginning of the frst oversight plan-
ning cycle is normally determined by the date of issue of the frst certifcate. If the competent authority
wishes to align the oversight planning cycle with the calendar year, it should shorten the frst oversight
planning cycle accordingly.
(b) The interval between two audits for a particular process should not exceed the interval of the applicable
oversight planning cycle.
(c) Audits should include at least one on-site audit within each oversight planning cycle. For organisations
exercising their regular activity at more than one site, the determination of the sites to be audited should
consider the results of past oversight, the volume of activity at each site, as well as main risk areas identifed.
(d) For organisations holding more than one certifcate, the competent authority may defne an integrated
oversight schedule to include all applicable audit items. In order to avoid duplication of audits, credit may
be granted for specifc audit items already completed during the current oversight planning cycle, subject
to four conditions:
(1) the specifc audit item should be the same for all certifcates under consideration;
(2) there should be satisfactory evidence on record that such specifc audit items were carried out and
that all corrective actions have been implemented to the satisfaction of the competent authority;
(3) the competent authority should be satisfed that there is no reason to believe standards have dete-
riorated in respect of those specifc audit items being granted a credit;
(4) the interval between two audits for the specifc item being granted a credit should not exceed the
applicable oversight planning cycle.
AMC1ARO.GEN.305(d) Oversight programme
PERSONS HOLDING A LICENCE, CERTIFICATE, RATING OR ATTESTATION
The oversight of persons holding a licence, certifcate, rating or attestation should normally be ensured as part of
the oversight of organisations. Additionally, the competent authority should verify compliance with applicable
requirements when endorsing or renewing ratings.
To properly discharge its oversight responsibilities, the competent authority should perform a certain number of
unannounced verifcations.
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ARO.GEN.310 Initial certifcation procedure organisations
(a) Upon receiving an application for the initial issue of a certifcate for an organisation, the competent
authority shall verify the organisations compliance with the applicable requirements. This verifcation
may take into account the statement referred to in ORO.AOC.100(b).
(b) When satisfed that the organisation is in compliance with the applicable requirements, the competent
authority shall issue the certifcate(s), as established in Appendices I to II. The certifcate(s) shall be issued
for an unlimited duration. The privileges and scope of the activities that the organisation is approved to
conduct shall be specifed in the terms of approval attached to the certifcate(s).
(c) To enable an organisation to implement changes without prior competent authority approval in accord-
ance with ORO.GEN.130, the competent authority shall approve the procedure submitted by the organi-
sation defning the scope of such changes and describing how such changes will be managed and noti-
fed.
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AMC1ARO.GEN.310(a) Initial certifcation procedure organisations
VERIFICATION OF COMPLIANCE
(a) Upon receipt of an application for an air operator certifcate (AOC), the competent authority should:
(1) assess the management system and processes, including the operators organisation and operational control
system;
(2) review the operations manual and any other documentation provided by the organisation; and
(3) for the purpose of verifying the organisations compliance with the applicable requirements, conduct an audit
at the organisations facilities. The competent authority may require the conduct of one or more demonstra-
tion fights operated as if they were commercial fights.
(b) The competent authority should ensure that the following steps are taken:
(1) The organisations written application for an AOC should be submitted at least 90 days before the date of
intended operation, except that the operations manual may be submitted later, but not less than 60 days
before the date of intended operation. The application form should be printed in language(s) of the competent
authoritys choosing.
(2) An individual should be nominated by the responsible person of the competent authority to oversee, to
become the focal point for all aspects of the organisation certifcation process and to coordinate all necessary
activity. The nominated person should be responsible to the responsible person of the competent authority for
confrming that all appropriate audits and inspections have been carried out. He/she should also ensure that
the necessary specifc or prior approvals required by (b)(3) are issued in due course. Of particular importance
on initial application is a careful review of the qualifcations of the organisations nominated persons. Account
shall be taken of the relevance of the nominees previous experience and known record.
(3) Submissions that require the competent authoritys specifc or prior approval should be referred to the appro-
priate department of the competent authority. Submissions should include, where relevant, the associated
qualifcation requirements and training programmes.
(c) The ability of the applicant to secure, in compliance with the applicable requirements and the safe operation of air-
craft, all necessary training and, where required, licensing of personnel, should be assessed. This assessment should
also include the areas of responsibility and the numbers of those allocated by the applicant to key management tasks.
(d) In order to verify the organisations compliance with the applicable requirements, the competent authority should
conduct an audit of the organisation, including interviews of personnel and inspections carried out at the organisa-
tions facilities.
The competent authority should only conduct such audit after being satisfed that the application shows compliance
with the applicable requirements.
(e) The audit should focus on the following areas:
(1) detailed management structure, including names and qualifcations of personnel required by ORO.GEN.210and
adequacy of the organisation and management structure;
(2) personnel:
(i) adequacy of number and qualifcations with regard to the intended terms of approval and associated
privileges;
(ii) validity of licences, ratings, certifcates or attestations as applicable;
(3) processes for safety risk management and compliance monitoring;
(4) facilities adequacy with regard to the organisations scope of work;
(5) documentation based on which the certifcate should be granted (organisation documentation as required by
Part-ORO, including technical manuals, such as operations manual or training manual).
(f) In case of non-compliance, the applicant should be informed in writing of the corrections that are required.
(g) When the verifcation process is complete, the person with overall responsibility, nominated in accordance with (b)(2),
should present the application to the person responsible for the issue of an AOC together with a written recommenda-
tion and evidence of the result of all investigations or assessments which are required before the operator certifcate
is issued. Approvals required shall be attached to the recommendation. The competent authority should inform the
applicant of its decision concerning the application within 60days of receipt of all supporting documentation. In cases
where an application for an organisation certifcate is refused, the applicant should be informed of the right of appeal
as exists under national law.
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ARO.GEN.330 Changes organisations
(a) Upon receiving an application for a change that requires prior approval, the competent authority shall
verify the organisations compliance with the applicable requirements before issuing the approval.
The competent authority shall prescribe the conditions under which the organisation may operate dur-
ing the change, unless the competent authority determines that the organisations certifcate needs to be
suspended.
When satisfed that the organisation is in compliance with the applicable requirements, the competent
authority shall approve the change.
(b) Without prejudice to any additional enforcement measures, when the organisation implements changes
requiring prior approval without having received competent authority approval as defned in (a), the
competent authority shall suspend, limit or revoke the organisations certifcate.
(c) For changes not requiring prior approval, the competent authority shall assess the information provided
in the notifcation sent by the organisation in accordance with ORO.GEN.130to verify compliance with
the applicable requirements. In case of any non-compliance, the competent authority shall:
(1) notify the organisation about the non-compliance and request further changes;
(2) in case of level 1or level 2fndings, act in accordance with ARO.GEN.350.
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AMC1ARO.GEN.330 Changes organisations
GENERAL
(a) Changes in nominated persons:
The competent authority should be informed of any changes to personnel specifed in Part-ORO that
may afect the certifcate or terms of approval/approval schedule attached to it. When an organisation
submits the name of a new nominee for any of the persons nominated as per ORO.GEN.210(b), the com-
petent authority should require the organisation to produce a written rsum of the proposed persons
qualifcations. The competent authority should reserve the right to interview the nominee or call for addi-
tional evidence of his/her suitability before deciding upon his/her acceptability.
(b) A simple management system documentation status sheet should be maintained, which contains infor-
mation on when an amendment was received by the competent authority and when it was approved.
(c) The organisation should provide each management system documentation amendment to the com-
petent authority, including for the amendments that do not require prior approval by the competent
authority. Where the amendment requires competent authority approval, the competent authority,
when satisfed, should indicate its approval in writing. Where the amendment does not require prior
approval, the competent authority should acknowledge receipt in writing within 10working days.
(d) For changes requiring prior approval, in order to verify the organisations compliance with the applicable
requirements, the competent authority should conduct an audit of the organisation, limited to the extent
of the changes. If required for verifcation, the audit should include interviews and inspections carried out
at the organisations facilities.
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GM1ARO.GEN.330 Changes organisations
CHANGE OF NAME OF THE ORGANISATION
(a) On receipt of the application and the relevant parts of the organisations documentation as required by
Part-ORO, the competent authority should re-issue the certifcate.
(b) A name change alone does not require the competent authority to audit the organisation, unless there is
evidence that other aspects of the organisation have changed.
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ARO.GEN.350 Findings and corrective actions organisations
(a) The competent authority for oversight in accordance with ARO.GEN.300(a) shall have a system to analyse
fndings for their safety signifcance.
(b) A level 1 fnding shall be issued by the competent authority when any signifcant non-compliance is
detected with the applicable requirements of Regulation (EC) No 216/2008and its Implementing Rules,
with the organisations procedures and manuals or with the terms of an approval or certifcate which low-
ers safety or seriously hazards fight safety.
The level 1fndings shall include:
(1) failure to give the competent authority access to the organisations facilities as defned in ORO.
GEN.140during normal operating hours and after two written requests;
(2) obtaining or maintaining the validity of the organisation certifcate by falsifcation of submitted
documentary evidence;
(3) evidence of malpractice or fraudulent use of the organisation certifcate; and
(4) the lack of an accountable manager.
(c) A level 2fnding shall be issued by the competent authority when any non-compliance is detected with
the applicable requirements of Regulation (EC) No 216/2008and its Implementing Rules, with the organi-
sations procedures and manuals or with the terms of an approval or certifcate which could lower safety
or hazard fight safety.
(d) When a fnding is detected during oversight or by any other means, the competent authority shall, with-
out prejudice to any additional action required by Regulation (EC) No 216/2008 and its Implementing
Rules, communicate the fnding to the organisation in writing and request corrective action to address
the non-compliance(s) identifed. Where relevant, the competent authority shall inform the State in
which the aircraft is registered.
(1) In the case of level 1fndings the competent authority shall take immediate and appropriate action
to prohibit or limit activities, and if appropriate, it shall take action to revoke the certifcate or spe-
cifc approval or to limit or suspend it in whole or in part, depending upon the extent of the level
1fnding, until successful corrective action has been taken by the organisation.
(2) In the case of level 2fndings, the competent authority shall:
(i) grant the organisation a corrective action implementation period appropriate to the nature
of the fnding that in any case initially shall not be more than 3months. At the end of this
period, and subject to the nature of the fnding, the competent authority may extend the
3 month period subject to a satisfactory corrective action plan agreed by the competent
authority; and
(ii) assess the corrective action and implementation plan proposed by the organisation and, if
the assessment concludes that they are suf cient to address the non-compliance(s), accept
these.
(3) Where an organisation fails to submit an acceptable corrective action plan, or to perform the cor-
rective action within the time period accepted or extended by the competent authority, the fnd-
ing shall be raised to a level 1fnding and action taken as laid down in (d)(1).
(4) The competent authority shall record all fndings it has raised or that have been communicated to
it and, where applicable, the enforcement measures it has applied, as well as all corrective actions
and date of action closure for fndings.
(e) Without prejudice to any additional enforcement measures, when the authority of a Member State act-
ing under the provisions of ARO.GEN.300(d) identifes any non-compliance with the applicable require-
ments of Regulation (EC) No 216/2008 and its Implementing Rules by an organisation certifed by the
competent authority of another Member State or the Agency, it shall inform that competent authority
and provide an indication of the level of fnding.
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GM1ARO.GEN.350 Findings and corrective actions organisations
TRAINING
For a level 1 fnding it may be necessary for the competent authority to ensure that further training by the
organisation is carried out and audited by the competent authority before the activity is resumed, dependent
upon the nature of the fnding.
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ARO.GEN.355 Findings and enforcement measures persons
(a) If, during oversight or by any other means, evidence is found by the competent authority responsible for
oversight in accordance with ARO.GEN.300(a) that shows a non-compliance with the applicable require-
ments by a person holding a licence, certifcate, rating or attestation issued in accordance with Regula-
tion (EC) No 216/2008and its Implementing Rules, the competent authority shall act in accordance with
ARA.GEN.355(a) to (d) of Annex VI (Part-ARA) to Commission Regulation (EU) No xxx/XXXX.
(b) If, during oversight or by any other means, evidence is found showing a non-compliance with the applica-
ble requirements by a person subject to the requirements laid down in Regulation (EC) No 216/2008and
its Implementing Rules and not holding a licence, certifcate, rating or attestation issued in accordance
with that Regulation and its Implementing Rules, the competent authority that identifed the non-com-
pliance shall take any enforcement measures necessary to prevent the continuation of that non-compli-
ance.
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GM1ARO.GEN.355(b) Findings and enforcement measures persons
GENERAL
This provision is necessary to ensure that enforcement measures will be taken also in cases where the com-
petent authority may not act on the licence, certifcate or attestation. The type of enforcement measure will
depend on the applicable national law and may include for example the payment of a fne or the prohibition
from exercising.
It covers two cases:
(a) persons subject to the requirements laid down in Regulation (EC) No 216/2008 and its Implementing
Rules who are not required to hold a licence, certifcate or attestation; and
(b) persons who are required to hold a licence, rating, certifcate or attestation, but who do not hold the
appropriate licence, rating, certifcate or attestation as required for the activity they perform.
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SUBPART OPS AIR OPERATIONS
Section I Certifcation of commercial air
transport operators
ARO.OPS.100 Issue of the air operator certifcate
(a) The competent authority shall issue the air operator certifcate (AOC) when satisfed that the operator has
demonstrated compliance with the elements required in ORO.AOC.100.
(b) The certifcate shall include the associated operations specifcations.
ARO.OPS.105 Code-share arrangements
In considering the safety of a code-share agreement involving a third-country operator, the competent author-
ity shall:
(1) satisfy itself, following the verifcation by the operator as set out in ORO.AOC.115, that the third-country
operator complies with the applicable ICAO standards;
(2) liaise with the competent authority of the State of the third-country operator as necessary.
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AMC1ARO.OPS.105 Code-share arrangements
SAFETY OF A CODE-SHARE AGREEMENT
(a) When evaluating the safety of a code-share agreement, the competent authority should check that the:
(1) documented information provided by the applicant in accordance with ORO.AOC.115is complete
and shows compliance with the applicable ICAO standards; and
(2) operator has established a code-share audit programme for monitoring continuous compliance of
the third country operator with the applicable ICAO standards.
(b) The competent authority should request the applicant to make a declaration covering the above items.
(c) In case of non-compliance the applicant should be informed in writing of the corrections which are
required.
AMC2ARO.OPS.105 Code-share arrangements
AUDITS PERFORMED BY A THIRD PARTY PROVIDER
When audits are performed by a third party provider, the competent authority should verify if the third party
provider meets the criteria established in AMC2ORO.AOC.115(b).
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ARO.OPS.110 Lease agreements
(a) The competent authority shall approve a lease agreement when satisfed that the operator certifed in
accordance with Annex III (Part-ORO) complies with:
(1) ORO.AOC.110(d), for dry leased-in third country aircraft;
(2) ORO.AOC.110(c), for wet lease-in of an aircraft from a third country operator;
(3) ORO.AOC.110(e), for dry lease-out of an aircraft to any operator;
(4) relevant requirements of continuing airworthiness and air operations, for dry lease-in of an aircraft
registered in the EU and wet lease-in of an aircraft from an EU operator.
(b) The approval of a wet lease-in agreement shall be suspended or revoked whenever:
(1) the AOC of the lessor or lessee is suspended or revoked;
(2) the lessor is subject to an operating ban pursuant to Regulation (EC) No 2111/2005 of the Euro-
pean Parliament and of the Council.
(c) The approval of a dry lease-in agreement shall be suspended or revoked whenever the certifcate of air-
worthiness of the aircraft is suspended or revoked.
(d) When asked for the prior approval of a dry-lease out agreement in accordance with ORO.AOC.110(e), the
competent authority shall ensure:
(1) proper coordination with the competent authority responsible for the continuing oversight of the
aircraft, in accordance with Commission Regulation (EC) No 2042/2003, or for the operation of the
aircraft, if it is not the same authority;
(2) that the aircraft is timely removed from the operators AOC.
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AMC1ARO.OPS.110 Lease agreements
WET LEASE-IN
(a) Before approving a wet lease-in agreement the competent authority of the lessee should assess available
reports on ramp inspections performed on aircraft of the lessor.
(b) The competent authority should only approve a wet lease-in agreement if the routes intended to be
fown are contained within the authorised areas of operations specifed in the AOC of the lessor.
AMC2ARO.OPS.110 Lease agreements
SHORT TERM WET LEASE-IN
The competent authority of the lessee may approve third country operators individually or a framework con-
tract with more than one third country operator in anticipation of operational needs or to overcome operational
dif culties taking into account the conditions defned in Article 13(3) of Regulation (EC) No 1008/2008.
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GM1ARO.OPS.110 Lease agreements
APPROVAL
(a) Except for wet lease-out, approval for an EU operator to lease an aircraft of another operator should be
issued by the competent authority of the lessee and the competent authority of the lessor.
(b) When an EU operator leases an aircraft of an undertaking or person other than an operator the compe-
tent authority of the lessee should issue the approval.
GM2ARO.OPS.110 Lease agreements
DRY LEASE-OUT
The purpose of the requirement for the competent authority to ensure proper coordination with the authority
that is responsible for the oversight of the continuing airworthiness of the aircraft in accordance with Commis-
sion Regulation (EC) No 2042/2003
2
is to ensure that appropriate arrangements are in place to allow:
(a) the transfer of regulatory oversight over the aircraft, if relevant; or
(b) continued compliance of the aircraft with the requirements of Commission Regulation (EC) No 2042/2003.
2
OJ L 315, 28.11.2003, p. 1.
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Section II Approvals
ARO.OPS.200 Specifc approval procedure
(a) Upon receiving an application for the issue of a specifc approval or changes thereof, the competent
authority shall assess the application in accordance with the relevant requirements of Annex V (Part-SPA)
and conduct, where relevant, an appropriate inspection of the operator.
(b) When satisfed that the operator has demonstrated compliance with the applicable requirements, the
competent authority shall issue or amend the approval. The approval shall be specifed in the operations
specifcations, as established in Appendix II.
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AMC1ARO.OPS.200 Specifc approval procedure
PROCEDURES FOR THE APPROVAL OF CARRIAGE OF DANGEROUS GOODS
When verifying compliance with the applicable requirements of SPA.DG.100, the competent authority should
check that:
(a) the procedures specifed in the operations manual are suf cient for the safe transport of dangerous
goods;
(b) operations personnel are properly trained in accordance with the ICAO Technical Instructions for the Safe
Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air (ICAO Doc 9284-AN/905); and
(c) a reporting scheme is in place.
AMC2ARO.OPS.200 Specifc approval procedure
PROCEDURES FOR THE APPROVAL FOR REDUCED VERTICAL SEPARATION MINIMA (RVSM) OPERATIONS
(a) When verifying compliance with the applicable requirements of Subpart D of Annex V (SPA.RVSM), the
competent authority should verify that:
(1) each aircraft holds an adequate RVSM airworthiness approval;
(2) procedures for monitoring and reporting height keeping errors have been established;
(3) a training programme for the fight crew involved in these operations has been established; and
(4) operating procedures have been established.
(b) Demonstration fight(s)
The content of the RVSM application may be suf cient to verify the aircraft performance and procedures.
However, the fnal step of the approval process may require a demonstration fight. The competent
authority may appoint an inspector for a fight in RVSM airspace to verify that all relevant procedures are
applied efectively. If the performance is satisfactory, operation in RVSM airspace may be permitted.
(c) Form of approval documents
Each aircraft group for which the operator is granted approval should be listed in the approval.
(d) Airspace monitoring
For airspace, where a numerical target level of safety is prescribed, monitoring of aircraft height keeping
performance in the airspace by an independent height monitoring system is necessary to verify that the
prescribed level of safety is being achieved. However, an independent monitoring check of an aircraft is
not a prerequisite for the grant of an RVSM approval.
(1) Suspension, revocation and reinstatement of RVSM approval
The incidence of height keeping errors that can be tolerated in an RVSM environment is small.
It is expected of each operator to take immediate action to rectify the conditions that cause an
error. The operator should report an occurrence involving poor height keeping to the competent
authority within 72hours. The report should include an initial analysis of causal factors and meas-
ures taken to prevent repeat occurrences. The need for follow-up reports should be determined by
the competent authority. Occurrences that should be reported and investigated are errors of:
(i) total vertical error (TVE) equal to or greater than 90m (300ft);
(ii) altimeter system error (ASE) equal to or greater than 75m (245ft); and
(iii) assigned altitude deviation equal to or greater than 90m (300ft).
Height keeping errors fall into two broad categories:
errors caused by malfunction of aircraft equipment; and
operational errors.
(2) An operator that consistently experiences errors in either category should have approval for RVSM
operations suspended or revoked. If a problem is identifed that is related to one specifc aircraft
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type, then RVSM approval may be suspended or revoked for that specifc type within that opera-
tors feet.
(3) Operators actions:
The operator should make an efective, timely response to each height keeping error. The com-
petent authority may consider suspending or revoking RVSM approval if the operators responses
to height keeping errors are not efective or timely. The competent authority should consider the
operators past performance record in determining the action to be taken.
(4) Reinstatement of approval:
The operator should satisfy the competent authority that the causes of height keeping errors are
understood and have been eliminated and that the operators RVSM programmes and procedures
are efective. At its discretion and to restore confdence, the competent authority may require an
independent height monitoring check of afected aircraft to be performed.
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ARO.OPS.205 Minimum equipment list approval
(a) When receiving an application for initial approval of a minimum equipment list (MEL) or an amendment
thereof from an operator, the competent authority shall assess each item afected, to verify compliance
with the applicable requirements, before issuing the approval.
(b) The competent authority shall approve the operators procedure for the extension of the applicable rec-
tifcation intervals B, C and D, if the conditions specifed in ORO.MLR.105 (f) are demonstrated by the
operator and verifed by the competent authority.
(c) The competent authority shall approve, on a case-by-case basis, the operation of an aircraft outside the
constraints of the MEL but within the constraints of the master minimum equipment list (MMEL), if the
conditions specifed in ORO.MLR.105are demonstrated by the operator and verifed by the competent
authority.
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GM1ARO.OPS.205 Minimum equipment list approval
EXTENSION OF RECTIFICATION INTERVALS
The competent authority should verify that the operator does not use the extension of rectifcation intervals as a
means to reduce or eliminate the need to rectify MEL defects in accordance with the established category limit.
The extension of rectifcation intervals should only be considered valid and justifable when events beyond the
operators control have precluded rectifcation.
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ARO.OPS.210 Determination of local area
The competent authority may determine a local area for the purpose of fight crew training and checking
requirements.
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GM1ARO.OPS.210 Determination of local area
GENERAL
The local area should refect the local environment and operating conditions.
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ARO.OPS.215 Approval of helicopter operations over a hostile environment
located outside a congested area
(a) The Member State shall designate those areas where helicopter operations may be conducted without
an assured safe forced landing capability, as described in CAT.POL.H.420.
(b) Before issuing the approval referred to in CAT.POL.H.420the competent authority shall have considered
the operators substantiation precluding the use of the appropriate performance criteria.
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AMC1ARO.OPS.215 Approval of helicopter operations over a hostile
environment located outside a congested area
APPROVALS THAT REQUIRE ENDORSEMENT
(a) Whenever the operator applies for an approval in accordance with CAT.POL.H.420for which an endorse-
ment from another State is required, the competent authority should only grant the approval once
endorsement of that other State has been received.
(b) The Operations Specifcation should be amended to include those areas for which endorsement was
received.
AMC2ARO.OPS.215 Approval of helicopter operations over a hostile
environment located outside a congested area
ENDORSEMENT BY ANOTHER STATE
(a) Whenever the operator applies for an endorsement to operate over hostile environment located outside
a congested area in another State in accordance with CAT.POL.H.420, the competent authority of that
other State should only grant the endorsement once it is satisfed that:
(1) the safety risk assessment is appropriate to the area overfown; and
(2) the operators substantiation that preclude the use of the appropriate performance criteria are
appropriate for the area overfown.
(b) The competent authority of that other State should inform the competent authority of the Member State
responsible for issuing the approval.
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ARO.OPS.220 Approval of helicopter operations to or from a public
interestsite
The approval referred to in CAT.POL.H.225shall include a list of the public interest site(s) specifed by the opera-
tor to which the approval applies.
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AMC1ARO.OPS.220 Approval of helicopter operations to or from a public
interest site
APPROVALS THAT REQUIRE ENDORSEMENT
Whenever the operator applies for an approval in accordance with CAT.POL.H.225 to conduct operations to or
from a public interest site (PIS) for which an endorsement from another State is required, the competent author-
ity should only grant such approval once endorsement of that other State has been received.
AMC2ARO.OPS.220 Approval of helicopter operations to or from a public
interest site
ENDORSEMENT BY ANOTHER STATE
(a) Whenever the operator applies for an endorsement to operate to/from a public interest site in another
State in accordance with CAT.POL.H.225, the competent authority of that other State should only grant
the endorsement once it is satisfed that:
(1) the conditions of CAT.POL.H.225 (a)(1) through (5) can be met by the operator at those sites for
which endorsement is requested; and
(2) the operations manual includes the procedures to comply with CAT.POL.H.225(b) for these sites
for which endorsement is requested.
(b) The competent authority of that other State should inform the competent authority of the Member State
responsible for issuing the approval.
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ARO.OPS.225 Approval of operations to an isolated aerodrome
The approval referred to in CAT.OP.MPA.106shall include a list of the aerodromes specifed by the operator to
which the approval applies.
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GM1ARO.OPS.225 Approval of operations to an isolated aerodrome
GENERAL
The use of an isolated aerodrome exposes the aircraft and passengers to a greater risk than to operations where
a destination alternate aerodrome is available. Whether an aerodrome is classifed as an isolated aerodrome or
not often depends on which aircraft are used for operating the aerodrome. The competent authority should
therefore assess whether all possible means are applied to mitigate the greater risk.
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SUBPART RAMP RAMP INSPECTIONS
OF AIRCRAFT OF OPERATORS UNDER
THEREGULATORY OVERSIGHT
OFANOTHERSTATE
ARO.RAMP.005 Scope
This Subpart establishes the requirements to be followed by the competent authority or the Agency when
exercising its tasks and responsibilities regarding the performance of ramp inspections of aircraft used by third
country operators or used by operators under the regulatory oversight of another Member State when landed
at aerodromes located in the territory subject to the provisions of the Treaty.
ARO.RAMP.100 General
(a) Aircraft, as well as their crew, shall be inspected against the applicable requirements.
(b) In addition to conducting ramp inspections included in its oversight programme established in accord-
ance with ARO.GEN.305, the competent authority shall perform a ramp inspection of an aircraft suspected
of not being compliant with the applicable requirements.
(c) Within the development of the oversight programme established in accordance with ARO.GEN.305, the
competent authority shall establish an annual programme for the conduct of ramp inspections of aircraft.
This programme shall:
(1) be based on a calculation methodology that takes into account historical information on the num-
ber and nature of operators and their number of landings at its aerodromes, as well as safety risks;
and
(2) enable the competent authority to give priority to the inspections of aircraft on the basis of the list
referred to in ARO.RAMP.105(a).
(d) When it so deems necessary, the Agency, in cooperation with the Member States in whose territory the
inspection shall take place, shall conduct ramp inspections of aircraft to verify compliance with the appli-
cable requirements for the purpose of:
(1) certifcation tasks assigned to the Agency by Regulation (EC) No 216/2008;
(2) standardisation inspections of a Member State; or
(3) inspections of an organisation to verify compliance with the applicable requirements in potentially
unsafe situations.
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AMC1ARO.RAMP.100 General
RAMP INSPECTIONS
(a) The ramp inspection should normally be performed during a turn-around.
(b) In addition to the applicable requirements, when inspecting the technical condition of the aircraft, it
should be checked against the aircraft manufacturers standard.
AMC1ARO.RAMP.100(b) General
SUSPECTED AIRCRAFT
In determining whether an aircraft is suspected of not being compliant with the applicable requirements the
following should be taken into account:
(a) information regarding poor maintenance of, or obvious damage or defects to an aircraft;
(b) reports that an aircraft has performed abnormal manoeuvres that give rise to serious safety concerns in
the airspace of a Member State;
(c) a previous ramp inspection that has revealed defciencies indicating that the aircraft does not comply
with the applicable requirements and where the competent authority suspects that these defciencies
have not been corrected;
(d) evidence that the State in which an aircraft is registered is not exercising proper safety oversight; or
(e) concerns about the operator of the aircraft that have arisen from occurrence reporting information and
non-compliances recorded in a ramp inspection report on any other aircraft used by that operator.
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AMC1ARO.RAMP.100(c)(1) General
ANNUAL PROGRAMME
(a) Calculation methodology
The competent authority should calculate the number of points to be achieved in the following year. The
number of points should be submitted to the Agency before the 1st of September prior to the year for
which the points apply. For this purpose, the following formula should be used:
Q = (Opr12) +(0.2*Opr<12)+ (0.001*Lnd), where:
Q = annual quota;
Opr12 is the number of operators whose aircraft have landed in the previous year at aerodromes
located in the Member State at least 12times;
Opr<12 is the number of operators whose aircraft have landed in the previous year at aerodromes in the
territory of the Member State less than 12times;
Lnd is the number of landings performed by those operators aircraft at aerodromes located in the Mem-
ber State in the previous year.
(b) Inspections should be valued diferently in accordance with the following criteria:
(1) prioritised ramp inspections and the frst inspection of a new operator conducted on an aero-
drome located within a radius 250km from the competent authoritys main of ce have a value
of 1.5points;
(2) prioritised ramp inspections and the frst inspection of a new operator conducted on an aero-
drome located within a radius > 250km from the competent authoritys main of ce have a value
of 2.25points;
(3) inspections conducted between the hours of 20:00 and 06:00 local time, during weekends or
national holidays have a value of 1.25points;
(4) inspections conducted on operators for which the previous inspection was performed more than
8weeks before have a value of 1.25points;
(5) any other inspections have a value of 1point; and
(6) for specifc circumstances falling under two or more of the above situations, the above-mentioned
factors may be combined by multiplication (e.g. prioritised inspection performed at an airport
located at 600km from the main of ce, during the weekend on an operator that was not inspected
over the last 3months will have a value of: 2.25* 1.25* 1.25= 3,52points).
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GM1ARO.RAMP.100(c)(1) General
NUMBER OF INSPECTION POINTS
The quotation is a statistical assumption only and does not necessarily mean that operators in the group
Opr12 always need to be inspected. As deemed necessary by the inspecting authorities, operators may be
inspected more than once (taking into account AMC2ARO.GEN.305(b)(1) whilst sticking to the calculated num-
ber of points; as a result, some operators might not be inspected in any given year.
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ARO.RAMP.105 Prioritisation criteria
(a) The Agency shall provide competent authorities with a list of operators or aircraft identifed as presenting
a potential risk, for the prioritisation of ramp inspections.
(b) This list shall include:
(1) operators of aircraft identifed on the basis of the analysis of available data in accordance with ARO.
RAMP.150(b)(4);
(2) operators or aircraft communicated to the Agency by the European Commission and identifed on
the basis of:
(i) an opinion expressed by the Air Safety Committee (ASC) within the context of the imple-
mentation of Regulation (EC) No 2111/2005that further verifcation of efective compliance
with relevant safety standards through systematic ramp inspections is necessary; or
(ii) information obtained by the European Commission from the Member States pursuant to
Article 4(3) of Regulation (EC) No 2111/2005.
(3) aircraft operated into the territory subject to the provisions of the Treaty by operators included
in Annex B of the list of operators subject to an operating ban pursuant to Regulation (EC) No
2111/2005.
(4) aircraft operated by operators certifed in a State exercising regulatory oversight over operators
included in the list referred to in (3).
(5) aircraft used by a third-country operator that operates into, within or out of the territory subject to
the provisions of the Treaty for the frst time or whose authorisation issued in accordance with ART.
GEN.205is limited or reinstated after suspension or revocation.
(c) The list shall be produced, in accordance with procedures established by the Agency, after every update
of the Community list of operators subject to an operating ban pursuant to Regulation (EC) No 2111/2005,
and in any case at least once every 4months.
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GM1ARO.RAMP.105(b)(2)(i) Prioritisation criteria
LIST OF OPERATORS
The list of operators may include aircraft of operators or aircraft that have been withdrawn from the list of air car-
riers subject to an operating ban within the EU, as established by Regulation (EC) No 2111/2005of the European
Parliament and of the Council
3
.
3
OJ L 344, 27.12.2005, p. 15.
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ARO.RAMP.110 Collection of information
The competent authority shall collect and process any information deemed useful for conducting ramp inspec-
tions.
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AMC1ARO.RAMP.110 Collection of information
COLLECTION OF INFORMATION
The information should include:
(a) important safety information available, in particular, through:
(1) pilot reports;
(2) maintenance organisation report;
(3) incident reports;
(4) reports from other organisations, independent from the inspection authorities; and
(5) complaints.
(b) information on action(s) taken subsequent to a ramp inspection, such as:
(1) aircraft grounded;
(2) aircraft or operator banned from a Member State pursuant to Article 6 of Regulation (EC) No
2111/2005or banned from the EU;
(3) corrective action required;
(4) contacts with the operators competent authority; and
(5) restrictions on fight operations.
(c) follow-up information concerning the operator, such as:
(1) implementation of corrective action(s); and
(2) recurrence of non-compliance.
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ARO.RAMP.115 Qualifcation of ramp inspectors
(a) The competent authority and the Agency shall have qualifed inspectors to conduct ramp inspections.
(b) Ramp inspectors shall:
(1) possess the necessary aeronautical education or practical knowledge relevant to their area(s) of
inspection;
(2) have successfully completed:
(i) appropriate specifc theoretical and practical training, in one or more of the following areas
of inspection:
(A) fight deck;
(B) cabin safety;
(C) aircraft condition;
(D) cargo;
(ii) appropriate on-the-job training delivered by a senior ramp inspector appointed by the com-
petent authority or the Agency;
(3) maintain the validity of their qualifcation by undergoing recurrent training and by performing a
minimum of 12inspections in every 12month period.
(c) The training in (b)(2)(i) shall be delivered by the competent authority or by any training organisation
approved in accordance with ARO.RAMP.120(a).
(d) The Agency shall develop and maintain training syllabi and promote the organisation of training courses
and workshops for inspectors to improve the understanding and uniform implementation of this Sub-
part.
(e) The Agency shall facilitate and coordinate an inspector exchange programme aimed at allowing inspec-
tors to obtain practical experience and contributing to the harmonisation of procedures.
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AMC1ARO.RAMP.115(a) Qualifcation of ramp inspectors
BACKGROUND KNOWLEDGE AND EXPERIENCE
The background knowledge and/or working experience of the inspector determines the privileges of the inspec-
tor. The competent authority should determine what the inspector is entitled to inspect taking into account the
following considerations:
(a) background knowledge;
(b) working experience; and
(c) interrelation of the inspection item with other disciplines (e.g. a former cabin crew member may require
additional training on minimum equipment list (MEL) issues before being considered eligible for inspec-
tion of safety items in the cabin).
AMC1ARO.RAMP.115(b)(1) Qualifcation of ramp inspectors
ELIGIBILITY CRITERIA
(a) The candidate should be considered eligible to become a ramp inspector provided he/she meets the fol-
lowing criteria:
(1) has good knowledge of the English language; and
(2) education and experience over the previous 5years in accordance with one of the following items:
(i) has successfully completed post-secondary education with a duration of at least 3years and
after that at least 2years aeronautical experience in the feld of aircraft operations or main-
tenance, or personnel licensing;
(ii) has or has had a commercial/airline transport pilot licence and preferably carried out such
duties for at least 2years;
(iii) has or has had a fight engineer licence and preferably carried out such duties for at least
2years;
(iv) has been a cabin crew member and preferably carried out such duties in commercial air
transport for at least 2years;
(v) has been licensed as maintenance personnel and preferably exercised the privileges of such
licence for at least 2years;
(vi) has successfully completed professional training in the feld of air transport of dangerous
goods and preferably after that at least 2year- experience in this feld; or
(vii) has successfully completed post-secondary aeronautical education with a duration of at
least 2years.
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AMC1ARO.RAMP.115(b)(2) Qualifcation of ramp inspectors
SENIOR RAMP INSPECTORS
(a) The competent authority should appoint senior ramp inspectors provided they meet the qualifcation
criteria established by that competent authority. These qualifcation criteria should contain at least the
following requirements:
(1) the appointee has been a qualifed ramp inspector over the 3years prior to his/her appointment;
(2) the appointee has performed a minimum of 72ramp inspections during the 36months prior to the
appointment, evenly spread over this period; and
(3) the senior ramp inspector will remain qualifed only if performing at least 24ramp inspections dur-
ing any 12months period after his/her initial qualifcation.
(b) If the competent authority does not have senior ramp inspectors to conduct on-the-job training, such
training should be performed by a senior ramp inspector from another State, either in the competent
authority of the trainee or in the competent authority of the senior ramp inspector.
(c) Additional factors to be considered when nominating senior ramp inspectors include knowledge of train-
ing techniques, professionalism, maturity, judgment, integrity, safety awareness, communication skills,
personal standards of performance and a commitment to quality.
(d) If a senior ramp inspector should lose his/her qualifcation as a result of failure to reach the minimum
number of inspections mentioned in ARO.RAMP.115(b)(3), he/she should be requalifed by the Member
State authority by performing at least four inspections under the supervision of a senior ramp inspector,
within a maximum period of 2months.
(e) Senior ramp inspectors, like any other inspectors, should also receive recurrent training according to the
frequency mentioned in AMC1-ARO.RAMP.115(b)(3).
AMC2ARO.RAMP.115(b)(2) Qualifcation of ramp inspectors
SCOPE AND DURATION OF INITIAL TRAINING
Initial training should encompass:
initial theoretical training,
practical training, and
on-the-job training.
(a) Initial theoretical training
(1) The scope of the initial theoretical training is to familiarise the inspectors with the framework and
the European dimension of the Ramp Inspection Programme, and with the common inspection,
fnding categorisation, reporting and follow-up procedures. The primary scope of the theoreti-
cal training is not the transfer of technical (operational, airworthiness, etc.) knowledge. The train-
ees should possess such knowledge, either from previous work experience or through specialised
training, prior to attending the theoretical course. The duration of the initial theoretical training
should be no less than 3training days.
(2) In case an integrated course is delivered (consisting of both the transfer of technical knowledge
and specifc ramp inspection information), the duration of the course should be extended accord-
ingly.
(3) The initial theoretical training shall be conducted in accordance with the syllabus in AMC1 ARO.
RAMP.115(b)(2)(i).
(b) Practical training
(1) The scope of practical training is to instruct on inspection techniques and specifc areas of atten-
tion without any interference with the fight crew. Preferably, this should be done in a non-oper-
ational environment (e.g. on an aircraft in a maintenance hangar). Alternatively, aircraft with an
adequate turnaround time may be used. In the latter case the fight and/or ground crew should be
informed about the training character of the inspection.
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(2) The duration of the practical training should be no less than 1training day. The competent author-
ity may decide to lengthen the training based on the level of expertise of the attendees. Practical
training may be split into several sessions provided an adequate training tracking system is in
place.
(3) The practical training should be conducted in accordance with the syllabus in AMC2-ARO
RAMP.115(b)(2)(i).
ON-THE-JOB TRAINING
(c) Scope of on-the-job training
(1) The objective of the on-the-job training should be to familiarise the trainees with the particulari-
ties of performing a ramp inspection in a real, operational environment. The competent authority
should ensure that on-the-job training is undertaken only by trainees that have successfully com-
pleted theoretical and practical training.
(2) The competent authority should ensure that the area of expertise of the trainee is compatible with
the one of the senior ramp inspector delivering on-the-job training.
(3) When selecting the operators to be inspected during the on-the-job training programme, the sen-
ior ramp inspector should ensure:
(i) that the training can be performed on a suf cient level but without undue hindrance or
delay of the inspected operator; and
(ii) that the ramp inspections are conducted on diferent operators (i.e., EU operators, third
country operators), diferent aircraft types and aircraft confgurations (i.e., jet and propeller
aircraft, single aisle and wide-body aeroplanes, passenger operations and cargo operations),
diferent types of operations (i.e., commercial operations and general aviation, etc., long-
haul and short-haul operations).
(4) On-the-job training should comprise two phases:
(i) observing inspector: during this phase the trainee should accompany and observe the sen-
ior ramp inspector when performing a series of ramp inspections (including the preparation
of the inspection and post-inspection activities: reporting, follow-up); and
(ii) inspector under supervision: during this phase the trainee should gradually start to perform
ramp inspections under the supervision and guidance of the senior ramp inspector.
(d) Duration and conduct of on-the-job training
(1) The duration of the on-the-job training should be customised to the particular training needs
of every trainee. As a minimum, the on-the-job training programme should contain at least six
observed ramp inspections and six ramp inspections performed under the supervision of the sen-
ior ramp inspector, over a period of a maximum of 6months. In general, on-the-job training should
start as soon as possible after the completion of the practical training and cover all inspection
items that the inspector will be privileged to inspect.
The on-the-job training may be given by more than one senior ramp inspector. In such cases appro-
priate records should be maintained for each trainee documenting the training received (when
the trainee is observing the inspection) and his/her ability to efectively perform ramp inspections
(under supervision). For this purpose, the senior ramp inspector should use a checklist containing
the applicable elements presented in GM2ARO.RAMP.115(c).
(2) Before starting on-the-job training the trainee should be briefed with regard to the general objec-
tives and working methods of the training.
(3) Before every inspection the trainee should be briefed with regard to the particular objectives and
lessons to be learned during this inspection.
(4) After every day of inspection the trainee should be debriefed with regard to his/her performance
and progress and areas where improvement is needed.
(e) Elements to be covered during the on-the-job training
On-the-job training should address the following elements However, some of the situations
described below do not happen very often (i.e. grounding of an aircraft) and should, therefore, be
presented by the senior ramp inspector during one of the debriefngs.
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(1) Preparation of an inspection:
(i) use of the centralised database to prepare an inspection;
(ii) other sources of information (such as passenger complaints, maintenance organisation
reports, air traf c control (ATC) reports;
(iii) areas of concern and/or open fndings;
(iv) retrieval of updated reference materials: Notices to Airmen (NOTAMs), navigation and
weather charts;
(v) selection of operator(s) to be inspected (oversight programme, priority list);
(vi) task allocation among members of a ramp inspection team; and
(vii) daily/weekly/monthly ramp inspection schedule.
(2) Administrative issues:
(i) ramp inspectors credentials, rights and obligations;
(ii) special urgency procedures (if any);
(iii) national (local) aerodrome access procedures;
(iv) safety and security airside procedures; and
(v) ramp inspector kit (electric torch, fuorescent vest, ear plugs, digital camera, checklists, etc.).
(3) Cooperation with airport and air navigation services to obtain actual fight information, parking
position, time of departure, etc.
(4) Ramp inspection:
(i) introduction to the pilot-in-command/commander, fight crew, cabin crew, ground crew;
(ii) inspection items: according to the area of expertise of the trainee;
(iii) fndings (identifcation, categorisation, reporting, evidencing);
(iv) corrective actions class 2;
(v) corrective actions class 3:
(A) Class 3a) enforcement of restriction(s) on aircraft fight operations (cooperation with
other services/authorities to enforce a restriction);
(B) Class 3b) request of an immediate corrective action(s), satisfactory completion of an
immediate corrective action;
(C) Class 3c) grounding of an aircraft: notifcation of the grounding decision to the air-
craft commander; national procedures to prevent the departure of a grounded air-
craft; communication with the State of operator/registry;
(vi) Proof of Inspection:
(A) completion and delivery of the Proof of Inspection report; and
(B) request of acknowledgement of receipt (document or a refusal to sign)
(5) Human factors elements:
(i) cultural aspects;
(ii) resolution of disagreements and/or conficts; and
(iii) crew stress.
(f) Assessment of trainees
The assessment of the trainee should be done by the senior ramp inspector while the trainee is perform-
ing ramp inspections under supervision. The trainee should be considered to have successfully com-
pleted the on-the-job training only after demonstrating to the senior ramp inspector that he/she possess
the professional capacity, knowledge, judgment and ability to perform ramp inspections in accordance
with the requirements of this Subpart.
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AMC3ARO.RAMP.115(b)(2) Qualifcation of ramp inspectors
QUALIFICATION OF THE INSPECTOR AFTER SUCCESSFUL COMPLETION OF TRAINING
Qualifcation of the inspector after successful completion of training
(a) Successful completion of theoretical training should be demonstrated by passing an evaluation by the
competent authority or by the approved training organisation.
(b) Successful completion of practical and onthe-job training should be assessed by the senior ramp inspec-
tor providing on-the-job training, through evaluation of the trainees ability to efectively perform ramp
inspections in an operational environment.
(c) The competent authority should issue a formal qualifcation statement for each qualifed inspector listing
the inspecting privileges.
(d) The background knowledge and working experience of the inspector should determine the privileges of
the inspector (the scope of his/her inspection; what he/she is entitled to inspect). The numerous varieties
in backgrounds of the candidate inspectors make it impossible to issue a full set of templates showing the
background-privileges relation. It is, therefore, up to the competent authority to determine the eligibility
and the related privileges for the inspector, whereby the following should be considered:
(1) background knowledge;
(2) working experience; and
(3) interrelation of the inspection item with other disciplines (e.g. former cabin crew member may
require additional training on MEL issues before being considered eligible for safety items in the
cabin).
(e) The competent authority should issue the qualifcation statement only after the candidate has success-
fully completed the theoretical, practical and on-the-job-training.
(f) The competent authority should put in place a system that will ensure that their inspectors meet at all
times the qualifcation criteria with regard to eligibility, training and recent experience.
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AMC4ARO.RAMP.115(b)(2) Qualifcation of ramp inspectors
CHECKLIST ON-THE-JOB TRAINING OF INSPECTORS
On-the-Job Training of Ramp Inspection Inspectors
Competent Authority Senior ramp inspector:
Name of trainee: Place:
Date: Ramp Inspection Number:
Operator: A/C Registration: A/C Type:
A Flight deck Check: (Description/ notes) Observation
Under
Supervision
General
1 General condition
inappropriately pulled circuit breakers
reinforced fight crew compartment door, if
required
crew baggage
fight crew seats
emergency exits (serviceability)
escape ropes (secured or not)
Note:
2 Emergency exit
Are exits serviceable (if not, check MEL
limitations)
Possible obstacles
Note:
3 Equipment
ACAS/TCAS II:
Presence
System test/passed
8.33kHz: (if required)
Radio channel spacing
RNAV:
Authorisation to perform operations in RNAV
airspace.
GPWS/TAWS:
presence
TAWS/SRPBZ for forward looking terrain
avoidance function
System test (if possible) MNPS
Special authorisation
Note:
Documentation
4 Manuals
Presence of the applicable parts of the
operations manual
Up-to-date
Competent authority approval where
applicable content (complies with the
requirements)
Presence of aircraft fight manual /
performance data
Diferences regarding manuals of aircraft of
ex-Soviet design (e.g. Rukowodstwo.
Note:
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5 Checklists
Available/within reach
Tidiness/cleanness
Normal
Abnormal
Emergency
Up-to-date/not for training, etc.
Content (compliance with the operator
procedures)
Appropriate for aircraft confguration being
used
Note:
6
Radio navigation/
instrument charts
Presence of instrument approach charts
(available/within reach/ up-to-date)
Presence of en-route charts (available/within
reach/up-to-date)
Route covering
Note:
7 Minimum equipment list
Availability/within reach
Up-to-date/less restrictive than MMEL
Does content refect aircrafts equipment
Possible deferred defects/ accordance with
instructions
Possible use of MMEL
Rukowodstwo (check when possible)
Note:
8 Certifcate of registration
On-board
Accuracy (Reg. mark, A/C type and S/N)
Format
English translation when needed
Identifcation plate (S/N)
Note:
9 Noise certifcate
On-board
Approval (state of registry)
Note:
10 AOC or equivalent
Accuracy
Content (operator identifcation, validity, date
of issue, A/C type, OPS SPECS)
Note:
11 Radio licence
On-board
Accuracy with installed equipment
Note:
12
Certifcate of airworthiness
(C of A)
On-board (original or certifed true copy)
Accuracy
Validity
Note:
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Flight data
13 Flight preparation
Operational fight plan on board
Proper flling
Signed by pilot-in-command/commander
(and where applicable, Dispatch)
Fuel calcaulation
Fuel monitoring/management
NOTAMs
Updated meteorological information
Letter Y in fight plan
Note:
14
Mass and balance
calculation
On-board
Accuracy (calculations/ limits)
Pilots acceptance
Load and trim sheet/ actual load distribution
Note:
Safety equipment
15 Hand fre extinguishers
On-board
Condition/pressure indicator
Mounting (secured)
Expiry date (if any)
Access
Suf cient number
Note:
16
Life jackets/fotation
devices
On-board
Access/within reach
Condition
Expiry date (where applicable)
Suf cient number
Note:
17 Harness
On-board (no seatbelt)
Condition
Suf cient number (one for each crew
member)
Note:
18 Oxygen equipment
On-board
Condition
Cylinder pressure (minimum acc. to
operations manual)
Ask crew to perform the operational
function check of combined oxygen and
communication system
Follow practice of the fight crew
Note:
19 Independent Portable light
On-board
Appropriate quantities
Condition
Serviceability
Access/within reach
The need for an independent portable light
(departure or arrival at night time)
Note:
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Flight crew
20
Flight crew licence/
composition
On-board
Form/content/English translation when
needed
Validity
Ratings (appropriate type) (pilot-in-command
(PIC)/ATPL)
Pilots age
Possible diference with ICAO Annex
1(concerning the age of pilots)
In case of validation (all documents needed)
Medical assessment/ check interval
Spare eye glasses if applicable
Note:
Journey log book / Technical log or equivalent
21
Journey log book or
equivalent
On-board
Content
Filling (carefully and properly)
Note:
22 Maintenance release
Validity
When need of maintenance, technical log has
been complied with
When ETOPS, requirement are met
Signed of
Verify that maintenance release has not
expired
Ex-Soviet built A/C
Note:
23
Defect notifcation and
rectifcation
Number of deferred defects
All defects been notifed
Defect deferments include time limits and
comply with the stated time limits
All the defects are notifed
Technical log markings (should be
understandable by captain)
Ex-Soviet built A/C
Note:
24 Pre-fight inspection
Performed (inbound/ outbound fight)
Signed of
Note:
B Cabin Safety
1 General internal condition
General condition
Possible loose carpets
Possible loose or damaged foor panels
Possible loose or damaged wall panels
Seats
Markings of unserviceable seats
Lavatories
Lavatory smoke detectors
Safety and survival equipment (shall
be reliable, readily accessible and easily
identifed. Instructions for operation shall be
clearly marked)
Possible obstacles to perform normal and
abnormal duties
Note:
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2
Cabin crew stations and
crew rest area
Presence of cabin crew seats and compliance
with the requirement
Suf cient number
Condition (seatbelt, harness)
Emergency equipment (independent portable
light, fre extinguishers, portable breathing
equipment )
Cabin preparation list
Note:
3
First-aid kit/ emergency
medical kit
On-board
Condition
Expiry date
Location (as indicated)
Identifcation
Adequacy
Access
Operating instructions (clear)
Note:
4 Hand fre extinguishers
On-board
Condition (pressure indicator)
Expiry date (if available)
Mounting and access
Number
Note:
5
Life jackets/ fotation
devices
On-board
Easy access
Condition
Expiry dates as applicable
Suf cient number
Infant vest
Note:
6
Seat belt and seat
condition
On-board
Suf cient number
Condition
Availability of extension belts
Cabin seats (verify the condition)
If unserviceable check U/S-tag.
Restraint bars
Note:
7
Emergency exit, lightning
and marking, independent
portable light
Emergency exits (condition)
Emergency exit signs/ presence (condition)
Operation instructions (markings and passenger
emergency briefng cards)
Floor path markings (ask to switch on). Possible
malfunction/MEL
Lighting
Independent Portable light and batteries
(condition)
Suf cient number of Independent Portable light
(night operations)
Availability on each cabin attendants station.
Note:
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Slides/life-rafts (as
required), ELT
Slides on-board
Condition
Expiry date
Suf cient number
Location and mounting
Bottle pressure gauge
ELT on board
ELT (condition and date)
Note:
9
Oxygen supply (cabin crew
and passengers)
Presence
Suf cient quantity of masks (cabin crew and
passengers)
Drop-out panels are free to fall
Passenger instructions (passenger emergency
briefng cards)
Portable cylinder supply and medical oxygen,
check pressure and mounting
Note:
10 Safety instructions
On-board
Tidiness
Accuracy/content (A/C type)
Suf cient numbers (passenger emergency
briefng card for each passenger)
Cards for fight crew (check emergency
equipment locations)
Note:
11 Cabin crew members
General overview of cabin crew (conditions)
The suf cient number of cabin crew (appropriate)
How the duty stations are manned
Follow practice of the cabin crew
When refuelling with passengers on-board check
procedures
Note:
12 Access to emergency exits
Access areas
Possible obstacles for evacuation (foldable jump
seat or seat backrest table)
Note:
13
Stowage of passenger
baggage
Hand baggage storages in cabin
Size of hand baggage
Quantity of hand baggage
Weight of hand baggage
Placed under seat (restraint bar)
Note:
14 Seat capacity
Number of passengers/ permitted
Suf cient seat capacity
Note:
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C Aircraft condition
1 General external condition
Radom (latches/painting)
Windshields
Wipers
Static ports/areas
AoA probes
Pitot tubes
TAT probe
Crew oxygen discharge indicator (if exist)
Ground power connection (condition)
Wings (general condition, ice/snow
contamination )
Fairings
Leading edge (dents)
Winglets
Trailing edge/static dischargers
Look for hydraulic leaks
Look for fuel leak
Fuselage
Tail section/static dischargers
APU cooling air inlet
APU exhaust air/surge
Look at APU area for leaks
Tail bumper (contact markings)
Maintenance and service panels (water/waste/
hydraulic maintenance panels/refuel panels/
cargo door control panel/RAT door)
Cabin windows
Exterior lights
Painting (condition)
Cleanliness
Markings/operational instructions and
registration
Obvious repairs
Obvious damage
Note:
2 Doors and hatches
Passenger doors (condition)
Emergency exits (condition)
Cargo doors (condition)
Avionics compartment doors (condition)
Accessory compartment doors (condition)
Operation instructions of all doors
Lubrications of all doors
Door seals
Handles
Note:
3 Flight controls
Ailerons (condition)
Slats/Krueger faps/Notch fap (condition)
Spoiler panels (condition)
Flaps/track fairings (condition)
Rudder (condition)
Elevators (condition)
Stabiliser (condition)
Note! Check for leaks, fap drooping, wearing, corrosion,
disbonding, dents, loose fttings and obvious damages.
Note:
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4 Wheels, tyres and brakes
Wheels (assy condition, bolts and paint
markings)
Tires (condition and pressure). Check for cuts,
groove cracks, worn out shoulders, blister,
bulges, fat spots)
Worn tire areas (measure the tread depth)
If cuts measure depth
Brakes (condition, wearing pins)
Measure and familiarise length of the pin/check
for the limits.
Note:
5 Undercarriage
Landing gear/hinges (general condition/leaks)
Struts
Locking mechanisms
Hydraulic (or pneumatic) lines (condition)
Strut pressure (visual check/piston length)
Lubrication
Electric lines and plugs.
Bonding
Cleanliness
FOD (foreign object damage)
Surface (plasma) and paintings
Check for corrosion
Placards and markings (nitrogen pressure table)
Dampers and bogie cylinders (check for leaks)
Landing gear strut doors
Use independent portable light and mirror
Note:
6 Wheel well
General condition (structures)
Possible corrosion
Cleanliness
Installations (wiring, piping, hoses, hydraulic
containers and devices)
Check for leaks
Wheel well doors (hinges)
Check for maintenance safety pins
Note:
7 Powerplant and pylon
Air intake ring (general condition/inner skin and
acoustic panels)
Engine cowlings (panels aligned, handles
aligned, vortex generators/access doors)
Intake area fasteners
Sensors
Thrust reverses (ring and inner doors or thrust
reverser doors)
Reverser duct inner skin and acoustic panels
Outlet guide vanes (from behind/reverser duct)
Exhaust barrel (inner and outer skin)
Drain mast/leaks
Pylons (sealants, panels, doors and blow-out-
doors, possible leaks)
Note:
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8
Fan blades, propellers,
rotors (main/tail)
Fan blades: general condition (check for foreign
object damage, cracks, nicks, cuts, corrosion and
erosion)
Fan blade:
o Leading edge
o Mid-span shroud (no stacked)
o Tip
o Contour surface
o Root area
o platform
Note! Wait until rotation stop! Use independent
portable light and mirror for the backside of the blades.
Spinner (damages/bolts)
Fan outlet vanes (thorough the fan)
FOD (foreign object damage)
Split fairing
Blades (general condition)
Tip and mid area (75% from root)
(Check for nicks, dents, cracks, leakages and )
Hub/spinner
Looseness of blades in hub
Note:
9 Obvious repairs
During the inspection of C-items notify unusual
design and repairs obviously not carried out in
accordance with the applicable AMM/SRM
Note:
10
Obvious unrepaired
damages
During the inspection of C-items notify
unassessed and unrecorded damages and
corrosion (lightning strike, bird strikes, FODs,
etc.)
Check damage charts
Note:
11 Leakage
During the inspection of C-items notify all the
leaks:
Fuel leaks
Hydraulic leaks
Toilet liquid leaks
When leak: measure the leak rate and check the
leak rates from AMM etc. if it is allowable and
within normal operation limits or not.
Wear eye protection and use proper inspection
gears for inspection
Note:
D Cargo
1
General
condition of cargo
compartment
Cleanliness
Lightning
Fire protection/detection/ extinguishing systems
and smoke detectors
Floor panels
Wall panels/markings
Blow-out-panels
Ceilings
Wall and ceiling panel sealants
Cargo nets/door nets
Fire extinguishers
Cargo roller and driving system and control
panel
Note:
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2 Dangerous goods
Operations manual/ information required by
ICAO Annex 18
Technical Instructions (ICAO Doc. 9284-AN/905)
are applied
If dangerous goods on-board:
Pilots notifcation
Stowing of dangerous goods cargo
Packaging (condition, leaks, damage)
Labelling
If leak or damage of dangerous goods cargo:
Condition of other cargo
Follow removal
Follow cleaning of contamination.
Note:
3 Secure stowage of cargo
Load distribution (foor limits, pallets and
containers/maximum gross weight)
Flight kit/spare wheel/ ladders (secured)
Cargo (secured)
Condition and presence of:
Lockers
Restraints
Pallets
Nets
Straps
Containers
Container locks on the foor
Heavy items securing inside containers
Note:
E General
1 General Note:
Additional elements (O) observed/performed (P) during On the Job Training
(Please List)
Assessment
- Was the inspection carried out in a satisfactory manner regarding:
- preparation of the inspection
- ramp inspection
- proof of inspection
- human factors elements
Yes No (provide further details below*)
Yes No (provide further details below*)
Yes No (provide further details below*)
Yes No (provide further details below*)
- Further training needed:
Additional Remarks:*
Signature of the trainee: Signature of the senior ramp inspector:
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GM1ARO.RAMP.115(b)(2) Qualifcation of inspectors
PRIVILEGES OF EXPERIENCED INSPECTORS
(a) The following example shows the typical privileges of an experienced commercial pilot licence/airline
transport pilot licence (CPL/ATPL) holder and of an experienced aircraft maintenance engineer:
Example:
Typical inspection privileges of a CPL/ATPL holder could include the following inspection checklist items
in Appendices III and IV of this section:
A items
B Items
C items
D1/D3items
Typical inspection privileges of an aircraft maintenance licence (AML) holder could include the following
inspection checklist items:
A items except for A3, A4, A5, A6, A13, A14, A20
B items except for B11, B14
C items
D1items
(b) The competent authority may decide to enlarge the privileges of the inspector if the basic knowledge
of the inspector has been satisfactory enlarged by additional theoretical trainings and/or practical train-
ings. This may require the subsequent following of the relevant module of the ramp inspection training
in order to obtain the necessary knowledge to exercise that new privilege. As an example: if an AML
holder has acquired knowledge on the operational items of the A section (fight crew compartment
items) of the checklist (e.g. because he/she obtained his/her CPL), the privileges may be expanded. He/
she should be required, however, to receive the theoretical, practical and on-the-job training on how to
inspect those new items. Considering that the inspector is already qualifed, the OJT could:
(1) be performed in a class room environment using various (representative) examples when no air-
craft is required for the training. E.g.: normally the interaction with the fight crew is part of the OJT.
However, if the inspector is privileged on other A-items on the checklist and therefore familiar with
interviewing the fight crew in the fight crew compartment, the OJT of inspection items A13and
A14could be done in a classroom; or
(2) be limited in terms of number of inspections depending on the number of new inspection items
to be trained; the minimum number of OJT inspections as described in AMC2-ARO.RAMP 115(b)(2)
point (d)(1) does not apply since the number of 6observer and 6supervised inspections is aiming
at a 50% average coverage of all inspection items during these inspections. For the limited OJT,
the number of inspections should be reasonable and should be determined by the senior inspec-
tor whereby the new items should be inspected at least 3times as an observer and 3times under
supervision.
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AMC1ARO.RAMP.115(b)(2)(i) Qualifcation of ramp inspectors
SYLLABUS OF THEORETICAL KNOWLEDGE FOR RAMP INSPECTORS INITIAL (THEORETICAL) TRAINING
COURSE
- Module (GEN): GENERAL OVERVIEW (legal)
- Module (A): Flight crew compartment inspection items
- Module (B): Cabin safety inspection items
- Module (C): Aircraft condition inspection items
- Module (D): Cargo inspection items
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MODULE (GEN)
a. OVERVIEW OF THE SAFETY ASSESSMENT OF AIRCRAFT
i. Introduction
The Ramp Inspection Programme Overview
Role and responsibilities of the Agency Overview
ii. The EU Ramp Inspection programme ICAO basic references
ICAO convention
Annex 1 Personnel Licensing
Annex 6 Operations of Aircraft
Annex 8 Airworthiness of Aircraft Main features
Application by all participating States
Dissemination of inspection results
Bottom-up approach
Focused attention
Compliance with ICAO standards
iii. Principles of the EU Ramp Inspection Programme
EU Member State Role
States on safety assessment of foreign aircraft (SAFA) working arrangements
with the Agency
Common procedures and common reporting format
The centralised data base introduction
The legal obligation to inspect
iv. The European Commission
Role and responsibility
Legislative power
v. The European Aviation Safety Agency
Role and responsibilities
The executive tasks
Collection of inspection reports
Maintenance of the centralised database
Analysis of relevant information
Reporting to European Commission and Member States
Advising the European Commission and Member States on follow-up actions
Developing training programmes and fostering the organisation and
implementation of training courses and workshops
vi. EU and non-EU Member States
Role and responsibilities
EU Member States
Non-EU States that have signed the Working Arrangement
vii. Eurocontrol
Role and responsibilities
viii. The Air Safety Committee (ASC)
Role and responsibilities
Representation of EU Member States
Legislative advisory role
ix. The European SAFA Steering Expert Group (ESSG)
Role and responsibilities
Representation of EU Member States and non-EU Member States
technical advisory role
Objectives:
1. Trainees should know the
background of the EU Ramp
Inspection Programme
2. Trainees should be able to
identify the main elements of the
Programme
3. Trainees should understand the
role of ramp inspections in the
general safety oversight context
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b. THE EU ramp inspection programmes legal framework
i. Regulation (EC) No 2111/2005
Scope and relevance
ii. Regulation (EC) No 474/2006
4
and subsequent amendments
Scope and relevance
Regulation (EC) No 216/2008 General overview
Article 10 oversight and enforcement
Objectives:
1. Trainees should fully understand
the legal instruments of the
Programme
2. Trainees should be able to
identify the stakeholders and
their responsibilities
3. Trainees should be capable
to defne the relationship
between the Ramp Inspection
Programme and the EU List of
Banned air carriers
4
Commission Regulation (EC) No 474/2006 of 22 March 2006 establishing the Community list of air carriers which are subject to an operating
ban within the Community referred to in Chapter II of Regulation (EC) No 2111/2005 of the European Parliament and of the Council (Text
with EEA relevance), As last amended by Commission Regulation (EC) No 619/2009 of 13 July 2009, OJ L 182, 15.7.2009, p. 424.
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c. The ICAO framework
i. International Requirements
The Chicago Convention general overview
The ICAO general overview
The Convention key ramp inspection-related Articles
Article 11 Applicability of air regulations
Article 12 Rules of the air
Article 16 Search of aircraft
Article 29 Documents carried on aircraft
Article 30 Aircraft radio equipment
Article 31 Certifcate of airworthiness
Article 32 Licences of personnel
Article 33 Recognition of certifcates and licences
Article 37 Adoption of international standards and recommended practices
Article 38 Departures from international standards and procedures
Article 83bis Transfer of certain functions and duties
ii. Ramp inspection (RI) and ICAO Annex 7(Aircraft Nationality and Registration Marks)
Overview
The Certifcate of Registration
Example of Certifcate of Registration
The identifcation plate
iii. RI and ICAO Annex 8(Airworthiness of Aircraft) Overview
Validity of the Certifcate of Airworthiness
Standard form of Certifcate of Airworthiness
Emergency exits, markings and lights
Safety and survival equipment
iv. RI and ICAO Annex 1(Personnel Licensing) Overview
General rules concerning licenses
v. RI and ICAO Annex 6(Operation of Aircraft) Overview
Part I, International commercial air transport aeroplanes
Part II, International general aviation aeroplanes
Part III, International operations helicopter
vi. RI and ICAO Annex 16(Environmental Protection) Overview
Noise Certifcate (applicability to SAFA programme)
RI and ICAO Annex 18(The Safe Transport of Dangerous Goods by Air)
Overview
Dangerous goods Technical Instructions for the safe transport of dangerous
goods by air (Doc 9284)
RI and ICAO Doc 7030(Regional Supplementary procedures)
Overview
Applicability
Objectives:
1. Trainees should be able
to outline ICAOs role and
responsibilities within the
international civil aviation
context.
2. Trainees should understand
the obligations of the
signatory States.
3. Trainees should understand
the direct relationship
between ICAO standards and
ramp inspection.
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d. Safety Assessment technical aspects overview
i. Preparation of the inspection
ii. Subjects of the inspection:
Aircraft used by third country operators or used by operators under the regulatory oversight of another Member
State.
Technical considerations
Experience/feedback from previous checks
Intelligence (centralised database, ATC, passenger complaints, etc.)
Prioritisation
iii. Elements to be inspected:
In principle, all RI checklist items; but:
other considerations for a limited inspection:
Time available (stop duration, slot, no unreasonable delay)
Inspector privileges
Areas of concern (based upon previous checks and/or centralised database)
Context (recent/old aircraft, new airline, new type of aircraft)
Intelligence information
iv Planning the inspection:
Ef cient use of the time available
Considerations for inspections on arrival or departure
Any day in a week, any time in a day
v. Short transit times:
Walk around check during of boarding
Segmented inspections
vi. Toolkit for the RI inspector:
Inspectors documentation (RI procedures, regulations, updated reference material, etc.)
Inspectors tools (vest, Independent Portable light, camera, telephone, protective personal equipment, etc.)
Inspectors identifcation (authority ID, airport badge)
Airline documentation available
vii. Teamwork:
Preferably two inspectors covering all felds of expertise
Briefng on task allocation
viii. The ramp inspection checklist:
Aspects to be covered by the ramp inspection
The ramp inspection checklist (format/structure and overview of contents)
ix. Starting the Inspection:
Introduction to the crew (fight crew/technical staf/airline representative/translator)
Determination of available inspection time
Explain that any operator is subject to inspections (ramp inspection principle)
x. Code of conduct:
Human factor principle (inspection = intrusion)
Cooperation with the crew
Time ef ciency
Collection of evidence
xi. Categorisation of fndings:
Defnition of fnding: Deviation from the standards
Category 3 fnding with major infuence on safety
Category 2 fnding with signifcant infuence on safety
Category 1 fnding with minor infuence on safety
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xii. Follow-up actions:
Relationship between fnding and action
Class 1action
Class 2action
Class 3actions
xiii. Concluding the inspection:
Debriefng of inspection results
Delivery of proof of inspection to the pilot-in-command/commander/airline representative/sub-contractors
e. Ramp inspection centralised database Hands-on training
Purpose of the database
The database as inspectors tool
RI database input
RI database output
RI database search
Focused inspection module
Follow-up actions: operator logging
Database analytical tools and reports
Objectives:
1. Trainees should have the relevant
knowledge to input and retrieve
data from the RI centralised
database.
2. Trainees should know the
analysis process and its
deliverables.
3. Trainees should understand
the analysis dependability on
the accuracy of the inspection
reports.
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2. MODULE (A)
a. RAMP INSPECTION ITEMS (A)
A1general condition (fight crew compartment)
Circuit breakers (C/B) (inappropriately pulled/popped)
Secure stowage of interior equipment (incl. baggage)
Crew seats (manual or electrical)
Security/reinforced fight crew compartment door
General condition of fight crew compartment
A2Emergency Exit (fight crew compartment)
Access (easy/no blockings)
Escape ropes (secured)
Emergency exits (fight crew compartment)
A3Equipment
Awareness of diferent design philosophies of A/C systems (BITE, message
displays/status)
Proper functioning (system test)
GPWS TAWS
General (basic principles)
Forward looking terrain avoidance function (7-channel SRPBZ ICAO
compliant)
Presence of the equipment
Validity of GPWS database
System test passed
CIS built A/C systems (SSOS, SPPZ and SRPBZ)
ACAS/TCAS II
General (applicability and principles)
Mode S transponder and ACAS II (general)
System test
8.33kHz radio channel spacing
Selection of an 8.33kHz channel
Presence of 6or 5digits (132.055or 32.055)
Letter Y in feld 10of the fight plan
RNAV BRNAV PRNAV
General (applicability and principles)
Special authorisation
Required equipment
Flight planning and completion of the fight
RVSM
General (applicability and principles)
Special authorisation
Required equipment
Flight planning and completion of the fight
MNPS
General (applicability and principles)
Special authorisation
Required equipment
Flight planning and completion of the fight
Objectives:
Trainees should possess the relevant
knowledge enabling them to inspect
each item.
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2. MODULE (A)
a. RAMP INSPECTION ITEMS (A)
A4Manuals
Operation manual (structure)
Aircraft fight manual (structure)
Competent Authority approval
Update status
Ex-Soviet-built aircraft Rukowodstwo or RLE
Electronic fight bag (EFB class 1, 2and 3)
Content in relation to fight preparation
A5Checklists
Availability: within reach and update status
Compliance with operator procedures (normal, abnormal and emergency)
Appropriateness of checklist used (aircraft checklists)
A/C system integrated checklists
Ex-Soviet-built aircraft issues (pilots checklist and fight engineers checklist)
A6Radio navigation/instrument charts
Required charts (departure, en-route, destination and alternate):
within reach and update status
Validity of FMS database
Electronic maps and charts
The AIRAC Cycle
A7Minimum equipment list (MEL)
Availability: approval and update status
Content: MEL refects installed equipments
Ex-Soviet-built aircraft: Rukowodstwo content
Relationship MEL/Master MEL
CDL (confguration deviation list)
A8Certifcate of Registration
Availability and accuracy
Original documents and certifed copies acceptability
Presence of mandatory information on the certifcate:
Identifcation plate (type location)
A9Noise certifcate
Availability (if applicable)
Multiple noise certifcation
Approval status
A10AOC or equivalent
Availability (original or copy) and accuracy
Content in compliance with requirements/format
Content of operational specifcations
A11Radio (station) license
Availability and accuracy
Original documents and certifed copies acceptability
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2. MODULE (A)
a. RAMP INSPECTION ITEMS (A)
A12Certifcate of Airworthiness (C of A)
Format of Certifcate of Airworthiness
Original documents and certifed copies acceptability
Presence, accuracy and validity
A13Flight preparation
Presence and accuracy of operational fight plan
Performance calculations
Proper fuel calculation and monitoring
Special considerations for ETOPS operations
Availability and update of meteorological information
Availability and update of NOTAMS
A14Mass and balance calculation
Availability and accuracy
Data available for a verifcation by crew
A15Hand fre extinguishers
Validity, access and locations
Mounting
Types
A16Life-jackets/fotation devices
Validity, access and locations
Applicability
A17Harness
Presence (and usage)
Availability for all fight crew members
Requirements for diferent crew positions
Conditions (wearing)
A18Oxygen equipment
Presence, access and condition
Oxygen cylinder pressure
Minimum required according to the operations manual (in case of low
pressure)
Operational functional check of the combined oxygen and communication
system (crew)
A19Independent portable light
Number of required independent portable light(s) (day/night)
Condition, serviceability and access
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2. MODULE (A)
a. RAMP INSPECTION ITEMS (A)
A20Flight crew licences
Validity of crew licences and appropriate ratings
Validation of foreign licences
Validity of medical certifcate
Special medical conditions (spare glasses, etc.) Age limitations
Minimum crew requirements
A21Journey Log book
Content of journey log book (recommendation/roman numerals)
Examples of journey log books
A22Maintenance Release
Applicable requirements and duties of the PIC/ commander
A23Defect notifcation and rectifcation (incl. technical log)
Defects notifcation
Cross check with MEL
History of defects/notifcation (incl. hold item list)
A24Pre-fight inspection
Applicable requirements and duties of the PIC
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MODULE (B)
a. Ramp inspection items (b)
B1General internal condition
General condition
Safety and survival equipment
Design and construction
B2Cabin Crew Stations and Crew Rest Area
Cabin crew seats (number, material/fre resistant and condition, upright
position/safety hazard)
Equipment
B3First-aid kit/emergency medical kit
Recommendation on contents (validity)
Locations of kits
Adequacy
Readily/access
Identifcations/markings/seals
B4Hand fre extinguishers
Validity, access and locations
Mounting
Types
B5Life-jackets/fotation devices
Validity, access and locations
Applicability
Diferent models of jackets and/or fotation devices on-board
Instructions for passengers (written and demonstration)
B6Seat belt and seat condition
Seats and belts (material/condition/installation)
Portable light (cabin crew)
Instructions for passengers (written and demonstration)
Opening assistance systems
B7Emergency exit, lighting and marking, independent portable light
Evacuation signs
Lighting and marking (passenger compartment)
Independent Portable light
B8Slides/life-rafts/ELTs
Slides/rafts general (locations, types)
Serviceability pressure gauge/green band
Instructions for passengers (written and demonstration)
Emergency locator transmitter (ELT) (general/types/location)
B9Oxygen supply (cabin crew and passengers)
Oxygen supply: cylinders and generators
Serviceability pressure gauge/green band
Models/A/C types
Drop-out panels/storage of masks
B10Safety instructions
Availability and accuracy
Objectives:
Trainees should possess the relevant
knowledge enabling them to inspect
each item.
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MODULE (B)
a. Ramp inspection items (b)
B11Cabin crew members
Appropriate number of cabin crew (A/C type)
Refuelling with passengers on-board (crew positions
B12Access to emergency exits
Number and location of exits
Diferent models and sizes (A/C type)
Obstructions
Instructions for passengers (written and demonstration)
B13Stowage of passenger baggages (cabin luggage)
Proper storage (size, weight and number)
Safety risks
B14Seat capacity
Numbers of seats (A/C type)
Max number of passengers (A/C type)
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MODULE (C)
RAMP INSPECTION ITEMS (C)
C1General External Condition
Corrosion (diferent corrosion types)
Cleanliness and contamination (fuselage and wings)
Windows and windshields (delamination)
Exterior lights (landing lights, NAV-lights, strobes, beacon...)
Markings
De-icing requirements
C2Doors and hatches
Door types (normal emergency cargo doors)
Markings and placards of doors
Operating instructions of doors
Condition and possible damages
C3Flight controls
Condition and possible damages, corrosion and loose parts
Rotor head condition
Leakage
C4Wheels, tyres and brakes
Tyre pressure (cockpit indications/wheel integrated gauge)
Brake condition
Condition and possible damages, leaking and loose parts
C5Undercarriage
Condition and possible damages, corrosion and loose parts
Strut (and tilt cylinder) pressure
C6Wheel well
Condition and possible damages, corrosion, leaks and loose parts
C7Powerplant and pylon
Cowlings, cowling doors and blow-out doors
Condition and possible damages, corrosion, leaks and loose parts
Pylon, pylon doors, blow-out panels and missing rivets
Condition and possible damages, corrosion, leaks and loose parts
Reversers condition
C8Fan blades, propellers, rotors
Types of fan blades/propellers/rotors
Foreign object damage (FOD), (dents, nicks, blade bending)
De-icing (boots and heating elements)
C9Obvious repairs
Obvious repairs/maintenance release, technical log,
C10Obvious unprepared damage
Damages/missing maintenance release, technical log,
Assessment of damage
Objectives:
Trainees should possess the relevant
knowledge enabling them to inspect
each item.
C11Leakage
Obvious leakage, technical log,
Types and assessment of leakage
Toilet leaks/blue ice etc.
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MODULE (D)
Ramp inspections items (D)
D1General condition of cargo compartment
Structures, wall panels, wall sealing
Fire detection & extinguishing systems
Blow-out panels
9G-net
Containers
Loading instructions/door instructions
Damage
D2Dangerous goods
Notifcation to the pilot-in-command/commander
Segregation and accessibility
Packaging and labelling
Limitations/restrictions (cargo aircraft ) goods)
D3 Cargo stowage
Loading instructions (placards, wall markings)
Flight kit (secured)
Pallets, nets, straps, containers (secured)
Loading limitations (weight, size and height)
E1General
All the general items that may have a direct relation with the safety of the
aircraft or its occupants
Objectives:
Trainees should possess the relevant
knowledge enabling them to inspect
each item.
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AMC2ARO.RAMP.115(b)(2)(i) Qualifcation of ramp inspectors
SYLLABUS OF PRACTICAL TRAINING FOR RAMP INSPECTORS INITIAL (PRACTICAL) TRAINING COURSE
- Module (A): Flight crew compartment inspection items
- Module (B): Cabin safety inspection items
- Module (C): Aircraft condition inspection items
- Module (D): Cargo inspection items
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MODULE A (Flight crew compartment inspection items)
A1General condition (of fight crew compartment)
Security/reinforced door (how to recognise)
Reinforced fight crew compartment door installations/locking functions (with a
real example)
C/Bs/ circuit breakers (recognise pulled/popped)
Crew seats/serviceability (functions of seats/manual electrical)
Examples of storage of fight cases and crew luggage (possible safety hazards)
Check cleanness of fight crew compartment
A2Emergency exit (fight crew compartment)
Recognise easy access (no blockings)
Escape ropes (check if secured)
A3Equipment
GPWS-TAWS:
GPWS, locate instruments in cockpit
Aural warning test demonstrating: Sounds/display patterns
Recognise CIS-built A/C systems (if possible): SSOS SPPZ SRPBZ
ACAS/TCAS II
Locate instruments in cockpit
Mode S transponder and ACAS II (locate and check the model)
System warning test/indications
8.33kHz radio channel spacing
Indication in the fight plan (examples)
How to check real channel spacing during the inspection (performed with real
radios or approved training devices)
A4Manuals (fight manuals only)
Operations manual: (content/handling exercise)
Aircraft fight manual (examples)
Electronic manuals (lap-tops)/integrated systems
A5Checklists
Check validity normal-, abnormal-, emergency checklists and quick reference
handbook
Meaning of available/within reach (case study/ examples)
A/C sys integrated checklists (demonstration of system)
Ex-Soviet-built A/C checklists (recognise/examples)
A6Radio navigation/instrument charts
Check the covering of charts
En-route and instruments approach charts (view examples)
Locations in the fight crew compartment
Electronic maps and charts (examples)
Check updating markings of the charts and folders.
FMS navigation data-base (check the INIT page for validity)
A7Minimum equipment list (MEL)
Check the deferred defects are in accordance with the MEL instructions
Inspect MEL according the current MMEL
Approval (check)
Rukowodstwo (examples)
Objectives:
Trainees should be able to use
their technical knowledge and
ramp inspection techniques in a
satisfactory manner during the
subsequent on-the-job training
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MODULE A (Flight crew compartment inspection items)
A8Certifcate of Registration (CoR)
Content and accuracy of the Certifcate of Registration (various examples/check)
Requirements of certifed true copy (examples of copies)
Common location in the A/C
Identifcation plate/show various locations in A/C
A9Noise certifcate
Format of the noise certifcate
Content of noise certifcate/approval/(check)
A10Air Operator Certifcate (AOC) or equivalent
Format of the air operator certifcate
Content and accuracy of AOC/approval (check compliance with the
requirement)
Show location (A/C documents or door)
A11Radio (station) licence
Format of the radio station licence (examples)
Show location (a/c documents or door)
A12Certifcate of Airworthiness (C of A)
Check certifcate and content (recognise standard form)
Accuracy and validity (check)
Show location (A/C documents or door)
A13Flight preparation
Check operational fight plan, proper flling and relevant documents
Proper fuel calculation and monitoring (demonstration of various examples)
NOTAMs/check validity (examples)
Weather information/available and within reach (demonstrate updated reports/
examples)
A14Mass and balance calculation
Check examples of diferent type weight and balance sheets/A/C types (manual
and computerised)
A15Hand fre extinguishers
Locations/access (fight crew compartment visit)
Condition and pressure gauge
Familiarise with diferent date markings (inspection date or expiry date)
Mountings (review examples)
Types (review examples)
A16Life-jackets/fotation devices
Locations
Familiarise with date markings
Extra raft location in fight crew compartment (installation, pressure gauge)
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MODULE A (Flight crew compartment inspection items)
A17Harness
Worn out (examples)
Locks (common problems)
A18Oxygen equipment
Storage of masks (Quick Donning/Balloon)
Pressure gauge (check green band)
Radio boom mask check
A19Independent Portable light
Locations
Operational check
A20Flight crew licences
Licenses of personnel:
- endorsement of certifcates and licenses
- validity of endorsed certifcates and licenses
- language profciency
- medical certifcate (spare glasses etc.)
- validity of licences
Aeroplane fight crew:
- composition of the fight crew
- age limitations
A21Journey logbook
Content of journey log book (check markings and comply with the requirement)
Responsibility of signing log book (example)
A22Maintenance release
Aeroplane maintenance (maintenance record)
Maintenance release, general (checkmark or sign)
Relevant release for service (examples)
A23Defect notifcation and rectifcation (incl. Tech Log)
Open defects
History of defects (including hold item list)
A24Pre-fight inspection
Pre-fight inspection sheet and journey log book (presence and signed of)
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MODULE B (Cabin Safety)
B1General internal condition (cabin)
Safety and survival equipment (cabin visit for the locations)
Design and construction (familiarise with diferent type cabins)
Recognise loose carpet and damaged foor panel
System design features:
- recognise right materials (Cabin visit)
- lavatory smoke detection system/Cabin visit for the locations
- built-in fre extinguisher system for each receptacle intended for disposal of towels,
paper or waste (how to check extinguishers)/Cabin visit for the locations
Check that normal and abnormal duties by cabin crew may be performed without
hindrance (Guided tour in cabin for demonstration of duties)
B2Cabin crew stations and crew rest area
Cabin crew seats (cabin visit for number, material and condition)
Cabin crew seats upright position (case study/ recognise safety hazard)
Familiarise with problems with belt wearing and fast locks
Familiarise with seat attachment to the foor or wall
Easy access to emergency equipment (cabin visit for locations and condition)
B3First-aid kit/emergency medical kit
Cabin visit for locations (readily/access)
Adequacy (how to determine)
Confrmation that contents match the relevant checklist
Identifcations/markings/seals (examples)
B4Hand fre extinguishers
Cabin visit for locations (readily/access)
Checking serviceability
B5Life-jackets/fotation devices
Diferent models of life- jackets and fotation devices
Instructions for passengers
Condition and serviceability
B6Seat belt and seat condition
Seat belt material/condition (examples)
Recognise common problems with fast locks
Recognise common problems with seat belt wearing
Installation of seat belts (hazard to block evacuation)
Extra belts (locations)
Passenger seats (number and condition)
Passenger seat materials/fre resistant (recognise right materials)
Seat attach to the cabin foor (how to check)
B7Emergency exit, lighting and marking, independent portable light
Lighting and marking (cabin visit for locations and condition)
Condition and serviceability of exits
Instructions for passengers
Availability, serviceability and easy access of independent Portable light
Objectives:
Trainees should be able to use
their technical knowledge and
ramp inspection techniques in a
satisfactory manner during the
subsequent on-the-job training
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MODULE B (Cabin Safety)
B8Slides/life-rafts/ELTs
Slides/rafts general (cabin visit for locations and condition)
Check pressure gauge and recognise green band
Recognise condition of slides and rafts and familiarise with expiry date markings
Emergency locator transmitter (ELT) (cabin visit for locations and condition)
Automatic fxed ELT (examples/how to recognise)
Automatic portable ELT (examples/how to recognise)
Automatic deployable ELT (examples/how to recognise)
B9Oxygen supply (cabin crew and passengers)
Check oxygen supply (cylinders and generators) (cabin visit for locations and
condition)
Check the cylinder pressure gauge and recognise green band
Drop-out panels (cabin visit for locations and condition)
Storage of masks/serviceability
B10Safety instructions
The meaning of available (within reach)
The meaning of accuracy/A/C types (recognise diference in instructions)
Content of instructions
B11Cabin crew members
Appropriate number of cabin crew (how to check)
Refuelling with passengers on board (check cabin crew positions)
Cabin crew members type training document (familiarise with diferent types)
B12Access to emergency exits
Number and location of exits
Diferent models and sizes (A/C type)
Instructions for passengers (written and demonstration)
Obstructions (requirement on the projected opening)
B13Stowage of passenger baggage (cabin luggage)
Recognise proper storage (size, weight and number)
Familiarise and recognise safety risks (case study)
B14Seat capacity
Max number of passengers according to the cabin confguration
Compare the numbers of passenger and the number of serviceable seats
Interrelation with other inspection items: maximum number of passengers infuenced
by: B6(inoperative seat) and/or B7(inoperative exit)
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MODULE C (aircraft condition)
C1General external condition
Recognise presence of ice, snow and frost
Condition of paint (familiarise when loose of painting is problem)
Recognise legibility of aircrafts markings (registration)
Corrosion (familiarise and recognise diferent corrosion types)
Cleanliness and contamination of fuselage and wings (familiarise and recognise)
Windshields (recognise delaminating)
Windows (recognise damages and problems)
Exterior lights (landing lights, NAV-lights, strobes, beacon, etc.) (check the condition)
Recognise marks of lightning strike
C2Doors and hatches
Familiarise with diferent door types/structures (aircraft visit for locations)
Cockpit indications of doors (fight crew compartment visit)
Familiarise with markings and placards of doors
Operating instructions of doors (recognise hazards if lack of markings)
Recognise normal condition and possible damages/loosing parts
C3Flight controls
Condition and possible damages, corrosion and loose parts
Recognise marks of lightning strike
Familiarise with static dischargers (recognise when missing)
Recognise possible defects and damages
C4Wheels, tyres and brakes
Familiarise with diferent tyre models
Familiarise with diferent brake assemblies
Familiarise with maintenance manual limits
Recognise brake wearing indicator pin (examples/locations)
Recognise normal condition and possible damages, leaking and loose parts
Tyre wear/tyre pressure (check)
C5Undercarriage
Condition and possible damages, corrosion and loose parts
Proper strut (and tilt cylinder pressure)
Lubrication (recognise signs of lubrication)
Familiarise with marking placards
Recognise bonding wires
Possible defects and damages
C6Wheel well
Condition and possible damages, corrosion and loose parts
Lubrication (recognise signs of lubrication)
Familiarise with marking placards
Recognise bonding wires
Possible defects and damages
Objectives:
Trainees should be able to use
their technical knowledge and
ramp inspection techniques in a
satisfactory manner during the
subsequent on-the-job training
C7Powerplant and pylon
Powerplants (type of engines)
Cowlings, cowling doors and blow-out doors
Leaks (hydraulic, fuel, oil)
Condition and possible damages, corrosion, leaks and loose parts
Recognise engine sensors (condition)
Possible defects and damages
Pylon (types of pylons) Recognise pylon doors, panels and blow-out panels and
loose rivets bolts
Reversers condition (broken hinges and proper closure)
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MODULE C (aircraft condition)
C8Fan blades, propellers, rotors
Typical foreign object damages (FOD), (examples of dents, nicks and blade bending)
Recognise looseness of blades in hub
Possible defects and damages (familiarise with procedures related to compliance with
engine maintenance manual)
Check de-icing boots
C9Obvious repairs
Recognise obvious repairs (examples)
Maintenance release/technical log
C10Obvious unrepaired damage
Recognise obvious damages (examples)
Damages/maintenance release/technical log
Recognise assessment of damage (examples)
C11Leakage
Fluid leaks outside of limits (examples fuel, hydraulic, oil)
Obvious leak: check the maintenance release, technical log
Recognise toilet leaks (blue ice examples)
Recognise de-icing fuids on the A/C (aircraft visit for locations)
MODULE D (Cargo)
D1General condition of cargo compartment
Cargo compartment (aircraft visit for locations)
Check wall panels
Recognise wall sealing
Familiarise with A/C systems in cargo compartment:
- fre containment, detection and extinguishing systems
- ventilation
- heating
- loading systems (rollers)
- lighting
Recognise blow-out panels
Familiarise with 9G-net
Cargo restraining devices
Check cargo door sealing for ETOPS
Containers
Loading instructions/door instructions
Damages in cargo compartment
Recognise obvious repairs in cargo compartment
D2Dangerous goods (DG)
How to recognise the special authorisation to transport DG
Assessing the scope of the authorisation (diferent classes)
Notifcation to Captain (NOTOC) format and content
Segregation and accessibility
Examples of packaging and labelling of DG
Identifying limitations and restrictions for certain (sub)classes of DG
Identifcation and removal of contamination with DG
D3Secure cargo stowage
Cargo bay (guided visit for locations)
Loading instructions (placards, wall markings/tidiness)
Familiarise with fight kit/spare wheel (secured)
Familiarise with pallets, nets, straps, containers (secured)
Recognising loading limits (weight and height)
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AMC1ARO.RAMP.115(b)(3) Qualifcation of ramp inspectors
RECURRENT TRAINING
(a) Once qualifed, ramp inspectors should undergo recurrent training in order to be kept up-to-date.
(b) The competent authority should ensure that all ramp inspectors undergo recurrent training at least once
every 3 years after being qualifed as ramp inspectors or when deemed necessary by the competent
authority or the Agency, e.g. after major changes in the inspection procedures. The Agency will inform
the competent authority of such necessity.
(c) Recurrent training should be delivered by a competent authority or by an approved training organisa-
tion.
(d) The recurrent training should cover at least the following elements:
(1) new regulatory and procedural developments;
(2) new operational practices;
(3) articulation review of other European processes and regulations (list of banned operators or air-
craft pursuant to Regulation (EC) No 2111/2005, authorisation of third-country operators); using
data collected through ramp inspections; and
(4) standardisation and harmonisation issues.
AMC2ARO.RAMP.115(b)(3) Qualifcation of ramp inspectors
RECENT EXPERIENCE REQUIREMENTS
(a) The minimum number of inspections required for ramp inspectors to maintain their qualifcation should
be conducted during any 12-month period after undergoing training, evenly spread during such inter-
vals.
(b) This number may be reduced by the number of inspections on aircraft operated by domestic operators if
the inspector is also a qualifed fight operations, ramp or airworthiness inspector of a competent author-
ity and is regularly engaged in the oversight of such operators.
(c) If the inspector loses his/her qualifcation as a result of not reaching the minimum number of inspec-
tions mentioned in (a) he/she may be requalifed by the competent authority by performing a number
of inspections under the supervision of a senior ramp inspector. The number of supervised inspections
should not be less than half the number of missed inspections according to the minimum requirement.
The time between these two inspections should be not more than 90calendar days.
(d) If the inspector loses his/her qualifcation because he/she has not been engaged in performing inspec-
tions on aircraft for more than 12 months, he/she may be requalifed by the competent authority only
after successfully completing on-the-job-training as prescribed in GM2 ARO.RAMP.115(b)(2) and any
recurrent training required.
(e) If the inspector loses his/her qualifcation because he/she has not been engaged in performing inspec-
tions on aircraft for more than 36months, he/she should be fully requalifed by successfully completing
initial theoretical, practical and on-the-job training.
(f) The competent authority should ensure that all ramp inspectors undergo recurrent training at least once
every 3years after being qualifed as ramp inspectors and whenever deemed necessary by the Agency
due to signifcant changes of the ramp inspection programme.
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AMC1ARO.RAMP.115(c) Qualifcation of ramp inspectors
CRITERIA FOR TRAINING ORGANISATIONS
(a) The training organisation should appoint a manager who is responsible for ensuring that training courses
are managed and carried out in accordance with the following criteria:
(1) The training organisation should contract suf cient personnel to develop and deliver ramp inspec-
tion training courses in accordance with the technical criteria required by the Agency.
(2) The size and structure of training facilities should ensure protection from the prevailing weather
elements and proper operation of all planned training and examination on any particular day.
(3) Fully enclosed appropriate accommodation, separate from other facilities, should be provided for
the instruction. In case the training will be given in other facilities than its own training facility, such
facility should meet the same criteria.
(4) Classrooms should have appropriate presentation equipment, of a standard that ensures students
can easily read presentation text/drawings/diagrams and fgures from any position in the class-
room.
(5) The training organisation should establish appropriate procedures to ensure proper training stand-
ards and compliance with the applicable criteria, including a quality system to ensure adequate
control of the training preparation and delivery process.
(6) The training should be conducted in the English language with the aim to train the trainee in the
jargon to be used during the ramp inspection.
(7) The training organisation should demonstrate that compliance with the applicable criteria is main-
tained in time, and that the content of the training course is always kept in line with the applicable
syllabi.
(8) The training organisation should put in place a system to evaluate the efectiveness of training
provided, based upon feedback collected from course participants after each training delivery. An
annual review summarising the results of the feedback system together with the training organisa-
tions corrective actions (if any) shall be sent to the Agency.
(i) Training organisations providing ramp inspection training courses should use only training
instructors meeting the experience and qualifcations criteria listed hereunder:
(ii) knowledge of the EU Ramp Inspection Programme;
(iii) knowledge of training delivery methods and techniques;
(iv) for instructors delivering training on inspection items and/or delivering practical training:
(A) meets the eligibility requirements for inspectors;
(B) knowledge of the ramp inspection methodology through participation, as an inspec-
tor or as an observer under the guidance of a senior ramp inspector, in at least
30inspections in the previous 5years before being nominated as an instructor.
(v) for instructors delivering training on the regulatory framework and general ramp inspection
process, at least 2years of direct experience in the EU ramp inspection programme (previ-
ous SAFA Programme), e.g. either as an inspector or as a national coordinator or as an avia-
tion safety regulations/legislation expert.
(9) Fulflment of the criteria above should be attested by the training organisation based, as a mini-
mum, on individual self-declaration.
(10) Training organisations should only employ training instructors that have maintained their prof-
ciency by performing or observing a minimum of six ramp inspections per year.
(11) All instructors should attend a recurrent training workshop organised by the Agency, aiming at
updating their knowledge with new developments of the EU Ramp Inspection Programme as
well as standardisation and harmonisation issues. The Agencys workshop should be attended
whenever it would be deemed necessary due to signifcant changes in the Ramp Inspection Pro-
grammes structure and procedures, with a minimum of at least once every 3years.
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GM1ARO.RAMP.115(c) Qualifcation of ramp inspectors
CHECKLIST FOR THE EVALUATION OF A 3RD PARTY TRAINING ORGANISATION
The competent authority should ensure that their training programmes and/or their systems for the evaluation
of third party training organisations are amended accordingly to refect any recommendations arising from the
standardisation audits conducted by the Agency in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 736/2006
5
.
5
OJ L 129, 17.5.2006, p.10.
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GM2ARO.RAMP.115(c) Qualifcation of ramp inspectors
CHECKLIST FOR THE EVALUATION OF A 3RD PARTY TRAINING ORGANISATION
1ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE
No. DESCRIPTION YES NO REMARKS
1
Has a manager with corporate authority been
appointed?
2
Has the training provider contracted enough
personnel to develop and deliver EU ramp
inspection training?
3
Is the development and delivery of training in
accordance with the technical criteria required
by the Agency?
2FACILITIES
No. DESCRIPTION YES NO REMARKS
1
Does the size and structure of the available
training facilities ensure adequate protection
against weather elements?
2
Does the size and structure of the available
training facilities provide proper training
activities?
3INSTRUCTIONAL EQUIPMENT
No. DESCRIPTION YES NO REMARKS
1
Is the presentation equipment appropriate for
the training to be delivered?
2
Can the trainees easily read the presented
material from any position in the classroom?
4TRAINING PROCEDURE
No. DESCRIPTION YES NO REMARKS
1
Has the training provider established
appropriate procedures to ensure proper
training standards?
2
Has the training provider established a system
to control the training preparation and delivery
process?
3
Is the course material written in the English
language and will the course be given in the
English language?
4
Has the training provider demonstrated how
compliance with technical criteria is maintained
in time and kept in line with the training
syllabi?
5
Has the training provider developed a system
to evaluate the efectiveness of training
provided?
6
Has the training provider devised a system to
evaluate the efectiveness of the training based
upon the feedback received?
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GM3ARO.RAMP.115(c) Qualifcation of ramp inspectors
CHECKLIST FOR THE EVALUATION OF RAMP INSPECTIONS TRAINING INSTRUCTORS
1Qualifcation Criteria
No. DESCRIPTION YES NO REMARKS
1
Do the instructors possess knowledge of the EU
Ramp Inspection Programme?
2
Do the instructors have the knowledge on
training methods and techniques?
3
Do the instructors delivering training on
inspection items/practical training meet
the eligibility and inspection experience
requirements?
4
Do the other instructors meet the working
experience criteria?
2Qualifcation records
No. DESCRIPTION YES NO REMARKS
1
Has the training organisation created and
maintained proper records on their instructors?
3Recent experience and recurrent training
No. DESCRIPTION YES NO REMARKS
1
Do the instructors meet, if applicable, the
requirements on recent experience?
2
Do the instructors meet the requirements on
recurrent training?
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ARO.RAMP.120 Approval of training organisations
(a) The competent authority shall approve a training organisation, having its principal place of business in
the territory of the respective Member State, when satisfed that the training organisation:
(1) has nominated a head of training possessing sound managerial capability to ensure that the train-
ing provided is in compliance with the applicable requirements;
(2) has available training facilities and instructional equipment suitable for the type of training pro-
vided;
(3) provides training in accordance with the syllabi developed by the Agency in accordance with ARO.
RAMP.115(d);
(4) uses qualifed training instructors.
(b) If so requested by the competent authority, the verifcation of compliance and continuous compliance
with the requirements referred to in (a) shall be performed by the Agency.
(c) The training organisation shall be approved to provide one or more of the following types of training:
(1) initial theoretical training;
(2) initial practical training;
(3) recurrent training.
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AMC1ARO.RAMP.120 Approval of training organisations
TRAINING ORGANISATIONS PROVIDING TRAINING TO RAMP INSPECTORS
(a) The competent authority employing a third party organisation for the purpose of ramp inspections
related training should put in place a system to evaluate such an organisation. The system should be
simple, transparent and proportionate. Such a system should take into account evaluations conducted
by other Member State authorities.
(b) When an evaluation is performed by the Agency on behalf of a competent authority the result of this
evaluation should be used by any Member State as a basis for its own evaluation.
(c) For each qualifed training organisation, a competent authority should communicate to the Agency the
following details:
(1) full legal name;
(2) address; and
(3) scope of training (i.e. theoretical training, practical training and a combination of these trainings).
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ARO.RAMP.125 Conduct of ramp inspections
(a) Ramp inspections shall be performed in a standardised manner using the form established in either
Appendix III or Appendix IV.
(b) When performing a ramp inspection, the inspector(s) shall make all possible eforts to avoid an unreason-
able delay of the aircraft inspected.
(c) On completion of the ramp inspection, the pilot-in-command or, in his/her absence, another member of
the fight crew or a representative of the operator shall be informed of the ramp inspections results using
the form established in Appendix III.
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AMC1ARO.RAMP.125(b) Conduct of Ramp inspections
GENERAL
(a) Ramp inspections should be performed by inspectors possessing the necessary knowledge relevant to
the area of inspection whereby technical, airworthiness and operational knowledge must be represented
in case all items of the checklist are being verifed. When a ramp inspection is performed by two or more
inspectors, the main elements of the inspection the visual inspection of the aircraft exterior, the inspec-
tion in the fight deck and the inspection of the passenger cabin and/or cargo compartments may be
divided among the inspectors, according to their privileges granted in accordance with ARO.RAMP.115.
(b) The competent authority should put in place appropriate procedures to allow them unrestricted access
to the aircraft to be inspected. In this respect ramp inspectors should possess adequate credentials.
(c) Inspectors should identify themselves to the pilotin-command/commander of the aircraft or, in his/her
absence, to a member of the fight crew or to the most senior representative of the operator prior to com-
mencing the on-board part of their ramp inspection. When it is not possible to inform any representative
of the operator or when there is no such representative present in or near the aircraft, the general princi-
ple should be not to perform a ramp inspection. In special circumstances it may be decided to perform a
ramp inspection but this should be limited to a visual check of the aircraft exterior.
(d) The inspection should be as comprehensive as possible within the time and resources available. This
means that if only a limited amount of time or resources is available, not all inspection items but a reduced
number may be verifed. According to the time and resources available for a ramp inspection, the items
that are to be inspected should be selected accordingly in conformity with the objectives of the ramp
inspection programme. Items not being inspected may be inspected during a next inspection.
(e) Inspectors should show tact and diplomacy when performing a ramp inspection. A certain amount of
inconvenience to fight and cabin crews, handling agents and other personnel involved in ground han-
dling activities may arise but inspectors should try to reduce it to the minimum. Unnecessary contact with
passengers should be avoided.
(f) Ramp inspectors should not open any hatches, doors or panels themselves nor should they operate or
interfere with any aircraft controls or equipment. When such actions are required for the scope of the
inspection, the ramp inspectors should request the assistance of the operators personnel (fight crew,
cabin crew, ground crew).
(g) The items to be inspected should be selected from the ramp inspection checklist (see Appendices III and
IV). The ramp inspection checklist contains a total of 54items. Of these, 24relate to operational require-
ments (A-items) to be checked on the fight crew compartment, 14items address safety and cabin items
(B-items), 12items are concerning the aircraft condition (C-items) and three items (D-items) are related
to the inspection of cargo (including dangerous goods) and the cargo compartment. In case of any gen-
eral inspection items not addressed by the other items of the checklist, they may be administered by the
E-item (General) of the checklist.
(h) Items which have been inspected as well as any possible fndings and observations will be recorded in
the Ramp Inspections Report (see Appendices III and IV).
(i) ARO.RAMP.125 (c) requires that the operator is informed about the results of every ramp inspection
by providing it with a copy of the Proof of Inspection (see Appendix III). A signed acknowledgement of
receipt should be requested from the recipient and retained by the inspector. Refusal by the recipient to
sign should be recorded in the document.
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GM1ARO.RAMP.125(b) Conduct of Ramp inspections
UNREASONABLE DELAY
The inspector(s) intending to conduct the ramp inspection should be able to start the inspection immediately.
The inspector(s) should ensure that the inspection can be carried out expeditiously. Delays related to the availa-
bility of the inspector(s) or the necessary inspection documentation or similar avoidable reasons of delay caused
by the inspector(s), which are not directly related to safety, should be avoided without exception.
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ARO.RAMP.130 Categorisation of fndings
For each inspection item, three categories of possible non-compliance with the applicable requirements are
defned as fndings. Such fndings shall be categorised as follows:
(1) a category 3fnding is any detected signifcant non-compliance with the applicable requirements or the
terms of a certifcate that has a major infuence on safety;
2) a category 2fnding is any detected non-compliance with the applicable requirements or the terms of a
certifcate that has a signifcant infuence on safety;
(3) a category 1 fnding is any detected non-compliance with the applicable requirements or the terms a
certifcate that has a minor infuence on safety.
ARO.RAMP.135 Follow-up actions on fndings
(a) For a category 2or 3fnding the competent authority, or where relevant the Agency, shall:
(1) communicate the fnding in writing to the operator, including a request for evidence of corrective
actions taken; and
(2) inform the competent authority of the State of the operator and, where relevant, the State in which
the aircraft is registered and where the licence of the fight crew was issued. Where appropriate,
the competent authority or Agency shall request confrmation of their acceptance of the corrective
actions taken by the operator in accordance with ARO.GEN.350or ARO.GEN.355.
(b) In addition to (a), in the case of a category 3fnding, the competent authority shall take immediate steps
by:
(1) imposing a restriction on the aircraft fight operation;
(2) requesting immediate corrective actions;
(3) grounding the aircraft in accordance with ARO.RAMP.140; or
(4) imposing an immediate operating ban in accordance with Article 6of Regulation (EC) No 2111/2005.
(c) When the Agency has raised a category 3 fnding, it shall request the competent authority where the
aircraft is landed to take the appropriate measures in accordance with (b).
ARO.RAMP.140 Grounding of aircraft
(a) In the case of a category 3fnding where it appears that the aircraft is intended or is likely to be fown with-
out completion by the operator or owner of the appropriate corrective action, the competent authority
shall:
(1) notify the pilot-in-command/commander or the operator that the aircraft is not permitted to com-
mence the fight until further notice; and
(2) ground that aircraft.
(b) The competent authority of the State where the aircraft is grounded shall immediately inform the com-
petent authority of the State of the operator and of the State in which the aircraft is registered, if relevant,
and the Agency in the case of a grounded aircraft used by a third-country operator.
(c) The competent authority shall, in coordination with the State of the operator or the State of Registry,
prescribe the necessary conditions under which the aircraft can be allowed to take-of.
(d) If the non-compliance afects the validity of the certifcate of airworthiness of the aircraft, the grounding
shall only be lifted by the competent authority when the operator shows evidence that:
(1) compliance with the applicable requirements has been re-established;
(2) it has obtained a permit-to-fy in accordance with Commission Regulation (EC) No 1702/2003, for
aircraft registered in a Member State;
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(3) a permit-to-fy or equivalent document of the State of Registry or the State of the operator for air-
craft registered in a third country and operated by an EU or a third country operator; and
(4) permission from third countries which will be overfown, if applicable.
ARO.RAMP.145 Reporting
(a) Information collected in accordance with ARO.RAMP.125 (a) shall be entered into the centralised data-
base referred to in ARO.RAMP.150(b)(2), within 21calendar days after the inspection.
(b) The competent authority or the Agency shall enter into the centralised database any information useful
for the application of Regulation (EC) No 216/2008and its Implementing Rules and for the accomplish-
ment by the Agency of the tasks assigned to it by this Annex, including the relevant information referred
to in ARO.RAMP.110.
(c) Whenever the information as referred to in ARO.RAMP.110 shows the existence of a potential safety
threat, such information shall also be communicated to each competent authority and the Agency with-
out delay.
(d) Whenever information concerning aircraft defciencies is given by a person to the competent authority,
the information referred to in ARO.RAMP.110and ARO.RAMP.125(a) shall be de-identifed regarding the
source of such information.
ARO.RAMP.150 Agency coordination tasks
(a) The Agency shall manage and operate the tools and procedures necessary for the storage and exchange
of:
(1) the information referred to in ARO.RAMP.145, using the forms as established in Appendices III and
IV;
(2) the information provided by third countries or international organisations with whom appropriate
agreements have been concluded with the EU, or organisations with whom the Agency has con-
cluded appropriate arrangements in accordance with Article 27(2) of Regulation (EC) No 216/2008.
(b) This management shall include the following tasks:
(1) store data from the Member States relevant to the safety information on aircraft landing at aero-
dromes located in the territory subject to the provisions of the Treaty;
(2) develop, maintain and continuously update a centralised database containing all the information
referred to in (a)(1) and (2);
(3) provide necessary changes and enhancements to the database application;
(4) analyse the centralised database and other relevant information concerning the safety of aircraft
and of air operators and, on that basis:
(i) advise the Commission and the competent authorities on immediate actions or follow-up
policy;
(ii) report potential safety problems to the Commission and to the competent authorities;
(iii) propose coordinated actions to the Commission and to the competent authorities, when
necessary on safety grounds, and ensure coordination at the technical level of such actions;
(5) liaise with other European institutions and bodies, international organisations and third country
competent authorities on information exchange.
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ARO.RAMP.155 Annual report
The Agency shall prepare and submit to the Commission an annual report on the ramp inspection system con-
taining at least the following information:
(a) status of the progress of the system;
(b) status of the inspections performed in the year;
(c) analysis of the inspection results with indication of the categories of fndings;
(d) actions taken during the year;
(e) proposals for further improving the ramp inspection system; and
(f) annexes containing lists of inspections sorted out by State of operation, aircraft type, operator and ratios
per item.
ARO.RAMP.160 Information to the public and protection of information
(a) Member States shall use the information received by them pursuant to ARO.RAMP.105 and ARO.
RAMP.145 solely for the purpose of Regulation (EC) No 216/2008 and its implementing rules and shall
protect it accordingly.
(b) The Agency shall publish an aggregated information report annually that shall be available to the public
containing the analysis of the information received in accordance with ARO.RAMP.145. The report shall
be simple and easy to understand, and the source of the information shall be de-identifed.
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Appendix I
AIR OPERATOR CERTIFICATE
(Approval schedule for air operators)
Types of operation: Commercial air transport (CAT) Passengers; Cargo;
Other
1
:..
Commercial specialised operations (SPO)
2
..
5
State of the Operator
3
5
Issuing Authority
4
AOC #
6
: Operator Name
7
Dba Trading Name
8
Operator address
10
:
Telephone
11
:
Fax:
E-mail:
Operational Points of Contact:
9
Contact details, at which operational
management can be contacted without
undue delay, are listed in .........................
12
.
This certifcate certifes that ..
13
is authorised to perform commercial air operations, as defned
in the attached operations specifcations, in accordance with the operations manual, Annex IV to Regulation (EC)
No 216/2008and its Implementing Rules.
Date of issue
14
: Name and Signature
15
:
Title:
1. Other type of transportation to be specifed.
2. Specify the type of operation, e.g., agriculture, construction, photography, surveying, observation and
patrol, aerial advertisement.
3. Replaced by the name of the State of the Operator.
4. Replaced by the identifcation of the issuing competent authority.
5. For use of the competent authority.
6. Approval reference, as issued by the competent authority.
7 Replaced by the operators registered name.
8. Operators trading name, if diferent. Insert Dba (for Doing business as) before the trading name.
9. The contact details include the telephone and fax numbers, including the country code, and the e-mail
address (if available) at which operational management can be contacted without undue delay for issues
related to fight operations, airworthiness, fight and cabin crew competency, dangerous goods and other
matters as appropriate.
10. Operators principal place of business address.
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11. Operators principal place of business telephone and fax details, including the country code. E-mail to be
provided if available.
12. Insertion of the controlled document, carried on board, in which the contact details are listed, with the
appropriate paragraph or page reference. E.g.: Contact details are listed in the operations manual,
gen/basic, chapter 1, 1.1; or are listed in the operations specifcations, page 1; or are listed in an
attachment to this document.
13. Operators registered name.
14. Issue date of the AOC (dd-mm-yyyy).
15. Title, name and signature of the competent authority representative. In addition, an of cial stamp may be
applied on the AOC.
EASA FORM 138Issue 1
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Appendix II
OPERATIONS SPECIFICATIONS
(subject to the approved conditions in the operations manual)
Issuing Authority Contact Details
Telephone
1
: ___________________; Fax: ___________________;
E-mail: ___________________
AOC#
2
: Operator: Name
3
: Date
4
: Signature:
Dba Trading Name
Operations Specifcations#:
Aircraft Model
5
:
Registration Marks
6
:
Commercial operations ..
Area of operation
7
:
Special Limitations
8
:
Specifc Approvals: Yes No Specifcation
9
Remarks
Dangerous Goods
Low Visibility Operations
Take-of
Approach and Landing
Take-of
RVR
11
: m
CAT
10
.... RVR: m
DH: ft
RVSM
12
N/A
ETOPS
13
N/A
Maximum Diversion
Time
14
: min.
Navigation specifcations for
PBNOperations
15
16
Minimum navigation performance
specifcation
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Helicopter operations with the aid of
night vision imaging systems
Helicopter hoist operations
Helicopter emergency medical service
operations
Cabin crew training
17
Issue of CC attestation
18
Continuing airworthiness
19
Others
20
1. Telephone and fax contact details of the competent authority, including the country code. E-mail to be
provided if available.
2. Insertion of associated air operator certifcate (AOC) number.
3. Insertion of the operators registered name and the operators trading name, if diferent. Insert Dba
before the trading name (for Doing business as).
4. Issue date of the operations specifcations (dd-mm-yyyy) and signature of the competent authority rep-
resentative.
5 Insertion of ICAO designation of the aircraft make, model and series, or master series, if a series has been
designated (e.g. Boeing-737-3K2or Boeing-777-232).
6. Either the registration marks are listed in the operations specifcations or in the operations manual. In the
latter case the related operations specifcations must make a reference to the related page in the opera-
tion manual. In case not all specifc approvals apply to the aircraft model, the registration marks of the
aircraft could be entered in the remark column to the related specifc approval.
7. Listing of geographical area(s) of authorised operation (by geographical coordinates or specifc routes,
fight information region or national or regional boundaries).
8. Listing of applicable special limitations (e.g. VFR only, Day only, etc.).
9. List in this column the most permissive criteria for each approval or the approval type (with appropriate
criteria).
10. Insertion of applicable precision approach category: CAT I, II, IIIA, IIIB or IIIC. Insertion of minimum runway
visual range (RVR) in meters and decision height (DH) in feet. One line is used per listed approach cat-
egory.
11. Insertion of approved minimum take-of RVR in meters. One line per approval may be used if diferent
approvals are granted.
12. Not Applicable (N/A) box may be checked only if the aircraft maximum ceiling is below FL290.
13. Extended range operations (ETOPS) currently applies only to two-engined aircraft. Therefore the Not
Applicable (N/A) box may be checked if the aircraft model has more or less than two engines.
14. The threshold distance may also be listed (in NM), as well as the engine type.
15. Performance-based navigation (PBN): one line is used for each PBN approval (e.g. area navigation (RNAV)
10, RNAV 1, required navigation performance (RNP) 4,), with appropriate limitations or conditions listed
in the Specifcations and/or Remarks columns.
16. Limitations, conditions and regulatory basis for operational approval associated with the PBN approval
(e.g. global navigation satellite system (GNSS), distance measuring equipment/DME/inertial reference
unit (DME/DME/IRU), ).
17. Approval to conduct the training course and examination to be completed by applicants for a cabin crew
attestation as specifed in Annex V (Part-CC) to Commission Regulation (EU) No xxx/XXXX
6
.
6
OJ L xxx, xx.xx.xxxx, p. x.
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18. Approval to issue cabin crew attestations as specifed in Annex V (Part-CC) to Commission Regulation (EU)
No xxx/XXXX.
19. The name of the person/organisation responsible for ensuring that the continuing airworthiness of the
aircraft is maintained and a reference to the regulation that requires the work, i.e. Annex I (Part-M), Sub-
part G to Commission Regulation (EC) 2042/2003.
20. Other approvals or data can be entered here, using one line (or one multi-line block) per authorisation
(e.g. short landing operations, steep approach operations, helicopter operations to/from a public inter-
est site, helicopter operations over a hostile environment located outside a congested area, helicopter
operations without a safe forced landing capability, operations with increased bank angles, maximum
distance from an adequate aerodrome for two-engined aeroplanes without an ETOPS approval, aircraft
used for non-commercial operations).
EASA FORM 139Issue 1
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Appendix III
Proof of Ramp Inspection
Date: Time: Place:
Free format information of
competent authority (logo,
contact details tel/fax/email)
Operator: State: AOC no.:
Route from: Flight no: Route to: Flight no:
Flight type:
Chartered by Operator: Aircraft type: Aircraft confguration:
Charterers State: Registration mark: Construction no:
Flight crew State(s) of
licensing:
Acknowledgement of Receipt(*)
Name: ..
Function: .
Function:
Signature:
Check Remark
Check Remark
Check Remark
A Flight deck Flight crew C Aircraft condition
1 General condition 20 Flight crew licence/composition 1 General external condition
2 Emergency exit
Journey log book / Technical log or
equivalent
2 Doors and hatches
3 Equipment 21 Journey log book or equivalent 3 Flight controls
Documentation 22 Maintenance release 4 Wheels, tyres and brakes
4 Manuals 23
Defect notifcation and
rectifcation (incl. Tech log)
5 Undercarriage, skids/foats
5 Checklists 24 Pre-fight inspection 6 Wheel well
6
Navigation/
instrument charts
7 Powerplant and pylon
7
Minimum equipment
list
B Cabin Safety 8
Fan blades, Propellers, Rotors
(main/tail)
8
Certifcate of
registration
1 General internal condition 9 Obvious repairs
9
Noise certifcate
(where applicable)
2
Cabin crew station and crew
rest area
10 Obvious unrepaired damage
10 AOC or equivalent 3
First-aid kit / Emergency medical
kit
11 Leakage
12
Certifcate of
Airworthiness
5 Life-jackets / fotation devices
Remarks
(0) No remarks
Helideck identifcation:
Helideck elevation:
200ft
Maximum height:
350ft
Side identifcation:
Type of installation:
1
D value:
22m
Position:
2
Operator
3
N W ATIS:
VHF 123.45
COM LOG: VHF 123.45 NAV NBD: 123(ident)
Traf c: VHF 123.45 DME: 123
Deck: VHF 123.45 VOR/DME: 123
VOR: 123
Fuelling:
4
GPU:
5
Deck heading:
MTOM:
T
Status light:
6
Fire fghting equipment:
7
Revision date:
1
Fixed manned, fxed unmanned; ship type (e.g. diving support vessel); semi-submersible; jack-up.
2
WGS84grid.
3
NAM, AMOCO, etc.
4
Pressure/gravity; pressure; gravity; no.
5
Yes; no; 28V DC.
6
Yes; no.
7
Type (e.g. aqueous flm forming foams (AFFF)) and nature (e.g. deck integrated fre fghting system (DIFFS).
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CAT.OP.MPA.106 Use of isolated aerodromes aeroplanes
(a) Using an isolated aerodrome as destination aerodrome with aeroplanes requires the prior approval by
the competent authority.
(b) An isolated aerodrome is one for which the alternate and fnal fuel reserve required to the nearest ade-
quate destination alternate aerodrome is more than:
(1) for aeroplanes with reciprocating engines, fuel to fy for 45 minutes plus 15% of the fying time
planned to be spent at cruising level or 2hours, whichever is less; or
(2) for aeroplanes with turbine engines, fuel to fy for 2hours at normal cruise consumption above the
destination aerodrome, including fnal reserve fuel.
CAT.OP.MPA.107 Adequate aerodrome
The operator shall consider an aerodrome as adequate if, at the expected time of use, the aerodrome is available
and equipped with necessary ancillary services such as air traf c services (ATS), suf cient lighting, communica-
tions, weather reporting, navigation aids and emergency services.
CAT.OP.MPA.110 Aerodrome operating minima
(a) The operator shall establish aerodrome operating minima for each departure, destination or alternate
aerodrome planned to be used. These minima shall not be lower than those established for such aero-
dromes by the State in which the aerodrome is located, except when specifcally approved by that State.
Any increment specifed by the competent authority shall be added to the minima.
(b) The use of a head-up display (HUD), head-up guidance landing system (HUDLS) or enhanced vision sys-
tem (EVS) may allow operations with lower visibilities than the established aerodrome operating minima
if approved in accordance with SPA.LVO.
(c) When establishing aerodrome operating minima, the operator shall take the following into account:
(1) the type, performance and handling characteristics of the aircraft;
(2) the composition, competence and experience of the fight crew;
(3) the dimensions and characteristics of the runways/fnal approach and take-of areas (FATOs) that
may be selected for use;
(4) the adequacy and performance of the available visual and non-visual ground aids;
(5) the equipment available on the aircraft for the purpose of navigation and/or control of the fight
path during the take-of, the approach, the fare, the landing, rollout and the missed approach;
(6) for the determination of obstacle clearance, the obstacles in the approach, missed approach and
the climb-out areas necessary for the execution of contingency procedures;
(7) the obstacle clearance altitude/height for the instrument approach procedures;
(8) the means to determine and report meteorological conditions; and
(9) the fight technique to be used during the fnal approach.
(d) The operator shall specify the method of determining aerodrome operating minima in the operations
manual.
(e) The minima for a specifc approach and landing procedure shall only be used if all the following condi-
tions are met:
(1) the ground equipment shown on the chart required for the intended procedure is operative;
(2) the aircraft systems required for the type of approach are operative;
(3) the required aircraft performance criteria are met; and
(4) the crew is appropriately qualifed.
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AMC1CAT.OP.MPA.110 Aerodrome operating minima
TAKE-OFF OPERATIONS AEROPLANES
(a) General
(1) Take-of minima should be expressed as visibility or runway visual range (RVR) limits, taking into
account all relevant factors for each aerodrome planned to be used and aircraft characteristics.
Where there is a specifc need to see and avoid obstacles on departure and/or for a forced landing,
additional conditions, e.g. ceiling, should be specifed.
(2) The commander should not commence take-of unless the weather conditions at the aerodrome
of departure are equal to or better than applicable minima for landing at that aerodrome unless a
weather-permissible take-of alternate aerodrome is available.
(3) When the reported meteorological visibility (VIS) is below that required for take-of and RVR is not
reported, a take-of should only be commenced if the commander can determine that the visibility
along the take-of runway is equal to or better than the required minimum.
(4) When no reported meteorological visibility or RVR is available, a take-of should only be com-
menced if the commander can determine that the visibility along the take-of runway is equal to or
better than the required minimum.
(b) Visual reference
(1) The take-of minima should be selected to ensure suf cient guidance to control the aircraft in the
event of both a rejected take-of in adverse circumstances and a continued take-of after failure of
the critical engine.
(2) For night operations, ground lights should be available to illuminate the runway and any obsta-
cles.
(c) Required RVR/VIS aeroplanes
(1) For multi-engined aeroplanes, with performance such that in the event of a critical engine failure
at any point during take-of the aeroplane can either stop or continue the take-of to a height
of 1 500 ft above the aerodrome while clearing obstacles by the required margins, the take-of
minima specifed by the operator should be expressed as RVR/CMV (converted meteorological vis-
ibility) values not lower than those specifed in Table 1.A.
(2) For multi-engined aeroplanes without the performance to comply with the conditions in (c)(1) in
the event of a critical engine failure, there may be a need to re-land immediately and to see and
avoid obstacles in the take-of area. Such aeroplanes may be operated to the following take-of
minima provided they are able to comply with the applicable obstacle clearance criteria, assum-
ing engine failure at the height specifed. The take-of minima specifed by the operator should be
based upon the height from which the one-engine-inoperative (OEI) net take-of fight path can be
constructed. The RVR minima used should not be lower than either of the values specifed in Table
1.A or Table 2.A.
(3) When RVR or meteorological visibility is not available, the commander should not commence take-
of unless he/she can determine that the actual conditions satisfy the applicable take-of minima.
Table 1.A: Take-of aeroplanes (without an approval for low visibility take-of (LVTO) RVR/VIS
Facilities RVR/VIS (m) *
Day only: Nil** 500
Day: at least runway edge lights or runway centreline markings
Night: at least runway edge lights and runway end lights or runway centreline
lights and runway end lights
400
*: The reported RVR/VIS value representative of the initial part of the take-of run can be replaced by pilot assessment.
**: The pilot is able to continuously identify the take-of surface and maintain directional control.
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Table 2.A: Take-of aeroplanes
Assumed engine failure height above the runway versus RVR/VIS
Assumed engine failure height above the take-of runway
(ft)
RVR/VIS (m) **
<50 400(200with LVTO approval)
51 100 400(300with LVTO approval)
101 150 400
151 200 500
201 300 1000
>300 * 1500
*: 1500m is also applicable if no positive take-of fight path can be constructed.
**: The reported RVR/VIS value representative of the initial part of the take-of run can be replaced by pilot assessment.
AMC2CAT.OP.MPA.110 Aerodrome operating minima
TAKE-OFF OPERATIONS HELICOPTERS
(a) General
(1) Take-of minima should be expressed as visibility or runway visual range (RVR) limits, taking into
account all relevant factors for each aerodrome planned to be used and aircraft characteristics.
Where there is a specifc need to see and avoid obstacles on departure and/or for a forced landing,
additional conditions, e.g. ceiling, should be specifed.
(2) The commander should not commence take-of unless the weather conditions at the aerodrome
of departure are equal to or better than applicable minima for landing at that aerodrome unless a
weather-permissible take-of alternate aerodrome is available.
(3) When the reported meteorological visibility (VIS) is below that required for take-of and RVR is not
reported, a take-of should only be commenced if the commander can determine that the visibility
along the take-of runway/area is equal to or better than the required minimum.
(4) When no reported meteorological visibility or RVR is available, a take-of should only be com-
menced if the commander can determine that the visibility along the take-of runway/area is equal
to or better than the required minimum.
(b) Visual reference
(1) The take-of minima should be selected to ensure suf cient guidance to control the aircraft in the
event of both a rejected take-of in adverse circumstances and a continued take-of after failure of
the critical engine.
(2) For night operations, ground lights should be available to illuminate the runway/fnal approach
and take-of area (FATO) and any obstacles.
(c) Required RVR/VIS helicopters:
(1) For performance class 1operations, the operator should specify an RVR/VIS as take-of minima in
accordance with Table 1.H.
(2) For performance class 2operations onshore, the commander should operate to take-of minima
of 800m RVR/VIS and remain clear of cloud during the take-of manoeuvre until reaching perfor-
mance class 1capabilities.
(3) For performance class 2operations ofshore, the commander should operate to minima not less
than that for performance class 1and remain clear of cloud during the take-of manoeuvre until
reaching performance class 1capabilities.
(4) Table 8for converting reported meteorological visibility to RVR should not be used for calculating
take-of minima.
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Table 1.H: Take-of helicopters (without LVTO approval)
RVR/VIS
Onshore aerodromes with instrument fight rules (IFR)
departure procedures
RVR/VIS (m)
No light and no markings (day only) 400or the rejected take-of distance, whichever is the greater
No markings (night) 800
Runway edge/FATO light and centreline marking 400
Runway edge/FATO light, centreline marking and relevant RVR
information
400
Ofshore helideck *
Two-pilot operations 400
Single-pilot operations 500
*: The take-of fight path to be free of obstacles.
AMC3CAT.OP.MPA.110 Aerodrome operating minima
NPA, APV, CAT I operations
(a) The decision height (DH) to be used for a non-precision approach (NPA) fown with the continuous
descent fnal approach (CDFA) technique, approach procedure with vertical guidance (APV) or CAT I
operation should not be lower than the highest of:
(1) the minimum height to which the approach aid can be used without the required visual reference;
(2) the obstacle clearance height (OCH) for the category of aircraft;
(3) the published approach procedure DH where applicable;
(4) the system minimum specifed in Table 3; or
(5) the minimum DH specifed in the aircraft fight manual (AFM) or equivalent document, if stated.
(b) The minimum descent height (MDH) for an NPA operation fown without the CDFA technique should not
be lower than the highest of:
(1) the OCH for the category of aircraft;
(2) the system minimum specifed in Table 3; or
(3) the minimum MDH specifed in the AFM, if stated.
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Table 3: System minima
Facility Lowest DH/MDH (ft)
ILS/MLS/GLS 200
GNSS/SBAS (LPV) 200
GNSS (LNAV) 250
GNSS/Baro-VNAV (LNAV/ VNAV) 250
LOC with or without DME 250
SRA (terminating at NM) 250
SRA (terminating at 1NM) 300
SRA (terminating at 2NM or more) 350
VOR 300
VOR/DME 250
NDB 350
NDB/DME 300
VDF 350
DME: distance measuring equipment;
GNSS: global navigation satellite system;
ILS: instrument landing system;
LNAV: lateral navigation;
LOC: localiser;
LPV: localiser performance with vertical guidance
SBAS: satellite-based augmentation system;
SRA: surveillance radar approach;
VDF: VHF direction fnder;
VNAV: vertical navigation;
VOR: VHF omnidirectional radio range.
AMC4CAT.OP.MPA.110 Aerodrome operating minima
CRITERIA FOR ESTABLISHING RVR/CMV
(a) Aeroplanes
The following criteria for establishing RVR/CMV should apply:
(1) In order to qualify for the lowest allowable values of RVR/CMV specifed in Table 6.A the instrument
approach should meet at least the following facility specifcations and associated conditions:
(i) Instrument approaches with designated vertical profle up to and including 4.5 for category
A and B aeroplanes, or 3.77 for category C and D aeroplanes where the facilities are:
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(A) ILS / microwave landing system (MLS) / GBAS landing system (GLS) / precision
approach radar (PAR); or
(B) APV; and
where the fnal approach track is ofset by not more than 15 for category A and B aero-
planes or by not more than 5 for category C and D aeroplanes.
(ii) Instrument approach operations fown using the CDFA technique with a nominal vertical
profle, up to and including 4.5 for category A and B aeroplanes, or 3.77 for category C and
D aeroplanes, where the facilities are NDB, NDB/DME, VOR, VOR/DME, LOC, LOC/DME, VDF,
SRA or GNSS/LNAV, with a fnal approach segment of at least 3NM, which also fulfl the fol-
lowing criteria:
(A) the fnal approach track is ofset by not more than 15 for category A and B aeroplanes
or by not more than 5 for category C and D aeroplanes;
(B) the fnal approach fx (FAF) or another appropriate fx where descent is initiated is
available, or distance to threshold (THR) is available by fight management system /
GNSS (FMS/GNSS) or DME; and
(C) if the missed approach point (MAPt) is determined by timing, the distance from FAF
or another appropriate fx to THR is 8NM.
(iii) Instrument approaches where the facilities are NDB, NDB/DME, VOR, VOR/DME, LOC, LOC/
DME, VDF, SRA or GNSS/LNAV, not fulflling the criteria in (a)(1)(ii), or with an MDH 1200ft.
(2) The missed approach operation, after an approach operation has been fown using the CDFA tech-
nique, should be executed when reaching the DA/H or the MAPt, whichever occurs frst. The lateral
part of the missed approach procedure should be fown via the MAPt unless otherwise stated on
the approach chart.
AMC5CAT.OP.MPA.110 Aerodrome operating minima
DETERMINATION OF RVR/CMV/VIS MINIMA FOR NPA, APV, CAT I AEROPLANES
(a) Aeroplanes
The RVR/CMV/VIS minima for NPA, APV and CAT I operations should be determined as follows:
(1) The minimum RVR/CMV/VIS should be the highest of the values specifed in Table 5or Table 6.A
but not greater than the maximum values specifed in Table 6.A, where applicable.
(2) The values in Table 5should be derived from the formula below,
Required RVR/VIS (m) = [(DH/MDH (ft) x 0.3048) / tan] length of approach lights (m)
where is the calculation angle, being a default value of 3.00 increasing in steps of 0.10 for each
line in Table 5up to 3.77 and then remaining constant.
(3) If the approach is fown with a level fight segment at or above MDA/H, 200m should be added
for category A and B aeroplanes and 400m for category C and D aeroplanes to the minimum RVR/
CMV/VIS value resulting from the application of Tables 5and 6.A.
(4) An RVR of less than 750m as indicated in Table 5may be used:
(i) for CAT I operations to runways with full approach lighting system (FALS), runway touch-
down zone lights (RTZL) and runway centreline lights (RCLL);
(ii) for CAT I operations to runways without RTZL and RCLL when using an approved head-up
guidance landing system (HUDLS), or equivalent approved system, or when conducting a
coupled approach or fight-director-fown approach to a DH. The ILS should not be pub-
lished as a restricted facility; and
(iii) for APV operations to runways with FALS, RTZL and RCLL when using an approved head-up
display (HUD).
(5) Lower values than those specifed in Table 5, for HUDLS and auto-land operations may be used if
approved in accordance with Annex V (Part-SPA), Subpart E (SPA.LVO).
(6) The visual aids should comprise standard runway day markings and approach and runway lights
as specifed in Table 4. The competent authority may approve that RVR values relevant to a basic
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approach lighting system (BALS) are used on runways where the approach lights are restricted in
length below 210m due to terrain or water, but where at least one cross-bar is available.
(7) For night operations or for any operation where credit for runway and approach lights is required,
the lights should be on and serviceable except as provided for in Table 9.
(8) For single-pilot operations, the minimum RVR/VIS should be calculated in accordance with the fol-
lowing additional criteria:
(i) an RVR of less than 800m as indicated in Table 5may be used for CAT I approaches provided
any of the following is used at least down to the applicable DH:
(A) a suitable autopilot, coupled to an ILS, MLS or GLS that is not published as restricted;
or
(B) an approved HUDLS, including, where appropriate, enhanced vision system (EVS), or
equivalent approved system;
(ii) where RTZL and/or RCLL are not available, the minimum RVR/CMV should not be less than
600m; and
(iii) an RVR of less than 800m as indicated in Table 5may be used for APV operations to runways
with FALS, RTZL and RCLL when using an approved HUDLS, or equivalent approved system,
or when conducting a coupled approach to a DH equal to or greater than 250ft.
Table 4: Approach lighting systems
Class of lighting facility Length, confguration and intensity of approach lights
FALS CAT I lighting system (HIALS 720m) distance coded centreline, Barrette centreline
IALS Simple approach lighting system (HIALS 420 719m) single source, Barrette
BALS Any other approach lighting system (HIALS, MALS or ALS 210-419m)
NALS Any other approach light system (HIALS, MALS or ALS <210 m) or no approach
lights
Note: HIALS: high intensity approach lighting system;
MALS: medium intensity approach lighting system.
Table 5: RVR/CMV vs. DH/MDH
DH or
MDH
Class of lighting facility
FALS IALS BALS NALS
See (a)(4),(5),(8) above for
RVR <750/800m
ft RVR/CMV (m)
200 - 210 550 750 1000 1200
211 - 220 550 800 1000 1200
221 - 230 550 800 1000 1200
231 - 240 550 800 1000 1200
241 - 250 550 800 1000 1300
251 - 260 600 800 1100 1300
261 - 280 600 900 1100 1300
281 - 300 650 900 1200 1400
301 - 320 700 1000 1200 1400
321 - 340 800 1100 1300 1500
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DH or
MDH
Class of lighting facility
FALS IALS BALS NALS
See (a)(4),(5),(8) above for
RVR <750/800m
ft RVR/CMV (m)
341 - 360 900 1200 1400 1600
361 - 380 1000 1300 1500 1700
381 - 400 1100 1400 1600 1800
401 - 420 1200 1500 1700 1900
421 - 440 1300 1600 1800 2000
441 - 460 1400 1700 1900 2100
461 - 480 1500 1800 2000 2200
481 500 1500 1800 2100 2300
501 - 520 1600 1900 2100 2400
521 - 540 1700 2000 2200 2400
541 - 560 1800 2100 2300 2500
561 - 580 1900 2200 2400 2600
581 - 600 2000 2300 2500 2700
601 - 620 2100 2400 2600 2800
621 - 640 2200 2500 2700 2900
641 - 660 2300 2600 2800 3000
661 - 680 2400 2700 2900 3100
681 - 700 2500 2800 3000 3200
701 - 720 2600 2900 3100 3300
721 - 740 2700 3000 3200 3400
741 - 760 2700 3000 3300 3500
761 - 800 2900 3200 3400 3600
801 - 850 3100 3400 3600 3800
851 - 900 3300 3600 3800 4000
901 - 950 3600 3900 4100 4300
951 - 1000 3800 4100 4300 4500
1001 - 1100 4100 4400 4600 4900
1101 - 1200 4600 4900 5000 5000
1201and above 5000 5000 5000 5000
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Table 6.A: CAT I, APV, NPA aeroplanes
Minimum and maximum applicable RVR/CMV (lower and upper cut-of limits)
Facility/conditions RVR/CMV (m) Aeroplane category
A B C D
ILS, MLS, GLS, PAR, GNSS/
SBAS, GNSS/VNAV
Min According to Table 5
Max 1500 1500 2400 2400
NDB, NDB/DME, VOR, VOR/
DME, LOC, LOC/DME, VDF,
SRA, GNSS/LNAV with
a procedure that fulfls
the criteria in AMC4CAT.
OP.MPA.110, (a)(1)(ii)
Min 750 750 750 750
Max 1500 1500 2400 2400
For NDB, NDB/DME, VOR,
VOR/DME, LOC, LOC/DME,
VDF, SRA, GNSS/LNAV:
not fulflling the criteria in
in AMC4CAT.OP.MPA.110, (a)
(1)(ii), or
with a DH or MDH 1200ft
Min 1000 1000 1200 1200
Max
According to Table 5if fown using the CDFA technique, otherwise an add-
on of 200m for Category A and B aeroplanes and 400m for Category C and
D aeroplanes applies to the values in Table 5 but not to result in a value
exceeding 5000m.
AMC6CAT.OP.MPA.110 Aerodrome operating minima
DETERMINATION OF RVR/CMV/VIS MINIMA FOR NPA, CAT I HELICOPTERS
(a) Helicopters
The RVR/CMV/VIS minima for NPA, APV and CAT I operations should be determined as follows:
(1) For NPA operations operated in performance class 1(PC1) or performance class 2(PC2), the min-
ima specifed in Table 6.1.H should apply:
(i) where the missed approach point is within NM of the landing threshold, the approach
minima specifed for FALS may be used regardless of the length of approach lights available.
However, FATO/runway edge lights, threshold lights, end lights and FATO/runway markings
are still required;
(ii) for night operations, ground lights should be available to illuminate the FATO/runway and
any obstacles; and
(iii) for single-pilot operations, the minimum RVR is 800m or the minima in Table 6.1.H, which-
ever is higher.
(2) For CAT I operations operated in PC1or PC2, the minima specifed in Table 6.2.H should apply:
(i) for night operations, ground light should be available to illuminate the FATO/runway and
any obstacles;
(ii) for single-pilot operations, the minimum RVR/VIS should be calculated in accordance with
the following additional criteria:
(A) an RVR of less than 800m should not be used except when using a suitable autopilot
coupled to an ILS, MLS or GLS, in which case normal minima apply; and
(B) the DH applied should not be less than 1.25 times the minimum use height for the
autopilot.
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Table 6.1.H: Onshore NPA minima
MDH (ft) * Facilities vs. RVR/CMV (m) **, ***
FALS IALS BALS NALS
250 299 600 800 1000 1000
300 449 800 1000 1000 1000
450and above 1000 1000 1000 1000
*: The MDH refers to the initial calculation of MDH. When selecting the associated RVR, there is no need to take account of a rounding up to
the nearest 10ft, which may be done for operational purposes, e.g. conversion to MDA.
**: The tables are only applicable to conventional approaches with a nominal descent slope of not greater than 4. Greater descent slopes will
usually require that visual glide slope guidance (e.g. precision approach path indicator (PAPI)) is also visible at the MDH.
***: FALS comprise FATO/runway markings, 720m or more of high intensity/medium intensity (HI/MI) approach lights, FATO/runway edge
lights, threshold lights and FATO/runway end lights. Lights to be on.
IALS comprise FATO/runway markings, 420 719m of HI/MI approach lights, FATO/runway edge lights, threshold lights and FATO/runway
end lights. Lights to be on.
BALS comprise FATO/runway markings, <420m of HI/MI approach lights, any length of low intensity (LI) approach lights, FATO/runway
edge lights, threshold lights and FATO/runway end lights. Lights to be on.
NALS comprise FATO/runway markings, FATO/runway edge lights, threshold lights, FATO/runway end lights or no lights at all.
Table 6.2.H: Onshore CAT I minima
DH (ft) * Facilities vs. RVR/CMV (m) **, ***
FALS IALS BALS NALS
200 500 600 700 1000
201 250 550 650 750 1000
251 300 600 700 800 1000
301and above 750 800 900 1000
*: The DH refers to the initial calculation of DH. When selecting the associated RVR, there is no need to take account of a rounding up to the
nearest 10ft, which may be done for operational purposes, e.g. conversion to DA.
**: The table is applicable to conventional approaches with a glide slope up to and including 4.
***: FALS comprise FATO/runway markings, 720m or more of HI/MI approach lights, FATO/runway edge lights, threshold lights and FATO/
runway end lights. Lights to be on.
IALS comprise FATO/runway markings, 420 719m of HI/MI approach lights, FATO/runway edge lights, threshold lights and FATO/runway
end lights. Lights to be on.
BALS comprise FATO/runway markings, <420m of HI/MI approach lights, any length of LI approach lights, FATO/runway edge lights,
threshold lights and FATO/runway end lights. Lights to be on.
NALS comprise FATO/runway markings, FATO/runway edge lights, threshold lights, FATO/runway end lights or no lights at all.
AMC7CAT.OP.MPA.110 Aerodrome operating minima
CIRCLING OPERATIONS AEROPLANES
(a) Circling minima
The following standards should apply for establishing circling minima for operations with aeroplanes:
(1) the MDH for circling operation should not be lower than the highest of:
(i) the published circling OCH for the aeroplane category;
(ii) the minimum circling height derived from Table 7; or
(iii) the DH/MDH of the preceding instrument approach procedure;
(2) the MDA for circling should be calculated by adding the published aerodrome elevation to the
MDH, as determined by (a)(1); and
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(3) the minimum visibility for circling should be the highest of:
(i) the circling visibility for the aeroplane category, if published;
(ii) the minimum visibility derived from Table 7; or
(iii) the RVR/CMV derived from Tables 5and 6.A for the preceding instrument approach proce-
dure.
Table 7: Circling aeroplanes
MDH and minimum visibility vs. aeroplane category
Aeroplane category
A B C D
MDH (ft) 400 500 600 700
Minimum meteorological visibility (m) 1500 1600 2400 3600
(b) Conduct of fight general:
(1) the MDH and OCH included in the procedure are referenced to aerodrome elevation;
(2) the MDA is referenced to mean sea level;
(3) for these procedures, the applicable visibility is the meteorological visibility; and
(4) operators should provide tabular guidance of the relationship between height above threshold
and the in-fight visibility required to obtain and sustain visual contact during the circling manoeu-
vre.
(c) Instrument approach followed by visual manoeuvring (circling) without prescribed tracks
(1) When the aeroplane is on the initial instrument approach, before visual reference is stabilised, but
not below MDA/H, the aeroplane should follow the corresponding instrument approach proce-
dure until the appropriate instrument MAPt is reached.
(2) At the beginning of the level fight phase at or above the MDA/H, the instrument approach track
determined by radio navigation aids, RNAV, RNP, ILS, MLS or GLS should be maintained until the
pilot:
(i) estimates that, in all probability, visual contact with the runway of intended landing or the
runway environment will be maintained during the entire circling procedure;
(ii) estimates that the aeroplane is within the circling area before commencing circling; and
(iii) is able to determine the aeroplanes position in relation to the runway of intended landing
with the aid of the appropriate external references.
(3) When reaching the published instrument MAPt and the conditions stipulated in (c)(2) are unable
to be established by the pilot, a missed approach should be carried out in accordance with that
instrument approach procedure.
(4) After the aeroplane has left the track of the initial instrument approach, the fight phase outbound
from the runway should be limited to an appropriate distance, which is required to align the aero-
plane onto the fnal approach. Such manoeuvres should be conducted to enable the aeroplane:
(i) to attain a controlled and stable descent path to the intended landing runway; and
(ii) to remain within the circling area and in such way that visual contact with the runway of
intended landing or runway environment is maintained at all times.
(5) Flight manoeuvres should be carried out at an altitude/height that is not less than the circling
MDA/H.
(6) Descent below MDA/H should not be initiated until the threshold of the runway to be used has
been appropriately identifed. The aeroplane should be in a position to continue with a normal rate
of descent and land within the touchdown zone.
(d) Instrument approach followed by a visual manoeuvring (circling) with prescribed track
(1) The aeroplane should remain on the initial instrument approach procedure until one of the follow-
ing is reached:
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(i) the prescribed divergence point to commence circling on the prescribed track; or
(ii) the MAPt.
(2) The aeroplane should be established on the instrument approach track determined by the radio
navigation aids, RNAV, RNP, ILS, MLS or GLS in level fight at or above the MDA/H at or by the cir-
cling manoeuvre divergence point.
(3) If the divergence point is reached before the required visual reference is acquired, a missed
approach should be initiated not later than the MAPt and completed in accordance with the instru-
ment approach procedure.
(4) When commencing the prescribed circling manoeuvre at the published divergence point, the sub-
sequent manoeuvres should be conducted to comply with the published routing and published
heights/altitudes.
(5) Unless otherwise specifed, once the aeroplane is established on the prescribed track(s), the pub-
lished visual reference does not need to be maintained unless:
(i) required by the State of the aerodrome; or
(ii) the circling MAPt (if published) is reached.
(6) If the prescribed circling manoeuvre has a published MAPt and the required visual reference has
not been obtained by that point, a missed approach should be executed in accordance with (e)(2)
and (e)(3).
(7) Subsequent further descent below MDA/H should only commence when the required visual refer-
ence has been obtained.
(8) Unless otherwise specifed in the procedure, fnal descent should not be commenced from MDA/H
until the threshold of the intended landing runway has been identifed and the aeroplane is in a
position to continue with a normal rate of descent to land within the touchdown zone.
(e) Missed approach
(1) Missed approach during the instrument procedure prior to circling:
(i) if the missed approach procedure is required to be fown when the aeroplane is positioned
on the instrument approach track defned by radio-navigation aids RNAV, RNP, or ILS, MLS,
and before commencing the circling manoeuvre, the published missed approach for the
instrument approach should be followed; or
(ii) if the instrument approach procedure is carried out with the aid of an ILS, MLS or an stabi-
lised approach (SAp), the MAPt associated with an ILS, MLS procedure without glide path
(GP-out procedure) or the SAp, where applicable, should be used.
(2) If a prescribed missed approach is published for the circling manoeuvre, this overrides the manoeu-
vres prescribed below.
(3) If visual reference is lost while circling to land after the aeroplane has departed from the initial
instrument approach track, the missed approach specifed for that particular instrument approach
should be followed. It is expected that the pilot will make an initial climbing turn toward the
intended landing runway to a position overhead the aerodrome where the pilot will establish the
aeroplane in a climb on the instrument missed approach segment.
(4) The aeroplane should not leave the visual manoeuvring (circling) area, which is obstacle protected,
unless:
(i) established on the appropriate missed approach procedure; or
(ii) at minimum sector altitude (MSA).
(5) All turns should be made in the same direction and the aeroplane should remain within the circling
protected area while climbing either:
(i) to the altitude assigned to any published circling missed approach manoeuvre if applicable;
(ii) to the altitude assigned to the missed approach of the initial instrument approach;
(iii) to the MSA;
(iv) to the minimum holding altitude (MHA) applicable for transition to a holding facility or fx,
or continue to climb to an MSA; or
(v) as directed by ATS.
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When the missed approach procedure is commenced on the downwind leg of the circling
manoeuvre, an S turn may be undertaken to align the aeroplane on the initial instrument
approach missed approach path, provided the aeroplane remains within the protected cir-
cling area.
The commander should be responsible for ensuring adequate terrain clearance during the
above-stipulated manoeuvres, particularly during the execution of a missed approach initi-
ated by ATS.
(6) Because the circling manoeuvre may be accomplished in more than one direction, diferent
patterns will be required to establish the aeroplane on the prescribed missed approach course
depending on its position at the time visual reference is lost. In particular, all turns are to be in the
prescribed direction if this is restricted, e.g. to the west/east (left or right hand) to remain within the
protected circling area.
(7) If a missed approach procedure is published for a particular runway onto which the aeroplane is
conducting a circling approach and the aeroplane has commenced a manoeuvre to align with
the runway, the missed approach for this direction may be accomplished. The ATS unit should be
informed of the intention to fy the published missed approach procedure for that particular run-
way.
(8) The commander should advise ATS when any missed approach procedure has been commenced,
the height/altitude the aeroplane is climbing to and the position the aeroplane is proceeding
towards and / or heading the aeroplane is established on.
AMC8CAT.OP.MPA.110 Aerodrome operating minima
ONSHORE CIRCLING OPERATIONS HELICOPTERS
For circling the specifed MDH should not be less than 250 ft, and the meteorological visibility not less than
800m.
AMC9CAT.OP.MPA.110 Aerodrome operating minima
VISUAL APPROACH OPERATIONS
The operator should not use an RVR of less than 800m for a visual approach operation.
AMC10CAT.OP.MPA.110 Aerodrome operating minima
CONVERSION OF REPORTED METEOROLOGICAL VISIBILITY TO RVR
(a) A conversion from meteorological visibility to RVR/CMV should not be used:
(1) when reported RVR is available;
(2) for calculating take-of minima; and
(3) for any RVR minima less than 800m.
(b) If the RVR is reported as being above the maximum value assessed by the aerodrome operator, e.g. RVR
more than 1500m, it should not be considered as a reported value for (a)(1).
(c) When converting meteorological visibility to RVR in circumstances other than those in (a), the conversion
factors specifed in Table 8should be used.
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Table 8: Conversion of reported meteorological visibility to RVR/CMV
Light elements in operation RVR/CMV = reported meteorological visibility x
Day Night
HI approach and runway lights 1.5 2.0
Any type of light installation other than above 1.0 1.5
No lights 1.0 not applicable
AMC11CAT.OP.MPA.110 Aerodrome operating minima
EFFECT ON LANDING MINIMA OF TEMPORARILY FAILED OR DOWNGRADED GROUND EQUIPMENT
(a) General
These instructions are intended for use both pre-fight and in-fight. It is however not expected that the
commander would consult such instructions after passing 1 000 ft above the aerodrome. If failures of
ground aids are announced at such a late stage, the approach could be continued at the commanders
discretion. If failures are announced before such a late stage in the approach, their efect on the approach
should be considered as described in Table 9, and the approach may have to be abandoned.
(b) Conditions applicable to Table 9:
(1) multiple failures of runway/FATO lights other than indicated in Table 9should not be acceptable;
(2) defciencies of approach and runway/FATO lights are treated separately; and
(3) failures other than ILS, MLS afect RVR only and not DH.
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Table 9: Failed or downgraded equipment efect on landing minima Operations without a low visibility
operations (LVO) approval
Failed or downgraded equipment Efect on landing minima
CAT I APV, NPA
ILS/MLS stand-by transmitter No efect
Outer Marker
Not allowed except
if replaced by height
check at 1000ft
APV not applicable
NPA with FAF: no efect unless used as FAF
If the FAF cannot be identifed (e.g. no method available
for timing of descent), non-precision operations cannot
beconducted
Middle marker No efect No efect unless used as MAPt
RVR Assessment Systems No efect
Approach lights Minima as for NALS
Approach lights except the last 210m Minima as for BALS
Approach lights except the last 420m Minima as for IALS
Standby power for approach lights No efect
Edge lights, threshold lights and
runway end lights
Day: no efect;
Night: not allowed
Centreline lights
No efect if F/D,
HUDLS or auto-land
otherwise RVR
750m
No efect
Centreline lights spacing increased to
30m
No efect
Touchdown zone lights
No efect if F/D,
HUDLS or auto-land;
otherwise RVR
750m
No efect
Taxiway lighting system No efect
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GM1CAT.OP.MPA.110 Aerodrome operating minima
ONSHORE AERODROME DEPARTURE PROCEDURES HELICOPTERS
The cloud base and visibility should be such as to allow the helicopter to be clear of cloud at take-of decision
point (TDP), and for the pilot fying to remain in sight of the surface until reaching the minimum speed for fight
in instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) given in the AFM.
GM2CAT.OP.MPA.110 Aerodrome operating minima
APPROACH LIGHTING SYSTEMS ICAO, FAA
The following table provides a comparison of ICAO and FAA specifcations.
Table 1: Approach lighting systems
Class of lighting
facility
Length, confguration and intensity of approach lights
FALS ICAO: CAT I lighting system (HIALS 900 m) distance coded centreline, Barrette
centreline
FAA: ALSF1, ALSF2, SSALR, MALSR, high or medium intensity and/or fashing
lights, 720m or more
IALS ICAO: simple approach lighting system (HIALS 420 719m) single source, Barrette
FAA: MALSF, MALS, SALS/SALSF, SSALF, SSALS, high or medium intensity and/or
fashing lights, 420 719m
BALS Any other approach lighting system (HIALS, MALS or ALS 210-419m)
FAA: ODALS, high or medium intensity or fashing lights 210 419m
NALS Any other approach lighting system (HIALS, MALS or ALS <210m) or no approach
lights
Note: ALSF: approach lighting system with sequenced fashing lights;
MALS: medium intensity approach lighting system;
MALSF: medium intensity approach lighting system with sequenced fashing lights;
MALSR: medium intensity approach lighting system with runway alignment indicator lights;
ODALS: omnidirectional approach lighting system;
SALS: simple approach lighting system;
SALSF: short approach lighting system with sequenced fashing lights;
SSALF: simplifed short approach lighting system with sequenced fashing lights;
SSALR: simplifed short approach lighting system with runway alignment indicator lights;
SSALS: simplifed short approach lighting system.
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GM3CAT.OP.MPA.110 Aerodrome operating minima
SBAS OPERATIONS
(a) SBAS CAT I operations with a DH of 200ft depend on an SBAS system approved for operations down to a
DHof 200ft.
(b) The following systems are in operational use or in a planning phase:
(1) European geostationary navigation overlay service (EGNOS) operational in Europe;
(2) wide area augmentation system (WAAS) operational in the USA;
(3) multi-functional satellite augmentation system (MSAS) operational in Japan;
(4) system of diferential correction and monitoring (SDCM) planned by Russia;
(5) GPS aided geo augmented navigation (GAGAN) system, planned by India; and
(6) satellite navigation augmentation system (SNAS), planned by China.
GM1CAT.OP.MPA.110(a) Aerodrome operating minima
INCREMENTS SPECIFIED BY THE COMPETENT AUTHORITY
Additional increments to the published minima may be specifed by the competent authority to take into
account certain operations, such as downwind approaches and single-pilot operations.
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CA T.OP.MPA.115 Approach fight technique aeroplanes
(a) All approaches shall be fown as stabilised approaches unless otherwise approved by the competent
authority for a particular approach to a particular runway.
(b) Non-precision approaches
(1) The continuous descent fnal approach (CDFA) technique shall be used for all non-precision
approaches.
(2) Notwithstanding (1), another approach fight technique may be used for a particular approach/
runway combination if approved by the competent authority. In such cases, the applicable mini-
mum runway visual range (RVR):
(i) shall be increased by 200m for Category A and B aeroplanes and by 400m for Category C
and D aeroplanes; or
(ii) for aerodromes where there is a public interest to maintain current operations and the CDFA
technique cannot be applied, shall be established and regularly reviewed by the compe-
tent authority taking into account the operators experience, training programme and fight
crew qualifcation.
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AMC1CAT.OP.MPA.115 Approach fight technique aeroplanes
CONTINUOUS DESCENT FINAL APPROACH (CDFA)
(a) Flight techniques:
(1) The CDFA technique should ensure that an approach can be fown on the desired vertical path and
track in a stabilised manner, without signifcant vertical path changes during the fnal segment
descent to the runway. This technique applies to an approach with no vertical guidance and con-
trols the descent path until the DA/DH. This descent path can be either:
(i) a recommended descent rate, based on estimated ground speed;
(ii) a descent path depicted on the approach chart; or
(iii) a descent path coded in the fight management system in accordance with the approach
chart descent path.
(2) The operator should either provide charts which depict the appropriate cross check altitudes/
heights with the corresponding appropriate range information, or such information should be cal-
culated and provided to the fight crew in an appropriate and usable format. Generally, the MAPt
is published on the chart.
(3) The approach should be fown as an SAp.
(4) The required descent path should be fown to the DA/H, observing any step-down crossing alti-
tudes if applicable.
(5) This DA/H should take into account any add-on to the published minima as identifed by the oper-
ators management system and should be specifed in the OM (aerodrome operating minima).
(6) During the descent the pilot monitoring should announce crossing altitudes as published fxes and
other designated points are crossed, giving the appropriate altitude or height for the appropri-
ate range as depicted on the chart. The pilot fying should promptly adjust the rate of descent as
appropriate.
(7) The operator should establish a procedure to ensure that an appropriate callout is made when the
aeroplane is approaching DA/H. If the required visual references are not established at DA/H, the
missed approach procedure is to be executed promptly.
(8) The descent path should ensure that little or no adjustment of attitude or thrust/power is needed
after the DA/H to continue the landing in the visual segment.
(9) The missed approach should be initiated no later than reaching the MAPt or at the DA/H, which-
ever comes frst. The lateral part of the missed approach should be fown via the MAPt unless oth-
erwise stated on the approach chart.
(b) Flight techniques conditions:
(1) The approach should be considered to be fully stabilised when the aeroplane is:
(i) tracking on the required approach path and profle;
(ii) in the required confguration and attitude;
(iii) fying with the required rate of descent and speed; and
(iv) fying with the appropriate thrust/power and trim.
(2) The aeroplane is considered established on the required approach path at the appropriate energy
for stable fight using the CDFA technique when:
(i) it is tracking on the required approach path with the correct track set, approach aids tuned
and identifed as appropriate to the approach type fown and on the required vertical pro-
fle; and
(ii) it is at the appropriate attitude and speed for the required target rate of descent (ROD) with
the appropriate thrust/power and trim.
(3) Stabilisation during any straight-in approach without visual reference to the ground should be
achieved at the latest when passing 1 000 ft above runway threshold elevation. For approaches
with a designated vertical profle applying the CDFA technique, a later stabilisation in speed may
be acceptable if higher than normal approach speeds are required by ATC procedures or allowed
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by the OM. Stabilisation should, however, be achieved not later than 500ft above runway thresh-
old elevation.
(4) For approaches where the pilot has visual reference with the ground, stabilisation should be
achieved not later than 500ft above aerodrome elevation. However, the aeroplane should be sta-
bilised when passing 1000ft above runway threshold elevation; in the case of circling approaches
fown after a CDFA, the aircraft should be stabilised in the circling confguration not later than pass-
ing 1000ft above the runway elevation.
(5) To ensure that the approach can be fown in a stabilised manner, the bank angle, rate of descent
and thrust/power management should meet the following performances:
(i) The bank angle should be less than 30degrees.
(ii) The target rate of descent (ROD) should not exceed 1 000 fpm and the ROD deviations
should not exceed 300 fpm, except under exceptional circumstances which have been
anticipated and briefed prior to commencing the approach; for example, a strong tailwind.
Zero ROD may be used when the descent path needs to be regained from below the profle.
The target ROD may need to be initiated prior to reaching the required descent point, typi-
cally 0.3NM before the descent point, dependent upon ground speed, which may vary for
each type/class of aeroplane.
(iii) The limits of thrust/power and the appropriate range should be specifed in the OM Part B or
equivalent document.
(iv) The optimum angle for the approach slope is 3 and should not exceed 4.5.
(v) The CDFA technique should be applied only to approach procedures based on NDB, NDB/
DME, VOR, VOR/DME, LOC, LOC/DME, VDF, SRA, GNSS/LNAV and fulfl the following criteria:
(A) the fnal approach track of-set 5 except for Category A and B aeroplanes, where
the approach-track of-set is 15; and
(B) a FAF, or another appropriate fx, e.g., fnal approach point, where descent initiated is
available; and
(C) the distance from the FAF or another appropriate fx to the threshold (THR) is less
than or equal to 8NM in the case of timing; or
(D) the distance to the THR is available by FMS/GNSS or DME; or
(E) the minimum fnal-segment of the designated constant angle approach path should
not be less than 3NM from the THR unless approved by the authority.
(7) The CDFA techniques support a common method for the implementation of fight-director-guided
or auto-coupled RNAV approaches.
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AMC2CAT.OP.MPA.115 Approach fight technique aeroplanes
NPA OPERATIONS WITHOUT APPLYING THE CDFA TECHNIQUE
(a) In case the CDFA technique is not used the approach should be fown to an altitude/height at or above
the MDA/H where a level fight segment at or above MDA/H may be fown to the MAPt.
(b) Even when the approach procedure is fown without the CDFA technique the relevant procedures for
ensuring a controlled and stable path to MDA/H should be followed.
(c) In case the CDFA technique is not used when fying an approach, the operator should implement pro-
cedures to ensure that early descent to the MDA/H will not result in a subsequent fight below MDA/H
without adequate visual reference. These procedures could include:
(1) awareness of radio altimeter information with reference to the approach profle;
(2) terrain awareness warning system (TAWS);
(3) limitation of rate of descent;
(4) limitation of the number of repeated approaches;
(5) safeguards against too early descents with prolonged fight at MDA/H; and
(6) specifcation of visual requirements for the descent from the MDA/H.
(d) In case the CDFA technique is not used and when the MDA/H is high, it may be appropriate to make an
early descent to MDA/H with appropriate safeguards such as the application of a signifcantly higher RVR/
VIS.
(e) The procedures that are fown with level fight at/or above MDA/H should be listed in the OM.
(f) Operators should categorise aerodromes where there are approaches that require level fight at/or above
MDA/H as B and C. Such aerodrome categorisation will depend upon the operators experience, opera-
tional exposure, training programme(s) and fight crew qualifcation(s).
AMC3CAT.OP.MPA.115 Approach fight technique aeroplanes
OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES AND INSTRUCTIONS AND TRAINING
(a) The operator should establish procedures and instructions for fying approaches using the CDFA technique
and not using it. These procedures should be included in the OM and should include the duties of the fight
crew during the conduct of such operations.
(b) The operator should at least specify in the OM the maximum ROD for each aeroplane type/class operated
and the required visual reference to continue the approach below:
(1) the DA/H, when applying the CDFA technique; and
(2) the MDA/H, when not applying the CDFA technique.
(c) The operator should establish procedures which prohibit level fight at MDA/H without the fight crew hav-
ing obtained the required visual references. It is not the intention to prohibit level fight at MDA/H when
conducting a circling approach, which does not come within the defnition of the CDFA technique.
(d) The operator should provide the fight crew with unambiguous details of the technique used (CDFA or not).
The corresponding relevant minima should include:
(1) type of decision, whether DA/H or MDA/H;
(2) MAPt as applicable; and
(3) appropriate RVR/VIS for the approach operation and aeroplane category.
(e) Training
(1) Prior to using the CDFA technique, each fight crew member should undertake appropriate train-
ing and checking as required by Subpart FC of Annex III (ORO.FC). The operators profciency check
should include at least one approach to a landing or missed approach as appropriate using the CDFA
technique or not. The approach should be operated to the lowest appropriate DA/H or MDA/H, as
appropriate; and, if conducted in a FSTD, the approach should be operated to the lowest approved
RVR. The approach is not in addition to any manoeuvre currently required by either Part-FCL or Part-
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CAT. The provision may be fulflled by undertaking any currently required approach, engine out or
otherwise, other than a precision approach (PA), whilst using the CDFA technique.
(2) The policy for the establishment of constant predetermined vertical path and approach stability is
to be enforced both during initial and recurrent pilot training and checking. The relevant training
procedures and instructions should be documented in the operations manual.
(3) The training should emphasise the need to establish and facilitate joint crew procedures and crew
resource management (CRM) to enable accurate descent path control and the provision to establish
the aeroplane in a stable condition as required by the operators operational procedures.
(4) During training, emphasis should be placed on the fight crews need to:
(i) maintain situational awareness at all times, in particular with reference to the required vertical
and horizontal profle;
(ii) ensure good communication channels throughout the approach;
(iii) ensure accurate descent-path control particularly during any manually-fown descent phase.
The monitoring pilot should facilitate good fight path control by:
(A) communicating any altitude/height crosschecks prior to the actual passing of the
range/altitude or height crosscheck;
(B) prompting, as appropriate, changes to the target ROD; and
(C) monitoring fight path control below DA/MDA;
(iv) understand the actions to be taken if the MAPt is reached prior to the MDA/H;
(v) ensure that the decision for a missed approach is taken no later than when reaching the DA/H
or MDA/H;
(vi) ensure that prompt action for a missed approach is taken immediately when reaching DA/H if
the required visual reference has not been obtained as there may be no obstacle protection if
the missed approach procedure manoeuvre is delayed;
(vii) understand the signifcance of using the CDFA technique to a DA/H with an associated MAPt
and the implications of early missed approach manoeuvres; and
(viii) understand the possible loss of the required visual reference due to pitch-change/climb when
not using the CDFA technique for aeroplane types or classes that require a late change of con-
fguration and/or speed to ensure the aeroplane is in the appropriate landing confguration.
(5) Additional specifc training when not using the CDFA technique with level fight at or above MDA/H
(i) The training should detail:
(A) the need to facilitate CRM with appropriate fight crew communication in particular;
(B) the additional known safety risks associated with the dive-and-drive approach philos-
ophy which may be associated with non-CDFA;
(C) the use of DA/H during approaches fown using the CDFA technique;
(D) the signifcance of the MDA/H and the MAPt where appropriate;
(E) the actions to be taken at the MAPt and the need to ensure that the aeroplane remains
in a stable condition and on the nominal and appropriate vertical profle until the land-
ing;
(F) the reasons for increased RVR/Visibility minima when compared to the application of
CDFA;
(G) the possible increased obstacle infringement risk when undertaking level fight at
MDA/H without the required visual references;
(H) the need to accomplish a prompt missed approach manoeuvre if the required visual
reference is lost;
(I) the increased risk of an unstable fnal approach and an associated unsafe landing if a
rushed approach is attempted either from:
(a) inappropriate and close-in acquisition of the required visual reference; or
(b) unstable aeroplane energy and or fight path control; and
(J) the increased risk of controlled fight into terrain (CFIT).
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GM1CAT.OP.MPA.115 Approach fight technique aeroplanes
CONTINUOUS DESCENT FINAL APPROACH (CDFA)
(a) Introduction
(1) Controlled fight into terrain (CFIT) is a major hazard in aviation. Most CFIT accidents occur in the
fnal approach segment of non-precision approaches; the use of stabilised-approach criteria on a
continuous descent with a constant, predetermined vertical path is seen as a major improvement
in safety during the conduct of such approaches. Operators should ensure that the following tech-
niques are adopted as widely as possible, for all approaches.
(2) The elimination of level fight segments at MDA close to the ground during approaches, and the
avoidance of major changes in attitude and power/thrust close to the runway that can destabilise
approaches, are seen as ways to reduce operational risks signifcantly.
(3) The term CDFA has been selected to cover a fight technique for any type of NPA operation.
(4) The advantages of CDFA are as follows:
(i) the technique enhances safe approach operations by the utilisation of standard operating
practices;
(ii) the technique is similar to that used when fying an ILS approach, including when executing
the missed approach and the associated missed approach procedure manoeuvre;
(iii) the aeroplane attitude may enable better acquisition of visual cues;
(iv) the technique may reduce pilot workload;
(v) the approach profle is fuel-ef cient;
(vi) the approach profle afords reduced noise levels;
(vii) the technique afords procedural integration with APV operations; and
(viii) when used and the approach is fown in a stabilised manner, CDFA is the safest approach
technique for all NPA operations.
(b) CDFA
(1) Continuous descent fnal approach is defned in Annex I to this Regulation.
(2) An approach is only suitable for application of a CDFA technique when it is fown along a nominal
vertical profle: a nominal vertical profle is not forming part of the approach procedure design, but
can be fown as a continuous descent. The nominal vertical profle information may be published
or displayed on the approach chart to the pilot by depicting the nominal slope or range/distance
vs. height. Approaches with a nominal vertical profle are considered to be:
(i) NDB, NDB/DME;
(ii) VOR, VOR/DME;
(iii) LOC, LOC/DME;
(iv) VDF, SRA; or
(v) GNSS/LNAV.
(3) Stabilised approach (SAp) is defned in Annex I to this Regulation.
(i) The control of the descent path is not the only consideration when using the CDFA tech-
nique. Control of the aeroplanes confguration and energy is also vital to the safe conduct
of an approach.
(ii) The control of the fight path, described above as one of the specifcations for conducting
an SAp, should not be confused with the path specifcations for using the CDFA technique.
The predetermined path specifcation for conducting an SAp are established by the opera-
tor and published in the operations manual part B.
(iii) The predetermined approach slope specifcations for applying the CDFA technique are
established by the following:
(A) the published nominal slope information when the approach has a nominal vertical
profle; and
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(B) the designated fnal-approach segment minimum of 3 NM, and maximum, when
using timing techniques, of 8NM.
(iv) An SAp will never have any level segment of fight at DA/H or MDA/H as applicable. This
enhances safety by mandating a prompt missed approach procedure manoeuvre at DA/H
or MDA/H.
(v) An approach using the CDFA technique will always be fown as an SAp, since this is a speci-
fcation for applying CDFA. However, an SAp does not have to be fown using the CDFA
technique, for example a visual approach.
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CAT.OP.MPA.120 Airborne radar approaches (ARAs) for overwater
operations helicopters
(a) An ARA shall only be undertaken if:
(1) the radar provides course guidance to ensure obstacle clearance; and
(2) either:
(i) the minimum descent height (MDH) is determined from a radio altimeter; or
(ii) the minimum descent altitude (MDA) plus an adequate margin is applied.
(b) ARAs to rigs or vessels under way shall only be conducted in multi-crew operations.
(c) The decision range shall provide adequate obstacle clearance in the missed approach from any destina-
tion for which an ARA is planned.
(d) The approach shall only be continued beyond decision range or below MDA/H when visual reference
with the destination has been established.
(e) For single-pilot operations, appropriate increments shall be added to the MDA/H and decision range.
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AMC1CAT.OP.MPA.120 Airborne radar approaches (ARAs) for overwater
operations helicopters
GENERAL
(a) Before commencing the fnal approach the commander should ensure that a clear path exists on the
radar screen for the fnal and missed approach segments. If lateral clearance from any obstacle will be less
than 1NM, the commander should:
(1) approach to a nearby target structure and thereafter proceed visually to the destination structure;
or
(2) make the approach from another direction leading to a circling manoeuvre.
(b) The cloud ceiling should be suf ciently clear above the helideck to permit a safe landing.
(c) MDH should not be less than 50ft above the elevation of the helideck.
(1) The MDH for an airborne radar approach should not be lower than:
(i) 200ft by day; or
(ii) 300ft by night.
(2) The MDH for an approach leading to a circling manoeuvre should not be lower than:
(i) 300ft by day; or
(ii) 500ft by night.
(d) MDA may only be used if the radio altimeter is unserviceable. The MDA should be a minimum of
MDH+200ft and should be based on a calibrated barometer at the destination or on the lowest forecast
QNH for the region.
(e) The decision range should not be less than NM.
(f) The MDA/H for a single-pilot ARA should be 100ft higher than that calculated using (c) and (d) above. The
decision range should not be less than 1NM.
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GM1CAT.OP.MPA.120 Airborne radar approaches (ARAs) for overwater
operations helicopters
GENERAL
(a) General
(1) The helicopter ARA procedure may have as many as fve separate segments. These are the arrival,
initial, intermediate, fnal and missed approach segments. In addition, the specifcations of the
circling manoeuvre to a landing under visual conditions should be considered. The individual
approach segments can begin and end at designated fxes. However, the segments of an ARA may
often begin at specifed points where no fxes are available.
(2) The fxes, or points, are named to coincide with the associated segment. For example, the interme-
diate segment begins at the intermediate fx (IF) and ends at the fnal approach fx (FAF). Where
no fx is available or appropriate, the segments begin and end at specifed points; for example,
intermediate point (IP) and fnal approach point (FAP). The order in which this GM discusses the
segments is the order in which the pilot would fy them in a complete procedure: that is, from the
arrival through initial and intermediate to a fnal approach and, if necessary, the missed approach.
(3) Only those segments that are required by local conditions applying at the time of the approach
need be included in a procedure. In constructing the procedure, the fnal approach track, which
should be orientated so as to be substantially into wind should be identifed frst as it is the least
fexible and most critical of all the segments. When the origin and the orientation of the fnal
approach have been determined, the other necessary segments should be integrated with it to
produce an orderly manoeuvring pattern that does not generate an unacceptably high work-load
for the fight crew.
(4) Examples of ARA procedures, vertical profle and missed approach procedures are contained in
Figures 1to 5.
(b) Obstacle environment
(1) Each segment of the ARA is located in an overwater area that has a fat surface at sea level. How-
ever, due to the passage of large vessels which are not required to notify their presence, the exact
obstacle environment cannot be determined. As the largest vessels and structures are known to
reach elevations exceeding 500ft above mean sea level (AMSL), the uncontrolled ofshore obstacle
environment applying to the arrival, initial and intermediate approach segments can reasonably
be assumed to be capable of reaching to at least 500ft AMSL. But, in the case of the fnal approach
and missed approach segments, specifc areas are involved within which no radar returns are
allowed. In these areas the height of wave crests and the possibility that small obstacles may be
present that are not visible on radar results in an uncontrolled surface environment that extends
to an elevation of 50ft AMSL.
(2) Under normal circumstances, the relationship between the approach procedure and the obstacle
environment is governed according to the concept that vertical separation is very easy to apply
during the arrival, initial and intermediate segments, while horizontal separation, which is much
more dif cult to guarantee in an uncontrolled environment, is applied only in the fnal and missed
approach segments.
(c) Arrival segment
The arrival segment commences at the last en-route navigation fx, where the aircraft leaves the helicop-
ter route, and it ends either at the initial approach fx (IAF) or, if no course reversal, or similar manoeuvre
is required, it ends at the IF. Standard en-route obstacle clearance criteria should be applied to the arrival
segment.
(d) Initial approach segment
The initial approach segment is only required if a course reversal, race track, or arc procedure is necessary
to join the intermediate approach track. The segment commences at the IAF and on completion of the
manoeuvre ends at the IP. The minimum obstacle clearance (MOC) assigned to the initial approach seg-
ment is 1000ft.
(e) Intermediate approach segment
The intermediate approach segment commences at the IP, or in the case of straight-in approaches, where
there is no initial approach segment, it commences at the IF. The segment ends at the FAP and should
not be less than 2 NM in length. The purpose of the intermediate segment is to align and prepare the
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helicopter for the fnal approach. During the intermediate segment the helicopter should be lined up
with the fnal approach track, the speed should be stabilised, the destination should be identifed on the
radar, and the fnal approach and missed approach areas should be identifed and verifed to be clear of
radar returns. The MOC assigned to the intermediate segment is 500ft.
(f) Final approach segment
(1) The fnal approach segment commences at the FAP and ends at the missed approach point (MAPt).
The fnal approach area, which should be identifed on radar, takes the form of a corridor between
the FAP and the radar return of the destination. This corridor should not be less than 2NM wide
in order that the projected track of the helicopter does not pass closer than 1NM to the obstacles
lying outside the area.
(2) On passing the FAP, the helicopter will descend below the intermediate approach altitude, and
follow a descent gradient which should not be steeper than 6.5%. At this stage vertical separation
from the ofshore obstacle environment will be lost. However, within the fnal approach area the
MDA/H will provide separation from the surface environment. Descent from 1000ft AMSL to 200ft
AMSL at a constant 6.5% gradient will involve a horizontal distance of 2NM. In order to follow the
guideline that the procedure should not generate an unacceptably high work-load for the fight
crew, the required actions of levelling at MDH, changing heading at the ofset initiation point (OIP),
and turning away at MAPt should not be planned to occur at the sameNM time from the destina-
tion.
(3) During the fnal approach, compensation for drift should be applied and the heading which, if
maintained, would take the helicopter directly to the destination, should be identifed. It follows
that, at an OIP located at a range of 1.5NM, a heading change of 10 is likely to result in a track of-
set of 15 at 1NM, and the extended centreline of the new track can be expected to have a mean
position lying some 300-400m to one side of the destination structure. The safety margin built
in to the 0.75NM decision range (DR) is dependent upon the rate of closure with the destination.
Although the airspeed should be in the range 60 90 kt during the fnal approach, the ground
speed, after due allowance for wind velocity, should be no greater than 70kt.
(g) Missed approach segment
(1) The missed approach segment commences at the MAPt and ends when the helicopter reaches
minimum en-route altitude. The missed approach manoeuvre is a turning missed approach which
should be of not less than 30 and should not, normally, be greater than 45. A turn away of more
than 45 does not reduce the collision risk factor any further, nor will it permit a closer DR. However,
turns of more than 45 may increase the risk of pilot disorientation and, by inhibiting the rate of
climb (especially in the case of an OEI missed approach procedure), may keep the helicopter at an
extremely low level for longer than is desirable.
(2) The missed approach area to be used should be identifed and verifed as a clear area on the radar
screen during the intermediate approach segment. The base of the missed approach area is a slop-
ing surface at 2.5 % gradient starting from MDH at the MAPt. The concept is that a helicopter
executing a turning missed approach will be protected by the horizontal boundaries of the missed
approach area until vertical separation of more than 130 ft is achieved between the base of the
area, and the ofshore obstacle environment of 500ft AMSL which prevails outside the area.
(3) A missed approach area, taking the form of a 45 sector orientated left or right of the fnal approach
track, originating from a point 5 NM short of the destination, and terminating on an arc 3 NM
beyond the destination, will normally satisfy the specifcations of a 30 turning missed approach.
(h) The required visual reference
The visual reference required is that the destination should be in view in order that a safe landing may be
carried out.
(i) Radar equipment
During the ARA procedure, colour mapping radar equipment with a 120 sector scan and 2.5NM range
scale selected, may result in dynamic errors of the following order:
(1) bearing/tracking error 4.5 with 95% accuracy;
(2) mean ranging error -250m; or
(3) random ranging error 250m with 95% accuracy.
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Figure 1: Arc procedure
Figure 2: Base turn procedure direct approach
Figure 3: Holding pattern & race track procedure
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Figure 4: Vertical profle
Figure 5: Missed approach area left & right
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CAT.OP.MPA.125 Instrument departure and approach procedures
(a) The operator shall ensure that instrument departure and approach procedures established by the State
of the aerodrome are used.
(b) Notwithstanding (a), the commander may accept an ATC clearance to deviate from a published depar-
ture or arrival route, provided obstacle clearance criteria are observed and full account is taken of the
operating conditions. In any case, the fnal approach shall be fown visually or in accordance with the
established instrument approach procedures.
(c) Notwithstanding (a), the operator may use procedures other than those referred to in (a) provided they
have been approved by the State in which the aerodrome is located and are specifed in the operations
manual.
CAT.OP.MPA.130 Noise abatement procedures aeroplanes
(a) Except for VFR operations of other-than-complex motor-powered aeroplanes, the operator shall estab-
lish appropriate operating departure and arrival/approach procedures for each aeroplane type taking
into account the need to minimise the efect of aircraft noise.
(b) The procedures shall:
(1) ensure that safety has priority over noise abatement; and
(2) be simple and safe to operate with no signifcant increase in crew workload during critical phases
of fight.
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AMC1CAT.OP.MPA.130 Noise abatement procedures aeroplanes
NADP DESIGN
(a) For each aeroplane type two departure procedures should be defned, in accordance with ICAO Doc.
8168(Procedures for Air Navigation Services, PANS-OPS), VolumeI:
(1) noise abatement departure procedure one (NADP 1), designed to meet the close-in noise abate-
ment objective; and
(2) noise abatement departure procedure two (NADP 2), designed to meet the distant noise abate-
ment objective.
(b) For each type of NADP (1and 2), a single climb profle should be specifed for use at all aerodromes, which
is associated with a single sequence of actions. The NADP1and NADP2profles may be identical.
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GM1CAT.OP.MPA.130 Noise abatement procedures aeroplanes
TERMINOLOGY
(a) Climb profle means in this context the vertical path of the NADP as it results from the pilots actions
(engine power reduction, acceleration, slats/faps retraction).
(b) Sequence of actions means the order in which these pilots actions are done and their timing.
GENERAL
(c) The rule addresses only the vertical profle of the departure procedure. Lateral track has to comply with
the standard instrument departure (SID).
EXAMPLE
(d) For a given aeroplane type, when establishing the distant NADP, the operator should choose either to
reduce power frst and then accelerate, or to accelerate frst and then wait until slats/faps are retracted
before reducing power. The two methods constitute two diferent sequences of actions.
(e) For an aeroplane type, each of the two departure climb profles may be defned by one sequence of
actions (one for close-in, one for distant) and two above aerodrome level (AAL) altitudes/heights. These
are:
(1) the altitude of the frst pilots action (generally power reduction with or without acceleration). This
altitude should not be less than 800ft AAL; or
(2) the altitude of the end of the noise abatement procedure. This altitude should usually not be more
than 3000ft AAL.
These two altitudes may be runway specifc when the aeroplane fight management system (FMS) has
the relevant function which permits the crew to change thrust reduction and/or acceleration altitude/
height. If the aeroplane is not FMS equipped or the FMS is not ftted with the relevant function, two fxed
heights should be defned and used for each of the two NADPs.
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CAT.OP.MPA.131 Noise abatement procedures helicopters
(a) The operator shall ensure that take-of and landing procedures take into account the need to minimise
the efect of helicopter noise.
(b) The procedures shall:
(1) ensure that safety has priority over noise abatement; and
(2) be simple and safe to operate with no signifcant increase in crew workload during critical phases
of fight.
CAT.OP.MPA.135 Routes and areas of operation general
(a) The operator shall ensure that operations are only conducted along routes, or within areas, for which:
(1) ground facilities and services, including meteorological services, adequate for the planned opera-
tion are provided;
(2) the performance of the aircraft is adequate to comply with minimum fight altitude requirements;
(3) the equipment of the aircraft meets the minimum requirements for the planned operation; and
(4) appropriate maps and charts are available.
(b) The operator shall ensure that operations are conducted in accordance with any restriction on the routes
or the areas of operation specifed by the competent authority.
(c) (a)(1) shall not apply to operations under VFR by day of other-than-complex motor-powered aircraft on
fights that depart from and arrive at the same aerodrome or operating site.
CAT.OP.MPA.136 Routes and areas of operation single-engined
aeroplanes
The operator shall ensure that operations of single-engined aeroplanes are only conducted along routes, or
within areas, where surfaces are available that permit a safe forced landing to be executed.
CAT.OP.MPA.137 Routes and areas of operation helicopters
The operator shall ensure that:
(a) for helicopters operated in performance class 3, surfaces are available that permit a safe forced landing to
be executed, except when the helicopter has an approval to operate in accordance with CAT.POL.H.420;
(b) for helicopters operated in performance class 3 and conducting coastal transit operations, the opera-
tions manual contains procedures to ensure that the width of the coastal corridor, and the equipment
carried, is consistent with the conditions prevailing at the time.
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GM1CAT.OP.MPA.137(b) Routes and areas of operation helicopters
COASTAL TRANSIT
(a) General
(1) Helicopters operating overwater in performance class 3 have to have certain equipment ftted.
This equipment varies with the distance from land that the helicopter is expected to operate. The
aim of this GM is to discuss that distance, bring into focus what ft is required and to clarify the
operators responsibility, when a decision is made to conduct coastal transit operations.
(2) In the case of operations north of 45N or south of 45S, the coastal corridor facility may or may not
be available in a particular state, as it is related to the State defnition of open sea area as described
in the defnition of hostile environment.
(3) Where the term coastal transit is used, it means the conduct of operations overwater within the
coastal corridor in conditions where there is reasonable expectation that:
(i) the fight can be conducted safely in the conditions prevailing;
(ii) following an engine failure, a safe forced landing and successfulevacuation can be achieved;
and
(iii) survival of the crew and passengers can be assured until rescue is efected.
(4) Coastal corridor is a variable distance from the coastline to a maximum distance corresponding to
three minutes fying at normal cruising speed.
(b) Establishing the width of the coastal corridor
(1) The maximum distance from land of coastal transit, is defned as the boundary of a corridor
that extends from the land, to a maximum distance of up to 3minutes at normal cruising speed
(approximately 5-6NM). Land in this context includes sustainable ice (see (i) to (iii) below) and,
where the coastal region includes islands, the surrounding waters may be included in the corridor
and aggregated with the coast and each other. Coastal transit need not be applied to inland water-
ways, estuary crossing or river transit.
(i) In some areas, the formation of ice is such that it can be possible to land, or force land, with-
out hazard to the helicopter or occupants. Unless the competent authority considers that
operating to, or over, such ice felds is unacceptable, the operator may regard the defnition
of the land extends to these areas.
(ii) The interpretation of the following rules may be conditional on (i) above:
CAT.OP.MPA.137(a)(2)
CAT.IDE.H.290
CAT.IDE.H.295
CAT.IDE.H.300
CAT.IDE.H.320.
(iii) In view of the fact that such featureless and fat white surfaces could present a hazard and
could lead to white-out conditions, the defnition of land does not extend to fights over ice
felds in the following rules:
CAT.IDE.H.125(d)
CAT.IDE.H.145.
(2) The width of the corridor is variable from not safe to conduct operations in the conditions prevail-
ing, to the maximum of 3minutes wide. A number of factors will, on the day, indicate if it can be
used and how wide it can be. These factors will include but not be restricted to the following:
(i) meteorological conditions prevailing in the corridor;
(ii) instrument ft of the aircraft;
(iii) certifcation of the aircraft particularly with regard to foats;
(iv) sea state;
(v) temperature of the water;
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(vi) time to rescue; and
(vii) survival equipment carried.
(3) These can be broadly divided into three functional groups:
(i) those that meet the provisions for safe fying;
(ii) those that meet the provisions for a safe forced landing and evacuation; and
(iii) those that meet the provisions for survival following a forced landing and successful evacu-
ation.
(c) Provision for safe fying
(1) It is generally recognised that when fying out of sight of land in certain meteorological conditions,
such as occur in high pressure weather patterns (goldfsh bowl no horizon, light winds and low
visibility), the absence of a basic panel (and training) can lead to disorientation. In addition, lack
of depth perception in these conditions demands the use of a radio altimeter with an audio voice
warning as an added safety beneft particularly when autorotation to the surface of the water
may be required.
(2) In these conditions the helicopter, without the required instruments and radio altimeter, should be
confned to a corridor in which the pilot can maintain reference using the visual cues on the land.
(d) Provision for a safe forced landing and evacuation
(1) Weather and sea state both afect the outcome of an autorotation following an engine failure. It
is recognised that the measurement of sea state is problematical and when assessing such condi-
tions, good judgement has to be exercised by the operator and the commander.
(2) Where foats have been certifcated only for emergency use (and not for ditching), operations
should be limited to those sea states that meet the provisions for such use where a safe evacua-
tion is possible.
Ditching certifcation requires compliance with a comprehensive number of requirements relating
to rotorcraft water entry, fotation and trim, occupant egress and occupant survival. Emergency
fotation systems, generally ftted to smaller CS-27rotorcraft, are approved against a broad specif-
cation that the equipment should perform its intended function and not hazard the rotorcraft or its
occupants. In practice, the most signifcant diference between ditching and emergency fotation
systems is substantiation of the water entry phase. Ditching rules call for water entry procedures
and techniques to be established and promulgated in the AFM. The fuselage/fotation equipment
should thereafter be shown to be able to withstand loads under defned water entry conditions
which relate to these procedures. For emergency fotation equipment, there is no specifcation to
defne the water entry technique and no specifc conditions defned for the structural substantia-
tion.
(e) Provisions for survival
(1) Survival of crew members and passengers, following a successful autorotation and evacuation, is
dependent on the clothing worn, the equipment carried and worn, the temperature of the sea and
the sea state. Search and rescue (SAR) response/capability consistent with the anticipated expo-
sure should be available before the conditions in the corridor can be considered non-hostile.
(2) Coastal transit can be conducted (including north of 45N and south of 45S when the defnition
of open sea areas allows) providing the provisions of (c) and (d) are met, and the conditions for a
non-hostile coastal corridor are satisfed.
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CAT.OP.MPA.140 Maximum distance from an adequate aerodrome for two-
engined aeroplanes without an ETOPS approval
(a) Unless approved by the competent authority in accordance with Annex V (Part-SPA), Subpart F, the
operator shall not operate a two-engined aeroplane over a route that contains a point further from an
adequate aerodrome, under standard conditions in still air, than:
(1) for performance class A aeroplanes with either:
(i) a maximum operational passenger seating confguration (MOPSC) of 20or more; or
(ii) a maximum take-of mass of 45360kg or more,
the distance fown in 60minutes at the one-engine-inoperative (OEI) cruising speed deter-
mined in accordance with (b);
(2) for performance class A aeroplanes with:
(i) an MOPSC of 19or less; and
(ii) a maximum take-of mass less than 45360kg,
the distance fown in 120 minutes or, subject to approval by the competent authority, up
to 180minutes for turbo-jet aeroplanes, at the OEI cruise speed determined in accordance
with (b);
(3) for performance class B or C aeroplanes:
(i) the distance fown in 120minutes at the OEI cruise speed determined in accordance with
(b); or
(ii) 300NM, whichever is less.
(b) The operator shall determine a speed for the calculation of the maximum distance to an adequate aero-
drome for each two-engined aeroplane type or variant operated, not exceeding VMO (maximum operat-
ing speed) based upon the true airspeed that the aeroplane can maintain with one engine inoperative.
(c) The operator shall include the following data, specifc to each type or variant, in the operations manual:
(1) the determined OEI cruising speed; and
(2) the determined maximum distance from an adequate aerodrome.
(d) To obtain the approval referred to in (a)(2), the operator shall provide evidence that:
(1) the aeroplane/engine combination holds an extended range operations with two-engined aero-
planes (ETOPS) type design and reliability approval for the intended operation;
(2) a set of conditions has been implemented to ensure that the aeroplane and its engines are main-
tained to meet the necessary reliability criteria; and
(3) the fight crew and all other operations personnel involved are trained and suitably qualifed to
conduct the intended operation.
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AMC1CAT.OP.MPA.140(c) Maximum distance from an adequate aerodrome
for two-engined aeroplanes without an ETOPS approval
OPERATION OF NON-ETOPS COMPLIANT TWIN TURBO-JET AEROPLANES WITH MOPSC OF 19OR LESS AND
MCTOM LESS THAN 45360KG BETWEEN 120AND 180MINUTES FROM AN ADEQUATE AERODROME
(a) For operations between 120 and 180 minutes, due account should be taken of the aeroplanes design
and capabilities as outlined below and the operators experience related to such operations. Relevant
information should be included in the operations manual and the operators maintenance procedures.
The term the aeroplanes design in this AMC does not imply any additional type design approval speci-
fcations beyond the applicable original type certifcate (TC) specifcations.
(b) Systems capability
Aeroplanes should be certifed to CS-25 as appropriate or equivalent (e.g. FAR-25). With respect to the
capability of the aeroplane systems, the objective is that the aeroplane is capable of a safe diversion
from the maximum diversion distance with particular emphasis on operations with OEI or with degraded
system capability. To this end, the operator should give consideration to the capability of the following
systems to support such a diversion:
(1) Propulsion systems: the aeroplane engine should meet the applicable specifcations prescribed
in CS-25 and CS-E or equivalent (e.g. FAR-25, FAR-E), concerning engine TC, installation and sys-
tem operation. In addition to the performance standards established by the Agency or competent
authority at the time of engine certifcation, the engines should comply with all subsequent man-
datory safety standards specifed by the Agency or competent authority, including those neces-
sary to maintain an acceptable level of reliability. In addition, consideration should be given to the
efects of extended duration single-engine operation (e.g. the efects of higher power demands
such as bleed and electrical).
(2) Airframe systems: with respect to electrical power, three or more reliable as defned by CS-25or
equivalent (e.g. FAR-25) and independent electrical power sources should be available, each of
which should be capable of providing power for all essential services which should at least include
the following:
(i) suf cient instruments for the fight crew providing, as a minimum, attitude, heading, air-
speed and altitude information;
(ii) appropriate pitot heating;
(iii) adequate navigation capability;
(iv) adequate radio communication and intercommunication capability;
(v) adequate fight deck and instrument lighting and emergency lighting;
(vi) adequate fight controls;
(vii) adequate engine controls and restart capability with critical type fuel (from the stand-point
of fame-out and restart capability) and with the aeroplane initially at the maximum relight
altitude;
(viii) adequate engine instrumentation;
(ix) adequate fuel supply system capability including such fuel boost and fuel transfer functions
that may be necessary for extended duration single or dual-engine operation;
(x) such warnings, cautions and indications as are required for continued safe fight and land-
ing;
(xi) fre protection (engines and auxiliary power unit (APU));
(xii) adequate ice protection including windshield de-icing; and
(xiii) adequate control of the fight crew compartment and cabin environment including heating
and pressurisation.
The equipment including avionics necessary for extended diversion times should have the ability
to operate acceptably following failures in the cooling system or electrical power systems.
For single-engine operations, the remaining power electrical, hydraulic, and pneumatic should
continue to be available at levels necessary to permit continued safe fight and landing, and to
provide those services necessary for the overall safety of the passengers and crew. As a minimum,
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following the failure of any two of the three electrical power sources, the remaining source should
be capable of providing power for all of the items necessary for the duration of any diversion. If
one or more of the required electrical power sources are provided by an APU, hydraulic system or
air driven generator/ram air turbine (ADG/RAT), the following criteria should apply as appropriate:
(A) to ensure hydraulic power (hydraulic motor generator) reliability, it may be necessary
to provide two or more independent energy sources;
(B) the ADG/RAT, if ftted, should not require engine dependent power for deployment;
and
(C) the APU should meet the criteria in (b)(3).
(3) APU: the APU, if required for extended range operations, should be certifed as an essential APU
and should meet the applicable CS-25and CS-APU provisions or equivalent (e.g. FAR-25).
(4) Fuel supply system: consideration should include the capability of the fuel supply system to pro-
vide suf cient fuel for the entire diversion taking account of aspects such as fuel boost and fuel
transfer.
(c) Engine events and corrective action
(1) All engine events and operating hours should be reported by the operator to the airframe and
engine supplemental type certifcate (STC) holders as well as to the competent authority.
(2) These events should be evaluated by the operator in consultation with the competent authority
and with the engine and airframe (S)TC holders. The competent authority may consult the Agency
to ensure that world wide data are evaluated.
(3) Where statistical assessment alone is not applicable, e.g. where the feet size or accumulated fight
hours are small, individual engine events should be reviewed on a case-by-case basis.
(4) The evaluation or statistical assessment, when available, may result in corrective action or the
application of operational restrictions.
(5) Engine events could include engine shutdowns, both on ground and in-fight, excluding normal
training events, including fameout, occurrences where the intended thrust level was not achieved
or where crew action was taken to reduce thrust below the normal level for whatever reason, and
unscheduled removals.
(6) Arrangements to ensure that all corrective actions required by the Agency are implemented.
(d) Maintenance
The maintenance programme in accordance with Annex I to Regulation (EC) No 2042/2003
26
(Part-M)
should be based upon reliability programmes including, but not limited to, the following elements:
(1) engine oil consumption programmes: such programmes are intended to support engine condition
trend monitoring; and
(2) engine condition monitoring programme: a programme for each engine that monitors engine
performance parameters and trends of degradation that provides for maintenance actions to be
undertaken prior to signifcant performance loss or mechanical failure.
(e) Flight crew training
Flight crew training for this type of operation should include, in addition to the requirements of Subpart
FC of Annex III (ORO.FC), particular emphasis on the following:
(1) Fuel management: verifying required fuel on board prior to departure and monitoring fuel on
board en-route including calculation of fuel remaining. Procedures should provide for an inde-
pendent cross-check of fuel quantity indicators, e.g. fuel fow used to calculate fuel burned com-
pared to indicate fuel remaining. Confrmation that the fuel remaining is suf cient to satisfy the
critical fuel reserves.
(2) Procedures for single and multiple failures in-fight that may give rise to go/no-go and diversion
decisions policy and guidelines to aid the fight crew in the diversion decision making process
and the need for constant awareness of the closest weather-permissible alternate aerodrome in
terms of time.
26
OJ L 315, 28.11.2003, p. 1.
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(3) OEI performance data: drift down procedures and OEI service ceiling data.
(4) Weather reports and fight requirements: meteorological aerodrome reports (METARs) and aero-
drome forecast (TAF) reports and obtaining in-fight weather updates on the en-route alternate
(ERA), destination and destination alternate aerodromes. Consideration should also be given to
forecast winds including the accuracy of the forecast compared to actual wind experienced during
fight and meteorological conditions along the expected fight path at the OEI cruising altitude and
throughout the approach and landing.
(f) Pre-departure check
A pre-departure check, additional to the pre-fight inspection required by Part-M should be refected in
the operations manual. Flight crew members who are responsible for the pre-departure check of an aero-
plane should be fully trained and competent to do it. The training programme required should cover all
relevant tasks with particular emphasis on checking required fuid levels.
(g) MEL
The MEL should take into account all items specifed by the manufacturer relevant to operations in
accordance with this AMC.
(h) Dispatch/fight planning rules
The operators dispatch rules should address the following:
(1) Fuel and oil supply: an aeroplane should not be dispatched on an extended range fight unless
it carries suf cient fuel and oil to comply with the applicable operational requirements and any
additional reserves determined in accordance with the following:
(i) Critical fuel scenario the critical point is the furthest point from an alternate aerodrome
assuming a simultaneous failure of an engine and the pressurisation system. For those aero-
planes that are type certifcated to operate above fight level 450, the critical point is the
furthest point from an alternate aerodrome assuming an engine failure. The operator should
carry additional fuel for the worst case fuel burn condition (one engine vs. two engines
operating), if this is greater than the additional fuel calculated in accordance with the fuel
requirements in CAT.OP.MPA, as follows:
(A) fy from the critical point to an alternate aerodrome:
(a) at 10000ft;
(b) at 25000ft or the single-engine ceiling, whichever is lower, provided that all
occupants can be supplied with and use oxygen for the time required to fy
from the critical point to an alternate aerodrome; or
(c) at the single-engine ceiling, provided that the aeroplane is type certifed to
operate above fight level 450;
(B) descend and hold at 1 500 ft for 15 minutes in international standard atmosphere
(ISA) conditions;
(C) descend to the applicable MDA/DH followed by a missed approach (taking into
account the complete missed approach procedure); followed by
(D) a normal approach and landing.
(ii) Ice protection: additional fuel used when operating in icing conditions (e.g. operation of
ice protection systems (engine/airframe as applicable)) and, when manufacturers data are
available, take account of ice accumulation on unprotected surfaces if icing conditions are
likely to be encountered during a diversion.
(iii) APU operation: if an APU has to be used to provide additional electrical power, considera-
tion should be given to the additional fuel required.
(2) Communication facilities: the availability of communications facilities in order to allow reliable
two-way voice communications between the aeroplane and the appropriate ATC unit at OEI cruise
altitudes.
(3) Aircraft technical log review to ensure proper MEL procedures, deferred items, and required main-
tenance checks completed.
(4) ERA aerodrome(s): ensuring that ERA aerodromes are available for the intended route, within the
distance fown in 180minutes based upon the OEI cruising speed which is a speed within the cer-
tifcated limits of the aeroplane, selected by the operator and approved by the competent author-
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ity, confrming that, based on the available meteorological information, the weather conditions
at ERA aerodromes are at or above the applicable minima for the period of time during which the
aerodrome(s) may be used.
Table 1: Planning minima
Approach facility Alternate aerodrome ceiling Weather minima
RVR/VIS
PA DA/H +200ft RVR/VIS +800m
NPA
Circling approach
MDA/H +400ft RVR/VIS +1500m
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GM1CAT.OP.MPA.140(c) Maximum distance from an adequate aerodrome
for two-engined aeroplanes without an ETOPS approval
ONE-ENGINE-INOPERATIVE (OEI) CRUISING SPEED
The OEI cruising speed is intended to be used solely for establishing the maximum distance from an adequate
aerodrome.
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CAT.OP.MPA.145 Establishment of minimum fight altitudes
(a) The operator shall establish for all route segments to be fown:
(1) minimum fight altitudes that provide the required terrain clearance, taking into account the
requirements of Subpart C; and
(2) a method for the fight crew to determine those altitudes.
(b) The method for establishing minimum fight altitudes shall be approved by the competent authority.
(c) Where the minimum fight altitudes established by the operator and a State overfown difer, the higher
values shall apply.
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AMC1CAT.OP.MPA.145(a) Establishment of minimum fight altitudes
CONSIDERATIONS FOR ESTABLISHING MINIMUM FLIGHT ALTITUDES
(a) The operator should take into account the following factors when establishing minimum fight altitudes:
(1) the accuracy with which the position of the aircraft can be determined;
(2) the probable inaccuracies in the indications of the altimeters used;
(3) the characteristics of the terrain, such as sudden changes in the elevation, along the routes or in
the areas where operations are to be conducted;
(4) the probability of encountering unfavourable meteorological conditions, such as severe turbu-
lence and descending air currents; and
(5) possible inaccuracies in aeronautical charts.
(b) The operator should also consider:
(1) corrections for temperature and pressure variations from standard values;
(2) ATC requirements; and
(3) any foreseeable contingencies along the planned route.
AMC1.1CAT.OP.MPA.145(a) Establishment of minimum fight altitudes
CONSIDERATIONS FOR ESTABLISHING MINIMUM FLIGHT ALTITUDES
This AMC provides another means of complying with the rule for VFR operations of other-than-complex motor-
powered aircraft by day, compared to that presented in AMC1CAT.OP.MPA.145(a). The safety objective should
be satisfed if the operator ensures that operations are only conducted along such routes or within such areas
for which a safe terrain clearance can be maintained and take account of such factors as temperature, terrain
and unfavourable meteorological conditions.
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GM1CAT.OP.MPA.145(a) Establishment of minimum fight altitudes
MINIMUM FLIGHT ALTITUDES
(a) The following are examples of some of the methods available for calculating minimum fight altitudes.
(b) KSS formula:
(1) Minimum obstacle clearance altitude (MOCA)
(i) MOCA is the sum of:
(A) the maximum terrain or obstacle elevation, whichever is higher; plus
(B) 1000ft for elevation up to and including 6000ft; or
(C) 2000ft for elevation exceeding 6000ft rounded up to the next 100ft.
(ii) The lowest MOCA to be indicated is 2000ft.
(iii) From a VOR station, the corridor width is defned as a borderline starting 5NM either side
of the VOR, diverging 4 from centreline until a width of 20 NM is reached at 70 NM out,
thence paralleling the centreline until 140NM out, thence again diverging 4 until a maxi-
mum width of 40NM is reached at 280NM out. Thereafter the width remains constant (see
Figure 1).
Figure 1: Corridor width from a VOR station
(iv) From a non-directional beacon (NDB), similarly, the corridor width is defned as a borderline
starting 5NM either side of the NDB diverging 7 until a width of 20NM is reached 40NM
out, thence paralleling the centreline until 80 NM out, thence again diverging 7 until a
maximum width of 60 NM is reached 245 NM out. Thereafter the width remains constant
(see Figure 2).
Figure 2: Corridor width from an NDB
(v) MOCA does not cover any overlapping of the corridor.
(2) Minimum of-route altitude (MORA). MORA is calculated for an area bounded by each or every sec-
ond LAT/LONG square on the route facility chart (RFC) / terminal approach chart (TAC) and is based
on a terrain clearance as follows:
(i) terrain with elevation up to 6 000 ft (2 000 m) 1 000 ft above the highest terrain and
obstructions;
(ii) terrain with elevation above 6 000 ft (2 000 m) 2 000 ft above the highest terrain and
obstructions.
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(c) Jeppesen formula (see Figure 3)
(1) MORA is a minimum fight altitude computed by Jeppesen from current operational navigation
charts (ONCs) or world aeronautical charts (WACs). Two types of MORAs are charted which are:
(i) route MORAs e.g. 9800a; and
(ii) grid MORAs e.g. 98.
(2) Route MORA values are computed on the basis of an area extending 10NM to either side of route
centreline and including a 10 NM radius beyond the radio fx/reporting point or mileage break
defning the route segment.
(3) MORA values clear all terrain and man-made obstacles by 1000ft in areas where the highest ter-
rain elevation or obstacles are up to 5000ft. A clearance of 2000ft is provided above all terrain or
obstacles that are 5001ft and above.
(4) A grid MORA is an altitude computed by Jeppesen and the values are shown within each grid
formed by charted lines of latitude and longitude. Figures are shown in thousands and hundreds
of feet (omitting the last two digits so as to avoid chart congestion). Values followed by are
believed not to exceed the altitudes shown. The same clearance criteria as explained in (c)(3) apply.
Figure 3: Jeppesen formula
(d) ATLAS formula
(1) Minimum en-route altitude (MEA). Calculation of the MEA is based on the elevation of the highest
point along the route segment concerned (extending from navigational aid to navigational aid)
within a distance on either side of track as specifed in Table 1below:
Table 1: Minimum safe en-route altitude
Segment length Distance either side of track
Up to 100NM 10NM *
More than 100NM 10% of segment length up to a maximum of 60NM **
*: This distance may be reduced to 5NM within terminal control areas (TMAs) where, due to the number and type of available navigational
aids, a high degree of navigational accuracy is warranted.
**: In exceptional cases, where this calculation results in an operationally impracticable value, an additional special MEA may be calculated
based on a distance of not less than 10NM either side of track. Such special MEA will be shown together with an indication of the actual
width of protected airspace.
(2) The MEA is calculated by adding an increment to the elevation specifed above as appropriate, fol-
lowing Table 2below. The resulting value is adjusted to the nearest 100ft.
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Table 2: Increment added to the elevation *
Elevation of highest point Increment
Not above 5000ft 1500ft
Above 5000ft but not above 10000ft 2000ft
Above 10000ft 10% of elevation plus 1000ft
*: For the last route segment ending over the initial approach fx, a reduction to 1000ft is permissible within TMAs where, due to the number
and type of available navigation aids, a high degree of navigational accuracy is warranted.
(3) Minimum safe grid altitude (MGA). Calculation of the MGA is based on the elevation of the highest
point within the respective grid area.
The MGA is calculated by adding an increment to the elevation specifed above as appropriate,
following Table 3below. The resulting value is adjusted to the nearest 100ft.
Table 3: Minimum safe grid altitude
Elevation of highest point Increment
Not above 5000ft 1500ft
Above 5000ft but not above 10000ft 2000ft
Above 10000ft 10% of elevation plus 1000ft
(e) Lido formula
(1) Minimum terrain clearance altitude (MTCA)
The MTCA represents an altitude providing terrain and obstacle clearance for all airways/ATS
routes, all standard terminal arrival route (STAR) segments up to IAF or equivalent end point and
for selected standard instrument departures (SIDs).
The MTCA is calculated by Lido and covers terrain and obstacle clearance relevant for air naviga-
tion with the following bufers:
(i) Horizontal:
(A) for SID and STAR procedures 5NM either side of centre line; and
(B) for airways/ATS routes 10NM either side of centre line.
(ii) Vertical:
(A) 1000ft up to 6000ft; and
(B) 2000ft above 6000ft.
MTCAs are always shown in feet. The lowest indicated MTCA is 3100ft.
(2) Minimum grid altitude (MGA)
MGA represents the lowest safe altitude which can be fown of-track. The MGA is calculated by
rounding up the elevation of the highest obstruction within the respective grid area to the next
100ft and adding an increment of
(i) 1000ft for terrain or obstructions up to 6000ft; and
(ii) 2000ft for terrain or obstructions above 6000ft.
MGA is shown in hundreds of feet. The lowest indicated MGA is 2000ft. This value is also provided
for terrain and obstacles that would result in an MGA below 2000ft. An exception is over water
areas where the MGA can be omitted.
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CAT.OP.MPA.150 Fuel policy
(a) The operator shall establish a fuel policy for the purpose of fight planning and in-fight replanning to
ensure that every fight carries suf cient fuel for the planned operation and reserves to cover deviations
from the planned operation. The fuel policy and any change to it require prior approval by the competent
authority.
(b) The operator shall ensure that the planning of fights is based upon at least:
(1) procedures contained in the operations manual and:
(i) data provided by the aircraft manufacturer; or
(ii) current aircraft-specifc data derived from a fuel consumption monitoring system;
and
(2) the operating conditions under which the fight is to be conducted including:
(i) aircraft fuel consumption data;
(ii) anticipated masses;
(iii) expected meteorological conditions; and
(iv) air navigation services provider(s) procedures and restrictions.
(c) The operator shall ensure that the pre-fight calculation of usable fuel required for a fight includes:
(1) taxi fuel;
(2) trip fuel;
(3) reserve fuel consisting of:
(i) contingency fuel;
(ii) alternate fuel, if a destination alternate aerodrome is required;
(iii) fnal reserve fuel; and
(iv) additional fuel, if required by the type of operation;
and
(4) extra fuel if required by the commander.
(d) The operator shall ensure that in-fight replanning procedures for calculating usable fuel required when a
fight has to proceed along a route or to a destination aerodrome other than originally planned includes:
(1) trip fuel for the remainder of the fight; and
(2) reserve fuel consisting of:
(i) contingency fuel;
(ii) alternate fuel, if a destination alternate aerodrome is required;
(iii) fnal reserve fuel; and
(iv) additional fuel, if required by the type of operation;
and
(3) extra fuel if required by the commander.
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AMC1CAT.OP.MPA.150(b) Fuel policy
PLANNING CRITERIA AEROPLANES
The operator should base the defned fuel policy, including calculation of the amount of fuel to be on board for
departure, on the following planning criteria:
(a) Basic procedure
The usable fuel to be on board for departure should be the sum of the following:
(1) Taxi fuel, which should not be less than the amount, expected to be used prior to take-of. Local
conditions at the departure aerodrome and auxiliary power unit (APU) consumption should be
taken into account.
(2) Trip fuel, which should include:
(i) fuel for take-of and climb from aerodrome elevation to initial cruising level/altitude, taking
into account the expected departure routing;
(ii) fuel from top of climb to top of descent, including any step climb/descent;
(iii) fuel from top of descent to the point where the approach is initiated, taking into account the
expected arrival procedure; and
(iv) fuel for approach and landing at the destination aerodrome.
(3) Contingency fuel, except as provided for in (b), which should be the higher of:
(i) Either:
(A) 5% of the planned trip fuel or, in the event of in-fight replanning, 5% of the trip fuel
for the remainder of the fight;
(B) not less than 3% of the planned trip fuel or, in the event of in-fight replanning, 3% of
the trip fuel for the remainder of the fight, provided that an en-route alternate (ERA)
aerodrome is available;
(C) an amount of fuel suf cient for 20minutes fying time based upon the planned trip
fuel consumption, provided that the operator has established a fuel consumption
monitoring programme for individual aeroplanes and uses valid data determined by
means of such a programme for fuel calculation; or
(D) an amount of fuel based on a statistical method that ensures an appropriate statisti-
cal coverage of the deviation from the planned to the actual trip fuel. This method is
used to monitor the fuel consumption on each city pair/aeroplane combination and
the operator uses this data for a statistical analysis to calculate contingency fuel for
that city pair/aeroplane combination;
(ii) or an amount to fy for 5minutes at holding speed at 1500ft (450m), above the destination
aerodrome in standard conditions.
(4) Alternate fuel, which should:
(i) include:
(A) fuel for a missed approach from the applicable DA/H or MDA/H at the destination
aerodrome to missed approach altitude, taking into account the complete missed
approach procedure;
(B) fuel for climb from missed approach altitude to cruising level/altitude, taking into
account the expected departure routing;
(C) fuel for cruise from top of climb to top of descent, taking into account the expected
routing;
(D) fuel for descent from top of descent to the point where the approach is initiated, tak-
ing into account the expected arrival procedure; and
(E) fuel for executing an approach and landing at the destination alternate aerodrome;
(ii) where two destination alternate aerodromes are required, be suf cient to proceed to the
alternate aerodrome that requires the greater amount of alternate fuel.
(5) Final reserve fuel, which should be:
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(i) for aeroplanes with reciprocating engines, fuel to fy for 45minutes; or
(ii) for aeroplanes with turbine engines, fuel to fy for 30minutes at holding speed at 1500ft
(450m) above aerodrome elevation in standard conditions, calculated with the estimated
mass on arrival at the destination alternate aerodrome or the destination aerodrome, when
no destination alternate aerodrome is required.
(6) The minimum additional fuel, which should permit:
(i) the aeroplane to descend as necessary and proceed to an adequate alternate aerodrome in
the event of engine failure or loss of pressurisation, whichever requires the greater amount
of fuel based on the assumption that such a failure occurs at the most critical point along the
route, and
(A) hold there for 15minutes at 1500ft (450m) above aerodrome elevation in standard
conditions; and
(B) make an approach and landing,
except that additional fuel is only required if the minimum amount of fuel calculated in
accordance with (a)(2) to (a)(5) is not suf cient for such an event; and
(ii) holding for 15minutes at 1500ft (450m) above destination aerodrome elevation in stand-
ard conditions, when a fight is operated without a destination alternate aerodrome.
(7) Extra fuel, which should be at the discretion of the commander.
(b) Reduced contingency fuel (RCF) procedure
If the operators fuel policy includes pre-fight planning to a destination 1aerodrome (commercial des-
tination) with an RCF procedure using a decision point along the route and a destination 2aerodrome
(optional refuel destination), the amount of usable fuel, on board for departure, should be the greater of
(b)(1) or (b)(2):
(1) The sum of:
(i) taxi fuel;
(ii) trip fuel to the destination 1aerodrome, via the decision point;
(iii) contingency fuel equal to not less than 5 % of the estimated fuel consumption from the
decision point to the destination 1aerodrome;
(iv) alternate fuel or no alternate fuel if the decision point is at less than six hours from the des-
tination 1aerodrome and the requirements of CAT.OP.MPA.180(b)(2), are fulflled;
(v) fnal reserve fuel;
(vi) additional fuel; and
(vii) extra fuel if required by the commander.
(2) The sum of:
(i) taxi fuel;
(ii) trip fuel to the destination 2aerodrome, via the decision point;
(iii) contingency fuel equal to not less than the amount calculated in accordance with (a)(3)
above from departure aerodrome to the destination 2aerodrome;
(iv) alternate fuel, if a destination 2alternate aerodrome is required;
(v) fnal reserve fuel;
(vi) additional fuel; and
(vii) extra fuel if required by the commander.
(c) Predetermined point (PDP) procedure
If the operators fuel policy includes planning to a destination alternate aerodrome where the distance
between the destination aerodrome and the destination alternate aerodrome is such that a fight can
only be routed via a predetermined point to one of these aerodromes, the amount of usable fuel, on
board for departure, should be the greater of (c)(1) or (c)(2):
(1) The sum of:
(i) taxi fuel;
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(ii) trip fuel from the departure aerodrome to the destination aerodrome, via the predeter-
mined point;
(iii) contingency fuel calculated in accordance with (a)(3);
(iv) additional fuel if required, but not less than:
(A) for aeroplanes with reciprocating engines, fuel to fy for 45minutes plus 15% of the
fight time planned to be spent at cruising level or 2hours, whichever is less; or
(B) for aeroplanes with turbine engines, fuel to fy for 2hours at normal cruise consump-
tion above the destination aerodrome,
this should not be less than fnal reserve fuel; and
(v) extra fuel if required by the commander.
(2) The sum of:
(i) taxi fuel;
(ii) trip fuel from the departure aerodrome to the destination alternate aerodrome, via the pre-
determined point;
(iii) contingency fuel calculated in accordance with (a)(3);
(iv) additional fuel if required, but not less than:
(A) for aeroplanes with reciprocating engines: fuel to fy for 45minutes; or
(B) for aeroplanes with turbine engines: fuel to fy for 30 minutes at holding speed at
1 500 ft (450 m) above the destination alternate aerodrome elevation in standard
conditions,
this should not be less than fnal reserve fuel; and
(v) extra fuel if required by the commander.
(d) Isolated aerodrome procedure
If the operators fuel policy includes planning to an isolated aerodrome, the last possible point of diver-
sion to any available en-route alternate (ERA) aerodrome should be used as the predetermined point.
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AMC2CAT.OP.MPA.150(b) Fuel policy
LOCATION OF THE FUEL EN-ROUTE ALTERNATE (FUEL ERA) AERODROME
(a) The fuel ERA aerodrome should be located within a circle having a radius equal to 20% of the total fight
plan distance, the centre of which lies on the planned route at a distance from the destination aerodrome
of 25% of the total fight plan distance, or at least 20% of the total fight plan distance plus 50NM, which-
ever is greater. All distances should be calculated in still air conditions (see Figure 1).
Figure 1: Location of the fuel ERA aerodrome for the purposes of reducing contingency fuel to 3%
AMC3CAT.OP.MPA.150(b) Fuel policy
PLANNING CRITERIA HELICOPTERS
The operator should base the company fuel policy, including calculation of the amount of fuel to be carried, on
the following planning criteria:
(a) The amount of:
(1) taxi fuel, which should not be less than the amount expected to be used prior to take-of. Local
conditions at the departure site and APU consumption should be taken into account;
(2) trip fuel, which should include fuel:
(i) for take-of and climb from aerodrome elevation to initial cruising level/altitude, taking into
account the expected departure routing;
(ii) from top of climb to top of descent, including any step climb/descent;
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(iii) from top of descent to the point where the approach procedure is initiated, taking into
account the expected arrival procedure; and
(iv) for approach and landing at the destination site;
(3) contingency fuel, which should be:
(i) for IFR fights, or for VFR fights in a hostile environment, 10% of the planned trip fuel; or
(ii) for VFR fights in a non-hostile environment, 5% of the planned trip fuel;
(4) alternate fuel, which should be:
(i) fuel for a missed approach from the applicable MDA/DH at the destination aerodrome to
missed approach altitude, taking into account the complete missed approach procedure;
(ii) fuel for a climb from missed approach altitude to cruising level/altitude;
(iii) fuel for the cruise from top of climb to top of descent;
(iv) fuel for descent from top of descent to the point where the approach is initiated, taking into
account the expected arrival procedure;
(v) fuel for executing an approach and landing at the destination alternate selected in accord-
ance with CAT.OP.MPA.181; and
(vi) or for helicopters operating to or from helidecks located in a hostile environment, 10% of (a)
(4)(i) to (v);
(5) fnal reserve fuel, which should be:
(i) for VFR fights navigating by day with reference to visual landmarks, 20minutes fuel at best
range speed; or
(ii) for IFR fights or when fying VFR and navigating by means other than by reference to visual
landmarks or at night, fuel to fy for 30minutes at holding speed at 1500ft (450m) above
the destination aerodrome in standard conditions calculated with the estimated mass on
arrival above the alternate, or the destination, when no alternate is required;
and
(6) extra fuel, which should be at the discretion of the commander.
(b) Isolated aerodrome IFR procedure
If the operators fuel policy includes planning to an isolated aerodrome fying IFR, or when fying VFR and
navigating by means other than by reference to visual landmarks, for which a destination alternate does
not exist, the amount of fuel at departure should include:
(1) taxi fuel;
(2) trip fuel;
(3) contingency fuel calculated in accordance with (a)(3);
(4) additional fuel to fy for 2hours at holding speed, including fnal reserve fuel; and
(5) extra fuel at the discretion of the commander.
(c) Suf cient fuel should be carried at all times to ensure that following the failure of an engine occurring at
the most critical point along the route, the helicopter is able to:
(1) descend as necessary and proceed to an adequate aerodrome;
(2) hold there for 15minutes at 1500ft (450m) above aerodrome elevation in standard conditions;
and
(3) make an approach and landing.
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GM1CAT.OP.MPA.150(b) Fuel policy
CONTINGENCY FUEL STATISTICAL METHOD AEROPLANES
(a) As an example, the following values of statistical coverage of the deviation from the planned to the actual
trip fuel provide appropriate statistical coverage.
(1) 99% coverage plus 3% of the trip fuel, if the calculated fight time is less than 2hours, or more than
2hours and no weather-permissible ERA aerodrome is available.
(2) 99 % coverage if the calculated fight time is more than 2 hours and a weather-permissible ERA
aerodrome is available.
(3) 90% coverage if:
(i) the calculated fight time is more than 2hours;
(ii) a weather-permissible ERA aerodrome is available; and
(iii) at the destination aerodrome two separate runways are available and usable, one of which
is equipped with an ILS/MLS, and the weather conditions are in compliance with CAT.
OP.MPA.180(b)(2), or the ILS/MLS is operational to CAT II/III operating minima and the
weather conditions are at or above 500ft.
(b) The fuel consumption database used in conjunction with these values should be based on fuel consump-
tion monitoring for each route/aeroplane combination over a rolling 2year period.
GM1CAT.OP.MPA.150(c)(3)(i) Fuel policy
CONTINGENCY FUEL
Factors that may infuence fuel required on a particular fight in an unpredictable way include deviations of an
individual aeroplane from the expected fuel consumption data, deviations from forecast meteorological condi-
tions and deviations from planned routings and/or cruising levels/altitudes.
GM1CAT.OP.MPA.150(c)(3)(ii) Fuel policy
DESTINATION ALTERNATE AERODROME
The departure aerodrome may be selected as the destination alternate aerodrome.
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CAT.OP.MPA.151 Fuel policy alleviations
(a) Notwithstanding CAT.OP.MPA.150(b) to (d), for operations of performance class B aeroplanes the opera-
tor shall ensure that the pre-fight calculation of usable fuel required for a fight includes:
(1) taxi fuel, if signifcant;
(i) trip fuel;
(ii) reserve fuel, consisting of:
(A) contingency fuel that is not less than 5% of the planned trip fuel or, in the event of
in-fight replanning, 5% of the trip fuel for the remainder of the fight; and
(B) fnal reserve fuel to fy for an additional period of 45minutes for reciprocating engines
or 30minutes for turbine engines;
(iii) alternate fuel to reach the destination alternate aerodrome via the destination, if a destina-
tion alternate aerodrome is required; and
(iv) extra fuel, if specifed by the commander.
(b) Notwithstanding CAT.OP.MPA.150(b) to (d), for helicopters with an MCTOM of 3175kg or less, by day
and over routes navigated by reference to visual landmarks or local helicopter operations, the fuel policy
shall ensure that, on completion of the fight, or series of fights the fnal reserve fuel is not less than an
amount suf cient for:
(1) 30minutes fying time at normal cruising speed; or
(2) 20minutes fying time at normal cruising speed when operating within an area providing continu-
ous and suitable precautionary landing sites.
CAT.OP.MPA.155 Carriage of special categories of passengers (SCPs)
(a) Persons requiring special conditions, assistance and/or devices when carried on a fight shall be consid-
ered as SCPs including at least:
(1) persons with reduced mobility (PRMs) who, without prejudice to Regulation (EC) No 1107/2006,
are understood to be any person whose mobility is reduced due to any physical disability, sensory
or locomotory, permanent or temporary, intellectual disability or impairment, any other cause of
disability, or age;
(2) infants and unaccompanied children; and
(3) deportees, inadmissible passengers or prisoners in custody.
(b) SCPs shall be carried under conditions that ensure the safety of the aircraft and its occupants according
to procedures established by the operator.
(c) SCPs shall not be allocated, nor occupy, seats that permit direct access to emergency exits or where their
presence could:
(1) impede crew members in their duties;
(2) obstruct access to emergency equipment; or
(3) impede the emergency evacuation of the aircraft.
(d) The commander shall be notifed in advance when SCPs are to be carried on board.
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AMC1CAT.OP.MPA.155(b) Carriage of special categories of passengers
(SCPs)
PROCEDURES
When establishing the procedures for the carriage of special categories of passengers, the operator should take
into account the following factors:
(a) the aircraft type and cabin confguration;
(b) the total number of passengers carried on board;
(c) the number and categories of SCPs, which should not exceed the number of passengers capable of assist-
ing them in case of an emergency evacuation; and
(d) any other factor(s) or circumstances possibly impacting on the application of emergency procedures by
the operating crew members.
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CAT.OP.MPA.160 Stowage of baggage and cargo
The operator shall establish procedures to ensure that:
(a) only hand baggage that can be adequately and securely stowed is taken into the passenger compart-
ment; and
(b) all baggage and cargo on board that might cause injury or damage, or obstruct aisles and exits if dis-
placed, is stowed so as to prevent movement.
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AMC1CAT.OP.MPA.160 Stowage of baggage and cargo
STOWAGE PROCEDURES
Procedures established by the operator to ensure that hand baggage and cargo are adequately and securely
stowed should take account of the following:
(a) each item carried in a cabin should be stowed only in a location that is capable of restraining it;
(b) weight limitations placarded on or adjacent to stowages should not be exceeded;
(c) under seat stowages should not be used unless the seat is equipped with a restraint bar and the baggage
is of such size that it may adequately be restrained by this equipment;
(d) items should not be stowed in lavatories or against bulkheads that are incapable of restraining articles
against movement forwards, sideways or upwards and unless the bulkheads carry a placard specifying
the greatest mass that may be placed there;
(e) baggage and cargo placed in lockers should not be of such size that they prevent latched doors from
being closed securely;
(f) baggage and cargo should not be placed where it can impede access to emergency equipment; and
(g) checks should be made before take-of, before landing and whenever the fasten seat belts signs are illu-
minated or it is otherwise so ordered to ensure that baggage is stowed where it cannot impede evacua-
tion from the aircraft or cause injury by falling (or other movement) as may be appropriate to the phase
of fight.
AMC2CAT.OP.MPA.160 Stowage of baggage and cargo
CARRIAGE OF CARGO IN THE PASSENGER COMPARTMENT
The following should be observed before carrying cargo in the passenger compartment:
(a) for aeroplanes:
(1) dangerous goods should not be allowed; and
(2) a mix of passengers and live animals should only be allowed for pets weighing not more than 8kg
and guide dogs;
(b) for aeroplanes and helicopters:
(1) the mass of cargo should not exceed the structural loading limits of the foor or seats;
(2) the number/type of restraint devices and their attachment points should be capable of restraining
the cargo in accordance with applicable certifcation specifcations; and
(3) the location of the cargo should be such that, in the event of an emergency evacuation, it will not
hinder egress nor impair the crews view.
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CAT.OP.MPA.165 Passenger seating
The operator shall establish procedures to ensure that passengers are seated where, in the event that an emer-
gency evacuation is required, they are able to assist and not hinder evacuation of the aircraft.
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AMC1CAT.OP.MPA.165 Passenger seating
PROCEDURES
The operator should make provision so that:
(a) those passengers who are allocated seats that permit direct access to emergency exits appear to be rea-
sonably ft, strong and able to assist the rapid evacuation of the aircraft in an emergency after an appro-
priate briefng by the crew;
(b) in all cases, passengers who, because of their condition, might hinder other passengers during an evacua-
tion or who might impede the crew in carrying out their duties, should not be allocated seats that permit
direct access to emergency exits. If procedures cannot be reasonably implemented at the time of passen-
ger check-in, the operator should establish an alternative procedure which ensures that the correct seat
allocations will, in due course, be made.
AMC2CAT.OP.MPA.165 Passenger seating
ACCESS TO EMERGENCY EXITS
The following categories of passengers are among those who should not be allocated to, or directed to, seats
that permit direct access to emergency exits:
(a) passengers sufering from obvious physical or mental disability to the extent that they would have dif-
fculty in moving quickly if asked to do so;
(b) passengers who are either substantially blind or substantially deaf to the extent that they might not read-
ily assimilate printed or verbal instructions given;
(c) passengers who because of age or sickness are so frail that they have dif culty in moving quickly;
(d) passengers who are so obese that they would have dif culty in moving quickly or reaching and passing
through the adjacent emergency exit;
(e) children (whether accompanied or not) and infants;
(f) deportees, inadmissible passengers or persons in custody; and
(g) passengers with animals.
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GM1CAT.OP.MPA.165 Passenger seating
DIRECT ACCESS
Direct access means a seat from which a passenger can proceed directly to the exit without entering an aisle
or passing around an obstruction.
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CAT.OP.MPA.170 Passenger briefng
The operator shall ensure that passengers are:
(a) given briefngs and demonstrations relating to safety in a form that facilitates the application of the pro-
cedures applicable in the event of an emergency; and
(b) provided with a safety briefng card on which picture-type instructions indicate the operation of emer-
gency equipment and exits likely to be used by passengers.
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AMC1CAT.OP.MPA.170 Passenger briefng
PASSENGER BRIEFING
Passenger briefngs should contain the following:
(a) Before take-of
(1) passengers should be briefed on the following items if applicable:
(i) smoking regulations;
(ii) back of the seat to be in the upright position and tray table stowed;
(iii) location of emergency exits;
(iv) location and use of foor proximity escape path markings;
(v) stowage of hand baggage;
(vi) restrictions on the use of portable electronic devices; and
(vii) the location and the contents of the safety briefng card;
and
(2) passengers should receive a demonstration of the following:
(i) the use of safety belts or restraint systems, including how to fasten and unfasten the safety
belts or restraint systems;
(ii) the location and use of oxygen equipment, if required. Passengers should also be briefed to
extinguish all smoking materials when oxygen is being used; and
(iii) the location and use of life-jackets, if required.
(b) After take-of
(1) passengers should be reminded of the following, if applicable:
(i) smoking regulations; and
(ii) use of safety belts or restraint systems including the safety benefts of having safety belts
fastened when seated irrespective of seat belt sign illumination.
(c) Before landing
(1) passengers should be reminded of the following, if applicable:
(i) smoking regulations;
(ii) use of safety belts or restraint systems;
(iii) back of the seat to be in the upright position and tray table stowed;
(iv) re-stowage of hand baggage; and
(v) restrictions on the use of portable electronic devices.
(d) After landing
(1) passengers should be reminded of the following:
(i) smoking regulations; and
(ii) use of safety belts and/or restraint systems.
(e) Emergency during fight
(1) passengers should be instructed as appropriate to the circumstances.
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AMC1.1CAT.OP.MPA.170 Passenger briefng
PASSENGER BRIEFING
(a) The operator may replace the briefng/demonstration as set out in AMC1 CAT.OP.MPA.170 with a pas-
senger training programme covering all safety and emergency procedures for a given type of aircraft.
(b) Only passengers who have been trained according to this programme and have fown on the aircraft type
within the last 90days may be carried on board without receiving a briefng/demonstration.
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CAT.OP.MPA.175 Flight preparation
(a) An operational fight plan shall be completed for each intended fight based on considerations of aircraft
performance, other operating limitations and relevant expected conditions on the route to be followed
and at the aerodromes/operating sites concerned.
(b) The fight shall not be commenced unless the commander is satisfed that:
(1) all items stipulated in 2.a.3of Annex IV to Regulation (EC) No216/2008concerning the airworthi-
ness and registration of the aircraft, instrument and equipment, mass and centre of gravity (CG)
location, baggage and cargo and aircraft operating limitations can be complied with;
(2) the aircraft is not operated contrary to the provisions of the confguration deviation list (CDL);
(3) the parts of the operations manual that are required for the conduct of the fight are available;
(4) the documents, additional information and forms required to be available by CAT.GEN.MPA.180are
on board;
(5) current maps, charts and associated documentation or equivalent data are available to cover the
intended operation of the aircraft including any diversion that may reasonably be expected;
(6) ground facilities and services required for the planned fight are available and adequate;
(7) the provisions specifed in the operations manual in respect of fuel, oil, oxygen, minimum safe
altitudes, aerodrome operating minima and availability of alternate aerodromes, where required,
can be complied with for the planned fight; and
(8) any additional operational limitation can be complied with.
(c) Notwithstanding (a), an operational fight plan is not required for operations under VFR of:
(1) other-than-complex motor-powered aeroplane taking of and landing at the same aerodrome or
operating site; or
(2) helicopters with an MCTOM of 3175kg or less, by day and over routes navigated by reference to
visual landmarks in a local area as specifed in the operations manual.
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AMC1CAT.OP.MPA.175(a) Flight preparation
OPERATIONAL FLIGHT PLAN COMPLEX MOTOR-POWERED AIRCRAFT
(a) The operational fight plan used and the entries made during fight should contain the following items:
(1) aircraft registration;
(2) aircraft type and variant;
(3) date of fight;
(4) fight identifcation;
(5) names of fight crew members;
(6) duty assignment of fight crew members;
(7) place of departure;
(8) time of departure (actual of-block time, take-of time);
(9) place of arrival (planned and actual);
(10) time of arrival (actual landing and on-block time);
(11) type of operation (ETOPS, VFR, ferry fight, etc.);
(12) route and route segments with checkpoints/waypoints, distances, time and tracks;
(13) planned cruising speed and fying times between check-points/waypoints (estimated and actual
times overhead);
(14) safe altitudes and minimum levels;
(15) planned altitudes and fight levels;
(16) fuel calculations (records of in-fight fuel checks);
(17) fuel on board when starting engines;
(18) alternate(s) for destination and, where applicable, take-of and en-route, including information
required in (a)(12) to (15);
(19) initial ATS fight plan clearance and subsequent reclearance;
(20) in-fight replanning calculations; and
(21) relevant meteorological information.
(b) Items that are readily available in other documentation or from another acceptable source or are irrel-
evant to the type of operation may be omitted from the operational fight plan.
(c) The operational fight plan and its use should be described in the operations manual.
(d) All entries on the operational fight plan should be made concurrently and be permanent in nature.
OPERATIONAL FLIGHT PLAN OTHER-THAN-COMPLEX MOTOR-POWERED AIRCRAFT OPERATIONS AND
LOCAL OPERATIONS
An operational fight plan may be established in a simplifed form relevant to the kind of operation for opera-
tions with other-than-complex motor-powered aircraft as well as local operations with any aircraft.
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GM1CAT.OP.MPA.175(b)(5) Flight preparation
CONVERSION TABLES
The documentation should include any conversion tables necessary to support operations where metric heights,
altitudes and fight levels are used.
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CAT.OP.MPA.180 Selection of aerodromes aeroplanes
(a) Where it is not possible to use the departure aerodrome as a take-of alternate aerodrome due to mete-
orological or performance reasons, the operator shall select another adequate take-of alternate aero-
drome that is no further from the departure aerodrome than:
(1) for two-engined aeroplanes:
(i) 1hour fying time at an OEI cruising speed according to the AFM in still air standard condi-
tions based on the actual take-of mass; or
(ii) the ETOPS diversion time approved in accordance with Annex V (Part-SPA), Subpart F , sub-
ject to any MEL restriction, up to a maximum of 2hours, at the OEI cruising speed according
to the AFM in still air standard conditions based on the actual take-of mass;
(2) for three and four-engined aeroplanes, 2hours fying time at the OEI cruising speed according to
the AFM in still air standard conditions based on the actual take-of mass.
If the AFM does not contain an OEI cruising speed, the speed to be used for calculation shall be that
which is achieved with the remaining engine(s) set at maximum continuous power.
(b) The operator shall select at least one destination alternate aerodrome for each instrument fight rules
(IFR) fight unless the destination aerodrome is an isolated aerodrome or:
(1) the duration of the planned fight from take-of to landing or, in the event of in-fight replanning
in accordance with CAT.OP.MPA.150(d), the remaining fying time to destination does not exceed
6hours; and
(2) two separate runways are available and usable at the destination aerodrome and the appropriate
weather reports and/or forecasts for the destination aerodrome indicate that, for the period from
1hour before until 1hour after the expected time of arrival at the destination aerodrome, the ceil-
ing will be at least 2000ft or circling height +500ft, whichever is greater, and the ground visibility
will be at least 5km.
(c) The operator shall select two destination alternate aerodromes when:
(1) the appropriate weather reports and/or forecasts for the destination aerodrome indicate that dur-
ing a period commencing 1hour before and ending 1hour after the estimated time of arrival, the
weather conditions will be below the applicable planning minima; or
(2) no meteorological information is available.
(d) The operator shall specify any required alternate aerodrome(s) in the operational fight plan.
CAT.OP.MPA.181 Selection of aerodromes and operating sites helicopters
(a) For fights under instrument meteorological conditions (IMC), the commander shall select a take-of alter-
nate aerodrome within 1hour fying time at normal cruising speed if it would not be possible to return to
the site of departure due to meteorological reasons.
(b) For IFR fights or when fying under VFR and navigating by means other than by reference to visual land-
marks, the commander shall specify at least one destination alternate aerodrome in the operational fight
plan unless:
(1) the destination is a coastal aerodrome and the helicopter is routing from ofshore;
(2) for a fight to any other land destination, the duration of the fight and the meteorological condi-
tions prevailing are such that, at the estimated time of arrival at the site of intended landing, an
approach and landing is possible under visual meteorological conditions (VMC); or
(3) the site of intended landing is isolated and no alternate is available; in this case, a point of no return
(PNR) shall be determined.
(c) The operator shall select two destination alternate aerodromes when:
(1) the appropriate weather reports and/or forecasts for the destination aerodrome indicate that dur-
ing a period commencing 1hour before and ending 1hour after the estimated time of arrival, the
weather conditions will be below the applicable planning minima; or
(2) no meteorological information is available for the destination aerodrome.
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(d) The operator may select of-shore destination alternate aerodromes when the following criteria are
applied:
(1) an of-shore destination alternate aerodrome shall be used only after a PNR. Prior to the PNR, on-
shore alternate aerodromes shall be used;
(2) OEI landing capability shall be attainable at the alternate aerodrome;
(3) to the extent possible, deck availability shall be guaranteed. The dimensions, confguration and
obstacle clearance of individual helidecks or other sites shall be assessed in order to establish oper-
ational suitability for use as an alternate aerodrome by each helicopter type proposed to be used;
(4) weather minima shall be established taking accuracy and reliability of meteorological information
into account;
(5) the MEL shall contain specifc provisions for this type of operation; and
(6) an of-shore alternate aerodrome shall only be selected if the operator has established a procedure
in the operations manual.
(e) The operator shall specify any required alternate aerodrome(s) in the operational fight plan.
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AMC1CAT.OP.MPA.181(b)(1) Selection of aerodromes and operating sites
helicopters
COASTAL AERODROME
(a) Any alleviation from the requirement to select an alternate aerodrome for a fight to a coastal aerodrome
under IFR routing from ofshore should be based on an individual safety case assessment.
(b) The following should be taken into account:
(1) suitability of the weather based on the landing forecast for the destination;
(2) the fuel required to meet the IFR requirements of CAT.OP.MPA.150less alternate fuel;
(3) where the destination coastal aerodrome is not directly on the coast it should be:
(i) within a distance that, with the fuel specifed in (b)(2), the helicopter can, at any time after
crossing the coastline, return to the coast, descend safely and carry out a visual approach
and landing with VFR fuel reserves intact; and
(ii) geographically sited so that the helicopter can, within the rules of the air, and within the
landing forecast:
(A) proceed inbound from the coast at 500 ft AGL and carry out a visual approach and
landing; or
(B) proceed inbound from the coast on an agreed route and carry out a visual approach
and landing;
(4) procedures for coastal aerodromes should be based on a landing forecast no worse than:
(i) by day, a cloud base of DH/MDH+400ft, and a visibility of 4km, or, if descent over the sea is
intended, a cloud base of 600ft and a visibility of 4km; or
(ii) by night, a cloud base of 1000ft and a visibility of 5km;
(5) the descent to establish visual contact with the surface should take place over the sea or as part of
the instrument approach;
(6) routings and procedures for coastal aerodromes nominated as such should be included in the
operations manual, Part C;
(7) the MEL should refect the requirement for airborne radar and radio altimeter for this type of oper-
ation; and
(8) operational limitations for each coastal aerodrome should be specifed in the operations manual.
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GM1CAT.OP.MPA.181 Selection of aerodromes and operating sites
helicopters
OFFSHORE ALTERNATES
When operating ofshore, any spare payload capacity should be used to carry additional fuel if it would facilitate
the use of an onshore alternate aerodrome.
Landing forecast
(a) Meteorological data have been specifed that conform to the standards contained in the Regional Air
Navigation Plan and ICAO Annex 3. As the following meteorological data is point-specifc, caution should
be exercised when associating it with nearby aerodromes (or helidecks).
(b) Meteorological reports (METARs)
(1) Routine and special meteorological observations at ofshore installations should be made dur-
ing periods and at a frequency agreed between the meteorological authority and the operator
concerned. They should comply with the provisions contained in the meteorological section of
the ICAO Regional Air Navigation Plan, and should conform to the standards and recommended
practices, including the desirable accuracy of observations, promulgated in ICAO Annex 3.
(2) Routine and selected special reports are exchanged between meteorological of ces in the METAR
or SPECI (aviation selected special weather report) code forms prescribed by the World Meteoro-
logical Organisation.
(c) Aerodrome forecasts (TAFs)
(1) The aerodrome forecast consists of a concise statement of the mean or average meteorological
conditions expected at an aerodrome or aerodrome during a specifed period of validity, which is
normally not less than 9 hours, or more than 24 hours in duration. The forecast includes surface
wind, visibility, weather and cloud, and expected changes of one or more of these elements during
the period. Additional elements may be included as agreed between the meteorological authority
and the operators concerned. Where these forecasts relate to ofshore installations, barometric
pressure and temperature should be included to facilitate the planning of helicopter landing and
take-of performance.
(2) Aerodrome forecasts are most commonly exchanged in the TAF code form, and the detailed
description of an aerodrome forecast is promulgated in the ICAO Regional Air Navigation Plan and
also in ICAO Annex 3, together with the operationally desirable accuracy elements. In particular,
the observed cloud height should remain within 30% of the forecast value in 70% of cases, and
the observed visibility should remain within 30% of the forecast value in 80% of cases.
(d) Landing forecasts (TRENDS)
(1) The landing forecast consists of a concise statement of the mean or average meteorological condi-
tions expected at an aerodrome or aerodrome during the two-hour period immediately following
the timeof issue. It contains surface wind, visibility, signifcant weather and cloud elements and
other signifcant information, such as barometric pressure and temperature, as may be agreed
between the meteorological authority and the operators concerned.
(2) The detailed description of the landing forecast is promulgated in the ICAO Regional Air Naviga-
tion Plan and also in ICAO Annex 3, together with the operationally desirable accuracy of the fore-
cast elements. In particular, the value of the observed cloud height and visibility elements should
remain within 30% of the forecast values in 90% of the cases.
(3) Landing forecasts most commonly take the form of routine or special selected meteorological
reports in the METAR code, to which either the code words NOSIG, i.e. no signifcant change
expected; BECMG (becoming), or TEMPO (temporarily), followed by the expected change, are
added. The 2-hour period of validity commences at the time of the meteorological report.
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AMC1CAT.OP.MPA.181(d) Selection of aerodromes and operating sites
helicopters
OFFSHORE ALTERNATES
(a) Ofshore alternate helideck landing environment
The landing environment of a helideck that is proposed for use as an ofshore alternate should be pre-
surveyed and, as well as the physical characteristics, the efect of wind direction and strength, and turbu-
lence established. This information, which should be available to the commander at the planning stage
and in fight, should be published in an appropriate form in the operations manual Part C (including the
orientation of the helideck) such that the suitability of the helideck for use as an ofshore alternate aero-
drome can be assessed. The alternate helideck should meet the criteria for size and obstacle clearance
appropriate to the performance requirements of the type of helicopter concerned.
(b) Performance considerations
The use of an ofshore alternate is restricted to helicopters which can achieve OEI in ground efect (IGE)
hover at an appropriate power rating at the ofshore alternate aerodrome. Where the surface of the of-
shore alternate helideck, or prevailing conditions (especially wind velocity), precludes an OEI IGE, OEI out
of ground efect (OGE) hover performance at an appropriate power rating should be used to compute
the landing mass. The landing mass should be calculated from graphs provided in the relevant Part B of
the operations manual. When arriving at this landing mass, due account should be taken of helicopter
confguration, environmental conditions and the operation of systems that have an adverse efect on
performance. The planned landing mass of the helicopter including crew, passengers, baggage, cargo
plus 30minutes fnal reserve fuel, should not exceed the OEI landing mass at the time of approach to the
ofshore alternate aerodrome.
(c) Weather considerations
(1) Meteorological observations
When the use of an ofshore alternate helideck is planned, the meteorological observations at the
destination and alternate aerodrome should be taken by an observer acceptable to the authority
responsible for the provision of meteorological services. Automatic meteorological observations
stations may be used.
(2) Weather minima
When the use of an ofshore alternate helideck is planned, the operator should not select a helideck
as a destination or ofshore alternate helideck unless the aerodrome forecast indicates that, during
a period commencing 1 hour before and ending 1 hour after the expected time of arrival at the
destination and ofshore alternate aerodrome, the weather conditions will be at or above the plan-
ning minima shown in Table 1below.
Table 1: Planning minima
Day Night
Cloud Base 600ft 800ft
Visibility 4km 5km
(3) Conditions of fog
Where fog is forecast, or has been observed within the last 2 hours within 60 NM of the destination or
alternate aerodrome, ofshore alternate aerodromes should not be used.
(d) Actions at point of no return
Before passing the point of no return which should not be more that 30minutes from the destination
the following actions should have been completed:
(1) confrmation that navigation to the destination and ofshore alternate helideck can be assured;
(2) radio contact with the destination and ofshore alternate helideck (or master station) has been
established;
(3) the landing forecast at the destination and ofshore alternate helideck have been obtained and
confrmed to be at or above the required minima;
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(4) the requirements for OEI landing (see (b)) have been checked in the light of the latest reported
weather conditions to ensure that they can be met; and
(5) to the extent possible, having regard to information on current and forecast use of the ofshore
alternate helideck and on conditions prevailing, the availability of the ofshore alternate helideck
should be guaranteed by the duty holder (the rig operator in the case of fxed installations and the
owner in the case of mobiles) until the landing at the destination, or the ofshore alternate aero-
drome, has been achieved or until ofshore shuttling has been completed.
(e) Ofshore shuttling
Provided that the actions in (d) have been completed, ofshore shuttling, using an ofshore alter-
nate aerodrome, may be carried out.
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CAT.OP.MPA.185 Planning minima for IFR fights aeroplanes
(a) Planning minima for a take-of alternate aerodrome
The operator shall only select an aerodrome as a take-of alternate aerodrome when the appropriate
weather reports and/or forecasts indicate that, during a period commencing 1hour before and ending
1hour after the estimated time of arrival at the aerodrome, the weather conditions will be at or above
the applicable landing minima specifed in accordance with CAT.OP.MPA.110. The ceiling shall be taken
into account when the only approach operations available are non-precision approaches (NPA) and/or
circling operations. Any limitation related to OEI operations shall be taken into account.
(b) Planning minima for a destination aerodrome other than an isolated destination aerodrome
The operator shall only select the destination aerodrome when:
(1) the appropriate weather reports and/or forecasts indicate that, during a period commencing
1hour before and ending 1hour after the estimated time of arrival at the aerodrome, the weather
conditions will be at or above the applicable planning minima as follows:
(i) RVR/visibility (VIS) specifed in accordance with CAT.OP.MPA.110; and
(ii) for an NPA or a circling operation, the ceiling at or above MDH;
or
(2) two destination alternate aerodromes are selected.
(c) Planning minima for a destination alternate aerodrome, isolated aerodrome, fuel en-route alternate (fuel
ERA) aerodrome, en-route alternate (ERA) aerodrome
The operator shall only select an aerodrome for one of these purposes when the appropriate weather
reports and/or forecasts indicate that, during a period commencing 1 hour before and ending 1 hour
after the estimated time of arrival at the aerodrome, the weather conditions will be at or above the plan-
ning minima in Table 1.
Table 1: Planning minima
Destination alternate aerodrome, isolated destination aerodrome, fuel ERA and ERA aerodrome
Type of approach Planning minima
CAT II and III CAT I RVR
CATI NPA RVR/VIS
Ceiling shall be at or above MDH
NPA NPA RVR/VIS + 1000m
Ceiling shall be at or above MDH + 200ft
Circling Circling
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GM1CAT.OP.MPA.185 Planning minima for IFR fights aeroplanes
PLANNING MINIMA FOR ALTERNATE AERODROMES
Non-precision minima (NPA) in Table 1 of CAT.OP.MPA.185 mean the next highest minima that apply in the
prevailing wind and serviceability conditions. Localiser only approaches, if published, are considered to be non-
precision in this context. It is recommended that operators wishing to publish tables of planning minima choose
values that are likely to be appropriate on the majority of occasions (e.g. regardless of wind direction). Unser-
viceabilities should, however, be fully taken into account.
As Table 1does not include planning minima requirements for APV, LTS CAT I and OTS CAT II operations, the
operator may use the following minima:
(a) for APV operations NPA or CAT I minima, depending on the DH/MDH;
(b) for LTS CAT I operations CAT I minima; and
(c) for OTS CAT II operations CAT II minima.
GM2CAT.OP.MPA.185 Planning minima for IFR fights aeroplanes
AERODROME WEATHER FORECASTS
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AIR OPS and AMC/GM May 2013 Annex IV Part-CAT
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CAT.OP.MPA.186 Planning minima for IFR fights helicopters
(a) Planning minima for take-of alternate aerodrome(s)
The operator shall only select an aerodrome or landing site as a take-of alternate aerodrome when the
appropriate weather reports and/or forecasts indicate that, during a period commencing 1hour before
and ending 1hour after the estimated time of arrival at the take-of alternate aerodrome, the weather con-
ditions will be at or above the applicable landing minima specifed in accordance with CAT.OP.MPA.110.
The ceiling shall be taken into account when the only approach operations available are NPA operations.
Any limitation related to OEI operations shall be taken into account.
(b) Planning minima for destination aerodrome and destination alternate aerodrome(s)
The operator shall only select the destination and/or destination alternate aerodrome(s) when the appro-
priate weather reports and/or forecasts indicate that, during a period commencing 1 hour before and
ending 1hour after the estimated time of arrival at the aerodrome or operating site, the weather condi-
tions will be at or above the applicable planning minima as follows:
(1) except as provided in CAT.OP.MPA.181(d), planning minima for a destination aerodrome shall be:
(i) RVR/VIS specifed in accordance with CAT.OP.MPA.110; and
(ii) for NPA operations, the ceiling at or above MDH;
(2) planning minima for destination alternate aerodrome(s) are as shown in Table 1.
Table 1: Planning minima destination alternate aerodrome
Type of approach Planning minima
CAT II and III CAT I RVR
CAT I CAT I + 200ft / 400m visibility
NPA
NPA RVR/VIS + 400m
Ceiling shall be at or above MDH + 200ft
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GM1CAT.OP.MPA.186 Planning minima for IFR fights helicopters
PLANNING MINIMA FOR ALTERNATE AERODROMES
Non-precision minima (NPA) in Table 1 of CAT.OP.MPA.186 mean the next highest minima that apply in the
prevailing wind and serviceability conditions. Localiser only approaches, if published, are considered to be non-
precision in this context. It is recommended that operators wishing to publish tables of planning minima choose
values that are likely to be appropriate on the majority of occasions (e.g. regardless of wind direction). Unser-
viceabilities should, however, be fully taken into account.
As Table 1does not include planning minima requirements for APV, LTS CAT I and OTS CAT II operations, the
operator may use the following minima:
(a) for APV operations NPA or CAT I minima, depending on the DH/MDH;
(b) for LTS CAT I operations CAT I minima; and
(c) for OTS CAT II operations CAT II minima.
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CAT.OP.MPA.190 Submission of the ATS fight plan
(a) If an ATS fight plan is not submitted because it is not required by the rules of the air, adequate informa-
tion shall be deposited in order to permit alerting services to be activated if required.
(b) When operating from a site where it is impossible to submit an ATS fight plan, the ATS fight plan shall be
transmitted as soon as possible after take-of by the commander or the operator.
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AMC1CAT.OP.MPA.190 Submission of the ATS fight plan
FLIGHTS WITHOUT ATS FLIGHT PLAN
(a) When unable to submit or to close the ATS fight plan due to lack of ATS facilities or any other means of
communications to ATS, the operator should establish procedures, instructions and a list of nominated
persons to be responsible for alerting search and rescue services.
(b) To ensure that each fight is located at all times, these instructions should:
(1) provide the nominated person with at least the information required to be included in a VFR fight
plan, and the location, date and estimated time for re-establishing communications;
(2) if an aircraft is overdue or missing, provide for notifcation to the appropriate ATS or search and
rescue facility; and
(3) provide that the information will be retained at a designated place until the completion of the
fight.
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CAT.OP.MPA.195 Refuelling/defuelling with passengers embarking,
onboard or disembarking
(a) An aircraft shall not be refuelled/defuelled with Avgas (aviation gasoline) or wide-cut type fuel or a mix-
ture of these types of fuel, when passengers are embarking, on board or disembarking.
(b) For all other types of fuel, necessary precautions shall be taken and the aircraft shall be properly manned
by qualifed personnel ready to initiate and direct an evacuation of the aircraft by the most practical and
expeditious means available.
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AMC1CAT.OP.MPA.195 Refuelling/defuelling with passengers embarking,
on board or disembarking
OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES GENERAL
(a) When refuelling/defuelling with passengers on board, ground servicing activities and work inside the
aircraft, such as catering and cleaning, should be conducted in such a manner that they do not create a
hazard and allow emergency evacuation to take place through those aisles and exits intended for emer-
gency evacuation.
(b) The deployment of integral aircraft stairs or the opening of emergency exits as a prerequisite to refuelling
is not necessarily required.
OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES AEROPLANES
(c) Operational procedures should specify that at least the following precautions are taken:
(1) one qualifed person should remain at a specifed location during fuelling operations with pas-
sengers on board. This qualifed person should be capable of handling emergency procedures
concerning fre protection and fre-fghting, handling communications and initiating and directing
an evacuation;
(2) two-way communication should be established and should remain available by the aeroplanes
inter-communication system or other suitable means between the ground crew supervising the
refuelling and the qualifed personnel on board the aeroplane; the involved personnel should
remain within easy reach of the system of communication;
(3) crew, personnel and passengers should be warned that re/defuelling will take place;
(4) Fasten Seat Belts signs should be of;
(5) NO SMOKING signs should be on, together with interior lighting to enable emergency exits to be
identifed;
(6) passengers should be instructed to unfasten their seat belts and refrain from smoking;
(7) the minimum required number of cabin crew should be on board and be prepared for an immedi-
ate emergency evacuation;
(8) if the presence of fuel vapour is detected inside the aeroplane, or any other hazard arises during re/
defuelling, fuelling should be stopped immediately;
(9) the ground area beneath the exits intended for emergency evacuation and slide deployment areas
should be kept clear at doors where stairs are not in position for use in the event of evacuation; and
(10) provision is made for a safe and rapid evacuation.
OPERATIONAL PROCEDURES HELICOPTERS
(d) Operational procedures should specify that at least the following precautions are taken:
(1) door(s) on the refuelling side of the helicopter remain closed;
(2) door(s) on the non-refuelling side of the helicopter remain open, weather permitting;
(3) fre-fghting facilities of the appropriate scale be positioned so as to be immediately available in
the event of a fre;
(4) suf cient personnel be immediately available to move passengers clear of the helicopter in the
event of a fre;
(5) suf cient qualifed personnel be on board and be prepared for an immediate emergency evacua-
tion;
(6) if the presence of fuel vapour is detected inside the helicopter, or any other hazard arises during
refuelling/defuelling, fuelling be stopped immediately;
(7) the ground area beneath the exits intended for emergency evacuation be kept clear; and
(8) provision is made for a safe and rapid evacuation.
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CAT.OP.MPA.200 Refuelling/defuelling with wide-cut fuel
Refuelling/defuelling with wide-cut fuel shall only be conducted if the operator has established appropriate
procedures taking into account the high risk of using wide-cut fuel types.
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GM1CAT.OP.MPA.200 Refuelling/defuelling with wide-cut fuel
PROCEDURES
(a) Wide cut fuel (designated JET B, JP-4or AVTAG) is an aviation turbine fuel that falls between gasoline
and kerosene in the distillation range and consequently, compared to kerosene (JET A or JET A1), it has
the properties of higher volatility (vapour pressure), lower fash point and lower freezing point.
(b) Wherever possible, the operator should avoid the use of wide-cut fuel types. If a situation arises such
that only wide-cut fuels are available for refuelling/defuelling, operators should be aware that mixtures
of wide-cut fuels and kerosene turbine fuels can result in the air/fuel mixture in the tank being in the
combustible range at ambient temperatures. The extra precautions set out below are advisable to avoid
arcing in the tank due to electrostatic discharge. The risk of this type of arcing can be minimised by the
use of a static dissipation additive in the fuel. When this additive is present in the proportions stated in
the fuel specifcation, the normal fuelling precautions set out below are considered adequate.
(c) Wide-cut fuel is considered to be involved when it is being supplied or when it is already present in air-
craft fuel tanks.
(d) When wide-cut fuel has been used, this should be recorded in the technical log. The next two uplifts of
fuel should be treated as though they too involved the use of wide-cut fuel.
(e) When refuelling/defuelling with turbine fuels not containing a static dissipator, and where wide-cut
fuels are involved, a substantial reduction on fuelling fow rate is advisable. Reduced fow rate, as recom-
mended by fuel suppliers and/or aeroplane manufacturers, has the following benefts:
(1) it allows more time for any static charge build-up in the fuelling equipment to dissipate before the
fuel enters the tank;
(2) it reduces any charge which may build up due to splashing; and
(3) until the fuel inlet point is immersed, it reduces misting in the tank and consequently the extension
of the fammable range of the fuel.
(f) The fow rate reduction necessary is dependent upon the fuelling equipment in use and the type of fltra-
tion employed on the aeroplane fuelling distribution system. It is dif cult, therefore, to quote precise fow
rates. Reduction in fow rate is advisable whether pressure fuelling or over-wing fuelling is employed.
(g) With over-wing fuelling, splashing should be avoided by making sure that the delivery nozzle extends as
far as practicable into the tank. Caution should be exercised to avoid damaging bag tanks with the nozzle.
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CAT.OP.MPA.205 Push back and towing aeroplanes
Push back and towing procedures specifed by the operator shall be conducted in accordance with established
aviation standards and procedures.
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AMC1CAT.OP.MPA.205 Push back and towing aeroplanes
BARLESS TOWING
(a) Barless towing should be based on the applicable SAE ARP (Aerospace Recommended Practices), i.e.
4852B/4853B/5283/5284/5285(as amended).
(b) Pre- or post-taxi positioning of the aeroplanes should only be executed by barless towing if one of the
following conditions are met:
(1) an aeroplane is protected by its own design from damage to the nose wheel steering system;
(2) a system/procedure is provided to alert the fight crew that damage referred to in (b)(1) may have
or has occurred;
(3) the towing vehicle is designed to prevent damage to the aeroplane type; or
(4) the aeroplane manufacturer has published procedures and these are included in the operations
manual.
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CAT.OP.MPA.210 Crew members at stations
(a) Flight crew members
(1) During take-of and landing each fight crew member required to be on duty in the fight crew
compartment shall be at the assigned station.
(2) During all other phases of fight each fight crew member required to be on duty in the fight
crew compartment shall remain at the assigned station, unless absence is necessary for the perfor-
mance of duties in connection with the operation or for physiological needs, provided at least one
suitably qualifed pilot remains at the controls of the aircraft at all times.
(3) During all phases of fight each fight crew member required to be on duty in the fight crew com-
partment shall remain alert. If a lack of alertness is encountered, appropriate countermeasures
shall be used. If unexpected fatigue is experienced, a controlled rest procedure, organised by the
commander, may be used if workload permits. Controlled rest taken in this way shall not be con-
sidered to be part of a rest period for purposes of calculating fight time limitations nor used to
justify any extension of the duty period.
(b) Cabin crew members
During critical phases of fight, each cabin crew member shall be seated at the assigned station and shall
not perform any activities other than those required for the safe operation of the aircraft.
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AMC1CAT.OP.MPA.210(b) Crew members at stations
CABIN CREW SEATING POSITIONS
(a) When determining cabin crew seating positions, the operator should ensure that they are:
(1) close to a foor level door/exit;
(2) provided with a good view of the area(s) of the passenger cabin for which the cabin crew member
is responsible; and
(3) evenly distributed throughout the cabin, in the above order of priority.
(b) Item (a) should not be taken as implying that, in the event of there being more cabin crew stations than
required cabin crew, the number of cabin crew members should be increased.
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GM1CAT.OP.MPA.210 Crew members at stations
MITIGATING MEASURES CONTROLLED REST
(a) This GM addresses controlled rest taken by the minimum certifed fight crew. It is not related to planned
in-fight rest by members of an augmented crew.
(b) Although fight crew members should stay alert at all times during fight, unexpected fatigue can occur as
a result of sleep disturbance and circadian disruption. To cover for this unexpected fatigue, and to regain
a high level of alertness, a controlled rest procedure in the fight crew compartment, organised by the
commander may be used, if workload permits and a controlled rest procedure is described in the opera-
tions manual. Controlled rest means a period of time of task that may include actual sleep. The use of
controlled rest has been shown to signifcantly increase the levels of alertness during the later phases of
fight, particularly after the top of descent, and is considered to be good use of crew resource manage-
ment (CRM) principles. Controlled rest should be used in conjunction with other on-board fatigue man-
agement countermeasures such as physical exercise, bright cockpit illumination at appropriate times,
balanced eating and drinking, and intellectual activity.
(c) Controlled rest taken in this way should not be considered to be part of a rest period for the purposes
of calculating fight time limitations, nor used to justify any duty period. Controlled rest may be used to
manage both sudden unexpected fatigue and fatigue that is expected to become more severe during
higher workload periods later in the fight. Controlled rest is not related to fatigue management, which is
planned before fight.
(d) Controlled rest periods should be agreed according to individual needs and the accepted principles of
CRM; where the involvement of the cabin crew is required, consideration should be given to their work-
load.
(e) When applying controlled rest procedures, the commander should ensure that:
(1) the other fight crew member(s) is/are adequately briefed to carry out the duties of the resting
fight crew member;
(2) one fight crew member is fully able to exercise control of the aircraft at all times; and
(3) any system intervention that would normally require a cross-check according to multi-crew princi-
ples is avoided until the resting fight crew member resumes his/her duties.
(f) Controlled rest procedures should satisfy all of the following criteria:
(1) Only one fight crew member at a time should take rest at his/her station; the restraint device
should be used and the seat positioned to minimise unintentional interference with the controls.
(2) The rest period should be no longer than 45minutes (in order to limit any actual sleep to approxi-
mately 30minutes) to limit deep sleep and associated long recovery time (sleep inertia).
(3) After this 45-minute period, there should be a recovery period of 20minutes to overcome sleep
inertia during which control of the aircraft should not be entrusted to the fight crew member. At
the end of this recovery period an appropriate briefng should be given.
(4) In the case of two-crew operations, means should be established to ensure that the non-resting
fight crew member remains alert. This may include:
(i) appropriate alarm systems;
(ii) on-board systems to monitor fight crew activity; and
(iii) frequent cabin crew checks. In this case, the commander should inform the senior cabin
crew member of the intention of the fight crew member to take controlled rest, and of the
time of the end of that rest; frequent contact should be established between the non-rest-
ing fight crew member and the cabin crew by communication means, and the cabin crew
should check that the resting fight crew member is awake at the end of the period.
(5) There should be a minimum of 20 minutes between two subsequent controlled rest periods in
order to overcome the efects of sleep inertia and allow for adequate briefng.
(6) If necessary, a fight crew member may take more than one rest period, if time permits, on longer
sectors, subject to the restrictions above.
(7) Controlled rest periods should terminate at least 30minutes before the top of descent.
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CAT.OP.MPA.215 Use of headset aeroplanes
(a) Each fight crew member required to be on duty in the fight crew compartment shall wear a headset with
boom microphone or equivalent. The headset shall be used as the primary device for voice communica-
tions with ATS:
(1) when on the ground:
(i) when receiving the ATC departure clearance via voice communication; and
(ii) when engines are running;
(2) when in fight:
(i) below transition altitude; or
(ii) 10000ft, whichever is higher;
and
(3) whenever deemed necessary by the commander.
(b) In the conditions of (a), the boom microphone or equivalent shall be in a position that permits its use for
two-way radio communications.
CAT.OP.MPA.216 Use of headset helicopters
Each fight crew member required to be on duty in the fight crew compartment shall wear a headset with boom
microphone, or equivalent, and use it as the primary device to communicate with ATS.
CAT.OP.MPA.220 Assisting means for emergency evacuation
The operator shall establish procedures to ensure that before taxiing, take-of and landing and when safe and
practicable to do so, all means of assistance for emergency evacuation that deploy automatically are armed.
CAT.OP.MPA.225 Seats, safety belts and restraint systems
(a) Crew members
(1) During take-of and landing, and whenever decided by the commander in the interest of safety,
each crew member shall be properly secured by all safety belts and restraint systems provided.
(2) During other phases of the fight, each fight crew member in the fight crew compartment shall
keep the assigned station safety belt fastened while at his/her station.
(b) Passengers
(1) Before take-of and landing, and during taxiing, and whenever deemed necessary in the interest
of safety, the commander shall be satisfed that each passenger on board occupies a seat or berth
with his/her safety belt or restraint system properly secured.
(2) The operator shall make provisions for multiple occupancy of aircraft seats that is only allowed on
specifed seats. The commander shall be satisfed that multiple occupancy does not occur other
than by one adult and one infant who is properly secured by a supplementary loop belt or other
restraint device.
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CAT.OP.MPA.230 Securing of passenger compartment and galley(s)
(a) The operator shall establish procedures to ensure that before taxiing, take-of and landing all exits and
escape paths are unobstructed.
(b) The commander shall ensure that before take-of and landing, and whenever deemed necessary in the
interest of safety, all equipment and baggage are properly secured.
CAT.OP.MPA.235 Life-jackets helicopters
The operator shall establish procedures to ensure that, when operating a helicopter over water in performance
class 3, account is taken of the duration of the fight and conditions to be encountered when deciding if life-
jackets are to be worn by all occupants.
CAT.OP.MPA.240 Smoking on board
The commander shall not allow smoking on board:
(a) whenever considered necessary in the interest of safety;
(b) during refuelling and defuelling of the aircraft;
(c) while the aircraft is on the surface unless the operator has determined procedures to mitigate the risks
during ground operations;
(d) outside designated smoking areas, in the aisle(s) and lavatory(ies);
(e) in cargo compartments and/or other areas where cargo is carried that is not stored in fame-resistant
containers or covered by fame-resistant canvas; and
(f) in those areas of the passenger compartment where oxygen is being supplied.
CAT.OP.MPA.245 Meteorological conditions all aircraft
(a) On IFR fights the commander shall only:
(1) commence take-of; or
(2) continue beyond the point from which a revised ATS fight plan applies in the event of in-fight
replanning,
when information is available indicating that the expected weather conditions, at the time of
arrival, at the destination and/or required alternate aerodrome(s) are at or above the planning
minima.
(b) On IFR fights, the commander shall only continue towards the planned destination aerodrome when the
latest information available indicates that, at the expected time of arrival, the weather conditions at the
destination, or at least one destination alternate aerodrome, are at or above the applicable aerodrome
operating minima.
(c) On VFR fights, the commander shall only commence take-of when the appropriate weather reports and/
or forecasts indicate that the meteorological conditions along the part of the route to be fown under VFR
will, at the appropriate time, be at or above the VFR limits.
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CAT.OP.MPA.246 Meteorological conditions aeroplanes
In addition to CAT.OP.MPA.245, on IFR fights with aeroplanes, the commander shall only continue beyond:
(a) the decision point when using the reduced contingency fuel (RCF) procedure; or
(b) the pre-determined point when using the pre-determined point (PDP) procedure,
when information is available indicating that the expected weather conditions, at the time of arrival, at the des-
tination and/or required alternate aerodrome(s) are at or above the applicable aerodrome operating minima.
CAT.OP.MPA.247 Meteorological conditions helicopters
In addition to CAT.OP.MPA.245:
(a) On VFR fights overwater out of sight of land with helicopters, the commander shall only commence take-
of when the appropriate weather reports and/or forecasts indicate that the cloud ceiling will be above
600ft by day or 1200ft by night.
(b) Notwithstanding (a), when fying between helidecks located in class G airspace where the overwater sec-
tor is less than 10NM, VFR fights may be conducted when the limits are at, or better than, the following:
Table 1: Minima for fying between helidecks located in class G airspace
Day Night
Height * Visibility Height * Visibility
Single-pilot 300ft 3km 500ft 5km
Two pilots 300ft 2km ** 500ft 5km ***
*:
The cloud base shall be such as to allow fight at the specifed height, below and clear of cloud.
**:
Helicopters may be operated in fight visibility down to 800m provided the destination or an intermediate structure is continuously visible.
***:
Helicopters may be operated in fight visibility down to 1500m provided the destination or an intermediate structure is continuously
visible.
(c) Flight with helicopters to a helideck or elevated FATO shall only be operated when the mean wind speed
at the helideck or elevated FATO is reported to be less than 60kt.
CAT.OP.MPA.250 Ice and other contaminants ground procedures
(a) The operator shall establish procedures to be followed when ground de-icing and anti-icing and related
inspections of the aircraft are necessary to allow the safe operation of the aircraft.
(b) The commander shall only commence take-of if the aircraft is clear of any deposit that might adversely
afect the performance or controllability of the aircraft, except as permitted under (a) and in accordance
with the AFM.
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GM1CAT.OP.MPA.250 Ice and other contaminants ground procedures
TERMINOLOGY
Terms used in the context of de-icing/anti-icing have the meaning defned in the following subparagraphs.
(a) Anti-icing fuid includes, but is not limited to, the following:
(1) Type I fuid if heated to min 60C at the nozzle;
(2) mixture of water and Type I fuid if heated to min 60C at the nozzle;
(3) Type II fuid;
(4) mixture of water and Type II fuid;
(5) Type III fuid;
(6) mixture of water and Type III fuid;
(7) Type IV fuid;
(8) mixture of water and Type IV fuid.
On uncontaminated aircraft surfaces Type II, III and IV anti-icing fuids are normally applied unheated.
(b) Clear ice: a coating of ice, generally clear and smooth, but with some air pockets. It forms on exposed
objects, the temperatures of which are at, below or slightly above the freezing temperature, by the freez-
ing of super-cooled drizzle, droplets or raindrops.
(c) Conditions conducive to aircraft icing on the ground (e.g. freezing fog, freezing precipitation, frost, rain
or high humidity (on cold soaked wings), snow or mixed rain and snow).
(d) Contamination, in this context, is understood as being all forms of frozen or semi-frozen moisture, such
as frost, snow, slush or ice.
(e) Contamination check: a check of aircraft for contamination to establish the need for de-icing.
(f) De-icing fuid: such fuid includes, but is not limited to, the following:
(1) heated water;
(2) Type I fuid;
(3) mixture of water and Type I fuid;
(4) Type II fuid;
(5) mixture of water and Type II fuid;
(6) Type III fuid;
(7) mixture of water and Type III fuid;
(8) Type IV fuid;
(9) mixture of water and Type IV fuid.
De-icing fuid is normally applied heated to ensure maximum ef ciency.
(g) De-icing/anti-icing: this is the combination of de-icing and anti-icing performed in either one or two
steps.
(h) Ground ice detection system (GIDS): system used during aircraft ground operations to inform the per-
sonnel involved in the operation and/or the fight crew about the presence of frost, ice, snow or slush on
the aircraft surfaces.
(i) Lowest operational use temperature (LOUT): the lowest temperature at which a fuid has been tested
and certifed as acceptable in accordance with the appropriate aerodynamic acceptance test whilst still
maintaining a freezing point bufer of not less than:
(1) 10C for a Type I de-icing/anti-icing fuid; or
(2) 7C for Type II, III or IV de-icing/anti-icing fuids.
(j) Post-treatment check: an external check of the aircraft after de-icing and/or anti-icing treatment accom-
plished from suitably elevated observation points (e.g. from the de-icing/anti-icing equipment itself or
other elevated equipment) to ensure that the aircraft is free from any frost, ice, snow, or slush.
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(k) Pre take-of check: an assessment normally performed by the fight crew, to validate the applied HoT.
(l) Pre take-of contamination check: a check of the treated surfaces for contamination, performed when
the HoT has been exceeded or if any doubt exists regarding the continued efectiveness of the applied
anti-icing treatment. It is normally accomplished externally, just before commencement of the take-of
run.
ANTI-ICING CODES
(m) The following are examples of anti-icing codes:
(1) Type I at (start time) to be used if anti-icing treatment has been performed with a Type I fuid;
(2) Type II/100 at (start time) to be used if anti-icing treatment has been performed with undiluted
Type II fuid;
(3) Type II/75 at (start time) to be used if anti-icing treatment has been performed with a mixture of
75% Type II fuid and 25% water;
(4) Type IV/50 at (start time) to be used if anti-icing treatment has been performed with a mixture
of 50% Type IV fuid and 50% water.
(n) When a two-step de-icing/anti-icing operation has been carried out, the anti-icing code should be deter-
mined by the second step fuid. Fluid brand names may be included, if desired.
GM2CAT.OP.MPA.250 Ice and other contaminants ground procedures
DE-ICING/ANTI-ICING PROCEDURES
(a) De-icing and/or anti-icing procedures should take into account manufacturers recommendations,
including those that are type-specifc and cover:
(1) contamination checks, including detection of clear ice and under-wing frost; limits on the thick-
ness/area of contamination published in the AFM or other manufacturers documentation should
be followed;
(2) procedures to be followed if de-icing and/or anti-icing procedures are interrupted or unsuccessful;
(3) post-treatment checks;
(4) pre-take-of checks;
(5) pre-take-of contamination checks;
(6) the recording of any incidents relating to de-icing and/or anti-icing; and
(7) the responsibilities of all personnel involved in de-icing and/or anti-icing.
(b) Operators procedures should ensure the following:
(1) When aircraft surfaces are contaminated by ice, frost, slush or snow, they are de-iced prior to take-
of, according to the prevailing conditions. Removal of contaminants may be performed with
mechanical tools, fuids (including hot water), infra-red heat or forced air, taking account of aircraft
type-specifc provisions.
(2) Account is taken of the wing skin temperature versus outside air temperature (OAT), as this may
afect:
(i) the need to carry out aircraft de-icing and/or anti-icing; and/or
(ii) the performance of the de-icing/anti-icing fuids.
(3) When freezing precipitation occurs or there is a risk of freezing precipitation occurring that would
contaminate the surfaces at the time of take-of, aircraft surfaces should be anti-iced. If both de-
icing and anti-icing are required, the procedure may be performed in a one- or two-step process,
depending upon weather conditions, available equipment, available fuids and the desired hold-
over time (HoT). One-step de-icing/anti-icing means that de-icing and anti-icing are carried out at
the same time, using a mixture of de-icing/anti-icing fuid and water. Two-step de-icing/anti-icing
means that de-icing and anti-icing are carried out in two separate steps. The aircraft is frst de-iced
using heated water only or a heated mixture of de-icing/anti-icing fuid and water. After comple-
tion of the de-icing operation a layer of a mixture of de-icing/anti-icing fuid and water, or of de-
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icing/anti-icing fuid only, is sprayed over the aircraft surfaces. The second step will be applied
before the frst step fuid freezes, typically within three minutes and, if necessary, area by area.
(4) When an aircraft is anti-iced and a longer HoT is needed/desired, the use of a less diluted Type II or
Type IV fuid should be considered.
(5) All restrictions relative to OAT and fuid application (including, but not necessarily limited to, tem-
perature and pressure) published by the fuid manufacturer and/or aircraft manufacturer, are fol-
lowed and procedures, limitations and recommendations to prevent the formation of fuid resi-
dues are followed.
(6) During conditions conducive to aircraft icing on the ground or after de-icing and/or anti-icing, an
aircraft is not dispatched for departure unless it has been given a contamination check or a post-
treatment check by a trained and qualifed person. This check should cover all treated surfaces of
the aircraft and be performed from points ofering suf cient accessibility to these parts. To ensure
that there is no clear ice on suspect areas, it may be necessary to make a physical check (e.g. tac-
tile).
(7) The required entry is made in the technical log.
(8) The commander continually monitors the environmental situation after the performed treatment.
Prior to take-of he/she performs a pre-take-of check, which is an assessment of whether the
applied HoT is still appropriate. This pre-take-of check includes, but is not limited to, factors such
as precipitation, wind and OAT.
(9) If any doubt exists as to whether a deposit may adversely afect the aircrafts performance and/
or controllability characteristics, the commander should arrange for a pre take-of contamination
check to be performed in order to verify that the aircrafts surfaces are free of contamination. Spe-
cial methods and/or equipment may be necessary to perform this check, especially at night time
or in extremely adverse weather conditions. If this check cannot be performed just before take-of,
re-treatment should be applied.
(10) When retreatment is necessary, any residue of the previous treatment should be removed and a
completely new de-icing/anti-icing treatment should be applied.
(11) When a ground ice detection system (GIDS) is used to perform an aircraft surfaces check prior to
and/or after a treatment, the use of GIDS by suitably trained personnel should be part of the pro-
cedure.
(c) Special operational considerations
(1) When using thickened de-icing/anti-icing fuids, the operator should consider a two-step de-icing/
anti-icing procedure, the frst step preferably with hot water and/or un-thickened fuids.
(2) The use of de-icing/anti-icing fuids should be in accordance with the aircraft manufacturers docu-
mentation. This is particularly important for thickened fuids to assure suf cient fow-of during
take-of.
(3) The operator should comply with any type-specifc operational provision(s), such as an aircraft
mass decrease and/or a take-of speed increase associated with a fuid application.
(4) The operator should take into account any fight handling procedures (stick force, rotation speed
and rate, take-of speed, aircraft attitude etc.) laid down by the aircraft manufacturer when associ-
ated with a fuid application.
(5) The limitations or handling procedures resulting from (c)(3) and/or (c)(4) above should be part of
the fight crew pre take-of briefng.
(d) Communications
(1) Before aircraft treatment. When the aircraft is to be treated with the fight crew on board, the
fight and personnel involved in the operation should confrm the fuid to be used, the extent of
treatment required and any aircraft type-specifc procedure(s) to be used. Any other information
needed to apply the HoT tables should be exchanged.
(2) Anti-icing code. The operators procedures should include an anti-icing code, which indicates the
treatment the aircraft has received. This code provides the fight crew with the minimum details
necessary to estimate a HoT and confrms that the aircraft is free of contamination.
(3) After treatment. Before reconfguring or moving the aircraft, the fight crew should receive a confr-
mation from the personnel involved in the operation that all de-icing and/or anti-icing operations
are complete and that all personnel and equipment are clear of the aircraft.
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(e) Hold-over protection
The operator should publish in the operations manual, when required, the HoTs in the form of a table
or a diagram, to account for the various types of ground icing conditions and the diferent types and
concentrations of fuids used. However, the times of protection shown in these tables are to be used as
guidelines only and are normally used in conjunction with the pre take-of check.
(f) Training
The operators initial and recurrent de-icing and/or anti-icing training programmes (including communi-
cation training) for fight crew and those of its personnel involved in the operation who are involved in
de-icing and/or anti-icing should include additional training if any of the following is introduced:
(1) a new method, procedure and/or technique;
(2) a new type of fuid and/or equipment; or
(3) a new type of aircraft.
(g) Contracting
When the operator contracts training on de-icing/anti-icing, the operator should ensure that the contrac-
tor complies with the operators training/qualifcation procedures, together with any specifc procedures
in respect of:
(1) de-icing and/or anti-icing methods and procedures;
(2) fuids to be used, including precautions for storage and preparation for use;
(3) specifc aircraft provisions (e.g. no-spray areas, propeller/engine de-icing, APU operation etc.); and
(4) checking and communications procedures.
(h) Special maintenance considerations
(1) General
The operator should take proper account of the possible side-efects of fuid use. Such efects may
include, but are not necessarily limited to, dried and/or re-hydrated residues, corrosion and the
removal of lubricants.
(2) Special considerations regarding residues of dried fuids
The operator should establish procedures to prevent or detect and remove residues of dried fuid.
If necessary the operator should establish appropriate inspection intervals based on the recom-
mendations of the airframe manufacturers and/or the operators own experience:
(i) Dried fuid residues
Dried fuid residues could occur when surfaces have been treated and the aircraft has not
subsequently been fown and has not been subject to precipitation. The fuid may then have
dried on the surfaces.
(ii) Re-hydrated fuid residues
Repetitive application of thickened de-icing/anti-icing fuids may lead to the subsequent
formation/build-up of a dried residue in aerodynamically quiet areas, such as cavities and
gaps. This residue may re-hydrate if exposed to high humidity conditions, precipitation,
washing, etc., and increase to many times its original size/volume. This residue will freeze if
exposed to conditions at or below 0C. This may cause moving parts, such as elevators, ailer-
ons, and fap actuating mechanisms to stifen or jam in-fight. Re-hydrated residues may also
form on exterior surfaces, which can reduce lift, increase drag and stall speed. Re-hydrated
residues may also collect inside control surface structures and cause clogging of drain holes
or imbalances to fight controls. Residues may also collect in hidden areas, such as around
fight control hinges, pulleys, grommets, on cables and in gaps.
(iii) Operators are strongly recommended to obtain information about the fuid dry-out and
re-hydration characteristics from the fuid manufacturers and to select products with opti-
mised characteristics.
(iv) Additional information should be obtained from fuid manufacturers for handling, storage,
application and testing of their products.
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GM3CAT.OP.MPA.250 Ice and other contaminants ground procedures
DE-ICING/ANTI-ICING BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Further guidance material on this issue is given in the ICAO Manual of Aircraft Ground De-icing/Anti-icing Opera-
tions (Doc 9640) (hereinafter referred to as the ICAO Manual of Aircraft Ground De-icing/Anti-icing Operations).
(a) General
(1) Any deposit of frost, ice, snow or slush on the external surfaces of an aircraft may drastically afect its
fying qualities because of reduced aerodynamic lift, increased drag, modifed stability and control
characteristics. Furthermore, freezing deposits may cause moving parts, such as elevators, ailer-
ons, fap actuating mechanism etc., to jam and create a potentially hazardous condition. Propeller/
engine/auxiliary power unit (APU)/systems performance may deteriorate due to the presence of
frozen contaminants on blades, intakes and components. Also, engine operation may be seriously
afected by the ingestion of snow or ice, thereby causing engine stall or compressor damage. In
addition, ice/frost may form on certain external surfaces (e.g. wing upper and lower surfaces, etc.)
due to the efects of cold fuel/structures, even in ambient temperatures well above 0C.
(2) Procedures established by the operator for de-icing and/or anti-icing are intended to ensure
that the aircraft is clear of contamination so that degradation of aerodynamic characteristics or
mechanical interference will not occur and, following anti-icing, to maintain the airframe in that
condition during the appropriate HoT.
(3) Under certain meteorological conditions, de-icing and/or anti-icing procedures may be inefec-
tive in providing suf cient protection for continued operations. Examples of these conditions are
freezing rain, ice pellets and hail, heavy snow, high wind velocity, fast dropping OAT or any time
when freezing precipitation with high water content is present. No HoT guidelines exist for these
conditions.
(4) Material for establishing operational procedures can be found, for example, in:
(i) ICAO Annex 3, Meteorological Service for International Air Navigation;
(ii) ICAO Manual of Aircraft Ground De-icing/Anti-icing Operations;
(iii) ISO 11075Aircraft De-icing/anti-icing fuids ISO type I;
(iv) ISO 11076Aircraft De-icing/anti-icing methods with fuids;
(v) ISO 11077 Aerospace Self-propelled de-icing/anti-icing vehicles Functional require-
ments;
(vi) ISO 11078Aircraft De-icing/anti-icing fuids -- ISO types II, III and IV;
(vii) AEA Recommendations for de-icing/anti-icing of aircraft on the ground;
(viii) AEA Training recommendations and background information for de-icing/anti-icing of air-
craft on the ground;
(ix) EUROCAE ED-104A Minimum Operational Performance Specifcation for Ground Ice Detec-
tion Systems;
(x) SAE AS5681 Minimum Operational Performance Specifcation for Remote On-Ground Ice
Detection Systems;
(xi) SAE ARP4737Aircraft De-icing/anti-icing methods;
(xii) SAE AMS1424De-icing/anti-Icing Fluid, Aircraft, SAE Type I;
(xiii) SAE AMS1428Fluid, Aircraft De-icing/anti-Icing, Non-Newtonian, (Pseudoplastic), SAE Types
II, III, and IV;
(xiv) SAE ARP1971Aircraft De-icing Vehicle Self-Propelled, Large and Small Capacity;
(xv) SAE ARP5149Training Programme Guidelines for De-icing/anti-icing of Aircraft on Ground;
and
(xvi) SAE ARP5646Quality Program Guidelines for De-icing/anti-icing of Aircraft on the Ground.
(b) Fluids
(1) Type I fuid: Due to its properties, Type I fuid forms a thin, liquid-wetting flm on surfaces to which
it is applied which, under certain weather conditions, gives a very limited HoT. With this type of
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fuid, increasing the concentration of fuid in the fuid/water mix does not provide any extension in
HoT.
(2) Type II and Type IV fuids contain thickeners which enable the fuid to form a thicker liquid-wetting
flm on surfaces to which it is applied. Generally, this fuid provides a longer HoT than Type I fuids
in similar conditions. With this type of fuid, the HoT can be extended by increasing the ratio of fuid
in the fuid/water mix.
(3) Type III fuid is a thickened fuid especially intended for use on aircraft with low rotation speeds.
(4) Fluids used for de-icing and/or anti-icing should be acceptable to the operator and the air-
craft manufacturer. These fuids normally conform to specifcations such as SAE AMS1424, SAE
AMS1428or equivalent. Use of non-conforming fuids is not recommended due to their character-
istics being unknown. The anti-icing and aerodynamic properties of thickened fuids may be seri-
ously degraded by, for example, inappropriate storage, treatment, application, application equip-
ment and age.
(c) Hold-over protection
(1) Hold-over protection is achieved by a layer of anti-icing fuid remaining on and protecting aircraft
surfaces for a period of time. With a one-step de-icing/anti-icing procedure, the HoT begins at the
commencement of de-icing/anti-icing. With a two-step procedure, the HoT begins at the com-
mencement of the second (anti-icing) step. The hold-over protection runs out:
(i) at the commencement of the take-of roll (due to aerodynamic shedding of fuid); or
(ii) when frozen deposits start to form or accumulate on treated aircraft surfaces, thereby indi-
cating the loss of efectiveness of the fuid.
(2) The duration of hold-over protection may vary depending on the infuence of factors other than
those specifed in the HoT tables. Guidance should be provided by the operator to take account of
such factors, which may include:
(i) atmospheric conditions, e.g. exact type and rate of precipitation, wind direction and veloc-
ity, relative humidity and solar radiation; and
(ii) the aircraft and its surroundings, such as aircraft component inclination angle, contour and
surface roughness, surface temperature, operation in close proximity to other aircraft (jet or
propeller blast) and ground equipment and structures.
(3) HoTs are not meant to imply that fight is safe in the prevailing conditions if the specifed HoT has
not been exceeded. Certain meteorological conditions, such as freezing drizzle or freezing rain,
may be beyond the certifcation envelope of the aircraft.
(4) References to usable HoT tables may be found in the AEA Recommendations for de-icing/anti-
icing of aircraft on the ground.
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CAT.OP.MPA.255 Ice and other contaminants fight procedures
(a) The operator shall establish procedures for fights in expected or actual icing conditions.
(b) The commander shall only commence a fight or intentionally fy into expected or actual icing conditions
if the aircraft is certifed and equipped to cope with such conditions.
(c) If icing exceeds the intensity of icing for which the aircraft is certifed or if an aircraft not certifed for fight
in known icing conditions encounters icing, the commander shall exit the icing conditions without delay,
by a change of level and/or route, if necessary by declaring an emergency to ATC.
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AMC1CAT.OP.MPA.255 Ice and other contaminants fight procedures
FLIGHT IN EXPECTED OR ACTUAL ICING CONDITIONS AEROPLANES
(a) In accordance with Article 2(a)5. of Annex IV to Regulation (EC) No216/2008(Essential requirements for
air operations), in case of fight into known or expected icing conditions, the aircraft must be certifed,
equipped and/or treated to operate safely in such conditions. The procedures to be established by the
operator should take account of the design, the equipment, the confguration of the aircraft and the nec-
essary training. For these reasons, diferent aircraft types operated by the same company may require the
development of diferent procedures. In every case the relevant limitations are those which are defned
in the AFM and other documents produced by the manufacturer.
(b) The operator should ensure that the procedures take account of the following:
(1) the equipment and instruments which must be serviceable for fight in icing conditions;
(2) the limitations on fight in icing conditions for each phase of fight. These limitations may be
imposed by the aircrafts de-icing or anti-icing equipment or the necessary performance correc-
tions that have to be made;
(3) the criteria the fight crew should use to assess the efect of icing on the performance and/or con-
trollability of the aircraft;
(4) the means by which the fight crew detects, by visual cues or the use of the aircrafts ice detection
system, that the fight is entering icing conditions; and
(5) the action to be taken by the fight crew in a deteriorating situation (which may develop rapidly)
resulting in an adverse afect on the performance and/or controllability of the aircraft, due to:
(i) the failure of the aircrafts anti-icing or de-icing equipment to control a build-up of ice; and/
or
(ii) ice build-up on unprotected areas.
(c) Training for dispatch and fight in expected or actual icing conditions. The content of the operations
manual should refect the training, both conversion and recurrent, which fight crew, cabin crew and all
other relevant operational personnel require in order to comply with the procedures for dispatch and
fight in icing conditions:
(1) For the fight crew, the training should include:
(i) instruction on how to recognise, from weather reports or forecasts which are available
before fight commences or during fight, the risks of encountering icing conditions along
the planned route and on how to modify, as necessary, the departure and in-fight routes or
profles;
(ii) instruction on the operational and performance limitations or margins;
(iii) the use of in-fight ice detection, anti-icing and de-icing systems in both normal and abnor-
mal operation; and
(iv) instruction on the difering intensities and forms of ice accretion and the consequent action
which should be taken.
(2) For the cabin crew, the training should include;
(i) awareness of the conditions likely to produce surface contamination; and
(ii) the need to inform the fight crew of signifcant ice accretion.
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AMC2CAT.OP.MPA.255 Ice and other contaminants fight procedures
FLIGHT IN EXPECTED OR ACTUAL ICING CONDITIONS HELICOPTERS
(a) The procedures to be established by the operator should take account of the design, the equipment or
the confguration of the helicopter and also of the training which is needed. For these reasons, diferent
helicopter types operated by the same company may require the development of diferent procedures.
In every case, the relevant limitations are those that are defned in the AFM and other documents pro-
duced by the manufacturer.
(b) For the required entries in the operations manual, the procedural principles that apply to fight in icing
conditions are referred to under Subpart MLR of Annex III (ORO.MLR) and should be cross-referenced,
where necessary, to supplementary, type-specifc data.
(c) Technical content of the procedures
The operator should ensure that the procedures take account of the following:
(1) CAT.IDE.H.165;
(2) the equipment and instruments that should be serviceable for fight in icing conditions;
(3) the limitations on fight in icing conditions for each phase of fight. These limitations may be speci-
fed by the helicopters de-icing or anti-icing equipment or the necessary performance corrections
which have to be made;
(4) the criteria the fight crew should use to assess the efect of icing on the performance and/or con-
trollability of the helicopter;
(5) the means by which the fight crew detects, by visual cues or the use of the helicopters ice detec-
tion system, that the fight is entering icing conditions; and
(6) the action to be taken by the fight crew in a deteriorating situation (which may develop rapidly)
resulting in an adverse efect on the performance and/or controllability of the helicopter, due to
either:
(i) the failure of the helicopters anti-icing or de-icing equipment to control a build-up of ice;
and/or
(ii) ice build-up on unprotected areas.
(d) Training for dispatch and fight in expected or actual icing conditions
The content of the operations manual, Part D, should refect the training, both conversion and recurrent,
which fight crew, and all other relevant operational personnel will require in order to comply with the
procedures for dispatch and fight in icing conditions.
(1) For the fight crew, the training should include:
(i) instruction on how to recognise, from weather reports or forecasts that are available before
fight commences or during fight, the risks of encountering icing conditions along the
planned route and on how to modify, as necessary, the departure and in-fight routes or
profles;
(ii) instruction on the operational and performance limitations or margins;
(iii) the use of in-fight ice detection, anti-icing and de-icing systems in both normal and abnor-
mal operation; and
(iv) instruction on the difering intensities and forms of ice accretion and the consequent action
which should be taken.
(2) For crew members other than fight crew, the training should include;
(i) awareness of the conditions likely to produce surface contamination; and
(ii) the need to inform the fight crew of signifcant ice accretion.
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CAT.OP.MPA.260 Fuel and oil supply
The commander shall only commence a fight or continue in the event of in-fight replanning when satisfed
that the aircraft carries at least the planned amount of usable fuel and oil to complete the fight safely, taking
into account the expected operating conditions.
CAT.OP.MPA.265 Take-of conditions
Before commencing take-of, the commander shall be satisfed that:
(a) according to the information available to him/her, the weather at the aerodrome or operating site and
the condition of the runway or FATO intended to be used would not prevent a safe take-of and depar-
ture; and
(b) established aerodrome operating minima will be complied with.
CAT.OP.MPA.270 Minimum fight altitudes
The commander or the pilot to whom conduct of the fight has been delegated shall not fy below specifed
minimum altitudes except when:
(a) necessary for take-of or landing; or
(b) descending in accordance with procedures approved by the competent authority.
CAT.OP.MPA.275 Simulated abnormal situations in fight
The operator shall ensure that when carrying passengers or cargo the following are not simulated:
(a) abnormal or emergency situations that require the application of abnormal or emergency procedures; or
(b) fight in IMC by artifcial means.
CAT.OP.MPA.280 In-fight fuel management aeroplanes
The operator shall establish a procedure to ensure that in-fight fuel checks and fuel management are carried
out according to the following criteria.
(a) In-fight fuel checks
(1) The commander shall ensure that fuel checks are carried out in-fight at regular intervals. The usa-
ble remaining fuel shall be recorded and evaluated to:
(i) compare actual consumption with planned consumption;
(ii) check that the usable remaining fuel is suf cient to complete the fight, in accordance with
(b); and
(iii) determine the expected usable fuel remaining on arrival at the destination aerodrome.
(2) The relevant fuel data shall be recorded.
(b) In-fight fuel management
(1) The fight shall be conducted so that the expected usable fuel remaining on arrival at the destina-
tion aerodrome is not less than:
(i) the required alternate fuel plus fnal reserve fuel; or
(ii) the fnal reserve fuel if no alternate aerodrome is required.
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(2) If an in-fight fuel check shows that the expected usable fuel remaining on arrival at the destination
aerodrome is less than:
(i) the required alternate fuel plus fnal reserve fuel, the commander shall take into account the
traf c and the operational conditions prevailing at the destination aerodrome, at the desti-
nation alternate aerodrome and at any other adequate aerodrome in deciding whether to
proceed to the destination aerodrome or to divert so as to perform a safe landing with not
less than fnal reserve fuel; or
(ii) the fnal reserve fuel if no alternate aerodrome is required, the commander shall take appro-
priate action and proceed to an adequate aerodrome so as to perform a safe landing with
not less than fnal reserve fuel.
(3) The commander shall declare an emergency when the calculated usable fuel on landing, at the
nearest adequate aerodrome where a safe landing can be performed, is less than fnal reserve fuel.
(4) Additional conditions for specifc procedures
(i) On a fight using the RCF procedure, to proceed to the destination 1aerodrome, the com-
mander shall ensure that the usable fuel remaining at the decision point is at least the total
of:
(A) trip fuel from the decision point to the destination 1aerodrome;
(B) contingency fuel equal to 5% of trip fuel from the decision point to the destination
1aerodrome;
(C) destination 1 aerodrome alternate fuel, if a destination 1 alternate aerodrome is
required; and
(D) fnal reserve fuel.
(ii) On a fight using the PDP procedure to proceed to the destination aerodrome, the com-
mander shall ensure that the usable fuel remaining at the PDP is at least the total of:
(A) trip fuel from the PDP to the destination aerodrome;
(B) contingency fuel from the PDP to the destination aerodrome; and
(C) additional fuel.
CAT.OP.MPA.281 In-fight fuel management helicopters
(a) The operator shall establish a procedure to ensure that in-fight fuel checks and fuel management are
carried out.
(b) The commander shall ensure that the amount of usable fuel remaining in fight is not less than the fuel
required to proceed to an aerodrome or operating site where a safe landing can be made, with fnal
reserve fuel remaining.
(c) The commander shall declare an emergency when the actual usable fuel on board is less than fnal reserve
fuel.
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AMC1CAT.OP.MPA.281 In-fight fuel management helicopters
COMPLEX MOTOR-POWERED HELICOPTERS, OTHER THAN LOCAL OPERATIONS
The operator should base in-fight fuel management procedures on the following criteria:
(a) In-fight fuel checks
(1) The commander should ensure that fuel checks are carried out in-fight at regular intervals. The
remaining fuel should be recorded and evaluated to:
(i) compare actual consumption with planned consumption;
(ii) check that the remaining fuel is suf cient to complete the fight; and
(iii) determine the expected fuel remaining on arrival at the destination.
(2) The relevant fuel data should be recorded.
(b) In-fight fuel management
(1) If, as a result of an in-fight fuel check, the expected fuel remaining on arrival at the destination is
less than the required alternate fuel plus fnal reserve fuel, the commander should:
(i) divert; or
(ii) replan the fight in accordance with CAT.OP.MPA.181(d)(1) unless he/she considers it safer
to continue to the destination.
(2) At an onshore destination, when two suitable, separate touchdown and lift-of areas are available
and the weather conditions at the destination comply with those specifed for planning in CAT.
OP.MPA.245 (a)(2), the commander may permit alternate fuel to be used before landing at the
destination.
(c) If, as a result of an in-fight fuel check on a fight to an isolated destination, planned in accordance with
(b), the expected fuel remaining at the point of last possible diversion is less than the sum of:
(1) fuel to divert to an operating site selected in accordance with CAT.OP.MPA.181(a);
(2) contingency fuel; and
(3) fnal reserve fuel,
the commander should:
(i) divert; or
(ii) proceed to the destination provided that at onshore destinations, two suitable, separate
touchdown and lift-of areas are available at the destination and the expected weather condi-
tions at the destination comply with those specifed for planning in CAT.OP.MPA.245(a)(2).
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CAT.OP.MPA.285 Use of supplemental oxygen
The commander shall ensure that fight crew members engaged in performing duties essential to the safe
operation of an aircraft in fight use supplemental oxygen continuously whenever the cabin altitude exceeds
10000ft for a period of more than 30minutes and whenever the cabin altitude exceeds 13000ft.
CAT.OP.MPA.290 Ground proximity detection
When undue proximity to the ground is detected by a fight crew member or by a ground proximity warning
system, the pilot fying shall take corrective action immediately to establish safe fight conditions.
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GM1CAT.OP.MPA.290 Ground proximity detection
TERRAIN AWARENESS WARNING SYSTEM (TAWS) FLIGHT CREW TRAINING PROGRAMMES
(a) Introduction
(1) This GM contains performance-based training objectives for TAWS fight crew training.
(2) The training objectives cover fve areas: theory of operation; pre-fight operations; general in-fight
operations; response to TAWS cautions; and response to TAWS warnings.
(3) The term TAWS in this GM means a ground proximity warning system (GPWS) enhanced by a
forward-looking terrain avoidance function. Alerts include both cautions and warnings.
(4) The content of this GM is intended to assist operators who are producing training programmes.
The information it contains has not been tailored to any specifc aircraft or TAWS equipment, but
highlights features which are typically available where such systems are installed. It is the respon-
sibility of the individual operator to determine the applicability of the content of this guidance
material to each aircraft and TAWS equipment installed and their operation. Operators should refer
to the AFM and/or aircraft/fight crew operating manual (A/FCOM), or similar documents, for infor-
mation applicable to specifc confgurations. If there should be any confict between the content of
this guidance material and that published in the other documents described above, then informa-
tion contained in the AFM or A/FCOM will take precedence.
(b) Scope
(1) The scope of this GM is designed to identify training objectives in the areas of: academic training;
manoeuvre training; initial evaluation; and recurrent qualifcation. Under each of these four areas,
the training material has been separated into those items which are considered essential training
items and those that are considered to be desirable. In each area, objectives and acceptable per-
formance criteria are defned.
(2) No attempt is made to defne how the training programme should be implemented. Instead,
objectives are established to defne the knowledge that a pilot operating a TAWS is expected to
possess and the performance expected from a pilot who has completed TAWS training. However,
the guidelines do indicate those areas in which the pilot receiving the training should demonstrate
his/her understanding, or performance, using a real-time, interactive training device, i.e. a fight
simulator. Where appropriate, notes are included within the performance criteria which amplify or
clarify the material addressed by the training objective.
(c) Performance-based training objectives
(1) TAWS academic training
(i) This training is typically conducted in a classroom environment. The knowledge demonstra-
tions specifed in this section may be completed through the successful completion of writ-
ten tests or by providing correct responses to non-real-time computer-based training (CBT)
questions.
(ii) Theory of operation. The pilot should demonstrate an understanding of TAWS operation
and the criteria used for issuing cautions and warnings. This training should address system
operation. Objective: To demonstrate knowledge of how a TAWS functions. Criteria: The
pilot should demonstrate an understanding of the following functions:
(A) Surveillance
(a) The GPWS computer processes data supplied from an air data computer, a
radio altimeter, an instrument landing system (ILS)/microwave landing system
(MLS)/multi-mode (MM) receiver, a roll attitude sensor, and actual position of
the surfaces and of the landing gear.
(b) The forward looking terrain avoidance function utilises an accurate source of
known aircraft position, such as that which may be provided by a fight man-
agement system (FMS) or GPS, or an electronic terrain database. The source
and scope of the terrain, obstacle and airport data, and features such as the
terrain clearance foor, the runway picker, and geometric altitude (where pro-
vided) should all be described.
(c) Displays required to deliver TAWS outputs include a loudspeaker for voice
announcements, visual alerts (typically amber and red lights), and a terrain
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awareness display (that may be combined with other displays). In addition,
means should be provided for indicating the status of the TAWS and any partial
or total failures that may occur.
(B) Terrain avoidance. Outputs from the TAWS computer provide visual and audio syn-
thetic voice cautions and warnings to alert the fight crew about potential conficts
with terrain and obstacles.
(C) Alert thresholds. Objective: To demonstrate knowledge of the criteria for issuing cau-
tions and warnings. Criteria: The pilot should be able to demonstrate an understand-
ing of the methodology used by a TAWS to issue cautions and alerts and the general
criteria for the issuance of these alerts, including:
(a) basic GPWS alerting modes specifed in the ICAO Standard:
Mode 1: excessive sink rate;
Mode 2: excessive terrain closure rate;
Mode 3: descent after take-of or go-around;
Mode 4: unsafe proximity to terrain;
Mode 5: descent below ILS glide slope (caution only); and
(b) an additional, optional alert mode- Mode 6: radio altitude call-out (information
only); TAWS cautions and warnings which alert the fight crew to obstacles and
terrain ahead of the aircraft in line with or adjacent to its projected fight path
(forward-looking terrain avoidance (FLTA) and premature descent alert (PDA)
functions).
(D) TAWS limitations. Objective: To verify that the pilot is aware of the limitations of
TAWS. Criteria: The pilot should demonstrate knowledge and an understanding of
TAWS limitations identifed by the manufacturer for the equipment model installed,
such as:
(a) navigation should not be predicated on the use of the terrain display;
(b) unless geometric altitude data is provided, use of predictive TAWS functions is
prohibited when altimeter subscale settings display QFE;
(c) nuisance alerts can be issued if the aerodrome of intended landing is not
included in the TAWS airport database;
(d) in cold weather operations, corrective procedures should be implemented by
the pilot unless the TAWS has in-built compensation, such as geometric alti-
tude data;
(e) loss of input data to the TAWS computer could result in partial or total loss of
functionality. Where means exist to inform the fight crew that functionality
has been degraded, this should be known and the consequences understood;
(f) radio signals not associated with the intended fight profle (e.g. ILS glide path
transmissions from an adjacent runway) may cause false alerts;
(g) inaccurate or low accuracy aircraft position data could lead to false or non-
annunciation of terrain or obstacles ahead of the aircraft; and
(h) minimum equipment list (MEL) restrictions should be applied in the event of
the TAWS becoming partially or completely unserviceable. (It should be noted
that basic GPWS has no forward-looking capability.)
(E) TAWS inhibits. Objective: To verify that the pilot is aware of the conditions under
which certain functions of a TAWS are inhibited. Criteria: The pilot should demon-
strate knowledge and an understanding of the various TAWS inhibits, including the
following means of:
(a) silencing voice alerts;
(b) inhibiting ILS glide path signals (as may be required when executing an ILS
back beam approach);
(c) inhibiting fap position sensors (as may be required when executing an
approach with the faps not in a normal position for landing);
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(d) inhibiting the FLTA and PDA functions; and
(e) selecting or deselecting the display of terrain information, together with
appropriate annunciation of the status of each selection.
(2) Operating procedures. The pilot should demonstrate the knowledge required to operate TAWS
avionics and to interpret the information presented by a TAWS. This training should address the
following topics:
(i) Use of controls. Objective: To verify that the pilot can properly operate all TAWS controls
and inhibits. Criteria: The pilot should demonstrate the proper use of controls, including the
following means by which:
(A) before fight, any equipment self-test functions can be initiated;
(B) TAWS information can be selected for display; and
(C) all TAWS inhibits can be operated and what the consequent annunciations mean
with regard to loss of functionality.
(ii) Display interpretation. Objective: To verify that the pilot understands the meaning of all
information that can be annunciated or displayed by a TAWS. Criteria: The pilot should dem-
onstrate the ability to properly interpret information annunciated or displayed by a TAWS,
including the following:
(A) knowledge of all visual and aural indications that may be seen or heard;
(B) response required on receipt of a caution;
(C) response required on receipt of a warning; and
(D) response required on receipt of a notifcation that partial or total failure of the TAWS
has occurred (including annunciation that the present aircraft position is of low accu-
racy).
(iii) Use of basic GPWS or use of the FLTA function only. Objective: To verify that the pilot under-
stands what functionality will remain following loss of the GPWS or of the FLTA function.
Criteria: The pilot should demonstrate knowledge of how to recognise the following:
(A) un-commanded loss of the GPWS function, or how to isolate this function and how
to recognise the level of the remaining controlled fight into terrain (CFIT) protection
(essentially, this is the FLTA function); and
(B) un-commanded loss of the FLTA function, or how to isolate this function and how
to recognise the level of the remaining CFIT protection (essentially, this is the basic
GPWS).
(iv) Crew coordination. Objective: To verify that the pilot adequately briefs other fight crew
members on how TAWS alerts will be handled. Criteria: The pilot should demonstrate that
the pre-fight briefng addresses procedures that will be used in preparation for responding
to TAWS cautions and warnings, including the following:
(A) the action to be taken, and by whom, in the event that a TAWS caution and/or warn-
ing is issued; and
(B) how multi-function displays will be used to depict TAWS information at take-of, in
the cruise and for the descent, approach, landing (and any go-around). This will be in
accordance with procedures specifed by the operator, who will recognise that it may
be more desirable that other data is displayed at certain phases of fight and that the
terrain display has an automatic pop-up mode in the event that an alert is issued.
(v) Reporting rules. Objective: To verify that the pilot is aware of the rules for reporting alerts
to the controller and other authorities. Criteria: The pilot should demonstrate knowledge of
the following:
(A) when, following recovery from a TAWS alert or caution, a transmission of information
should be made to the appropriate ATC unit; and
(B) the type of written report that is required, how it is to be compiled, and whether any
cross reference should be made in the aircraft technical log and/or voyage report (in
accordance with procedures specifed by the operator), following a fight in which the
aircraft fight path has been modifed in response to a TAWS alert, or if any part of the
equipment appears not to have functioned correctly.
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(vi) Alert thresholds. Objective: To demonstrate knowledge of the criteria for issuing cautions
and warnings. Criteria: The pilot should be able to demonstrate an understanding of the
methodology used by a TAWS to issue cautions and warnings and the general criteria for the
issuance of these alerts, including awareness of the following:
(A) modes associated with basic GPWS, including the input data associated with each;
and
(B) visual and aural annunciations that can be issued by TAWS and how to identify which
are cautions and which are warnings.
(3) TAWS manoeuvre training. The pilot should demonstrate the knowledge required to respond cor-
rectly to TAWS cautions and warnings. This training should address the following topics:
(i) Response to cautions:
(A) Objective: To verify that the pilot properly interprets and responds to cautions. Crite-
ria: The pilot should demonstrate an understanding of the need, without delay:
(a) to initiate action required to correct the condition which has caused the TAWS
to issue the caution and to be prepared to respond to a warning, if this should
follow; and
(b) if a warning does not follow the caution, to notify the controller of the new
position, heading and/or altitude/fight level of the aircraft, and what the com-
mander intends to do next.
(B) The correct response to a caution might require the pilot to:
(a) reduce a rate of descent and/or to initiate a climb;
(b) regain an ILS glide path from below, or to inhibit a glide path signal if an ILS is
not being fown;
(c) select more fap, or to inhibit a fap sensor if the landing is being conducted
with the intent that the normal fap setting will not be used;
(d) select gear down; and/or
(e) initiate a turn away from the terrain or obstacle ahead and towards an area
free of such obstructions if a forward-looking terrain display indicates that this
would be a good solution and the entire manoeuvre can be carried out in clear
visual conditions.
(ii) Response to warnings. Objective: To verify that the pilot properly interprets and responds to
warnings. Criteria: The pilot should demonstrate an understanding of the following:
(A) The need, without delay, to initiate a climb in the manner specifed by the operator.
(B) The need, without delay, to maintain the climb until visual verifcation can be made
that the aircraft will clear the terrain or obstacle ahead or until above the appropriate
sector safe altitude (if certain about the location of the aircraft with respect to terrain)
even if the TAWS warning stops. If, subsequently, the aircraft climbs up through the
sector safe altitude, but the visibility does not allow the fight crew to confrm that the
terrain hazard has ended, checks should be made to verify the location of the aircraft
and to confrm that the altimeter subscale settings are correct.
(C) When the workload permits, that the fight crew should notify the air traf c controller
of the new position and altitude/fight level, and what the commander intends to do
next.
(D) That the manner in which the climb is made should refect the type of aircraft and the
method specifed by the aircraft manufacturer (which should be refected in the oper-
ations manual) for performing the escape manoeuvre. Essential aspects will include
the need for an increase in pitch attitude, selection of maximum thrust, confrmation
that external sources of drag (e.g. spoilers/speed brakes) are retracted, and respect of
the stick shaker or other indication of eroded stall margin.
(E) That TAWS warnings should never be ignored. However, the pilots response may be
limited to that which is appropriate for a caution, only if:
(a) the aircraft is being operated by day in clear, visual conditions; and
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(b) it is immediately clear to the pilot that the aircraft is in no danger in respect of
its confguration, proximity to terrain or current fight path.
(4) TAWS initial evaluation:
(i) The fight crew members understanding of the academic training items should be assessed
by means of a written test.
(ii) The fight crew members understanding of the manoeuvre training items should be
assessed in a FSTD equipped with TAWS visual and aural displays and inhibit selectors simi-
lar in appearance and operation to those in the aircraft which the pilot will fy. The results
should be assessed by a synthetic fight instructor, synthetic fight examiner, type rating
instructor or type rating examiner.
(iii) The range of scenarios should be designed to give confdence that proper and timely
responses to TAWS cautions and warnings will result in the aircraft avoiding a CFIT accident.
To achieve this objective, the pilot should demonstrate taking the correct action to pre-
vent a caution developing into a warning and, separately, the escape manoeuvre needed in
response to a warning. These demonstrations should take place when the external visibility
is zero, though there is much to be learnt if, initially, the training is given in mountainous
or hilly terrain with clear visibility. This training should comprise a sequence of scenarios,
rather than be included in line oriented fight training (LOFT).
(iv) A record should be made, after the pilot has demonstrated competence, of the scenarios
that were practised.
(5) TAWS recurrent training:
(i) TAWS recurrent training ensures that pilots maintain the appropriate TAWS knowledge and
skills. In particular, it reminds pilots of the need to act promptly in response to cautions and
warnings, and of the unusual attitude associated with fying the escape manoeuvre.
(ii) An essential item of recurrent training is the discussion of any signifcant issues and opera-
tional concerns that have been identifed by the operator. Recurrent training should also
address changes to TAWS logic, parameters or procedures and to any unique TAWS charac-
teristics of which pilots should be aware.
(6) Reporting procedures:
(i) Verbal reports. Verbal reports should be made promptly to the appropriate air traf c control
unit:
(A) whenever any manoeuvre has caused the aircraft to deviate from an air traf c clear-
ance;
(B) when, following a manoeuvre which has caused the aircraft to deviate from an air
traf c clearance, the aircraft has returned to a fight path which complies with the
clearance; and/or
(C) when an air traf c control unit issues instructions which, if followed, would cause the
pilot to manoeuvre the aircraft towards terrain or obstacle or it would appear from
the display that a potential CFIT occurrence is likely to result.
(ii) Written reports. Written reports should be submitted in accordance with the operators
occurrence reporting scheme and they also should be recorded in the aircraft technical log:
(A) whenever the aircraft fight path has been modifed in response to a TAWS alert (false,
nuisance or genuine);
(B) whenever a TAWS alert has been issued and is believed to have been false; and/or
(C) if it is believed that a TAWS alert should have been issued, but was not.
(iii) Within this GM and with regard to reports:
(A) the term false means that the TAWS issued an alert which could not possibly be justi-
fed by the position of the aircraft in respect to terrain and it is probable that a fault or
failure in the system (equipment and/or input data) was the cause;
(B) the term nuisance means that the TAWS issued an alert which was appropriate, but
was not needed because the fight crew could determine by independent means that
the fight path was, at that time, safe;
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(C) the term genuine means that the TAWS issued an alert which was both appropriate
and necessary; and
(D) the report terms described in (c)(6)(iii) are only meant to be assessed after the occur-
rence is over, to facilitate subsequent analysis, the adequacy of the equipment and
the programmes it contains. The intention is not for the fight crew to attempt to clas-
sify an alert into any of these three categories when visual and/or aural cautions or
warnings are annunciated.
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CAT.OP.MPA.295 Use of airborne collision avoidance system (ACAS)
The operator shall establish operational procedures and training programmes when ACAS is installed and ser-
viceable. When ACAS II is used, such procedures and training shall be in accordance with Commission Regula-
tion (EU) No1332/2011
27
.
27
OJ L 336, 20.12.2011, p.20
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GM1CAT.OP.MPA.295 Use of airborne collision avoidance system (ACAS)
GENERAL
(a) The ACAS operational procedures and training programmes established by the operator should take into
account this GM. It incorporates advice contained in:
(1) ICAO Annex 10, Volume IV;
(2) ICAO PANS-OPS, Volume 1;
(3) ICAO PANS-ATM; and
(4) ICAO guidance material ACAS Performance-Based Training Objectives (published under Attach-
ment E of State Letter AN 7/1.3.7.2-97/77).
(b) Additional guidance material on ACAS may be referred to, including information available from such
sources as EUROCONTROL.
ACAS FLIGHT CREW TRAINING PROGRAMMES
(c) During the implementation of ACAS, several operational issues were identifed which had been attrib-
uted to defciencies in fight crew training programmes. As a result, the issue of fight crew training has
been discussed within the ICAO, which has developed guidelines for operators to use when designing
training programmes.
(d) This GM contains performance-based training objectives for ACAS II fight crew training. Information con-
tained in this paper related to traf c advisories (TAs) is also applicable to ACAS I and ACAS II users. The
training objectives cover fve areas: theory of operation; pre-fight operations; general in-fight opera-
tions; response to TAs; and response to resolution advisories (RAs).
(e) The information provided is valid for version 7and 7.1(ACAS II). Where diferences arise, these are identi-
fed.
(f) The performance-based training objectives are further divided into the areas of: academic training;
manoeuvre training; initial evaluation and recurrent qualifcation. Under each of these four areas, the
training material has been separated into those items which are considered essential training items and
those which are considered desirable. In each area, objectives and acceptable performance criteria are
defned.
(g) ACAS academic training
(1) This training is typically conducted in a classroom environment. The knowledge demonstrations
specifed in this section may be completed through the successful completion of written tests or
through providing correct responses to non-real-time computer-based training (CBT) questions.
(2) Essential items
(i) Theory of operation. The fight crew member should demonstrate an understanding of
ACAS II operation and the criteria used for issuing TAs and RAs. This training should address
the following topics:
(A) System operation
Objective: to demonstrate knowledge of how ACAS functions.
Criteria: the fight crew member should demonstrate an understanding of the follow-
ing functions:
(a) Surveillance
(1) ACAS interrogates other transponder-equipped aircraft within a nom-
inal range of 14NM.
(2) ACAS surveillance range can be reduced in geographic areas with a
large number of ground interrogators and/or ACAS II-equipped air-
craft.
(3) If the operators ACAS implementation provides for the use of the
Mode S extended squitter, the normal surveillance range may be
increased beyond the nominal 14 NM. However, this information is
not used for collision avoidance purposes.
(b) Collision avoidance
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(1) TAs can be issued against any transponder-equipped aircraft which
responds to the ICAO Mode C interrogations, even if the aircraft does
not have altitude reporting capability.
(2) RAs can be issued only against aircraft that are reporting altitude and
in the vertical plane only.
(3) RAs issued against an ACAS-equipped intruder are co-ordinated to
ensure complementary RAs are issued.
(4) Failure to respond to an RA deprives own aircraft of the collision pro-
tection provided by own ACAS.
(5) Additionally, in ACAS-ACAS encounters, failure to respond to an RA
also restricts the choices available to the other aircrafts ACAS and
thus renders the other aircrafts ACAS less efective than if own aircraft
were not ACAS equipped.
(B) Advisory thresholds
Objective: to demonstrate knowledge of the criteria for issuing TAs and RAs.
Criteria: the fight crew member should demonstrate an understanding of the meth-
odology used by ACAS to issue TAs and RAs and the general criteria for the issuance
of these advisories, including the following:
(a) ACAS advisories are based on time to closest point of approach (CPA) rather
than distance. The time should be short and vertical separation should be
small, or projected to be small, before an advisory can be issued. The separa-
tion standards provided by ATS are diferent from the miss distances against
which ACAS issues alerts.
(b) Thresholds for issuing a TA or an RA vary with altitude. The thresholds are larger
at higher altitudes.
(c) A TA occurs from 15to 48seconds and an RA from 15to 35seconds before the
projected CPA.
(d) RAs are chosen to provide the desired vertical miss distance at CPA. As a result,
RAs can instruct a climb or descent through the intruder aircrafts altitude.
(C) ACAS limitations
Objective: to verify that the fight crew member is aware of the limitations of ACAS.
Criteria: the fight crew member should demonstrate knowledge and understanding
of ACAS limitations, including the following:
(a) ACAS will neither track nor display non-transponder-equipped aircraft, nor air-
craft not responding to ACAS Mode C interrogations.
(b) ACAS will automatically fail if the input from the aircrafts barometric altimeter,
radio altimeter or transponder is lost.
(1) In some installations, the loss of information from other on board
systems such as an inertial reference system (IRS) or attitude head-
ing reference system (AHRS) may result in an ACAS failure. Individual
operators should ensure that their fight crews are aware of the types
of failure that will result in an ACAS failure.
(2) ACAS may react in an improper manner when false altitude informa-
tion is provided to own ACAS or transmitted by another aircraft. Indi-
vidual operators should ensure that their fight crew are aware of the
types of unsafe conditions that can arise. Flight crew members should
ensure that when they are advised, if their own aircraft is transmit-
ting false altitude reports, an alternative altitude reporting source is
selected, or altitude reporting is switched of.
(c) Some aeroplanes within 380 ft above ground level (AGL) (nominal value) are
deemed to be on ground and will not be displayed. If ACAS is able to deter-
mine an aircraft below this altitude is airborne, it will be displayed.
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(d) ACAS may not display all proximate transponder-equipped aircraft in areas of
high density traf c.
(e) The bearing displayed by ACAS is not suf ciently accurate to support the initia-
tion of horizontal manoeuvres based solely on the traf c display.
(f) ACAS will neither track nor display intruders with a vertical speed in excess
of 10 000 ft/min. In addition, the design implementation may result in some
short-term errors in the tracked vertical speed of an intruder during periods of
high vertical acceleration by the intruder.
(g) Ground proximity warning systems/ground collision avoidance systems
(GPWSs/GCASs) warnings and wind shear warnings take precedence over
ACAS advisories. When either a GPWS/GCAS or wind shear warning is active,
ACAS aural annunciations will be inhibited and ACAS will automatically switch
to the TA only mode of operation.
(D) ACAS inhibits
Objective: to verify that the fight crew member is aware of the conditions under
which certain functions of ACAS are inhibited.
Criteria: the fight crew member should demonstrate knowledge and understanding
of the various ACAS inhibits, including the following:
(a) Increase Descent RAs are inhibited below 1450ft AGL;
(b) Descend RAs are inhibited below 1100ft AGL;
(c) all RAs are inhibited below 1000ft AGL;
(d) all TA aural annunciations are inhibited below 500ft AGL; and
(e) altitude and confguration under which Climb and Increase Climb RAs are
inhibited. ACAS can still issue Climb and Increase Climb RAs when operating
at the aeroplanes certifed ceiling. (In some aircraft types, Climb or Increase
Climb RAs are never inhibited.)
(ii) Operating procedures
The fight crew member should demonstrate the knowledge required to operate the ACAS
avionics and interpret the information presented by ACAS. This training should address the
following:
(A) Use of controls
Objective: to verify that the pilot can properly operate all ACAS and display controls.
Criteria: demonstrate the proper use of controls including:
(a) aircraft confguration required to initiate a self-test;
(b) steps required to initiate a self-test;
(c) recognising when the self-test was successful and when it was unsuccessful.
When the self-test is unsuccessful, recognising the reason for the failure and, if
possible, correcting the problem;
(d) recommended usage of range selection. Low ranges are used in the terminal
area and the higher display ranges are used in the en-route environment and
in the transition between the terminal and en-route environment;
(e) recognising that the confguration of the display does not afect the ACAS sur-
veillance volume;
(f) selection of lower ranges when an advisory is issued, to increase display resolu-
tion;
(g) proper confguration to display the appropriate ACAS information without
eliminating the display of other needed information;
(h) if available, recommended usage of the above/below mode selector. The
above mode should be used during climb and the below mode should be used
during descent; and
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(i) if available, proper selection of the display of absolute or relative altitude and
the limitations of using this display if a barometric correction is not provided to
ACAS.
(B) Display interpretation
Objective: to verify that the fight crew member understands the meaning of all infor-
mation that can be displayed by ACAS. The wide variety of display implementations
require the tailoring of some criteria. When the training programme is developed,
these criteria should be expanded to cover details for the operators specifc display
implementation.
Criteria: the fight crew member should demonstrate the ability to properly interpret
information displayed by ACAS, including the following:
(a) other traf c, i.e. traf c within the selected display range that is not proximate
traf c, or causing a TA or RA to be issued;
(b) proximate traf c, i.e. traf c that is within 6NM and 1200ft;
(c) non-altitude reporting traf c;
(d) no bearing TAs and RAs;
(e) of-scale TAs and RAs: the selected range should be changed to ensure that all
available information on the intruder is displayed;
(f) TAs: the minimum available display range which allows the traf c to be dis-
played should be selected, to provide the maximum display resolution;
(g) RAs (traf c display): the minimum available display range of the traf c display
which allows the traf c to be displayed should be selected, to provide the max-
imum display resolution;
(h) RAs (RA display): fight crew members should demonstrate knowledge of the
meaning of the red and green areas or the meaning of pitch or fight path
angle cues displayed on the RA display. Flight crew members should also dem-
onstrate an understanding of the RA display limitations, i.e. if a vertical speed
tape is used and the range of the tape is less than 2500ft/min, an increase rate
RA cannot be properly displayed; and
(i) if appropriate, awareness that navigation displays oriented on Track-Up may
require a fight crew member to make a mental adjustment for drift angle when
assessing the bearing of proximate traf c.
(C) Use of the TA only mode
Objective: to verify that a fight crew member understands the appropriate times to
select the TA only mode of operation and the limitations associated with using this
mode.
Criteria: the fight crew member should demonstrate the following:
(a) Knowledge of the operators guidance for the use of TA only.
(b) Reasons for using this mode. If TA only is not selected when an airport is con-
ducting simultaneous operations from parallel runways separated by less than
1 200 ft, and to some intersecting runways, RAs can be expected. If for any
reason TA only is not selected and an RA is received in these situations, the
response should comply with the operators approved procedures.
(c) All TA aural annunciations are inhibited below 500 ft AGL. As a result, TAs
issued below 500ft AGL may not be noticed unless the TA display is included
in the routine instrument scan.
(D) Crew coordination
Objective: to verify that the fight crew member understands how ACAS advisories
will be handled.
Criteria: the fight crew member should demonstrate knowledge of the crew proce-
dures that should be used when responding to TAs and RAs, including the following:
(a) task sharing between the pilot fying and the pilot monitoring;
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(b) expected call-outs; and
(c) communications with ATC.
(E) Phraseology rules
Objective: to verify that the fight crew member is aware of the rules for reporting RAs
to the controller.
Criteria: the fight crew member should demonstrate the following:
(a) the use of the phraseology contained in ICAO PANS-OPS;
(b) an understanding of the procedures contained in ICAO PANS-ATM and ICAO
Annex 2; and
(c) the understanding that verbal reports should be made promptly to the appro-
priate ATC unit:
(1) whenever any manoeuvre has caused the aeroplane to deviate from
an air traf c clearance;
(2) when, subsequent to a manoeuvre that has caused the aeroplane to
deviate from an air traf c clearance, the aeroplane has returned to a
fight path that complies with the clearance; and/or
(3) when air traf c issue instructions that, if followed, would cause the
crew to manoeuvre the aircraft contrary to an RA with which they are
complying.
(F) Reporting rules
Objective: to verify that the fight crew member is aware of the rules for reporting RAs
to the operator.
Criteria: the fight crew member should demonstrate knowledge of where informa-
tion can be obtained regarding the need for making written reports to various states
when an RA is issued. Various States have diferent reporting rules and the material
available to the fight crew member should be tailored to the operators operating
environment. For operators involved in commercial operations, this responsibility is
satisfed by the fight crew member reporting to the operator according to the appli-
cable reporting rules.
(3) Non-essential items: advisory thresholds
Objective: to demonstrate knowledge of the criteria for issuing TAs and RAs.
Criteria: the fight crew member should demonstrate an understanding of the methodology used
by ACAS to issue TAs and RAs and the general criteria for the issuance of these advisories, including
the following:
(i) the minimum and maximum altitudes below/above which TAs will not be issued;
(ii) when the vertical separation at CPA is projected to be less than the ACAS-desired separa-
tion, a corrective RA which requires a change to the existing vertical speed will be issued.
This separation varies from 300ft at low altitude to a maximum of 700ft at high altitude;
(iii) when the vertical separation at CPA is projected to be just outside the ACAS-desired separa-
tion, a preventive RA that does not require a change to the existing vertical speed will be
issued. This separation varies from 600to 800ft; and
(iv) RA fxed range thresholds vary between 0.2and 1.1NM.
(h) ACAS manoeuvre training
(1) Demonstration of the fight crew members ability to use ACAS displayed information to properly
respond to TAs and RAs should be carried out in a full fight simulator equipped with an ACAS dis-
play and controls similar in appearance and operation to those in the aircraft. If a full fight simula-
tor is utilised, CRM should be practised during this training.
(2) Alternatively, the required demonstrations can be carried out by means of an interactive CBT with
an ACAS display and controls similar in appearance and operation to those in the aircraft. This inter-
active CBT should depict scenarios in which real-time responses should be made. The fight crew
member should be informed whether or not the responses made were correct. If the response was
incorrect or inappropriate, the CBT should show what the correct response should be.
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(3) The scenarios included in the manoeuvre training should include: corrective RAs; initial preven-
tive RAs; maintain rate RAs; altitude crossing RAs; increase rate RAs; RA reversals; weakening RAs;
and multi-aircraft encounters. The consequences of failure to respond correctly should be dem-
onstrated by reference to actual incidents such as those publicised in EUROCONTROL ACAS II Bul-
letins (available on the EUROCONTROL website).
(i) TA responses
Objective: to verify that the pilot properly interprets and responds to TAs.
Criteria: the pilot should demonstrate the following:
(A) Proper division of responsibilities between the pilot fying and the pilot monitoring.
The pilot fying should fy the aircraft using any type-specifc procedures and be pre-
pared to respond to any RA that might follow. For aircraft without an RA pitch display,
the pilot fying should consider the likely magnitude of an appropriate pitch change.
The pilot monitoring should provide updates on the traf c location shown on the
ACAS display, using this information to help visually acquire the intruder.
(B) Proper interpretation of the displayed information. Flight crew members should con-
frm that the aircraft they have visually acquired is that which has caused the TA to be
issued. Use should be made of all information shown on the display, note being taken
of the bearing and range of the intruder (amber circle), whether it is above or below
(data tag) and its vertical speed direction (trend arrow).
(C) Other available information should be used to assist in visual acquisition, including
ATC party-line information, traf c fow in use, etc.
(D) Because of the limitations described, the pilot fying should not manoeuvre the air-
craft based solely on the information shown on the ACAS display. No attempt should
be made to adjust the current fight path in anticipation of what an RA would advise,
except that if own aircraft is approaching its cleared level at a high vertical rate with a
TA present, vertical rate should be reduced to less than 1500ft/min.
(E) When visual acquisition is attained, and as long as no RA is received, normal right
of way rules should be used to maintain or attain safe separation. No unnecessary
manoeuvres should be initiated. The limitations of making manoeuvres based solely
on visual acquisition, especially at high altitude or at night, or without a defnite hori-
zon should be demonstrated as being understood.
(ii) RA responses
Objective: to verify that the pilot properly interprets and responds to RAs.
Criteria: the pilot should demonstrate the following:
(A) Proper response to the RA, even if it is in confict with an ATC instruction and even if
the pilot believes that there is no threat present.
(B) Proper task sharing between the pilot fying and the pilot monitoring. The pilot fying
should respond to a corrective RA with appropriate control inputs. The pilot monitor-
ing should monitor the response to the RA and should provide updates on the traf-
fc location by checking the traf c display. Proper crew resource management (CRM)
should be used.
(C) Proper interpretation of the displayed information. The pilot should recognise the
intruder causing the RA to be issued (red square on display). The pilot should respond
appropriately.
(D) For corrective RAs, the response should be initiated in the proper direction within fve
seconds of the RA being displayed. The change in vertical speed should be accom-
plished with an acceleration of approximately g (gravitational acceleration of
9.81m/sec).
(E) Recognition of the initially displayed RA being modifed. Response to the modifed RA
should be properly accomplished, as follows:
(a) For increase rate RAs, the vertical speed change should be started within two
and a half seconds of the RA being displayed. The change in vertical speed
should be accomplished with an acceleration of approximately g.
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(b) For RA reversals, the vertical speed reversal should be started within two and a
half seconds of the RA being displayed. The change in vertical speed should be
accomplished with an acceleration of approximately g.
(c) For RA weakenings, the vertical speed should be modifed to initiate a return
towards the original clearance.
(d) An acceleration of approximately g will be achieved if the change in pitch
attitude corresponding to a change in vertical speed of 1500ft/min is accom-
plished in approximately 5seconds, and of g if the change is accomplished
in approximately three seconds. The change in pitch attitude required to
establish a rate of climb or descent of 1 500 ft/min from level fight will be
approximately 6 when the true airspeed (TAS) is 150kt, 4 at 250kt, and 2 at
500kt. (These angles are derived from the formula: 1000divided by TAS.).
(F) Recognition of altitude crossing encounters and the proper response to these RAs.
(G) For preventive RAs, the vertical speed needle or pitch attitude indication should
remain outside the red area on the RA display.
(H) For maintain rate RAs, the vertical speed should not be reduced. Pilots should recog-
nise that a maintain rate RA may result in crossing through the intruders altitude.
(I) When the RA weakens, or when the green fy to indicator changes position, the pilot
should initiate a return towards the original clearance and when clear of confict is
annunciated, the pilot should complete the return to the original clearance.
(J) The controller should be informed of the RA as soon as time and workload permit,
using the standard phraseology.
(K) When possible, an ATC clearance should be complied with while responding to an RA.
For example, if the aircraft can level at the assigned altitude while responding to RA
(an adjust vertical speed RA (version 7) or level of (version 7.1)) it should be done;
the horizontal (turn) element of an ATC instruction should be followed.
(L) Knowledge of the ACAS multi-aircraft logic and its limitations, and that ACAS can
optimise separations from two aircraft by climbing or descending towards one of
them. For example, ACAS only considers intruders that it considers to be a threat
when selecting an RA. As such, it is possible for ACAS to issue an RA against one
intruder that results in a manoeuvre towards another intruder which is not classifed
as a threat. If the second intruder becomes a threat, the RA will be modifed to provide
separation from that intruder.
(i) ACAS initial evaluation
(1) The fight crew members understanding of the academic training items should be assessed by
means of a written test or interactive CBT that records correct and incorrect responses to phrased
questions.
(2) The fight crew members understanding of the manoeuvre training items should be assessed in a
full fight simulator equipped with an ACAS display and controls similar in appearance and opera-
tion to those in the aircraft the fight crew member will fy, and the results assessed by a qualifed
instructor, inspector, or check airman. The range of scenarios should include: corrective RAs; initial
preventive RAs; maintain rate RAs; altitude crossing RAs; increase rate RAs; RA reversals; weaken-
ing RAs; and multi-threat encounters. The scenarios should also include demonstrations of the
consequences of not responding to RAs, slow or late responses, and manoeuvring opposite to the
direction called for by the displayed RA.
(3) Alternatively, exposure to these scenarios can be conducted by means of an interactive CBT with
an ACAS display and controls similar in appearance and operation to those in the aircraft the pilot
will fy. This interactive CBT should depict scenarios in which real-time responses should be made
and a record made of whether or not each response was correct.
(j) ACAS recurrent training
(1) ACAS recurrent training ensures that fight crew members maintain the appropriate ACAS knowl-
edge and skills. ACAS recurrent training should be integrated into and/or conducted in conjunc-
tion with other established recurrent training programmes. An essential item of recurrent training
is the discussion of any signifcant issues and operational concerns that have been identifed by
the operator. Recurrent training should also address changes to ACAS logic, parameters or proce-
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dures and to any unique ACAS characteristics which fight crew members should be made aware
of.
(2) It is recommended that the operators recurrent training programmes using full fight simulators
include encounters with conficting traf c when these simulators are equipped with ACAS. The full
range of likely scenarios may be spread over a 2-year period. If a full fight simulator, as described
above, is not available, use should be made of interactive CBT that is capable of presenting sce-
narios to which pilot responses should be made in real-time.
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CAT.OP.MPA.300 Approach and landing conditions
Before commencing an approach to land, the commander shall be satisfed that, according to the information
available to him/her, the weather at the aerodrome and the condition of the runway or FATO intended to be
used should not prevent a safe approach, landing or missed approach, having regard to the performance infor-
mation contained in the operations manual.
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AMC1CAT.OP.MPA.300 Approach and landing conditions
IN-FLIGHT DETERMINATION OF THE LANDING DISTANCE
The in-fight determination of the landing distance should be based on the latest available meteorological or
runway state report, preferably not more than 30minutes before the expected landing time.
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CAT.OP.MPA.305 Commencement and continuation of approach
(a) The commander or the pilot to whom conduct of the fight has been delegated may commence an instru-
ment approach regardless of the reported RVR/VIS.
(b) If the reported RVR/VIS is less than the applicable minimum the approach shall not be continued:
(1) below 1000ft above the aerodrome; or
(2) into the fnal approach segment in the case where the DA/H or MDA/H is more than 1000ft above
the aerodrome.
(c) Where the RVR is not available, RVR values may be derived by converting the reported visibility.
(d) If, after passing 1000ft above the aerodrome, the reported RVR/VIS falls below the applicable minimum,
the approach may be continued to DA/H or MDA/H.
(e) The approach may be continued below DA/H or MDA/H and the landing may be completed provided
that the visual reference adequate for the type of approach operation and for the intended runway is
established at the DA/H or MDA/H and is maintained.
(f) The touchdown zone RVR shall always be controlling. If reported and relevant, the midpoint and stopend
RVR shall also be controlling. The minimum RVR value for the midpoint shall be 125m or the RVR required
for the touchdown zone if less, and 75m for the stopend. For aircraft equipped with a rollout guidance or
control system, the minimum RVR value for the midpoint shall be 75m.
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AMC1CAT.OP.MPA.305(e) Commencement and continuation of approach
VISUAL REFERENCES FOR INSTRUMENT APPROACH OPERATIONS
(a) NPA, APV and CAT I operations
At DH or MDH, at least one of the visual references specifed below should be distinctly visible and iden-
tifable to the pilot:
(1) elements of the approach lighting system;
(2) the threshold;
(3) the threshold markings;
(4) the threshold lights;
(5) the threshold identifcation lights;
(6) the visual glide slope indicator;
(7) the touchdown zone or touchdown zone markings;
(8) the touchdown zone lights;
(9) FATO/runway edge lights; or
(10) other visual references specifed in the operations manual.
(b) Lower than standard category I (LTS CAT I) operations
At DH, the visual references specifed below should be distinctly visible and identifable to the pilot:
(1) a segment of at least three consecutive lights, being the centreline of the approach lights, or touch-
down zone lights, or runway centreline lights, or runway edge lights, or a combination of these;
(2) this visual reference should include a lateral element of the ground pattern, such as an approach
light crossbar or the landing threshold or a barrette of the touchdown zone light unless the opera-
tion is conducted utilising an approved HUDLS usable to at least 150ft.
(c) CAT II or OTS CAT II operations
At DH, the visual references specifed below should be distinctly visible and identifable to the pilot:
(1) a segment of at least three consecutive lights being the centreline of the approach lights, or touch-
down zone lights, or runway centreline lights, or runway edge lights, or a combination of these;
(2) this visual reference should include a lateral element of the ground pattern, such as an approach
light crossbar or the landing threshold or a barrette of the touchdown zone light unless the opera-
tion is conducted utilising an approved HUDLS to touchdown.
(d) CAT III operations
(1) For CAT IIIA operations and for CAT IIIB operations conducted either with fail-passive fight control
systems or with the use of an approved HUDLS: at DH, a segment of at least three consecutive
lights being the centreline of the approach lights, or touchdown zone lights, or runway centreline
lights, or runway edge lights, or a combination of these is attained and can be maintained by the
pilot.
(2) For CAT IIIB operations conducted either with fail-operational fight control systems or with a fail-
operational hybrid landing system using a DH: at DH, at least one centreline light is attained and
can be maintained by the pilot.
(3) For CAT IIIB operations with no DH there is no specifcation for visual reference with the runway
prior to touchdown.
(e) Approach operations utilising EVS CAT I operations
(1) At DH, the following visual references should be displayed and identifable to the pilot on the EVS
image:
(i) elements of the approach light; or
(ii) the runway threshold, identifed by at least one of the following:
(A) the beginning of the runway landing surface,
(B) the threshold lights, the threshold identifcation lights; or
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(C) the touchdown zone, identifed by at least one of the following: the runway touch-
down zone landing surface, the touchdown zone lights, the touchdown zone mark-
ings or the runway lights.
(2) At 100 ft above runway threshold elevation at least one of the visual references specifed below
should be distinctly visible and identifable to the pilot without reliance on the EVS:
(i) the lights or markings of the threshold; or
(ii) the lights or markings of the touchdown zone.
(f) Approach operations utilising EVS APV and NPA operations fown with the CDFA technique
(1) At DH/MDH, visual references should be displayed and identifable to the pilot on the EVS image as
specifed under (a).
(2) At 200ft above runway threshold elevation, at least one of the visual references specifed under (a)
should be distinctly visible and identifable to the pilot without reliance on the EVS.
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GM1CAT.OP.MPA.305(f) Commencement and continuation of approach
EXPLANATION OF THE TERM RELEVANT
Relevant in this context means that part of the runway used during the high-speed phase of the landing down
to a speed of approximately 60kt.
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CAT.OP.MPA.310 Operating procedures threshold crossing height
aeroplanes
The operator shall establish operational procedures designed to ensure that an aeroplane conducting precision
approaches crosses the threshold of the runway by a safe margin, with the aeroplane in the landing confgura-
tion and attitude.
CAT.OP.MPA.315 Flight hours reporting helicopters
The operator shall make available to the competent authority the hours fown for each helicopter operated dur-
ing the previous calendar year.
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GM1CAT.OP.MPA.315 Flight hours reporting helicopters
FLIGHT HOURS REPORTING
(a) The requirement in CAT.OP.MPA.315may be achieved by making available either:
(1) the fight hours fown by each helicopter identifed by its serial number and registration mark
during the previous calendar year; or
(2) the total fight hours of each helicopter identifed by its serial number and registration mark on
the 31st of December of the previous calendar year.
(b) Where possible, the operator should have available, for each helicopter, the breakdown of hours for com-
mercial air transport operations. If the exact hours for the functional activity cannot be established, the
estimated proportion will be suf cient.
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CAT.O P.MPA.320 Aircraft categories
(a) Aircraft categories shall be based on the indicated airspeed at threshold (VAT) which is equal to the stall-
ing speed (VSO) multiplied by 1.3or one-g (gravity) stall speed (VS1g) multiplied by 1.23in the landing
confguration at the maximum certifed landing mass. If both VSO and VS1g are available, the higher
resulting VAT shall be used.
(b) The aircraft categories specifed in the table below shall be used.
Table 1: Aircraft categories corresponding to VAT values
Aircraft
category
VAT
A Less than 91kt
B From 91to 120kt
C From 121to 140kt
D From 141to 165kt
E From 166to 210kt
(c) The landing confguration that is to be taken into consideration shall be specifed in the operations man-
ual.
(d) The operator may apply a lower landing mass for determining the VAT if approved by the competent
authority. Such a lower landing mass shall be a permanent value, independent of the changing condi-
tions of day-to-day operations.
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SUBPART C AIRCRAFT PERFORMANCE
ANDOPERATING LIMITATIONS
Section 1 Aeroplanes
Chapter 1 General requirements
CAT.POL.A.100 Performance classes
(a) The aeroplane shall be operated in accordance with the applicable performance class requirements.
(b) Where full compliance with the applicable requirements of this Section cannot be shown due to specifc
design characteristics, the operator shall apply approved performance standards that ensure a level of
safety equivalent to that of the appropriate chapter.
CAT.POL.A.105 General
(a) The mass of the aeroplane:
(1) at the start of the take-of; or
(2) in the event of in-fight replanning, at the point from which the revised operational fight plan
applies,
shall not be greater than the mass at which the requirements of the appropriate chapter can be complied
with for the fight to be undertaken. Allowance may be made for expected reductions in mass as the fight
proceeds and for fuel jettisoning.
(b) The approved performance data contained in the AFM shall be used to determine compliance with the
requirements of the appropriate chapter, supplemented as necessary with other data as prescribed in
the relevant chapter. The operator shall specify other data in the operations manual. When applying the
factors prescribed in the appropriate chapter, account may be taken of any operational factors already
incorporated in the AFM performance data to avoid double application of factors.
(c) Due account shall be taken of aeroplane confguration, environmental conditions and the operation of
systems that have an adverse efect on performance.
(d) For performance purposes, a damp runway, other than a grass runway, may be considered to be dry.
(e) The operator shall take account of charting accuracy when assessing the take-of requirements of the
applicable chapters.
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Chapter 2 Performance class A
CAT.POL.A.200 General
(a) The approved performance data in the AFM shall be supplemented as necessary with other data if the
approved performance data in the AFM is insuf cient in respect of items such as:
(1) accounting for reasonably expected adverse operating conditions such as
take-of and landing on contaminated runways; and
(2) consideration of engine failure in all fight phases.
(b) For wet and contaminated runways, performance data determined in accordance with applicable stand-
ards on certifcation of large aeroplanes or equivalent shall be used.
(c) The use of other data referred to in (a) and equivalent requirements referred to in (b) shall be specifed in
the operations manual.
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AMC1CAT.POL.A.200 General
WET AND CONTAMINATED RUNWAY DATA
If the performance data have been determined on the basis of a measured runway friction coef cient, the oper-
ator should use a procedure correlating the measured runway friction coef cient and the efective braking coef-
fcient of friction of the aeroplane type over the required speed range for the existing runway conditions.
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CAT.POL.A.205 Take-of
(a) The take-of mass shall not exceed the maximum take-of mass specifed in the AFM for the pressure alti-
tude and the ambient temperature at the aerodrome of departure.
(b) The following requirements shall be met when determining the maximum permitted take-of mass:
(1) the accelerate-stop distance shall not exceed the accelerate-stop distance available (ASDA);
(2) the take-of distance shall not exceed the take-of distance available, with a clearway distance not
exceeding half of the take-of run available (TORA);
(3) the take-of run shall not exceed the TORA;
(4) a single value of V1shall be used for the rejected and continued take-of; and
(5) on a wet or contaminated runway, the take-of mass shall not exceed that permitted for a take-of
on a dry runway under the same conditions.
(c) When showing compliance with (b), the following shall be taken into account:
(1) the pressure altitude at the aerodrome;
(2) the ambient temperature at the aerodrome;
(3) the runway surface condition and the type of runway surface;
(4) the runway slope in the direction of take-of;
(5) not more than 50% of the reported headwind component or not less than 150% of the reported
tailwind component; and
(6) the loss, if any, of runway length due to alignment of the aeroplane prior to take-of.
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AMC1CAT.POL.A.205 Take-of
LOSS OF RUNWAY LENGTH DUE TO ALIGNMENT
(a) The length of the runway that is declared for the calculation of take-of distance available (TODA), accel-
erate-stop distance available (ASDA) and take-of run available (TORA) does not account for line-up of
the aeroplane in the direction of take-of on the runway in use. This alignment distance depends on the
aeroplane geometry and access possibility to the runway in use. Accountability is usually required for a
90 taxiway entry to the runway and 180 turnaround on the runway. There are two distances to be con-
sidered:
(1) the minimum distance of the main wheels from the start of the runway for determining TODA and
TORA,L; and
(2) the minimum distance of the most forward wheel(s) from the start of the runway for determining
ASDA,N.
Figure 1: Line-up of the aeroplane in the direction of take-of L and N
Where the aeroplane manufacturer does not provide the appropriate data, the calculation method given
in (b) should be used to determine the alignment distance.
(b) Alignment distance calculation
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The distances mentioned in (a)(1) and (a)(2) are:
90 entry 180 turnaround
L= RM + X RN + Y
N= RM + X + WB RN + Y + WB
where:
RN = A + WN = WB/cos(90-) + WN
RM = B + WM = WB tan(90-) + WM
X = safety distance of outer main wheel during turn to the edge of the runway
Y = safety distance of outer nose wheel during turn to the edge of the runway
Note: Minimum edge safety distances for X and Y are specifed in FAA AC 150/5300-13and ICAO Annex 14, 3.8.3
RN = radius of turn of outer nose wheel
RM = radius of turn of outer main wheel
WN = distance from aeroplane centre-line to outer nose wheel
WM = distance from aeroplane centre-line to outer main wheel
WB = wheel base
= steering angle.
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GM1CAT.POL.A.205 Take-of
RUNWAY SURFACE CONDITION
(a) Operation on runways contaminated with water, slush, snow or ice implies uncertainties with regard to
runway friction and contaminant drag and therefore to the achievable performance and control of the
aeroplane during take-of, since the actual conditions may not completely match the assumptions on
which the performance information is based. In the case of a contaminated runway, the frst option for
the commander is to wait until the runway is cleared. If this is impracticable, he/she may consider a take-
of, provided that he/she has applied the applicable performance adjustments, and any further safety
measures he/she considers justifed under the prevailing conditions.
(b) An adequate overall level of safety will only be maintained if operations in accordance with AMC
25.1591or equivalent are limited to rare occasions. Where the frequency of such operations on contami-
nated runways is not limited to rare occasions, the operator should provide additional measures ensur-
ing an equivalent level of safety. Such measures could include special crew training, additional distance
factoring and more restrictive wind limitations.
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CAT.POL.A.210 Take-of obstacle clearance
(a) The net take-of fight path shall be determined in such a way that the aeroplane clears all obstacles by a
vertical distance of at least 35ft or by a horizontal distance of at least 90m plus 0.125 D, where D is the
horizontal distance the aeroplane has travelled from the end of the take-of distance available (TODA) or
the end of the take-of distance if a turn is scheduled before the end of the TODA. For aeroplanes with
a wingspan of less than 60m, a horizontal obstacle clearance of half the aeroplane wingspan plus 60m,
plus 0.125 D may be used.
(b) When showing compliance with (a):
(1) The following items shall be taken into account:
(i) the mass of the aeroplane at the commencement of the take-of run;
(ii) the pressure altitude at the aerodrome;
(iii) the ambient temperature at the aerodrome; and
(iv) not more than 50% of the reported headwind component or not less than 150% of the
reported tailwind component.
(2) Track changes shall not be allowed up to the point at which the net take-of fight path has achieved
a height equal to one half the wingspan but not less than 50ft above the elevation of the end of
the TORA. Thereafter, up to a height of 400ft it is assumed that the aeroplane is banked by no more
than 15. Above 400ft height bank angles greater than 15, but not more than 25 may be sched-
uled.
(3) Any part of the net take-of fight path in which the aeroplane is banked by more than 15 shall
clear all obstacles within the horizontal distances specifed in (a), (b)(6) and (b)(7) by a vertical dis-
tance of at least 50ft.
(4) Operations that apply increased bank angles of not more than 20 between 200ft and 400ft, or not
more than 30 above 400ft, shall be carried out in accordance with CAT.POL.A.240.
(5) Adequate allowance shall be made for the efect of bank angle on operating speeds and fight path
including the distance increments resulting from increased operating speeds.
(6) For cases where the intended fight path does not require track changes of more than 15, the
operator does not need to consider those obstacles that have a lateral distance greater than:
(i) 300m, if the pilot is able to maintain the required navigational accuracy through the obsta-
cle accountability area; or
(ii) 600m, for fights under all other conditions.
(7) For cases where the intended fight path requires track changes of more than 15, the operator
does not need to consider those obstacles that have a lateral distance greater than:
(i) 600m, if the pilot is able to maintain the required navigational accuracy through the obsta-
cle accountability area; or
(ii) 900m, for fights under all other conditions.
(c) The operator shall establish contingency procedures to satisfy the requirements in (a) and (b) and to
provide a safe route, avoiding obstacles, to enable the aeroplane to either comply with the en-route
requirements of CAT.POL.A.215, or land at either the aerodrome of departure or at a take-of alternate
aerodrome.
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AMC1CAT.POL.A.210 Take-of obstacle clearance
TAKE-OFF OBSTACLE CLEARANCE
(a) In accordance with the defnitions used in preparing the take-of distance and take-of fight path data
provided in the AFM:
(1) The net take-of fight path is considered to begin at a height of 35ft above the runway or clearway
at the end of the take-of distance determined for the aeroplane in accordance with (b) below.
(2) The take-of distance is the longest of the following distances:
(i) 115% of the distance with all engines operating from the start of the take-of to the point at
which the aeroplane is 35ft above the runway or clearway;
(ii) the distance from the start of the take-of to the point at which the aeroplane is 35ft above
the runway or clearway assuming failure of the critical engine occurs at the point corre-
sponding to the decision speed (V1) for a dry runway; or
(iii) if the runway is wet or contaminated, the distance from the start of the take-of to the point
at which the aeroplane is 15ft above the runway or clearway assuming failure of the critical
engine occurs at the point corresponding to the decision speed (V1) for a wet or contami-
nated runway.
(b) The net take-of fight path, determined from the data provided in the AFM in accordance with (a)(1) and
(a)(2), should clear all relevant obstacles by a vertical distance of 35ft. When taking of on a wet or con-
taminated runway and an engine failure occurs at the point corresponding to the decision speed (V1) for
a wet or contaminated runway, this implies that the aeroplane can initially be as much as 20ft below the
net take-of fight path in accordance with (a) and, therefore, may clear close-in obstacles by only 15ft.
When taking of on wet or contaminated runways, the operator should exercise special care with respect
to obstacle assessment, especially if a take-of is obstacle-limited and the obstacle density is high.
AMC2CAT.POL.A.210 Take-of obstacle clearance
EFFECT OF BANK ANGLES
(a) The AFM generally provides a climb gradient decrement for a 15 bank turn. For bank angles of less than
15, a proportionate amount should be applied, unless the manufacturer or AFM has provided other data.
(b) Unless otherwise specifed in the AFM or other performance or operating manuals from the manufac-
turer, acceptable adjustments to assure adequate stall margins and gradient corrections are provided by
the following table:
Table 1: Efect of bank angles
Bank Speed Gradient correction
15 V
2
1x AFM 15 gradient loss
20 V
2
+ 5kt 2x AFM 15 gradient loss
25 V
2
+ 10kt 3x AFM 15 gradient loss
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AMC3CAT.POL.A.210 Take-of obstacle clearance
REQUIRED NAVIGATIONAL ACCURACY
(a) Navigation systems
The obstacle accountability semi-widths of 300m and 600m may be used if the navigation system under
OEI conditions provides a two standard deviation accuracy of 150m and 300m respectively.
(b) Visual course guidance
(1) The obstacle accountability semi-widths of 300 m and 600 m may be used where navigational
accuracy is ensured at all relevant points on the fight path by use of external references. These
references may be considered visible from the fight crew compartment if they are situated more
than 45 either side of the intended track and with a depression of not greater than 20 from the
horizontal.
(2) For visual course guidance navigation, the operator should ensure that the weather conditions
prevailing at the time of operation, including ceiling and visibility, are such that the obstacle and/
or ground reference points can be seen and identifed. The operations manual should specify, for
the aerodrome(s) concerned, the minimum weather conditions which enable the fight crew to
continuously determine and maintain the correct fight path with respect to ground reference
points, so as to provide a safe clearance with respect to obstructions and terrain as follows:
(i) the procedure should be well defned with respect to ground reference points so that the
track to be fown can be analysed for obstacle clearance requirements;
(ii) the procedure should be within the capabilities of the aeroplane with respect to forward
speed, bank angle and wind efects;
(iii) a written and/or pictorial description of the procedure should be provided for crew use; and
(iv) the limiting environmental conditions (such as wind, the lowest cloud base, ceiling, visibil-
ity, day/night, ambient lighting, obstruction lighting) should be specifed.
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GM1CAT.POL.A.210 Take-of obstacle clearance
CONTINGENCY PROCEDURES FOR OBSTACLES CLEARANCES
If compliance with CAT.POL.A.210is based on an engine failure route that difers from the all engine departure
route or SID normal departure, a deviation point can be identifed where the engine failure route deviates from
the normal departure route. Adequate obstacle clearance along the normal departure route with failure of the
critical engine at the deviation point will normally be available. However, in certain situations the obstacle clear-
ance along the normal departure route may be marginal and should be checked to ensure that, in case of an
engine failure after the deviation point, a fight can safely proceed along the normal departure route.
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CAT.POL.A.215 En-route one-engine-inoperative (OEI)
(a) The OEI en-route net fight path data shown in the AFM, appropriate to the meteorological conditions
expected for the fight, shall allow demonstration of compliance with (b) or (c) at all points along the
route. The net fight path shall have a positive gradient at 1500ft above the aerodrome where the land-
ing is assumed to be made after engine failure. In meteorological conditions requiring the operation of
ice protection systems, the efect of their use on the net fight path shall be taken into account.
(b) The gradient of the net fight path shall be positive at least 1 000 ft above all terrain and obstructions
along the route within 9.3km (5NM) on either side of the intended track.
(c) The net fight path shall permit the aeroplane to continue fight from the cruising altitude to an aero-
drome where a landing can be made in accordance with CAT.POL.A.225or CAT.POL.A.230, as appropri-
ate. The net fight path shall clear vertically, by at least 2000ft, all terrain and obstructions along the route
within 9.3km (5NM) on either side of the intended track in accordance with the following:
(1) the engine is assumed to fail at the most critical point along the route;
(2) account is taken of the efects of winds on the fight path;
(3) fuel jettisoning is permitted to an extent consistent with reaching the aerodrome with the required
fuel reserves, if a safe procedure is used; and
(4) the aerodrome where the aeroplane is assumed to land after engine failure shall meet the follow-
ing criteria:
(i) the performance requirements at the expected landing mass are met; and
(ii) weather reports and/or forecasts and feld condition reports indicate that a safe landing can
be accomplished at the estimated time of landing.
(d) The operator shall increase the width margins of (b) and (c) to 18.5km (10NM) if the navigational accu-
racy does not meet at least required navigation performance 5(RNP5).
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AMC1CAT.POL.A.215 En-route one-engine-inoperative (OEI)
ROUTE ANALYSIS
(a) The high terrain or obstacle analysis required should be carried out by a detailed analysis of the route.
(b) A detailed analysis of the route should be made using contour maps of the high terrain and plotting
the highest points within the prescribed corridors width along the route. The next step is to determine
whether it is possible to maintain level fight with OEI 1000ft above the highest point of the crossing. If
this is not possible, or if the associated weight penalties are unacceptable, a driftdown procedure should
be worked out, based on engine failure at the most critical point and clearing critical obstacles during the
driftdown by at least 2000ft. The minimum cruise altitude is determined by the intersection of the two
driftdown paths, taking into account allowances for decision making (see Figure 1). This method is time-
consuming and requires the availability of detailed terrain maps.
(c) Alternatively, the published minimum fight altitudes (MEA or minimum of-route altitude (MORA))
should be used for determining whether OEI level fight is feasible at the minimum fight altitude, or if it is
necessary to use the published minimum fight altitudes as the basis for the driftdown construction (see
Figure 1). This procedure avoids a detailed high terrain contour analysis, but could be more penalising
than taking the actual terrain profle into account as in (b).
(d) In order to comply with CAT.POL.A.215(c), one means of compliance is the use of MORA and, with CAT.
POL.A.215(d), MEA provided that the aeroplane meets the navigational equipment standard assumed in
the defnition of MEA.
Figure 1: Intersection of the two driftdown paths
Note: MEA or MORA normally provide the required 2000ft obstacle clearance for driftdown. However, at and
below 6000ft altitude, MEA and MORA cannot be used directly as only 1000ft clearance is ensured.
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CAT.POL.A.220 En-route aeroplanes with three or more engines,
twoengines inoperative
(a) At no point along the intended track shall an aeroplane having three or more engines be more than
90minutes, at the all-engines long range cruising speed at standard temperature in still air, away from
an aerodrome at which the performance requirements applicable at the expected landing mass are met,
unless it complies with (b) to (f).
(b) The two-engines-inoperative en-route net fight path data shall allow the aeroplane to continue the
fight, in the expected meteorological conditions, from the point where two engines are assumed to fail
simultaneously to an aerodrome at which it is possible to land and come to a complete stop when using
the prescribed procedure for a landing with two engines inoperative. The net fight path shall clear verti-
cally, by at least 2000ft, all terrain and obstructions along the route within 9.3km (5NM) on either side
of the intended track. At altitudes and in meteorological conditions requiring ice protection systems to
be operable, the efect of their use on the net fight path data shall be taken into account. If the naviga-
tional accuracy does not meet at least RNP5, the operator shall increase the width margin given above to
18.5km (10NM).
(c) The two engines shall be assumed to fail at the most critical point of that portion of the route where the
aeroplane is more than 90minutes, at the all-engines long range cruising speed at standard temperature
in still air, away from an aerodrome at which the performance requirements applicable at the expected
landing mass are met.
(d) The net fight path shall have a positive gradient at 1500ft above the aerodrome where the landing is
assumed to be made after the failure of two engines.
(e) Fuel jettisoning shall be permitted to an extent consistent with reaching the aerodrome with the required
fuel reserves, if a safe procedure is used.
(f) The expected mass of the aeroplane at the point where the two engines are assumed to fail shall not
be less than that which would include suf cient fuel to proceed to an aerodrome where the landing is
assumed to be made, and to arrive there at least 1500ft directly over the landing area and thereafter to
fy level for 15minutes.
CAT.POL.A.225 Landing destination and alternate aerodromes
(a) The landing mass of the aeroplane determined in accordance with CAT.POL.A.105 (a) shall not exceed
the maximum landing mass specifed for the altitude and the ambient temperature expected for the
estimated time of landing at the destination aerodrome and alternate aerodrome.
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AMC1CAT.POL.A.225 Landing destination and alternate aerodromes
ALTITUDE MEASURING
The operator should use either pressure altitude or geometric altitude for its operation and this should be
refected in the operations manual.
AMC2CAT.POL.A.225 Landing destination and alternate aerodromes
MISSED APPROACH
(a) For instrument approaches with a missed approach climb gradient greater than 2.5 %, the operator
should verify that the expected landing mass of the aeroplane allows for a missed approach with a climb
gradient equal to or greater than the applicable missed approach gradient in the OEI missed approach
confguration and at the associated speed.
(b) For instrument approaches with DH below 200ft, the operator should verify that the expected landing
mass of the aeroplane allows a missed approach gradient of climb, with the critical engine failed and
with the speed and confguration used for a missed approach of at least 2.5%, or the published gradient,
whichever is greater.
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GM1CAT.POL.A.225 Landing destination and alternate aerodromes
MISSED APPROACH GRADIENT
(a) Where an aeroplane cannot achieve the missed approach gradient specifed in AMC2 CAT.POL.A.225,
when operating at or near maximum certifcated landing mass and in engine-out conditions, the opera-
tor has the opportunity to propose an alternative means of compliance to the competent authority dem-
onstrating that a missed approach can be executed safely taking into account appropriate mitigating
measures.
(b) The proposal for an alternative means of compliance may involve the following:
(1) considerations to mass, altitude and temperature limitations and wind for the missed approach;
(2) a proposal to increase the DA/H or MDA/H; and
(3) a contingency procedure ensuring a safe route and avoiding obstacles.
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CAT.POL.A.230 Landing dry runways
(a) The landing mass of the aeroplane determined in accordance with CAT.POL.A.105(a) for the estimated
time of landing at the destination aerodrome and at any alternate aerodrome shall allow a full stop land-
ing from 50ft above the threshold:
(1) for turbo-jet powered aeroplanes, within 60% of the landing distance available (LDA); and
(2) for turbo-propeller powered aeroplanes, within 70% of the LDA.
(b) For steep approach operations, the operator shall use the landing distance data factored in accordance
with (a), based on a screen height of less than 60ft, but not less than 35ft, and shall comply with CAT.
POL.A.245.
(c) For short landing operations, the operator shall use the landing distance data factored in accordance
with (a) and shall comply with CAT.POL.A.250.
(d) When determining the landing mass, the operator shall take the following into account:
(1) the altitude at the aerodrome;
(2) not more than 50% of the headwind component or not less than 150% of the tailwind component;
and
(3) the runway slope in the direction of landing if greater than 2%.
(e) For dispatching the aeroplane it shall be assumed that:
(1) the aeroplane will land on the most favourable runway, in still air; and
(2) the aeroplane will land on the runway most likely to be assigned, considering the probable wind
speed and direction, the ground handling characteristics of the aeroplane and other conditions
such as landing aids and terrain.
(f) If the operator is unable to comply with (e)(1) for a destination aerodrome having a single runway where
a landing depends upon a specifed wind component, the aeroplane may be dispatched if two alternate
aerodromes are designated that permit full compliance with (a) to (e). Before commencing an approach
to land at the destination aerodrome, the commander shall check that a landing can be made in full com-
pliance with (a) to(d) and CAT.POL.A.225.
(g) If the operator is unable to comply with (e)(2) for the destination aerodrome, the aeroplane shall be only
dispatched if an alternate aerodrome is designated that allows full compliance with (a) to (e).
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AMC1CAT.POL.A.230 Landing dry runways
FACTORING OF AUTOMATIC LANDING DISTANCE PERFORMANCE DATA
In those cases where the landing requires the use of an automatic landing system, and the distance published
in the AFM includes safety margins equivalent to those contained in CAT.POL.A.230(a)(1) and CAT.POL.A.235,
the landing mass of the aeroplane should be the lesser of:
(a) the landing mass determined in accordance with CAT.POL.A.230(a)(1) or CAT.POL.A.235as appropriate;
or
(b) the landing mass determined for the automatic landing distance for the appropriate surface condition,
as given in the AFM or equivalent document. Increments due to system features such as beam location or
elevations, or procedures such as use of overspeed, should also be included.
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GM1CAT.POL.A.230 Landing dry runways
LANDING MASS
CAT.POL.A.230 establishes two considerations in determining the maximum permissible landing mass at the
destination and alternate aerodromes:
(a) Firstly, the aeroplane mass will be such that on arrival the aeroplane can be landed within 60% or 70% (as
applicable) of the landing distance available (LDA) on the most favourable (normally the longest) runway
in still air. Regardless of the wind conditions, the maximum landing mass for an aerodrome/aeroplane
confguration at a particular aerodrome cannot be exceeded.
(b) Secondly, consideration should be given to anticipated conditions and circumstances. The expected
wind, or ATC and noise abatement procedures, may indicate the use of a diferent runway. These factors
may result in a lower landing mass than that permitted under (a), in which case dispatch should be based
on this lesser mass.
(c) The expected wind referred to in (b) is the wind expected to exist at the time of arrival.
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CAT.POL.A.235 Landing wet and contaminated runways
(a) When the appropriate weather reports and/or forecasts indicate that the runway at the estimated time of
arrival may be wet, the LDA shall be at least 115% of the required landing distance, determined in accord-
ance with CAT.POL.A.230.
(b) When the appropriate weather reports and/or forecasts indicate that the runway at the estimated time
of arrival may be contaminated, the LDA shall be at least the landing distance determined in accordance
with (a), or at least 115% of the landing distance determined in accordance with approved contaminated
landing distance data or equivalent, whichever is greater. The operator shall specify in the operations
manual if equivalent landing distance data are to be applied.
(c) A landing distance on a wet runway shorter than that required by (a), but not less than that required by
CAT.POL.A.230 (a), may be used if the AFM includes specifc additional information about landing dis-
tances on wet runways.
(d) A landing distance on a specially prepared contaminated runway shorter than that required by (b), but
not less than that required by CAT.POL.A.230 (a), may be used if the AFM includes specifc additional
information about landing distances on contaminated runways.
(e) For (b), (c) and (d), the criteria of CAT.POL.A.230shall be applied accordingly, except that CAT.POL.A.230(a)
shall not be applied to (b) above.
CAT.POL.A.240 Approval of operations with increased bank angles
(a) Operations with increased bank angles require prior approval by the competent authority.
(b) To obtain the approval, the operator shall provide evidence that the following conditions are met:
(1) the AFM contains approved data for the required increase of operating speed and data to allow the
construction of the fight path considering the increased bank angles and speeds;
(2) visual guidance is available for navigation accuracy;
(3) weather minima and wind limitations are specifed for each runway; and
(4) the fight crew has obtained adequate knowledge of the route to be fown and of the procedures
to be used in accordance with ORO.OPS.FC.
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CAT.POL.A.245 Approval of steep approach operations
(a) Steep approach operations using glideslope angles of 4.5 or more and with screen heights of less than
60ft, but not less than 35ft, require prior approval by the competent authority.
(b) To obtain the approval, the operator shall provide evidence that the following conditions are met:
(1) the AFM states the maximum approved glideslope angle, any other limitations, normal, abnormal
or emergency procedures for the steep approach as well as amendments to the feld length data
when using steep approach criteria;
(2) for each aerodrome at which steep approach operations are to be conducted:
(i) a suitable glide path reference system comprising at least a visual glide path indicating sys-
tem shall be available;
(ii) weather minima shall be specifed; and
(iii) the following items shall be taken into consideration:
(A) the obstacle situation;
(B) the type of glide path reference and runway guidance;
(C) the minimum visual reference to be required at decision height (DH) and MDA;
(D) available airborne equipment;
(E) pilot qualifcation and special aerodrome familiarisation;
(F) AFM limitations and procedures; and
(G) missed approach criteria.
CAT.POL.A.250 Approval of short landing operations
(a) Short landing operations require prior approval by the competent authority.
(b) To obtain the approval, the operator shall provide evidence that the following conditions are met:
(1) the distance used for the calculation of the permitted landing mass may consist of the usable length of the
declared safe area plus the declared LDA;
(2) the State of the aerodrome has determined a public interest and operational necessity for the operation,
either due to the remoteness of the aerodrome or to physical limitations relating to extending the runway;
(3) the vertical distance between the path of the pilots eye and the path of the lowest part of the wheels, with
the aeroplane established on the normal glide path, does not exceed 3m;
(4) RVR/VIS minimum shall not be less than 1500m and wind limitations are specifed in the operations manual;
(5) minimum pilot experience, training and special aerodrome familiarisation requirements are specifed and
met;
(6) the crossing height over the beginning of the usable length of the declared safe area is 50ft;
(7) the use of the declared safe area is approved by the State of the aerodrome;
(8) the usable length of the declared safe area does not exceed 90m;
(9) the width of the declared safe area is not less than twice the runway width or twice the wing span, whichever
is greater, centred on the extended runway centre line;
(10) the declared safe area is clear of obstructions or depressions that would endanger an aeroplane undershoot-
ing the runway and no mobile object is permitted on the declared safe area while the runway is being used
for short landing operations;
(11) the slope of the declared safe area does not exceed 5% upward nor 2% downward in the direction of landing;
and
(12) additional conditions, if specifed by the competent authority, taking into account aeroplane type character-
istics, orographic characteristics in the approach area, available approach aids and missed approach/balked
landing considerations.
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Chapter 3 Performance class B
CAT.POL.A.300 General
(a) The operator shall not operate a single-engined aeroplane:
(1) at night; or
(2) in IMC except under special VFR.
(b) The operator shall treat two-engined aeroplanes that do not meet the climb requirements of CAT.
POL.A.340as single-engined aeroplanes.
CAT.POL.A.305 Take-of
(a) The take-of mass shall not exceed the maximum take-of mass specifed in the AFM for the pressure alti-
tude and the ambient temperature at the aerodrome of departure.
(b) The unfactored take-of distance, specifed in the AFM, shall not exceed:
(1) when multiplied by a factor of 1.25, the take-of run available (TORA); or
(2) when stop way and/or clearway is available, the following:
(i) the TORA;
(ii) when multiplied by a factor of 1.15, the take-of distance available (TODA); or
(iii) when multiplied by a factor of 1.3, the ASDA.
(c) When showing compliance with (b), the following shall be taken into account:
(1) the mass of the aeroplane at the commencement of the take-of run;
(2) the pressure altitude at the aerodrome;
(3) the ambient temperature at the aerodrome;
(4) the runway surface condition and the type of runway surface;
(5) the runway slope in the direction of take-of; and
(6) not more than 50% of the reported headwind component or not less than 150% of the reported
tailwind component.
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AMC1CAT.POL.A.305 Take-of
RUNWAY SURFACE CONDITION
(a) Unless otherwise specifed in the AFM or other performance or operating manuals from the manufac-
turer, the variables afecting the take-of performance and the associated factors that should be applied
to the AFM data are shown in Table 1below. They should be applied in addition to the operational factors
as prescribed in CAT.POL.A.305.
Table 1: Runway surface condition Variables
Surface type Condition Factor
Grass (on frm soil) Dry 1.2
up to 20cm long Wet 1.3
Paved Wet 1.0
(b) The soil should be considered frm when there are wheel impressions but no rutting.
(c) When taking of on grass with a single-engined aeroplane, care should be taken to assess the rate of
acceleration and consequent distance increase.
(d) When making a rejected take-of on very short grass that is wet and with a frm subsoil, the surface may
be slippery, in which case the distances may increase signifcantly.
AMC2CAT.POL.A.305 Take-of
RUNWAY SLOPE
Unless otherwise specifed in the AFM, or other performance or operating manuals from the manufacturer, the
take-of distance should be increased by 5% for each 1% of upslope except that correction factors for runways
with slopes in excess of 2 % should only be applied when the operator has demonstrated to the competent
authority that the necessary data in the AFM or the operations manual contain the appropriated procedures
and the crew is trained to take-of in runway with slopes in excess of 2%.
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GM1CAT.POL.A.305 Take-of
RUNWAY SURFACE CONDITION
(a) Due to the inherent risks, operations from contaminated runways are inadvisable, and should be avoided
whenever possible. Therefore, it is advisable to delay the take-of until the runway is cleared.
(b) Where this is impracticable, the commander should also consider the excess runway length available
including the criticality of the overrun area.
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CAT.POL.A.310 Take-of obstacle clearance multi-engined aeroplanes
(a) The take-of fight path of aeroplanes with two or more engines shall be determined in such a way that
the aeroplane clears all obstacles by a vertical distance of at least 50ft, or by a horizontal distance of at
least 90m plus 0.125 D, where D is the horizontal distance travelled by the aeroplane from the end of
the TODA or the end of the take-of distance if a turn is scheduled before the end of the TODA, except as
provided in (b) and (c). For aeroplanes with a wingspan of less than 60m, a horizontal obstacle clearance
of half the aeroplane wingspan plus 60m plus 0.125 D may be used. It shall be assumed that:
(1) the take-of fight path begins at a height of 50ft above the surface at the end of the take-of dis-
tance required by CAT.POL.A.305(b) and ends at a height of 1500ft above the surface;
(2) the aeroplane is not banked before the aeroplane has reached a height of 50ft above the surface,
and thereafter the angle of bank does not exceed 15;
(3) failure of the critical engine occurs at the point on the all engine take-of fight path where visual
reference for the purpose of avoiding obstacles is expected to be lost;
(4) the gradient of the take-of fight path from 50ft to the assumed engine failure height is equal to
the average all-engines gradient during climb and transition to the en-route confguration, multi-
plied by a factor of 0.77; and
(5) the gradient of the take-of fight path from the height reached in accordance with (a)(4) to the end
of the take-of fight path is equal to the OEI en-route climb gradient shown in the AFM.
(b) For cases where the intended fight path does not require track changes of more than 15, the operator
does not need to consider those obstacles that have a lateral distance greater than:
(1) 300m, if the fight is conducted under conditions allowing visual course guidance navigation, or
if navigational aids are available enabling the pilot to maintain theintended fight path with the
same accuracy; or
(2) 600m, for fights under all other conditions.
(c) For cases where the intended fight path requires track changes of more than 15, the operator does not
need to consider those obstacles that have a lateral distance greater than:
(1) 600m, for fights under conditions allowing visual course guidance navigation; or
(2) 900m, for fights under all other conditions.
(d) When showing compliance with (a) to (c), the following shall be taken into account:
(1) the mass of the aeroplane at the commencement of the take-of run;
(2) the pressure altitude at the aerodrome;
(3) the ambient temperature at the aerodrome; and
(4) not more than 50% of the reported headwind component or not less than 150% of the reported
tailwind component.
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AMC1CAT.POL.A.310 Take-of obstacle clearance multi-engined
aeroplanes
TAKE-OFF FLIGHT PATH VISUAL COURSE GUIDANCE NAVIGATION
(a) In order to allow visual course guidance navigation, the weather conditions prevailing at the time of
operation, including ceiling and visibility, should be such that the obstacle and/or ground reference
points can be seen and identifed.
(b) The operations manual should specify, for the aerodrome(s) concerned, the minimum weather condi-
tions that enable the fight crew to continuously determine and maintain the correct fight path with
respect to ground reference points, so as to provide a safe clearance with respect to obstructions and
terrain as follows:
(1) the procedure should be well defned with respect to ground reference points so that the track to
be fown can be analysed for obstacle clearance requirements;
(2) the procedure should be within the capabilities of the aeroplane with respect to forward speed,
bank angle and wind efects;
(3) a written and/or pictorial description of the procedure should be provided for crew use; and
(4) the limiting environmental conditions should be specifed (e.g. wind, cloud, visibility, day/night,
ambient lighting, obstruction lighting).
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AMC2CAT.POL.A.310 Take-of obstacle clearance multi-engined
aeroplanes
TAKE-OFF FLIGHT PATH CONSTRUCTION
(a) For demonstrating that the aeroplane clears all obstacles vertically, a fight path should be constructed
consisting of an all-engines segment to the assumed engine failure height, followed by an engine-out
segment. Where the AFM does not contain the appropriate data, the approximation given in (b) may be
used for the all-engines segment for an assumed engine failure height of 200ft, 300ft, or higher.
(b) Flight path construction
(1) All-engines segment (50ft to 300ft)
The average all-engines gradient for the all-engines fight path segment starting at an altitude of
50ft at the end of the take-of distance ending at or passing through the 300ft point is given by
the following formula:
The factor of 0.77as required by CAT.POL.A.310is already included where:
Y
300
= average all-engines gradient from 50ft to 300ft;
Y
ERC
= scheduled all engines en-route gross climb gradient;
V
ERC
= en-route climb speed, all engines knots true airspeed (TAS);
V
2
= take-of speed at 50ft, knots TAS;
(2) All-engines segment (50ft to 200ft)
This may be used as an alternative to (b)(1) where weather minima permit. The average all-engines
gradient for the all-engines fight path segment starting at an altitude of 50 ft at the end of the
take-of distance ending at or passing through the 200ft point is given by the following formula:
The factor of 0.77as required by CAT.POL.A.310is already included where:
Y
200
= average all-engines gradient from 50ft to 200ft;
Y
ERC
= scheduled all engines en-route gross climb gradient;
V
ERC
= en-route climb speed, all engines, knots TAS;
V
2
= take-of speed at 50ft, knots TAS.
(3) All-engines segment (above 300ft)
The all-engines fight path segment continuing from an altitude of 300ft is given by the AFM en-
route gross climb gradient, multiplied by a factor of 0.77.
(4) The OEI fight path
The OEI fight path is given by the OEI gradient chart contained in the AFM.
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GM1CAT.POL.A.310 Take-of obstacle clearance multi-engined
aeroplanes
OBSTACLE CLEARANCE IN LIMITED VISIBILITY
(a) Unlike the airworthiness codes applicable for performance class A aeroplanes, those for performance
class B aeroplanes do not necessarily provide for engine failure in all phases of fight. It is accepted that
performance accountability for engine failure need not be considered until a height of 300ft is reached.
(b) The weather minima given up to and including 300ft imply that if a take-of is undertaken with minima
below 300 ft an OEI fight path should be plotted starting on the all-engines take-of fight path at the
assumed engine failure height. This path should meet the vertical and lateral obstacle clearance specifed
in CAT.POL.A.310. Should engine failure occur below this height, the associated visibility is taken as being
the minimum that would enable the pilot to make, if necessary, a forced landing broadly in the direction
of the take-of. At or below 300ft, a circle and land procedure is extremely inadvisable. The weather min-
ima provisions specify that, if the assumed engine failure height is more than 300ft, the visibility should
be at least 1500m and, to allow for manoeuvring, the same minimum visibility should apply whenever
the obstacle clearance criteria for a continued take-of cannot be met.
GM2CAT.POL.A.310 Take-of obstacle clearance multi-engined
aeroplanes
TAKE-OFF FLIGHT PATH CONSTRUCTION
(a) This GM provides examples to illustrate the method of take-of fight path construction given in AMC2CAT.
POL.A.310. The examples are based on an aeroplane for which the AFM shows, at a given mass, altitude,
temperature and wind component the following performance data:
factored take-of distance 1000m;
take-of speed, V2 90kt;
en-route climb speed, V
ERC
120kt;
en-route all-engines climb gradient, Y
ERC
0.2;
en-route OEI climb gradient, Y
ERC
-1 0.032.
(1) Assumed engine failure height 300ft
The average all-engines gradient from 50ft to 300ft may be read from Figure 1or calculated with
the following formula:
The factor of 0.77as required by CAT.POL.A.310is already included where:
Y
300
= average all-engines gradient from 50ft to 300ft;
Y
ERC
= scheduled all engines en-route gross climb gradient;
V
ERC
= en-route climb speed, all engines knots TAS; and
V
2
= take-of speed at 50ft, knots TAS.
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Figure 1: Assumed engine failure height 300ft
300
400
300
PelghL - fL
200
Maxlmum CbsLacle PelghL
100 30 fL
0 1000 2000 ulsLance (m) -1000
30 fL clearance
Y
300
=
0.57-0.20
1+ 120
2
-90
2
5647
= 0.034
Y
300
=0.034
Y
ERC-1
= 0.032
(2) Assumed engine failure height 200ft
The average all-engines gradient from 50ft to 200ft may be read from Figure 2or calculated with
the following formula:
The factor of 0.77as required by CAT.POL.A.310is already included where:
Y
200
= average all-engines gradient from 50ft to 200ft;
Y
ERC
= scheduled all engines en-route gross gradient;
V
ERC
= en-route climb speed, all engines, knots TAS; and
V
2
= take-of speed at 50ft, knots TAS.
Figure 2: Assumed engine failure height 200ft
400
300
PelghL - fL
200
100 30 fL Maxlmum CbsLacle PelghL
0 1000 2000 ulsLance (m) -1000
30 fL clearance
Y
200
=
0.51-0.20
1+ 120
2
-90
2
3388
= 0.036
Y
200
=0.036
Y
ERC-1
= 0.032
(3) Assumed engine failure height less than 200ft
Construction of a take-of fight path is only possible if the AFM contains the required fight path
data.
(4) Assumed engine failure height more than 300ft.
The construction of a take-of fight path for an assumed engine failure height of 400ft is illustrated
below.
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Figure 3: Assumed engine failure height less than 200ft
300
400
300
PelghL - fL
200
Maxlmum CbsLacle PelghL
100
30 fL
0 1000 2000 ulsLance (m) -1000
30 fL clearance
Y
300
=
0.57-0.20
1+ 120
2
-90
2
5647
= 0.034
Y
300
=0.034
Y
ERC
=0.134
Y
ERC
=0.77*0.200 = 0.134
Y
ERC-1
= 0.032
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CAT.POL.A.315 En-route multi-engined aeroplanes
(a) The aeroplane, in the meteorological conditions expected for the fight and in the event of the failure of
one engine, with the remaining engines operating within the maximum continuous power conditions
specifed, shall be capable of continuing fight at or above the relevant minimum altitudes for safe fight
stated in the operations manual to a point of 1 000 ft above an aerodrome at which the performance
requirements can be met.
(b) It shall be assumed that, at the point of engine failure:
(1) the aeroplane is not fying at an altitude exceeding that at which the rate of climb equals 300ft per
minute with all engines operating within the maximum continuous power conditions specifed;
and
(2) the en-route gradient with OEI shall be the gross gradient of descent or climb, as appropriate,
respectively increased by a gradient of 0.5%, or decreased by a gradient of 0.5%.
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GM1CAT.POL.A.315 En-route multi-engined aeroplanes
CRUISING ALTITUDE
(a) The altitude at which the rate of climb equals 300ft per minute is not a restriction on the maximum cruis-
ing altitude at which the aeroplane can fy in practice, it is merely the maximum altitude from which the
driftdown procedure can be planned to start.
(b) Aeroplanes may be planned to clear en-route obstacles assuming a driftdown procedure, having frst
increased the scheduled en-route OEI descent data by 0.5% gradient.
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CAT.POL.A.320 En-route single-engined aeroplanes
(a) In the meteorological conditions expected for the fight, and in the event of engine failure, the aeroplane
shall be capable of reaching a place at which a safe forced landing can be made.
(b) It shall be assumed that, at the point of engine failure:
(1) the aeroplane is not fying at an altitude exceeding that at which the rate of climb equals 300ft per
minute, with the engine operating within the maximum continuous power conditions specifed;
and
(2) the en-route gradient is the gross gradient of descent increased by a gradient of 0.5%.
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AMC1CAT.POL.A.320 En-route single-engined aeroplanes
ENGINE FAILURE
CAT.POL.A.320(a) requires the operator to ensure that in the event of an engine failure, the aeroplane should
be capable of reaching a point from which a safe forced landing can be made. Unless otherwise specifed by the
competent authority, this point should be 1000ft above the intended landing area.
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GM1CAT.POL.A.320 En-route single-engined aeroplanes
ENGINE FAILURE
(a) In the event of an engine failure, single-engined aeroplanes have to rely on gliding to a point suitable
for a safe forced landing. Such a procedure is clearly incompatible with fight above a cloud layer that
extends below the relevant minimum safe altitude.
(b) The operator should frst increase the scheduled engine-inoperative gliding performance data by 0.5%
gradient when verifying the en-route clearance of obstacles and the ability to reach a suitable place for a
forced landing.
(c) The altitude at which the rate of climb equals 300ft per minute is not a restriction on the maximum cruis-
ing altitude at which the aeroplane can fy in practice, it is merely the maximum altitude from which the
engine-inoperative procedure can be planned to start.
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CAT.POL.A.325 Landing destination and alternate aerodromes
The landing mass of the aeroplane determined in accordance with CAT.POL.A.105(a) shall not exceed the maxi-
mum landing mass specifed for the altitude and the ambient temperature expected at the estimated time of
landing at the destination aerodrome and alternate aerodrome.
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AMC1CAT.POL.A.325 Landing destination and alternate aerodromes
ALTITUDE MEASURING
The operator should use either pressure altitude or geometric altitude for its operation and this should be
refected in the operations manual.
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CAT.POL.A.330 Landing dry runways
(a) The landing mass of the aeroplane determined in accordance with CAT.POL.A.105(a) for the estimated
time of landing at the destination aerodrome and at any alternate aerodrome shall allow a full stop land-
ing from 50ft above the threshold within 70% of the LDA taking into account:
(1) the altitude at the aerodrome;
(2) not more than 50% of the headwind component or not less than 150% of the tailwind component;
(3) the runway surface condition and the type of runway surface; and
(4) the runway slope in the direction of landing.
(b) For steep approach operations, the operator shall use landing distance data factored in accordance with
(a) based on a screen height of less than 60ft, but not less than 35ft, and comply with CAT.POL.A.345.
(c) For short landing operations, the operator shall use landing distance data factored in accordance with (a)
and comply with CAT.POL.A.350.
(d) For dispatching the aeroplane in accordance with (a) to (c), it shall be assumed that:
(1) the aeroplane will land on the most favourable runway, in still air; and
(2) the aeroplane will land on the runway most likely to be assigned considering the probable wind
speed and direction, the ground handling characteristics of the aeroplane and other conditions
such as landing aids and terrain.
(e) If the operator is unable to comply with (d)(2) for the destination aerodrome, the aeroplane shall only be
dispatched if an alternate aerodrome is designated that permits full compliance with (a) to (d).
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AMC1CAT.POL.A.330 Landing dry runways
LANDING DISTANCE CORRECTION FACTORS
(a) Unless otherwise specifed in the AFM, or other performance or operating manuals from the manufactur-
ers, the variable afecting the landing performance and the associated factor that should be applied to
the AFM data is shown in the table below. It should be applied in addition to the operational factors as
prescribed in CAT.POL.A.330(a).
Table 1: Landing distance correction factors
Surface type Factor
Grass (on frm soil up to 20 cm
long)
1.15
(b) The soil should be considered frm when there are wheel impressions but no rutting.
AMC2CAT.POL.A.330 Landing dry runways
RUNWAY SLOPE
Unless otherwise specifed in the AFM, or other performance or operating manuals from the manufacturer, the
landing distances required should be increased by 5% for each 1% of downslope.
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GM1CAT.POL.A.330 Landing dry runways
LANDING MASS
CAT.POL.A.330 establishes two considerations in determining the maximum permissible landing mass at the
destination and alternate aerodromes.
(a) Firstly, the aeroplane mass will be such that on arrival the aeroplane can be landed within 70% of the LDA
on the most favourable (normally the longest) runway in still air. Regardless of the wind conditions, the
maximum landing mass for an aerodrome/aeroplane confguration at a particular aerodrome cannot be
exceeded.
(b) Secondly, consideration should be given to anticipated conditions and circumstances. The expected
wind, or ATC and noise abatement procedures, may indicate the use of a diferent runway. These factors
may result in a lower landing mass than that permitted under (a), in which case dispatch should be based
on this lesser mass.
(c) The expected wind referred to in (b) is the wind expected to exist at the time of arrival.
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CAT.POL.A.335 Landing wet and contaminated runways
(a) When the appropriate weather reports and/or forecasts indicate that the runway at the estimated time
of arrival may be wet, the LDA shall be equal to or exceed the required landing distance, determined in
accordance with CAT.POL.A.330, multiplied by a factor of 1.15.
(b) When the appropriate weather reports and/or forecasts indicate that the runway at the estimated time of
arrival may be contaminated, the landing distance shall not exceed the LDA. The operator shall specify in
the operations manual the landing distance data to be applied.
(c) A landing distance on a wet runway shorter than that required by (a), but not less than that required by
CAT.POL.A.330 (a), may be used if the AFM includes specifc additional information about landing dis-
tances on wet runways.
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GM1CAT.POL.A.335 Landing wet and contaminated runways
LANDING ON WET GRASS RUNWAYS
(a) When landing on very short grass that is wet and with a frm subsoil, the surface may be slippery, in which
case the distances may increase by as much as 60% (1.60factor).
(b) As it may not be possible for a pilot to determine accurately the degree of wetness of the grass, particu-
larly when airborne, in cases of doubt, the use of the wet factor (1.15) is recommended.
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CAT.POL.A.340 Take-of and landing climb requirements
The operator of a two-engined aeroplane shall fulfl the following take-of and landing climb requirements.
(a) Take-of climb
(1) All engines operating
(i) The steady gradient of climb after take-of shall be at least 4% with:
(A) take-of power on each engine;
(B) the landing gear extended, except that if the landing gear can be retracted in not
more than 7seconds, it may be assumed to be retracted;
(C) the wing faps in the take-of position(s); and
(D) a climb speed not less than the greater of 1.1 VMC (minimum control speed on or
near ground) and 1.2VS1(stall speed or minimum steady fight speed in the landing
confguration).
(2) OEI
(i) The steady gradient of climb at an altitude of 400ft above the take-of surface shall be meas-
urably positive with:
(A) the critical engine inoperative and its propeller in the minimum drag position;
(B) the remaining engine at take-of power;
(C) the landing gear retracted;
(D) the wing faps in the take-of position(s); and
(E) a climb speed equal to that achieved at 50ft.
(ii) The steady gradient of climb shall be not less than 0.75% at an altitude of 1500ft above the
take-of surface with:
(A) the critical engine inoperative and its propeller in the minimum drag position;
(B) the remaining engine at not more than maximum continuous power;
(C) the landing gear retracted;
(D) the wing faps retracted; and
(E) a climb speed not less than 1.2VS1.
(b) Landing climb
(1) All engines operating
(i) The steady gradient of climb shall be at least 2.5% with:
(A) not more than the power or thrust that is available 8seconds after initiation of move-
ment of the power controls from the minimum fight idle position;
(B) the landing gear extended;
(C) the wing faps in the landing position; and
(D) a climb speed equal to VREF (reference landing speed).
(2) OEI
(i) The steady gradient of climb shall be not less than 0.75% at an altitude of 1500ft above the
landing surface with:
(A) the critical engine inoperative and its propeller in the minimum drag position;
(B) the remaining engine at not more than maximum continuous power;
(C) the landing gear retracted;
(D) the wing faps retracted; and
(E) a climb speed not less than 1.2VS1.
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CAT.POL.A.345 Approval of steep approach operations
(a) Steep approach operations using glideslope angles of 4.5 or more and with screen heights of less than
60ft, but not less than 35ft, require prior approval by the competent authority.
(b) To obtain the approval, the operator shall provide evidence that the following conditions are met:
(1) the AFM states the maximum approved glideslope angle, any other limitations, normal, abnormal
or emergency procedures for the steep approach as well as amendments to the feld length data
when using steep approach criteria; and
(2) for each aerodrome at which steep approach operations are to be conducted:
(i) a suitable glide path reference system, comprising at least a visual glide path indicating
system, is available;
(ii) weather minima are specifed; and
(iii) the following items are taken into consideration:
(A) the obstacle situation;
(B) the type of glide path reference and runway guidance;
(C) the minimum visual reference to be required at DH and MDA;
(D) available airborne equipment;
(E) pilot qualifcation and special aerodrome familiarisation;
(F) AFM limitations and procedures; and
(G) missed approach criteria.
CAT.POL.A.350 Approval of short landing operations
(a) Short landing operations require prior approval by the competent authority.
(b) To obtain the approval, the operator shall provide evidence that the following conditions are met:
(1) the distance used for the calculation of the permitted landing mass may consist of the usable
length of the declared safe area plus the declared LDA;
(2) the use of the declared safe area is approved by the State of the aerodrome;
(3) the declared safe area is clear of obstructions or depressions that would endanger an aeroplane
undershooting the runway and no mobile object is permitted on the declared safe area while the
runway is being used for short landing operations;
(4) the slope of the declared safe area does not exceed 5% upward nor 2% downward slope in the
direction of landing;
(5) the usable length of the declared safe area does not exceed 90m;
(6) the width of the declared safe area is not less than twice the runway width, centred on the extended
runway centreline;
(7) the crossing height over the beginning of the usable length of the declared safe area is not less
than 50ft;
(8) weather minima are specifed for each runway to be used and are not less than the greater of VFR
or NPA minima;
(9) pilot experience, training and special aerodrome familiarisation requirements are specifed and
met;
(10) additional conditions, if specifed by the competent authority, taking into account the aeroplane
type characteristics, orographic characteristics in the approach area, available approach aids and
missed approach/balked landing considerations.
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Chapter 4 Performance class C
CAT.POL.A.400 Take-of
(a) The take-of mass shall not exceed the maximum take-of mass specifed in the AFM for the pressure alti-
tude and the ambient temperature at the aerodrome of departure.
(b) For aeroplanes that have take-of feld length data contained in their AFM that do not include engine
failure accountability, the distance from the start of the take-of roll required by the aeroplane to reach a
height of 50ft above the surface with all engines operating within the maximum take-of power condi-
tions specifed, when multiplied by a factor of either:
(1) 1.33for aeroplanes having two engines;
(2) 1.25for aeroplanes having three engines; or
(3) 1.18for aeroplanes having four engines,
shall not exceed the take-of run available (TORA) at the aerodrome at which the take-of is to be made.
(c) For aeroplanes that have take-of feld length data contained in their AFM which accounts for engine
failure, the following requirements shall be met in accordance with the specifcations in the AFM:
(1) the accelerate-stop distance shall not exceed the ASDA;
(2) the take-of distance shall not exceed the take-of distance available (TODA), with a clearway dis-
tance not exceeding half of the TORA;
(3) the take-of run shall not exceed the TORA;
(4) a single value of V1for the rejected and continued take-of shall be used; and
(5) on a wet or contaminated runway the take-of mass shall not exceed that permitted for a take-of
on a dry runway under the same conditions.
(d) The following shall be taken into account:
(1) the pressure altitude at the aerodrome;
(2) the ambient temperature at the aerodrome;
(3) the runway surface condition and the type of runway surface;
(4) the runway slope in the direction of take-of;
(5) not more that 50% of the reported headwind component or not less than 150% of the reported
tailwind component; and
(6) the loss, if any, of runway length due to alignment of the aeroplane prior to take-of.
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AMC1CAT.POL.A.400 Take-of
LOSS OF RUNWAY LENGTH DUE TO ALIGNMENT
(a) The length of the runway that is declared for the calculation of TODA, ASDA and TORA does not account
for line-up of the aeroplane in the direction of take-of on the runway in use. This alignment distance
depends on the aeroplane geometry and access possibility to the runway in use. Accountability is usu-
ally required for a 90 taxiway entry to the runway and 180 turnaround on the runway. There are two
distances to be considered:
(1) the minimum distance of the main wheels from the start of the runway for determining TODA and
TORA, L; and
(2) the minimum distance of the most forward wheel(s) from the start of the runway for determining
ASDA, N.
Figure 1: Line-up of the aeroplane in the direction of take-of L and N
Where the aeroplane manufacturer does not provide the appropriate data, the calculation method given
in (b) may be used to determine the alignment distance.
(b) Alignment distance calculation
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The distances mentioned in (a)(1) and (a)(2) above are:
90 entry 180 turnaround
L = RM + X RN + Y
N = RM + X + WB RN + Y + WB
where:
RN = A + WN =
) - cos(90
W
B
a
RM = B + WM = WB tan(90-) + WM
X = safety distance of outer main wheel during turn to the edge of the runway
Y = safety distance of outer nose wheel during turn to the edge of the runway
Note: Minimum edge safety distances for X and Y are specifed in FAA AC 150/5300-13and ICAO Annex 14, 3.8.3
RN = radius of turn of outer nose wheel
RM = radius of turn of outer main wheel
WN = distance from aeroplane centre-line to outer nose wheel
WM = distance from aeroplane centre-line to outer main wheel
WM = wheel base
= steering angle.
AMC2CAT.POL.A.400 Take-of
RUNWAY SLOPE
Unless otherwise specifed in the AFM, or other performance or operating manuals from the manufacturers, the
take-of distance should be increased by 5% for each 1% of upslope. However, correction factors for runways
with slopes in excess of 2% should only be applied when:
(a) the operator has demonstrated to the competent authority that the necessary data in the AFM or the
operations manual contain the appropriated procedures; and
(b) the crew is trained to take-of on runways with slopes in excess of 2%.
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364 | CAT
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AIR OPS and AMC/GM May 2013 Annex IV Part-CAT
365 | CAT
A
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AMC4CAT.IDE.A.190 Flight data recorder
LIST OF PARAMETERS TO BE RECORDED FOR AEROPLANES FIRST ISSUED WITH AN INDIVIDUAL C OF A ON
OR AFTER 1JUNE 1990UP TO AND INCLUDING 31MARCH 1998
(a) The FDR should, with reference to a timescale, record:
(1) the parameters listed in Table 1below; and
(2) the additional parameters listed in Table 2below for those aeroplanes with an MCTOM exceeding
27000kg.
(b) When determined by the Agency, the FDR of aeroplanes having an MCTOM of 27000kg or below does
not need to record parameters 14and 15b of Table 1below if any of the following conditions are met:
(1) the sensor is not readily available;
(2) suf cient capacity is not available in the fight recorder system; or
(3) a change is required in the equipment that generates the data.
(c) When determined by the Agency, the FDR of aeroplanes having an MCTOM exceeding 27000kg does
not need to record parameter 15b of Table 1below, and parameters 23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30and 31of
Table 2below, if any of the following conditions are met:
(1) the sensor is not readily available;
(2) suf cient capacity is not available in the FDR system;
(3) a change is required in the equipment that generates the data; or
(4) for navigational data (NAV frequency selection, DME distance, latitude, longitude, ground speed
and drift) the signals are not available in digital form.
(d) When determined by the Agency, the FDR does not need to record individual parameters that can be
derived by calculation from the other recorded parameters.
(e) The parameters to be recorded should meet, as far as practicable, the performance specifcations (range,
sampling intervals, accuracy limits, and resolution in read-out) defned in Table 1of AMC5CAT.IDE.A.190.
Table 1: Flight data recorder Aeroplanes with an MCTOM of more than 5700kg
No Parameter
1 Time or relative time count
2 Pressure altitude
3 Indicated airspeed or calibrated airspeed
4 Heading
5 Normal acceleration
6 Pitch attitude
7 Roll attitude
8 Manual radio transmission keying unless an alternate means to synchronise FDR and CVR recordings is provided
9 Power on each engine
10 Trailing edge fap or fight crew compartment control selection
11 Leading edge fap or fight crew compartment control selection
12 Thrust reverse position (for turbojet aeroplanes only)
13 Ground spoiler position and/or speed brake selection
14 Outside air temperature or total air temperature
15a
15b
Autopilot engagement status
Autopilot operating modes, autothrottle and AFCS systems engagement status and operating modes.
AIR OPS and AMC/GM May 2013 Annex IV Part-CAT
366 | CAT
A
I
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P
S
C
A
T
.
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.
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Table 2: Flight data recorder Additional parameters for aeroplanes with an MCTOM
of more than 27000kg
No Parameter
16 Longitudinal acceleration
17 Lateral acceleration
18 Primary fight controls control surface position and/or pilot input (pitch, roll and yaw)
19 Pitch trim position
20 Radio altitude
21 Glide path deviation
22 Localiser deviation
23 Marker beacon passage
24 Master warning
25 NAV 1and NAV 2frequency selection
26 DME 1and DME 2distance
27 Landing gear squat switch status
28 Ground proximity warning system (GPWS)
29 Angle of attack
30 Hydraulics, each system (low pressure)
31 Navigation data
32 Landing gear or gear selector position
AIR OPS and AMC/GM May 2013 Annex IV Part-CAT
367 | CAT
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PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS FOR THE PARAMETERS TO BE RECORDED FOR AEROPLANES FIRST ISSUED
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AMC6CAT.IDE.A.190 Flight data recorder
LIST OF PARAMETERS TO BE RECORDED FOR AEROPLANES FIRST ISSUED WITH AN INDIVIDUAL C OF A
BEFORE 1JUNE 1990
(a) The FDR should, with reference to a timescale, record:
(1) the parameters listed in Table 1below;
(2) the additional parameters 6 to 15b of Table 2 below, for aeroplanes with an MCTOM exceeding
5700kg but not exceeding 27000kg and frst issued with an individual CofA on or after 1January
1989, when the following conditions are met:
(i) suf cient capacity is available on a fight recorder system;
(ii) the sensor is readily available; and
(iii) a change is not required in the equipment that generates the data;
(3) the additional parameters from 6 to 15b of Table 2 below, for aeroplanes with a maximum
certifcated take-of mass exceeding 27000kg that are of a type frst type certifed after 30Sep-
tember1969; and
(4) the additional parameters listed in Table 2 below for aeroplanes with an MCTOM exceeding
27000kg and frst issued with an individual CofA on or after 1January 1987, when the following
conditions are met:
(i) suf cient capacity is available on a fight recorder system;
(ii) the sensor is readily available; and
(iii) a change is not required in the equipment that generates the data.
(b) When determined by the Agency, the FDR of aeroplanes with an MCTOM exceeding 27000kg that are of
a type frst type certifed after 30September 1969does not need to record the parameters 13, 14and 15b
in Table 2below, when any of the following conditions are met:
(1) suf cient capacity is not available on a fight recorder system;
(2) the sensor is not readily available; and
(3) a change is required in the equipment that generates the data.
(c) The parameters to be recorded should meet, as far as practicable, the performance specifcations (range,
sampling intervals, accuracy limits, and resolution in read-out) defned in Table 1of AMC5CAT.IDE.A.190).
(d) When so determined by the Agency, the FDR does not need to record individual parameters that can be
derived by calculation from the other recorded parameters.
Table 1: Flight data recorder aeroplanes with an MCTOM exceeding 5700kg
No Parameter
1 Time or relative time count
2 Pressure altitude
3 Indicated airspeed or calibrated airspeed
4 Heading
5 Normal acceleration
* The number in the left hand column refects the serial number depicted in EUROCAE Document ED-112.
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Table 2: Additional parameters for aeroplanes under conditions of AMC6CAT.IDE.A.190, 1&2
No Parameter
6 Pitch attitude
7 Roll attitude
8 Manual radio transmission keying unless an alternate means to synchronise the FDR and CVR recordings is
provided
9 Power on each engine
10 Trailing edge fap or fight crew compartment control selection
11 Leading edge fap or fight crew compartment control selection
12 Thrust reverse position (for turbojet aeroplanes only)
13 Ground spoiler position and/or speed brake selection
14 Outside air temperature (OAT) or total air temperature
15a
15b
Autopilot engagement status
Autopilot operating modes, autothrottle and AFCS, systems engagement status and operating modes.
16 Longitudinal acceleration
17 Lateral acceleration
18 Primary fight controls control surface position and/or pilot input (pitch, roll and yaw)
19 Pitch trim position
20 Radio altitude
21 Glide path deviation
22 Localiser deviation
23 Marker beacon passage
24 Master warning
25 NAV 1and NAV 2frequency selection
26 DME 1and DME 2distance
27 Landing gear squat switch status
28 Ground proximity warning system (GPWS)
29 Angle of attack
30 Hydraulics, each system (low pressure)
31 Navigation data (latitude, longitude, ground speed and drift angle)
32 Landing gear or gear selector position
* The number in the left hand column refects the serial number depicted in EUROCAE Document ED-112.
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GM1CAT.IDE.A.190 Flight data recorder
GENERAL
(a) The alleviation of AMC2CAT.IDE.A.190(d) afects a small number of aeroplanes frst issued with an indi-
vidual C of A on or after 1April 1998that were either constructed prior to this date or to a specifcation
in force just prior to this date. These aeroplanes may not comply fully with AMC2CAT.IDE.A.190(b), but
are able to comply with AMC4CAT.IDE.A.190. In addition, this alleviation applies only if compliance with
AMC2CAT.IDE.A.190(b) would imply signifcant modifcations to the aeroplane with a severe re-certifca-
tion efort.
(b) Flight data recorder systems installed on board aeroplanes frst issued with an individual C of A up to and
including 31March 1998, and for which the recorded parameters do not comply with the performance
specifcations of Table 1of AMC5CAT.IDE.A.190(i.e. range, sampling intervals, accuracy limits and recom-
mended resolution readout) may be acceptable to the Agency.
(c) The alleviations of AMC4 CAT.IDE.A.190(b) and (c), and AMC6 CAT.IDE.A.190(b), are acceptable only if
adding the recording of missing parameters to the existing fight data recorder system would require a
major upgrade of the system itself. Account is taken of the following:
(1) The extent of the modifcation required;
(2) The downtime period; and
(3) Equipment software development.
(d) For the purpose of of AMC4CAT.IDE.A.190(b) and (c), and AMC6CAT.IDE.A.190(a) and (b), capacity avail-
able refers to the space on both the fight data acquisition unit and the fight data recorder not allocated
for recording the required parameters, or the parameters recorded for the purpose of the Flight Data
Monitoring programme, as determined by the Agency.
(e) For the purpose of AMC4CAT.IDE.A.190(b) and (c), and AMC6CAT.IDE.A.190(a) and (b), a sensor is consid-
ered readily available when it is already available or can be easily incorporated.
(f) For aeroplanes frst issued with an individual C of A up to and including 31March 1998, the recording of
the following additional parameters may be considered:
(1) Remaining parameters in Table 2 of AMC4 CAT.IDE.A.190 or Table 2 of AMC6 CAT.IDE.A.190 as
applicable;
(2) Any dedicated parameter relating to novel or unique design or operational characteristics of the
aeroplane;
(3) Operational information from electronic display systems, such as EFIS, ECAM or EICAS, with the fol-
lowing order of priority:
(i) parameters selected by the fight crew relating to the desired fight path, e.g. barometric
pressure setting, selected altitude, selected airspeed, decision height, and autofight system
engagement and mode indications if not recorded from another source;
(ii) display system selection/status, e.g. SECTOR, PLAN, ROSE, NAV, WXR, COMPOSITE, COPY,
etc.;
(iii) warning and alerts;
(iv) the identity of displayed pages from emergency procedures and checklists.
(4) Retardation information including brake application for use in the investigation of landing over-
runs or rejected take ofs; and
(5) Additional engine parameters (EPR, N1, EGT, fuel fow, etc.).
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CAT.IDE.A.195 Data link recording
(a) Aeroplanes frst issued with an individual CofA on or after 8April 2014that have the capability to operate
data link communications and are required to be equipped with a CVR, shall record on a recorder, where
applicable:
(1) data link communication messages related to ATS communications to and from the aeroplane,
including messages applying to the following applications:
(i) data link initiation;
(ii) controllerpilot communication;
(iii) addressed surveillance;
(iv) fight information;
(v) as far as is practicable, given the architecture of the system, aircraft broadcast surveillance;
(vi) as far as is practicable, given the architecture of the system, aircraft operational control data;
and
(vii) as far as is practicable, given the architecture of the system, graphics;
(2) information that enables correlation to any associated records related to data link communica-
tions and stored separately from the aeroplane; and
(3) information on the time and priority of data link communications messages, taking into account
the systems architecture.
(b) The recorder shall use a digital method of recording and storing data and information and a method
for retrieving that data. The recording method shall allow the data to match the data recorded on the
ground.
(c) The recorder shall be capable of retaining data recorded for at least the same duration as set out for CVRs
in CAT.IDE.A.185.
(d) The recorder shall have a device to assist in locating it in water.
(e) The requirements applicable to the start and stop logic of the recorder are the same as the requirements
applicable to the start and stop logic of the CVR contained in CAT.IDE.A.185(d) and (e).
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AMC1CAT.IDE.A.195 Data link recording
GENERAL
(a) As a means of compliance with CAT.IDE.A.195 (a), the recorder on which the data link messages are
recorded may be:
(1) the CVR;
(2) the FDR;
(3) a combination recorder when CAT.IDE.A.200is applicable; or
(4) a dedicated fight recorder. In that case, the operational performance requirements for this recorder
should be those laid down in EUROCAE Document ED-112 (Minimum Operational Performance
Specifcation for Crash Protected Airborne Recorder Systems) dated March 2003, including amend-
ments n1and n2, or any later equivalent standard produced by EUROCAE.
(b) As a means of compliance with CAT.IDE.A.195(a)(2), the operator should enable correlation by providing
information that allows an accident investigator to understand what data were provided to the aero-
plane and, when the provider identifcation is contained in the message, by which provider.
(c) The timing information associated with the data link communications messages required to be recorded
by CAT.IDE.A.195(a)(3) should be capable of being determined from the airborne-based recordings. This
timing information should include at least the following:
(1) the time each message was generated;
(2) the time any message was available to be displayed by the crew;
(3) the time each message was actually displayed or recalled from a queue; and
(4) the time of each status change.
(d) The message priority should be recorded when it is defned by the protocol of the data link communica-
tion message being recorded.
(e) The expression taking into account the system architecture, in CAT.IDE.A.195 (a)(3), means that the
recording of the specifed information may be omitted if the existing source systems involved would
require a major upgrade. The following should be considered:
(1) the extent of the modifcation required;
(2) the down-time period; and
(3) equipment software development.
The intention is that new designs of source systems should include this functionality and support the full
recording of the required information.
(f) Data link communications messages that support the applications in Table 1below should be recorded.
(g) Further details on the recording requirements can be found in the recording requirement matrix in
Appendix D.2 of EUROCAE Document ED-93 (Minimum Aviation System Performance Specifcation for
CNS/ATM Recorder Systems, dated November 1998).
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Table 1: Applications
Item
No
Application Type Application Description Required
Recording
Content
1 Data link initiation This includes any application used to log on to, or initiate, a data link
service. In future air navigation system (FANS)-1/A and air traf c navigation
(ATN), these are ATS facilities notifcation (AFN) and context management
(CM), respectively.
C
2 Controller/pilot
communication
This includes any application used to exchange requests, clearances,
instructions and reports between the fight crew and air traf c controllers.
In FANS-1/A and ATN, this includes the controller pilot data link
communications (CPDLC) application.
It also includes applications used for the exchange of oceanic (OCL) and
departure clearances (DCL) as well as data link delivery of taxi clearances.
C
3 Addressed surveillance This includes any surveillance application in which the ground sets up
contracts for delivery of surveillance data.
In FANS-1/A and ATN, this includes the automatic dependent surveillance-
contract (ADS-C) application.
C, F2
4 Flight information This includes any application used for delivery of fight information data to
specifc aeroplanes. This includes for example digital automatic terminal
information service (D-ATIS), data link operational terminal information
service (D-OTIS), digital weather information services (D-METAR or TWIP),
data link fight information service (D-FIS), and Notice to Airmen (electronic
NOTAM) delivery.
C
5 Aircraft broadcast
surveillance
This includes elementary and enhanced surveillance systems, as well as
automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B) output data.
M*,
F2
6 Aeronautical
operational control
(AOC) data
This includes any application transmitting or receiving data used for AOC
purposes (in accordance with the ICAO defnition of AOC). Such systems
may also process AAC messages, but there is no requirement to record
AAC messages
M*
7 Graphics This includes any application receiving graphical data to be used for
operational purposes (i.e. excluding applications that are receiving such
things as updates to manuals).
M*
F1
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GM1CAT.IDE.A.195 Data link recording
DEFINITIONS AND ACRONYMS
(a) The letters and expressions in Table 1of AMC1CAT.IDE.A.195have the following meaning:
C: complete contents recorded
M: information that enables correlation with any associated records stored separately from the
aeroplane.
*: Applications that are to be recorded only as far as is practicable, given the architecture of the
system.
F1: graphics applications may be considered as AOC messages when they are part of a data link
communications application service run on an individual basis by the operator itself in the frame-
work of the operational control.
F2: where parametric data sent by the aeroplane, such as Mode S, is reported within the message,
it should be recorded unless data from the same source is recorded on the FDR.
(b) The defnitions of the applications type in Table 1of AMC1CAT.IDE.A.195are described in Table 1below.
Table 1: Defnitions of applications type
Item No Application
Type
Messages Comments
1 CM CM is an ATN service
2 AFN AFN is a FANS 1/A service
3 CPDLC All implemented up and downlink messages to be recorded
4 ADS-C ADS-C reports All contract requests and reports recorded
Position reports Only used within FANS 1/A. Only used in oceanic and remote
areas.
5 ADS-B Surveillance data Information that enables correlation with any associated records
stored separately from the aeroplane.
6 D-FIS D-FIS is an ATN service. All implemented up and downlink
messages to be recorded
7 TWIP TWIP messages Terminal weather information for pilots
8 D-ATIS ATIS messages Refer to EUROCAE Document ED-89A dated December 2003. Data
Link Application System Document (DLASD) for the ATIS Data
Link Service
9 OCL OCL messages Refer to EUROCAE Document ED-106A dated March 2004.
Data Link Application System Document (DLASD) for Oceanic
Clearance Data Link Service
10 DCL DCL messages Refer to EUROCAE Document ED-85A dated December 2003.
Data Link Application System Document (DLASD) for Departure
Clearance Data Link Service
11 Graphics Weather maps &
other graphics
Graphics exchanged in the framework of procedures within the
operational control, as specifed in Part-ORO.
Information that enables correlation with any associated records
stored separately from the aeroplane.
12 AOC Aeronautical
operational control
messages
Messages exchanged in the framework of procedures within the
operational control, as specifed in Part-ORO.
Information that enables correlation with any associated records
stored separately from the aeroplane. Defnition in EUROCAE
Document ED-112, dated March 2003.
13 Surveillance Downlinked aircraft
parameters (DAP)
As defned in ICAO Annex 10Volume IV (Surveillance systems and
ACAS).
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AAC aeronautical administrative communications
ADS-B automatic dependent surveillance broadcast
ADS-C automatic dependent surveillance contract
AFN aircraft fight notifcation
AOC aeronautical operational control
ATIS automatic terminal information service
ATSC air traf c service communication
CAP controller access parameters
CPDLC controller pilot data link communications
CM confguration/context management
D-ATIS digital ATIS
D-FIS data link fight information service
D-METAR data link meteorological airport report
DCL departure clearance
FANS Future Air Navigation System
FLIPCY fight plan consistency
OCL oceanic clearance
SAP system access parameters
TWIP terminal weather information for pilots
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CAT.IDE.A.200 Combination recorder
Compliance with CVR and FDR requirements may be achieved by:
(a) one fight data and cockpit voice combination recorder in the case of aeroplanes required to be equipped
with a CVR or an FDR;
(b) one fight data and cockpit voice combination recorder in the case of aeroplanes with an MCTOM of
5700kg or less and required to be equipped with a CVR and an FDR; or
(c) two fight data and cockpit voice combination recorders in the case of aeroplanes with an MCTOM of
more than 5700kg and required to be equipped with a CVR and an FDR.
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AMC1CAT.IDE.A.200 Combination recorder
GENERAL
When two fight data and cockpit voice combination recorders are installed, one should be located near the
fight crew compartment, in order to minimise the risk of data loss due to a failure of the wiring that gathers data
to the recorder. The other should be located at the rear section of the aeroplane, in order to minimise the risk of
data loss due to recorder damage in the case of a crash.
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GM1CAT.IDE.A.200 Combination recorder
GENERAL
(a) A fight data and cockpit voice combination recorder is a fight recorder that records:
(1) all voice communications and aural environment required by CAT.IDE.A.185regarding CVRs; and
(2) all parameters required by CAT.IDE.A.190regarding FDRs,
with the same specifcations required by those paragraphs.
(b) In addition a fight data and cockpit voice combination recorder may record data link communication
messages and related information required by CAT.IDE.A.195.
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CAT.IDE.A.205 Seats, seat safety belts, restraint systems and child restraint
devices
(a) Aeroplanes shall be equipped with:
(1) a seat or berth for each person on board who is aged 24months or more;
(2) a seat belt on each passenger seat and restraining belts for each berth except as specifed in (3);
(3) a seat belt with upper torso restraint system on each passenger seat and restraining belts on each
berth in the case of aeroplanes with an MCTOM of less than 5700kg and with an MOPSC of less
than nine, after 8April 2015;
(4) a child restraint device (CRD) for each person on board younger than 24months;
(5) a seat belt with upper torso restraint system incorporating a device that will automatically restrain
the occupants torso in the event of rapid deceleration:
(i) on each fight crew seat and on any seat alongside a pilots seat;
(ii) on each observer seat located in the fight crew compartment;
(6) a seat belt with upper torso restraint system on each seat for the minimum required cabin crew.
(b) A seat belt with upper torso restraint system shall:
(1) have a single point release;
(2) on fight crew seats, on any seat alongside a pilots seat and on the seats for the minimum required
cabin crew, include two shoulder straps and a seat belt that may be used independently.
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AMC1CAT.IDE.A.205 Seats, seat safety belts, restraint systems and child
restraint devices
CHILD RESTRAINT DEVICES (CRDS)
(a) A CRD is considered to be acceptable if:
(1) it is a supplementary loop belt manufactured with the same techniques and the same materials
as the approved safety belts; or
(2) it complies with (b).
(b) Provided the CRD can be installed properly on the respective aircraft seat, the following CRDs are consid-
ered acceptable:
(1) CRDs approved for use in aircraft by the competent authority on the basis of a technical standard
and marked accordingly;
(2) CRDs approved for use in motor vehicles according to the UN standard ECE R 44, -03or later series
of amendments;
(3) CRDs approved for use in motor vehicles and aircraft according to Canadian CMVSS 213/213.1;
(4) CRDs approved for use in motor vehicles and aircraft according to US FMVSS No213and manufac-
tured to these standards on or after February 26, 1985. US approved CRDs manufactured after this
date must bear the following labels in red letters:
(i) THIS CHILD RESTRAINT SYSTEM CONFORMS TO ALL APPLICABLE FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE
SAFETY STANDARDS; and
(ii) THIS RESTRAINT IS CERTIFIED FOR USE IN MOTOR VEHICLES AND AIRCRAFT;
(5) CRDs qualifed for use in aircraft according to the German Qualifcation Procedure for Child
Restraint Systems for Use in Aircraft (TV Doc.: TV/958-01/2001); and
(6) devices approved for use in cars, manufactured and tested to standards equivalent to those listed
above. The device should be marked with an associated qualifcation sign, which shows the name
of the qualifcation organisation and a specifc identifcation number, related to the associated
qualifcation project. The qualifying organisation should be a competent and independent organi-
sation that is acceptable to the competent authority.
(c) Location
(1) Forward facing CRDs may be installed on both forward and rearward facing passenger seats but
only when ftted in the same direction as the passenger seat on which they are positioned. Rear-
ward facing CRDs should only be installed on forward facing passenger seats. A CRD should not be
installed within the radius of action of an airbag, unless it is obvious that the airbag is de-activated
or it can be demonstrated that there is no negative impact from the airbag.
(2) An infant in a CRD should be located as near to a foor level exit as feasible.
(3) An infant in a CRD should not hinder evacuation for any passenger.
(4) An infant in a CRD should neither be located in the row (where rows are existing) leading to an
emergency exit nor located in a row immediately forward or aft of an emergency exit. A window
passenger seat is the preferred location. An aisle passenger seat or a cross aisle passenger seat that
forms part of the evacuation route to exits is not recommended. Other locations may be accept-
able provided the access of neighbour passengers to the nearest aisle is not obstructed by the
CRD.
(5) In general, only one CRD per row segment is recommended. More than one CRD per row seg-
ment is allowed if the infants are from the same family or travelling group provided the infants are
accompanied by a responsible adult sitting next to them.
(6) A row segment is the fraction of a row separated by two aisles or by one aisle and the aeroplane
fuselage.
(d) Installation
(1) CRDs should only be installed on a suitable aeroplane seat with the type of connecting device they
are approved or qualifed for. E.g., CRDs to be connected by a three point harness only (most rear-
ward facing baby CRDs currently available) should not be attached to an aeroplane seat with a lap
belt only; a CRD designed to be attached to a vehicle seat only by means of rigid bar lower anchor-
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ages (ISO-FIX or US equivalent), should only be used on aeroplane seats that are equipped with
such connecting devices and should not be attached by the aeroplane seat lap belt. The method of
connecting should be the one shown in the manufacturers instructions provided with each CRD.
(2) All safety and installation instructions should be followed carefully by the responsible adult accom-
panying the infant. Cabin crew should prohibit the use of any inadequately installed CRD or not
qualifed seat.
(3) If a forward facing CRD with a rigid backrest is to be fastened by a lap belt, the restraint device
should be fastened when the backrest of the passenger seat on which it rests is in a reclined posi-
tion. Thereafter, the backrest is to be positioned upright. This procedure ensures better tightening
of the CRD on the aircraft seat if the aircraft seat is reclinable.
(4) The buckle of the adult safety belt must be easily accessible for both opening and closing, and
must be in line with the seat belt halves (not canted) after tightening.
(5) Forward facing restraint devices with an integral harness must not be installed such that the adult
safety belt is secured over the infant.
(e) Operation
(1) Each CRD should remain secured to a passenger seat during all phases of fight, unless it is properly
stowed when not in use.
(2) Where a CRD is adjustable in recline it must be in an upright position for all occasions when pas-
senger restraint devices are required.
AMC2CAT.IDE.A.205 Seats, seat safety belts, restraint systems and child
restraint devices
UPPER TORSO RESTRAINT SYSTEM
An upper torso restraint system having three straps is deemed to be compliant with the requirement for restraint
systems with two shoulder straps.
SAFETY BELT
A safety belt with diagonal shoulder strap (three anchorage points) is deemed to be compliant with the require-
ment for safety belts (two anchorage points).
AMC3CAT.IDE.A.205 Seats, seat safety belts, restraint systems and child
restraint devices
SEATS FOR MINIMUM REQUIRED CABIN CREW
(a) Seats for the minimum required cabin crew members should be located near required foor level emer-
gency exits, except if the emergency evacuation of passengers would be enhanced by seating cabin crew
members elsewhere. In this case other locations are acceptable.
(b) Such seats should be forward or rearward facing within 15 of the longitudinal axis of the aeroplane.
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CAT.IDE.A.210 Fasten seat belt and no smoking signs
Aeroplanes in which not all passenger seats are visible from the fight crew seat(s) shall be equipped with a
means of indicating to all passengers and cabin crew when seat belts shall be fastened and when smoking is
not allowed.
CAT.IDE.A.215 Internal doors and curtains
Aeroplanes shall be equipped with:
(a) in the case of aeroplanes with an MOPSC of more than 19, a door between the passenger compartment
and the fight crew compartment, with a placard indicating crew only and a locking means to prevent
passengers from opening it without the permission of a member of the fight crew;
(b) a readily accessible means for opening each door that separates a passenger compartment from another
compartment that has emergency exits;
(c) a means for securing in the open position any doorway or curtain separating the passenger compartment
from other areas that need to be accessed to reach any required emergency exit from any passenger seat;
(d) a placard on each internal door or adjacent to a curtain that is the means of access to a passenger emer-
gency exit, to indicate that it must be secured open during take-of and landing; and
(e) a means for any member of the crew to unlock any door that is normally accessible to passengers and
that can be locked by passengers.
CAT.IDE.A.220 First-aid kit
(a) Aeroplanes shall be equipped with frst-aid kits, in accordance with Table 1.
Table 1: Number of frst-aid kits required
Number of passenger seats installed Number of frst-aid kits required
0 100 1
101 200 2
201 300 3
301 400 4
401 500 5
501or more 6
(b) First-aid kits shall be:
(1) readily accessible for use; and
(2) kept up-to-date.
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AMC1CAT.IDE.A.220 First-aid kit
CONTENT OF FIRST-AID KITS
(a) First-aid kits should be equipped with appropriate and suf cient medications and instrumentation. How-
ever, these kits should be complemented by the operator according to the characteristics of the opera-
tion (scope of operation, fight duration, number and demographics of passengers etc.).
(b) The following should be included in the frst-aid kit:
(1) Equipment
(i) bandages (assorted sizes);
(ii) burns dressings (unspecifed);
(iii) wound dressings (large and small);
(iv) adhesive dressings (assorted sizes);
(v) adhesive tape;
(vi) adhesive wound closures;
(vii) safety pins;
(viii) safety scissors;
(ix) antiseptic wound cleaner;
(x) disposable resuscitation aid;
(xi) disposable gloves;
(xii) tweezers: splinter; and
(xiii) thermometers (non-mercury).
(2) Medications
(i) simple analgesic (may include liquid form);
(ii) antiemetic;
(iii) nasal decongestant;
(iv) gastrointestinal antacid, in the case of aeroplanes carrying more than nine passengers;
(v) anti-diarrhoeal medication, in the case of aeroplanes carrying more than nine passengers;
and
(vi) antihistamine.
(3) Other
(i) a list of contents in at least two languages (English and one other). This should include infor-
mation on the efects and side efects of medications carried;
(ii) frst-aid handbook, current edition;
(iii) medical incident report form;
(iv) biohazard disposal bags.
(4) An eye irrigator, whilst not required to be carried in the frst-aid kit, should, where possible, be
available for use on the ground.
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AMC2CAT.IDE.A.220 First-aid kit
MAINTENANCE OF FIRST-AID KITS
To be kept up to date, frst-aid kits should be:
(a) inspected periodically to confrm, to the extent possible, that contents are maintained in the condition
necessary for their intended use;
(b) replenished at regular intervals, in accordance with instructions contained on their labels, or as circum-
stances warrant; and
(c) replenished after use in-fight at the frst opportunity where replacement items are available.
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CAT.IDE.A.225 Emergency medical kit
(a) Aeroplanes with an MOPSC of more than 30shall be equipped with an emergency medical kit when any
point on the planned route is more than 60minutes fying time at normal cruising speed from an aero-
drome at which qualifed medical assistance could be expected to be available.
(b) The commander shall ensure that drugs are only administered by appropriately qualifed persons.
(c) The emergency medical kit referred to in (a) shall be:
(1) dust and moisture proof;
(2) carried in a way that prevents unauthorised access; and
(3) kept up-to-date.
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AMC1CAT.IDE.A.225 Emergency medical kit
CONTENT OF EMERGENCY MEDICAL KIT
(a) Emergency medical kits should be equipped with appropriate and suf cient medications and instrumen-
tation. However, these kits should be complemented by the operator according to the characteristics of
the operation (scope of operation, fight duration, number and demographics of passengers etc.).
(b) The following should be included in the emergency medical kit:
(1) Equipment
(i) sphygmomanometer non mercury;
(ii) stethoscope;
(iii) syringes and needles;
(iv) intravenous cannulae (if intravenous fuids are carried in the frst-aid kit a suf cient supply of
intravenous cannulae should be stored there as well);
(v) oropharyngeal airways (three sizes);
(vi) tourniquet;
(vii) disposable gloves;
(viii) needle disposal box;
(ix) one or more urinary catheter(s), appropriate for either sex, and anaesthetic gel.;
(x) basic delivery kit;
(xi) bag-valve masks (masks two sizes: one for adults, one for children);
(xii) intubation set;
(xiii) aspirator;
(xiv) blood glucose testing equipment; and
(xv) scalpel.
(2) Instructions: the instructions should contain a list of contents (medications in trade names and
generic names) in at least two languages (English and one other).This should include information
on the efects and side efects of medications carried. There should also be basic instructions for
use of the medications in the kit and ACLS cards (summarising and depicting the current algorithm
for advanced cardiac life support).
(3) Medications
(i) coronary vasodilator e.g. glyceriltrinitrate-oral;
(ii) antispasmodic
(iii) epinephrine/adrenaline 1:1000(if a cardiac monitor is carried);
(iv) adrenocorticoid injectable;
(v) major analgesic;
(vi) diuretic injectable;
(vii) antihistamine oral and injectable;
(viii) sedative/anticonvulsant injectable, rectal and oral sedative;
(ix) medication for hypoglycaemia (e.g. hypertonic glucose);
(x) antiemetic;
(xi) atropine injectable;
(xii) bronchial dilator injectable or inhaled;
(xiii) IV fuids in appropriate quantity e.g. sodiumchloride 0.9% (minimum 250ml);
(xiv) acetylsalicylic acid 300mg oral and / or injectable;
(xv) antiarrhythmic if a cardiac monitor is carried;
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(xvi) antihypertensive medication;
(xvii) beta-blocker oral.
* Epinephrine/Adrenaline 1:10000can be a dilution of epinephrine 1:1000
(4) The carriage of an automated external defbrillator should be determined by the operator on the
basis of a risk assessment taking into account the particular needs of the operation.
(5) The automated external defbrillator should be carried on the aircraft, though not necessarily in
the emergency medical kit.
AMC2CAT.IDE.A.225 Emergency medical kit
CARRIAGE UNDER SECURITY CONDITIONS
The emergency medical kit should be kept in under secure conditions, either in the fight crew compartment or
in another locked compartment.
AMC3CAT.IDE.A.225 Emergency medical kit
ACCESS TO EMERGENCY MEDICAL KIT
(a) When the actual situation on board so requires, the commander should limit access to the emergency
medical kit.
(b) Drugs should be administered by medical doctors, qualifed nurses, paramedics or emergency medical
technicians.
(c) Medical students, student paramedics, student emergency medical technicians or nurses aids should
only administer drugs if no person mentioned in (b) is on board the fight and appropriate advice has
been received.
(d) Oral drugs should not be denied in medical emergency situations where no medically qualifed persons
are on board the fight.
AMC4CAT.IDE.A.225 Emergency medical kit
MAINTENANCE OF EMERGENCY MEDICAL KIT
To be kept up to date the emergency medical kit should be:
(a) inspected periodically to confrm, to the extent possible, that the contents are maintained in the condi-
tion necessary for their intended use;
(b) replenished at regular intervals, in accordance with instructions contained on their labels, or as circum-
stances warrant; and
(c) replenished after use-in-fight at the frst opportunity where replacement items are available.
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CAT.IDE.A.230 First-aid oxygen
(a) Pressurised aeroplanes operated at pressure altitudes above 25000ft, in the case of operations for which
a cabin crew member is required, shall be equipped with a supply of undiluted oxygen for passengers
who, for physiological reasons, might require oxygen following a cabin depressurisation.
(b) The oxygen supply referred to in (a) shall be calculated using an average fow rate of at least 3 litres
standard temperature pressure dry (STPD)/minute/person. This oxygen supply shall be suf cient for the
remainder of the fight after cabin depressurisation when the cabin altitude exceeds 8000ft but does not
exceed 15000ft, for at least 2% of the passengers carried, but in no case for less than one person.
(c) There shall be a suf cient number of dispensing units, but in no case less than two, with a means for cabin
crew to use the supply.
(d) The frst-aid oxygen equipment shall be capable of generating a mass fow to each user of at least 4litres
STPD per minute.
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GM1CAT.IDE.A.230 First-aid oxygen
GENERAL
(a) First-aid oxygen is intended for those passengers who still need to breath oxygen when the amount of
supplemental oxygen required under CAT.IDE.A.235or CAT.IDE.A.240has been exhausted.
(b) When calculating the amount of frst-aid oxygen, the operator should take into account the fact that, fol-
lowing a cabin depressurisation, supplemental oxygen as calculated in accordance with Table 1of CAT.
IDE.A.235and Table 1of CAT.IDE.A.240should be suf cient to cope with potential efects of hypoxia for:
(1) all passengers when the cabin altitude is above 15000ft;
(2) at least 30% of the passengers, for any period when, in the event of loss of pressurisation and tak-
ing into account the circumstances of the fight, the pressure altitude in the passenger compart-
ment will be between 14000ft and 15000ft; and
(3) at least 10% of the passengers for any period in excess of 30minutes when the pressure altitude
in the passenger compartment will be between 10000ft and 14000ft.
(c) For the above reasons, the amount of frst-aid oxygen should be calculated for the part of the fight after
cabin depressurisation during which the cabin altitude is between 8000ft and 15000ft, when supple-
mental oxygen may no longer be available.
(d) Moreover, following cabin depressurisation an emergency descent should be carried out to the lowest
altitude compatible with the safety of the fight. In addition, in these circumstances, the aeroplane should
land at the frst available aerodrome at the earliest opportunity.
(e) The conditions above may reduce the period of time during which the frst-aid oxygen may be required
and consequently may limit the amount of frst-aid oxygen to be carried on board.
(f) Means may be provided to decrease the fow to not less than 2litres per minute, STPD, at any altitude.
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CAT.IDE.A.235 Supplemental oxygen pressurised aeroplanes
(a) Pressurised aeroplanes operated at pressure altitudes above 10 000 ft shall be equipped with supple-
mental oxygen equipment that is capable of storing and dispensing the oxygen supplies in accordance
with Table 1.
(b) Pressurised aeroplanes operated at pressure altitudes above 25000ft shall be equipped with:
(1) quick donning types of masks for fight crew members;
(2) suf cient spare outlets and masks or portable oxygen units with masks distributed evenly through-
out the passenger compartment, to ensure immediate availability of oxygen for use by each
required cabin crew member;
(3) an oxygen dispensing unit connected to oxygen supply terminals immediately available to each
cabin crew member, additional crew member and occupants of passenger seats, wherever seated;
and
(4) a device to provide a warning indication to the fight crew of any loss of pressurisation.
(c) In the case of pressurised aeroplanes frst issued with an individual CofA after 8November 1998and oper-
ated at pressure altitudes above 25000ft, or operated at pressure altitudes at, or below 25000ft under
conditions that would not allow them to descend safely to 13000ft within 4minutes, the individual oxy-
gen dispensing units referred to in (b)(3) shall be automatically deployable.
(d) The total number of dispensing units and outlets referred to in (b)(3) and (c) shall exceed the number of
seats by at least 10%. The extra units shall be evenly distributed throughout the passenger compartment.
(e) Notwithstanding (a), the oxygen supply requirements for cabin crew member(s), additional crew
member(s) and passenger(s), in the case of aeroplanes not certifed to fy at altitudes above 25 000 ft,
may be reduced to the entire fying time between 10000ft and 13000ft cabin pressure altitudes for all
required cabin crew members and for at least 10% of the passengers if, at all points along the route to be
fown, the aeroplane is able to descend safely within 4minutes to a cabin pressure altitude of 13000ft.
(f) The required minimum supply in Table 1, row 1item (b)(1) and row 2, shall cover the quantity of oxygen
necessary for a constant rate of descent from the aeroplanes maximum certifed operating altitude to
10000ft in 10minutes and followed by 20minutes at 10000ft.
(g) The required minimum supply in Table 1, row 1item 1(b)(2), shall cover the quantity of oxygen necessary
for a constant rate of descent from the aeroplanes maximum certifed operating altitude to 10000ft in
10minutes followed by 110minutes at 10000ft.
(h) The required minimum supply in Table 1, row 3, shall cover the quantity of oxygen necessary for a con-
stant rate of descent from the aeroplanes maximum certifed operating altitude to 15000ft in 10min-
utes.
Table 1: Oxygen minimum requirements for pressurised aeroplanes
Supply for: Duration and cabin pressure altitude
1) Occupants of fight crew
compartment seats on fight crew
compartment duty
(a) The entire fying time when the cabin pressure altitude exceeds 13000ft.
(b) The remainder of the fying time when the cabin pressure altitude exceeds
10000ft but does not exceed 13000ft, after the initial 30minutes at these
altitudes, but in no case less than:
(1) 30minutes supply for aeroplanes certifed to fy at altitudes not
exceeding 25000ft; and
(2) 2hours supply for aeroplanes certifed to fy at altitudes of more
than 25000ft.
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Supply for: Duration and cabin pressure altitude
2) Required cabin crew members (a) The entire fying time when the cabin pressure altitude exceeds 13000ft,
but not less than 30minutes supply.
(b) The remainder of the fying time when the cabin pressure altitude exceeds
10000ft but does not exceed 13000ft, after the initial 30minutes at these
altitudes.
3) 100% of passengers * The entire fying time when the cabin pressure altitude exceeds 15000ft, but in
no case less than 10minutes supply.
4) 30% of passengers * The entire fying time when the cabin pressure altitude exceeds 14000ft but
does not exceed 15000ft.
5) 10% of passengers * The remainder of the fying time when the cabin pressure altitude exceeds
10000ft but does not exceed 14000ft, after the initial 30minutes at these
altitudes.
* Passenger numbers in Table 1refer to passengers actually carried on board, including persons younger than 24months.
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AMC1CAT.IDE.A.235 Supplemental oxygen pressurised aeroplanes
DETERMINATION OF OXYGEN
(a) In the determination of the amount of supplemental oxygen required for the routes to be fown, it is
assumed that the aeroplane will descend in accordance with the emergency procedures specifed in the
operations manual, without exceeding its operating limitations, to a fight altitude that will allow the
fight to be completed safely (i.e. fight altitudes ensuring adequate terrain clearance, navigational accu-
racy, hazardous weather avoidance etc.).
(b) The amount of supplemental oxygen should be determined on the basis of cabin pressure altitude, fight
duration and on the assumption that a cabin pressurisation failure will occur at the pressure altitude or
point of fight that is most critical from the standpoint of oxygen need.
(c) Following a cabin pressurisation failure, the cabin pressure altitude should be considered to be the same
as the aeroplane pressure altitude, unless it can be demonstrated to the competent authority that no
probable failure of the cabin or pressurisation system will result in a cabin pressure altitude equal to the
aeroplane pressure altitude. Under these circumstances, the demonstrated maximum cabin pressure alti-
tude may be used as a basis for determination of oxygen supply.
AMC2CAT.IDE.A.235 Supplemental oxygen pressurised aeroplanes
OXYGEN REQUIREMENTS FOR FLIGHT CREW COMPARTMENT SEAT OCCUPANTS AND CABIN CREW IN
ADDITION TO THE REQUIRED MINIMUM NUMBER OF CABIN CREW
(a) For the purpose of supplemental oxygen supply, fight crew compartment seat occupants who are:
(1) supplied with oxygen from the fight crew source of oxygen should be considered as fight crew
members; and
(2) not supplied with oxygen by the fight crew source of oxygen should be considered as passengers.
(b) Cabin crew members in addition to the minimum number of cabin crew and additional crew members
should be considered as passengers for the purpose of supplemental oxygen supply.
AMC1CAT.IDE.A.235(e) Supplemental oxygen pressurised aeroplanes
AEROPLANES NOT CERTIFIED TO FLY ABOVE 25000FT
(a) With respect to CAT.IDE.A.235(e) the maximum altitude up to which an aeroplane can operate without
a passenger oxygen system being installed and capable of providing oxygen to each cabin occupant,
should be established using an emergency descent profle that takes into account the following condi-
tions:
(1) 17 seconds time delay for pilots recognition and reaction, including mask donning, for trouble
shooting and confguring the aeroplane for the emergency descent (emergency descent data/
charts established by the aeroplane manufacturer and published in the aircraft fight manual
(AFM), and/or the AFM should be used to ensure uniform application of the option); and
(2) maximum operational speed (V
MO
) or the airspeed approved in the AFM for emergency descent,
(emergency descent data/charts established by the aeroplane manufacturer and published in the
AFM, and/or AFM should be used to ensure uniform application of the option), whichever is the
less;
(b) On routes where oxygen is necessary to be carried for 10% of the passengers for the fight time between
10000ft and 13000ft, the oxygen should be provided either by:
(1) a plug-in or drop-out oxygen system with suf cient outlets and dispensing units uniformly distrib-
uted throughout the cabin so as to provide oxygen to each passenger at his/her own discretion
when seated on his/her assigned seat; or
(2) portable bottles, when a cabin crew member is required on board such fight.
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GM1CAT.IDE.A.235(b)(1) Supplemental oxygen pressurised aeroplanes
QUICK DONNING MASKS
A quick donning mask is a type of mask that:
(a) can be placed on the face from its ready position, properly secured, sealed and supplying oxygen upon
demand, with one hand and within 5seconds and will thereafter remain in position, both hands being
free;
(b) can be donned without disturbing eye glasses and without delaying the fight crew member from pro-
ceeding with assigned emergency duties;
(c) once donned, does not prevent immediate communication between the fight crew members and other
crew members over the aircraft intercommunication system; and
(d) does not inhibit radio communications.
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CAT.IDE.A.240 Supplemental oxygen non-pressurised aeroplanes
Non-pressurised aeroplanes operated at pressure altitudes above 10000ft shall be equipped with supplemen-
tal oxygen equipment capable of storing and dispensing the oxygen supplies in accordance with Table 1.
Table 1: Oxygen minimum requirements for non-pressurised aeroplanes
Supply for: Duration and cabin pressure altitude
Occupants of fight crew compartment seats on fight crew
compartment duty and crew members assisting fight crew
in their duties
The entire fying time at pressure altitudes above 10000ft.
Required cabin crew members The entire fying time at pressure altitudes above 13000ft
and for any period exceeding 30minutes at pressure
altitudes above 10000ft but not exceeding 13000ft.
Additional crew members and 100% of passengers * The entire fying time at pressure altitudes above 13000ft.
10% of passengers * The entire fying time after 30minutes at pressure altitudes
above 10000ft but not exceeding 13000ft.
* Passenger numbers in Table 1refer to passengers actually carried on board, including persons younger than 24months.
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AMC1CAT.IDE.A.240 Supplemental oxygen non-pressurised aeroplanes
AMOUNT OF SUPPLEMENTAL OXYGEN
The amount of supplemental oxygen for sustenance for a particular operation should be determined on the
basis of fight altitudes and fight duration, consistent with the operating procedures, including emergency
procedures, established for each operation and the routes to be fown, as specifed in the operations manual.
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CAT.IDE.A.245 Crew protective breathing equipment
(a) All pressurised aeroplanes and those unpressurised aeroplanes with an MCTOM of more than 5700kg or
having an MOPSC of more than 19seats shall be equipped with protective breathing equipment (PBE) to
protect the eyes, nose and mouth and to provide for a period of at least 15minutes:
(1) oxygen for each fight crew member on duty in the fight crew compartment;
(2) breathing gas for each required cabin crew member, adjacent to his/her assigned station; and
(3) breathing gas from a portable PBE for one member of the fight crew, adjacent to his/her assigned
station, in the case of aeroplanes operated with a fight crew of more than one and no cabin crew
member.
(b) A PBE intended for fight crew use shall be installed in the fight crew compartment and be accessible for
immediate use by each required fight crew member at his/her assigned station.
(c) A PBE intended for cabin crew use shall be installed adjacent to each required cabin crew member sta-
tion.
(d) Aeroplanes shall be equipped with an additional portable PBE installed adjacent to the hand fre extin-
guisher referred to in CAT.IDE.A.250, or adjacent to the entrance of the cargo compartment, in case the
hand fre extinguisher is installed in a cargo compartment.
(e) A PBE while in use shall not prevent the use of the means of communication referred to in CAT.IDE.A.170,
CAT.IDE.A.175, CAT.IDE.A.270and CAT.IDE.A.330.
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AMC1CAT.IDE.A.245 Crew protective breathing equipment
PROTECTIVE BREATHING EQUIPMENT (PBE)
The supply for PBE for the fight crew members may be provided by the supplemental oxygen required in CAT.
IDE.A.235or CAT.IDE.A.240.
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CAT.IDE.A.250 Hand fre extinguishers
(a) Aeroplanes shall be equipped with at least one hand fre extinguisher in the fight crew compartment.
(b) At least one hand fre extinguisher shall be located in, or readily accessible for use in, each galley not
located on the main passenger compartment.
(c) At least one hand fre extinguisher shall be available for use in each class A or class B cargo or baggage
compartment and in each class E cargo compartment that is accessible to crew members in fight.
(d) The type and quantity of extinguishing agent for the required fre extinguishers shall be suitable for the
type of fre likely to occur in the compartment where the extinguisher is intended to be used and to mini-
mise the hazard of toxic gas concentration in compartments occupied by persons.
(e) Aeroplanes shall be equipped with at least a number of hand fre extinguishers in accordance with
Table1, conveniently located to provide adequate availability for use in each passenger compartment.
Table 1: Number of hand fre extinguishers
MOPSC Number of extinguishers
7 30 1
31 60 2
61 200 3
201 300 4
301 400 5
401 500 6
501 600 7
601or more 8
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AMC1CAT.IDE.A.250 Hand fre extinguishers
NUMBER, LOCATION AND TYPE
(a) The number and location of hand fre extinguishers should be such as to provide adequate availability for
use, account being taken of the number and size of the passenger compartments, the need to minimise
the hazard of toxic gas concentrations and the location of lavatories, galleys, etc. These considerations
may result in a number of fre extinguishers greater than the minimum required.
(b) There should be at least one hand fre extinguisher installed in the fight crew compartment and this
should be suitable for fghting both fammable fuid and electrical equipment fres. Additional hand fre
extinguishers may be required for the protection of other compartments accessible to the crew in fight.
Dry chemical fre extinguishers should not be used in the fight crew compartment, or in any compart-
ment not separated by a partition from the fight crew compartment, because of the adverse efect on
vision during discharge and, if conductive, interference with electrical contacts by the chemical residues.
(c) Where only one hand fre extinguisher is required in the passenger compartments it should be located
near the cabin crew members station, where provided.
(d) Where two or more hand fre extinguishers are required in the passenger compartments and their loca-
tion is not otherwise dictated by consideration of CAT.IDE.A.250(b), an extinguisher should be located
near each end of the cabin with the remainder distributed throughout the cabin as evenly as is practica-
ble.
(e) Unless an extinguisher is clearly visible, its location should be indicated by a placard or sign. Appropriate
symbols may also be used to supplement such a placard or sign.
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CAT.IDE.A.255 Crash axe and crowbar
(a) Aeroplanes with an MCTOM of more than 5700kg or with an MOPSC of more than nine shall be equipped
with at least one crash axe or crowbar located in the fight crew compartment.
(b) In the case of aeroplanes with an MOPSC of more than 200, an additional crash axe or crowbar shall be
installed in or near the rearmost galley area.
(c) Crash axes and crowbars located in the passenger compartment shall not be visible to passengers.
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AMC1CAT.IDE.A.255 Crash axe and crowbar
STORAGE OF CRASH AXES AND CROWBARS
Crash axes and crowbars located in the passenger compartment should be stored in a position not visible to
passengers.
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CAT.IDE.A.260 Marking of break-in points
If areas of the aeroplanes fuselage suitable for break-in by rescue crews in an emergency are marked, such areas shall
be marked as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1: Marking of break-in points
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AMC1CAT.IDE.A.260 Marking of break-in points
MARKINGS COLOUR AND CORNERS
(a) The colour of the markings should be red or yellow and, if necessary, should be outlined in white to con-
trast with the background.
(b) If the corner markings are more than 2m apart, intermediate lines 9cmx3cm should be inserted so that
there is no more than 2m between adjacent markings.
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CAT.IDE.A.265 Means for emergency evacuation
(a) Aeroplanes with passenger emergency exit sill heights of more than 1.83m (6ft) above the ground shall
be equipped at each of those exits with a means to enable passengers and crew to reach the ground
safely in an emergency.
(b) Notwithstanding (a), such means are not required at overwing exits if the designated place on the aero-
plane structure at which the escape route terminates is less than 1.83m (6ft) from the ground with the
aeroplane on the ground, the landing gear extended, and the faps in the take-of or landing position,
whichever fap position is higher from the ground.
(c) Aeroplanes required to have a separate emergency exit for the fight crew for which the lowest point of
the emergency exit is more than 1.83m (6ft) above the ground shall have a means to assist all fight crew
members in descending to reach the ground safely in an emergency.
(d) The heights referred to in (a) and (c) shall be measured:
(1) with the landing gear extended; and
(2) after the collapse of, or failure to extend of, one or more legs of the landing gear, in the case of
aeroplanes with a type certifcate issued after 31March 2000.
CAT.IDE.A.270 Megaphones
Aeroplanes with an MOPSC of more than 60and carrying at least one passenger shall be equipped with the fol-
lowing quantities of portable battery-powered megaphones readily accessible for use by crew members during
an emergency evacuation:
(a) For each passenger deck:
Table 1: Number of megaphones
Passenger seating confguration Number of megaphones
61to 99 1
100or more 2
For aeroplanes with more than one passenger deck, in all cases when the total passenger seating confguration
is more than 60, at least one megaphone.
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AMC1CAT.IDE.A.270 Megaphones
LOCATION OF MEGAPHONES
(a) Where one megaphone is required, it should be readily accessible at the assigned seat of a cabin crew
member or crew members other than fight crew.
(b) Where two or more megaphones are required, they should be suitably distributed in the passenger
compartment(s) and readily accessible to crew members assigned to direct emergency evacuations.
(c) This does not necessarily require megaphones to be positioned such that they can be physically reached
by a crew member when strapped in a cabin crew members seat.
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CAT.IDE.A.275 Emergency lighting and marking
(a) Aeroplanes with an MOPSC of more than nine shall be equipped with an emergency lighting system hav-
ing an independent power supply to facilitate the evacuation of the aeroplane.
(b) In the case of aeroplanes with an MOPSC of more than 19, the emergency lighting system, referred to in
(a) shall include:
(1) sources of general cabin illumination;
(2) internal lighting in foor level emergency exit areas;
(3) illuminated emergency exit marking and locating signs;
(4) in the case of aeroplanes for which the application for the type certifcate or equivalent was fled
before 1May 1972, when operated by night, exterior emergency lighting at all overwing exits and
at exits where descent assist means are required;
(5) in the case of aeroplanes for which the application for the type certifcate or equivalent was fled
after 30 April 1972, when operated by night, exterior emergency lighting at all passenger emer-
gency exits; and
(6) in the case of aeroplanes for which the type certifcate was frst issued on or after 31 December
1957, foor proximity emergency escape path marking system(s) in the passenger compartments.
(c) In the case of aeroplanes with an MOPSC of 19or less and type certifed on the basis of the Agencys air-
worthiness codes, the emergency lighting system, referred to in (a) shall include the equipment referred
to in (b)(1) to (3).
(d) In the case of aeroplanes with an MOPSC of 19 or less that are not certifed on the basis of the Agen-
cys airworthiness codes, the emergency lighting system, referred to in (a) shall include the equipment
referred to in (b)(1).
(e) Aeroplanes with an MOPSC of nine or less, operated at night, shall be equipped with a source of general
cabin illumination to facilitate the evacuation of the aeroplane.
CAT.IDE.A.280 Emergency locator transmitter (ELT)
(a) Aeroplanes with an MOPSC of more than 19shall be equipped with at least:
(1) two ELTs, one of which shall be automatic, in the case of aeroplanes frst issued with an individual
CofA after 1July 2008; or
(2) one automatic ELT or two ELTs of any type, in the case of aeroplanes frst issued with an individual
CofA on or before 1July 2008.
(b) Aeroplanes with an MOPSC of 19or less shall be equipped with at least:
(1) one automatic ELT, in the case of aeroplanes frst issued with an individual CofA after 1July 2008;
or
(2) one ELT of any type, in the case of aeroplanes frst issued with an individual CofA on or before
1July 2008.
(c) An ELT of any type shall be capable of transmitting simultaneously on 121.5MHz and 406MHz.
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AMC1CAT.IDE.A.280 Emergency locator transmitter (ELT)
ELT BATTERIES
Batteries used in the ELTs should be replaced (or recharged, if the battery is rechargeable) when the equipment
has been in use for more than 1cumulative hour, and also when 50% of their useful life (or for rechargeable,
50% of their useful life of charge), as established by the equipment manufacturer has expired. The new expiry
date for the replacement (or recharged) battery should be legibly marked on the outside of the equipment. The
battery useful life (or useful life of charge) requirements of this paragraph do not apply to batteries (such as
water-activated batteries) that are essentially unafected during probable storage intervals.
AMC2CAT.IDE.A.280 Emergency locator transmitter (ELT)
TYPES OF ELT AND GENERAL TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
(a) The ELT required by this provision should be one of the following:
(1) Automatic fxed (ELT(AF)). An automatically activated ELT that is permanently attached to an aero-
plane and is designed to aid search and rescue (SAR) teams in locating the crash site.
(2) Automatic portable (ELT(AP)). An automatically activated ELT, that is rigidly attached to an aero-
plane before a crash, but is readily removable from the aeroplane after a crash. It functions as an
ELT during the crash sequence. If the ELT(AP) does not employ an integral antenna, the aeroplane-
mounted antenna may be disconnected and an auxiliary antenna (stored on the ELT case) attached
to the ELT. The ELT can be tethered to a survivor or a life-raft. This type of ELT is intended to aid SAR
teams in locating the crash site or survivor(s).
(3) Automatic deployable (ELT(AD))an ELT that is rigidly attached to the aeroplane before the crash
and that is automatically ejected, deployed and activated by an impact, and, in some cases, also by
hydrostatic sensors. Manual deployment is also provided. This type of ELT should foat in water and
is intended to aid SAR teams in locating the crash site.
(4) Survival ELT (ELT(S)). An ELT that is removable from an aeroplane, stowed so as to facilitate its ready
use in an emergency, and manually activated by a survivor. An ELT(S) may be activated manually
or automatically (e.g. by water activation). It should be designed either to be tethered to a life-raft
or a survivor.
(b) To minimise the possibility of damage in the event of crash impact, the automatic ELT should be rigidly
fxed to the aeroplane structure, as far aft as is practicable, with its antenna and connections arranged so
as to maximise the probability of the signal being transmitted after a crash.
(c) Any ELT carried should operate in accordance with the relevant provisions of ICAO Annex 10, Volume III
communications systems and should be registered with the national agency responsible for initiating
search and rescue or other nominated agency.
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CAT.IDE.A.285 Flight over water
(a) The following aeroplanes shall be equipped with a life-jacket for each person on board or equivalent
fotation device for each person on board younger than 24months, stowed in a position that is readily
accessible from the seat or berth of the person for whose use it is provided:
(1) landplanes operated over water at a distance of more than 50NM from the shore or taking of or
landing at an aerodrome where the take-of or approach path is so disposed over water that there
would be a likelihood of a ditching; and
(2) seaplanes operated over water.
(b) Each life-jacket or equivalent individual fotation device shall be equipped with a means of electric illumi-
nation for the purpose of facilitating the location of persons.
(c) Seaplanes operated over water shall be equipped with:
(1) a sea anchor and other equipment necessary to facilitate mooring, anchoring or manoeuvring the
seaplane on water, appropriate to its size, weight and handling characteristics; and
(2) equipment for making the sound signals as prescribed in the International Regulations for Pre-
venting Collisions at Sea, where applicable.
(d) Aeroplanes operated over water at a distance away from land suitable for making an emergency landing,
greater than that corresponding to:
(1) 120minutes at cruising speed or 400NM, whichever is the lesser, in the case of aeroplanes capable
of continuing the fight to an aerodrome with the critical engine(s) becoming inoperative at any
point along the route or planned diversions; or
(2) for all other aeroplanes, 30minutes at cruising speed or 100NM, whichever is the lesser,
shall be equipped with the equipment specifed in (e).
(e) Aeroplanes complying with (d) shall carry the following equipment:
(1) life-rafts in suf cient numbers to carry all persons on board, stowed so as to facilitate their ready
use in an emergency, and being of suf cient size to accommodate all the survivors in the event of
a loss of one raft of the largest rated capacity;
(2) a survivor locator light in each life-raft;
(3) life-saving equipment to provide the means for sustaining life, as appropriate for the fight to be
undertaken; and
(4) at least two survival ELTs (ELT(S)).
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AMC1CAT.IDE.A.285 Flight over water
LIFERAFTS AND EQUIPMENT FOR MAKING DISTRESS SIGNALS
(a) The following should be readily available with each life-raft:
(1) means for maintaining buoyancy;
(2) a sea anchor:
(3) life-lines and means of attaching one life-raft to another;
(4) paddles for life-rafts with a capacity of six or less;
(5) means of protecting the occupants from the elements;
(6) a water-resistant torch;
(7) signalling equipment to make the pyrotechnic distress signals described in ICAO Annex 2, Rules of
the Air;
(8) 100g of glucose tablets for each four, or fraction of four, persons that the life-raft is designed to
carry:
(9) at least 2 litres of drinkable water provided in durable containers or means of making sea water
drinkable or a combination of both; and
(10) frst-aid equipment.
(b) As far as practicable, items listed in (a) should be contained in a pack.
AMC1CAT.IDE.A.285(e)(4)&CAT.IDE.A.305(a)(2) Flight over water & Survival
equipment
SURVIVAL ELT
An ELT(AP) may be used to replace one required ELT(S) provided that it meets the ELT(S) requirements. A water-
activated ELT(S) is not an ELT(AP).
AMC1CAT.IDE.A.285(a) Flight over water
ACCESSIBILITY OF LIFE-JACKETS
The life-jacket should be accessible from the seat or berth of the person for whose use it is provided, with a
safety belt or restraint system fastened.
AMC2CAT.IDE.A.285(a) Flight over water
ELECTRIC ILLUMINATION OF LIFE-JACKETS
The means of electric illumination should be a survivor locator light as defned in the applicable ETSO issued by
the Agency or equivalent.
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GM1CAT.IDE.A.285(a) Flight over water
SEAT CUSHIONS
Seat cushions are not considered to be fotation devices.
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CAT.IDE.A.305 Survival equipment
(a) Aeroplanes operated over areas in which search and rescue would be especially dif cult shall be equipped
with:
(1) signalling equipment to make the distress signals;
(2) at least one ELT(S); and
(3) additional survival equipment for the route to be fown taking account of the number of persons
on board.
(b) The additional survival equipment specifed in (a)(3) does not need to be carried when the aeroplane:
(1) remains within a distance from an area where search and rescue is not especially dif cult corre-
sponding to:
(i) 120minutes at one-engine-inoperative (OEI) cruising speed for aeroplanes capable of con-
tinuing the fight to an aerodrome with the critical engine(s) becoming inoperative at any
point along the route or planned diversion routes; or
(ii) 30minutes at cruising speed for all other aeroplanes;
(2) remains within a distance no greater than that corresponding to 90minutes at cruising speed from
an area suitable for making an emergency landing, for aeroplanes certifed in accordance with the
applicable airworthiness standard.
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AMC1CAT.IDE.A.305 Survival equipment
ADDITIONAL SURVIVAL EQUIPMENT
(a) The following additional survival equipment should be carried when required:
(1) 2litres of drinkable water for each 50, or fraction of 50, persons on board provided in durable con-
tainers;
(2) one knife;
(3) frst-aid equipment; and
(4) one set of air/ground codes;
(b) In addition, when polar conditions are expected, the following should be carried:
(1) a means for melting snow;
(2) one snow shovel and one ice saw;
(3) sleeping bags for use by 1/3of all persons on board and space blankets for the remainder or space
blankets for all passengers on board; and
(4) one arctic/polar suit for each crew member.
(c) If any item of equipment contained in the above list is already carried on board the aeroplane in accord-
ance with another requirement, there is no need for this to be duplicated.
AMC1CAT.IDE.A.305(b)(2) Survival equipment
APPLICABLE AIRWORTHINESS STANDARD
The applicable airworthiness standard should be CS-25or equivalent.
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GM1CAT.IDE.A.305 Survival equipment
SIGNALLING EQUIPMENT
The signalling equipment for making distress signals is described in ICAO Annex 2, Rules of the Air.
GM2CAT.IDE.A.305 Survival equipment
AREAS IN WHICH SEARCH AND RESCUE WOULD BE ESPECIALLY DIFFICULT
The expression areas in which search and rescue would be especially dif cult should be interpreted, in this
context, as meaning:
(a) areas so designated by the authority responsible for managing search and rescue; or
(b) areas that are largely uninhabited and where:
(1) the authority referred to in (a) has not published any information to confrm whether search and
rescue would be or would not be especially dif cult; and
(2) the authority referred to in (a) does not, as a matter of policy, designate areas as being especially
dif cult for search and rescue.
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CAT.IDE.A.325 Headset
(a) Aeroplanes shall be equipped with a headset with a boom or throat microphone or equivalent for each
fight crew member at their assigned station in the fight crew compartment.
(b) Aeroplanes operated under IFR or at night shall be equipped with a transmit button on the manual pitch
and roll control for each required fight crew member.
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AMC1CAT.IDE.A.325 Headset
GENERAL
(a) A headset consists of a communication device that includes two earphones to receive and a microphone
to transmit audio signals to the aeroplanes communication system. To comply with the minimum perfor-
mance requirements, the earphones and microphone should match the communication systems charac-
teristics and the fight crew compartment environment. The headset should be suf ciently adjustable to
ft the pilots head. Headset boom microphones should be of the noise cancelling type.
(b) If the intention is to utilise noise cancelling earphones, the operator should ensure that the earphones do
not attenuate any aural warnings or sounds necessary for alerting the fight crew on matters related to
the safe operation of the aeroplane.
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GM1CAT.IDE.A.325 Headset
GENERAL
The term headset includes any aviation helmet incorporating headphones and microphone worn by a fight
crew member.
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CAT.IDE.A.330 Radio communication equipment
(a) Aeroplanes shall be equipped with the radio communication equipment required by the applicable air-
space requirements.
(b) The radio communication equipment shall provide for communication on the aeronautical emergency
frequency 121.5MHz.
CAT.IDE.A.335 Audio selector panel
Aeroplanes operated under IFR shall be equipped with an audio selector panel operable from each required
fight crew member station.
CAT.IDE.A.340 Radio equipment for operations under VFR over routes
navigated by reference to visual landmarks
Aeroplanes operated under VFR over routes navigated by reference to visual landmarks shall be equipped with
radio communication equipment necessary under normal radio propagation conditions to fulfl the following:
(a) communicate with appropriate ground stations;
(b) communicate with appropriate ATC stations from any point in controlled airspace within which fights
are intended; and
(c) receive meteorological information.
CAT.IDE.A.345 Communication and navigation equipment for operations
under IFR or under VFR over routes not navigated by reference to visual
landmarks
(a) Aeroplanes operated under IFR or under VFR over routes that cannot be navigated by reference to visual
landmarks shall be equipped with radio communication and navigation equipment in accordance with
the applicable airspace requirements.
(b) Radio communication equipment shall include at least two independent radio communication systems
necessary under normal operating conditions to communicate with an appropriate ground station from
any point on the route, including diversions.
(c) Notwithstanding (b), aeroplanes operated for short haul operations in the North Atlantic minimum
navigation performance specifcations (NAT MNPS) airspace and not crossing the North Atlantic shall be
equipped with at least one long range communication system, in case alternative communication proce-
dures are published for the airspace concerned.
(d) Aeroplanes shall have suf cient navigation equipment to ensure that, in the event of the failure of one
item of equipment at any stage of the fight, the remaining equipment shall allow safe navigation in
accordance with the fight plan.
(e) Aeroplanes operated on fights in which it is intended to land in IMC shall be equipped with suitable
equipment capable of providing guidance to a point from which a visual landing can be performed for
each aerodrome at which it is intended to land in IMC and for any designated alternate aerodrome.
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AMC1CAT.IDE.A.345 Communication and navigation equipment for
operations under IFR or under VFR over routes not navigated by reference to
visual landmarks
TWO INDEPENDENT MEANS OF COMMUNICATION
Whenever two independent means of communication are required, each system should have an independ-
ent antenna installation, except where rigidly supported non-wire antennae or other antenna installations of
equivalent reliability are used.
AMC2CAT.IDE.A.345 Communication and navigation equipment for
operations under IFR or under VFR over routes not navigated by reference to
visual landmarks
ACCEPTABLE NUMBER AND TYPE OF COMMUNICATION AND NAVIGATION EQUIPMENT
(a) An acceptable number and type of communication and navigation equipment is:
(1) one VHF omnidirectional radio range (VOR) receiving system, one automatic direction fnder
(ADF) system, one distance measuring equipment (DME), except that an ADF system need not be
installed provided that the use of ADF is not required in any phase of the planned fight;
(2) one instrument landing system (ILS) or microwave landing system (MLS) where ILS or MLS is
required for approach navigation purposes;
(3) one marker beacon receiving system where a marker beacon is required for approach navigation
purposes;
(4) area navigation equipment when area navigation is required for the route being fown (e.g. equip-
ment required by Part-SPA);
(5) an additional DME system on any route, or part thereof, where navigation is based only on DME
signals;
(6) an additional VOR receiving system on any route, or part thereof, where navigation is based only
on VOR signals; and
(7) an additional ADF system on any route, or part thereof, where navigation is based only on non-
directional beacon (NDB) signals.
(b) Aeroplanes may be operated without the navigation equipment specifed in (6) and (7) provided they are
equipped with alternative equipment. The reliability and the accuracy of alternative equipment should
allow safe navigation for the intended route.
(c) The operator conducting extended range operations with two-engined aeroplanes (ETOPS) should
ensure that the aeroplanes have a communication means capable of communicating with an appropriate
ground station at normal and planned contingency altitudes. For ETOPS routes where voice communica-
tion facilities are available, voice communications should be provided. For all ETOPS operations beyond
180 minutes, reliable communication technology, either voice-based or data link, should be installed.
Where voice communication facilities are not available and where voice communication is not possible
or is of poor quality, communications using alternative systems should be ensured.
(d) To perform IFR operations without an ADF system installed, the operator should consider the following
guidelines on equipment carriage, operational procedures and training criteria.
(1) ADF equipment may only be removed from or not installed in an aeroplane intended to be used
for IFR operations when it is not essential for navigation, and provided that alternative equipment
giving equivalent or enhanced navigation capability is carried. This may be accomplished by the
carriage of an additional VOR receiver or a GNSS receiver approved for IFR operations.
(2) For IFR operations without ADF, the operator should ensure that:
(i) route segments that rely solely on ADF for navigation are not fown;
(ii) ADF/NDB procedures are not fown;
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(iii) the minimum equipment list (MEL) has been amended to take account of the non-carriage
of ADF;
(iv) the operations manual does not refer to any procedures based on NDB signals for the aero-
planes concerned; and
(v) fight planning and dispatch procedures are consistent with the above mentioned criteria.
(3) The removal of ADF should be taken into account by the operator in the initial and recurrent train-
ing of fight crew.
(e) VHF communication equipment, ILS localiser and VOR receivers installed on aeroplanes to be operated in
IFR should comply with the following FM immunity performance standards:
(1) ICAO Annex 10, Volume I Radio Navigation Aids, and Volume III, Part II Voice Communications
Systems; and
(2) acceptable equipment standards contained in EUROCAE Minimum Operational Performance
Specifcations, documents ED-22B for VOR receivers, ED-23B for VHF communication receivers
and ED-46B for LOC receivers and the corresponding Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics
(RTCA) documents DO-186, DO-195and DO-196.
AMC3CAT.IDE.A.345 Communication and navigation equipment for
operations under IFR or under VFR over routes not navigated by reference to
visual landmarks
FAILURE OF A SINGLE UNIT
Required communication and navigation equipment should be installed such that the failure of any single unit
required for either communication or navigation purposes, or both, will not result in the failure of another unit
required for communications or navigation purposes.
AMC4CAT.IDE.A.345 Communication and navigation equipment for
operations under IFR or under VFR over routes not navigated by reference to
visual landmarks
LONG RANGE COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
(a) The long range communication system should be either a high frequency/HF-system or another two-way
communication system if allowed by the relevant airspace procedures.
(b) When using one communication system only, the competent authority may restrict the minimum naviga-
tion performance specifcations (MNPS) approval to the use of the specifc routes.
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GM1CAT.IDE.A.345(c) Communication and navigation equipment for
operations under IFR or under VFR over routes not navigated by reference to
visual landmarks
SHORT HAUL OPERATIONS
The term short haul operations is considered operations not crossing the North Atlantic.
GM1CAT.IDE.A.345 Communication and navigation equipment for
operations under IFR or under VFR over routes not navigated by reference to
visual landmarks
APPLICABLE AIRSPACE REQUIREMENTS
For aeroplanes being operated under European air traf c control, the applicable airspace requirements include
the Single European Sky legislation.
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CAT.IDE.A.350 Transponder
Aeroplanes shall be equipped with a pressure altitude reporting secondary surveillance radar (SSR) transponder
and any other SSR transponder capability required for the route being fown.
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AMC1CAT.IDE.A.350 Transponder
SSR TRANSPONDER
(a) The secondary surveillance radar (SSR) transponders of aeroplanes being operated under European air
traf c control should comply with any applicable Single European Sky legislation.
(b) If the Single European Sky legislation is not applicable, the SSR transponders should operate in accord-
ance with the relevant provisions of Volume IV of ICAO Annex 10.
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CAT.IDE.A.355 Electronic navigation data management
(a) The operator shall only use electronic navigation data products that support a navigation application
meeting standards of integrity that are adequate for the intended use of the data.
(b) When the electronic navigation data products support a navigation application needed for an operation
for which Annex V (Part-SPA) requires an approval, the operator shall demonstrate to the competent
authority that the process applied and the delivered products meet standards of integrity that are ade-
quate for the intended use of the data.
(c) The operator shall continuously monitor the integrity of both the process and the products, either directly
or by monitoring the compliance of third party providers.
(d) The operator shall ensure the timely distribution and insertion of current and unaltered electronic navi-
gation data to all aeroplanes that require it.
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AMC1CAT.IDE.A.355 Electronic navigation data management
ELECTRONIC NAVIGATION DATA PRODUCTS
(a) When the operator of a complex motor-powered aeroplane uses a navigation database that supports
an airborne navigation application as a primary means of navigation, the navigation database supplier
should hold a Type 2letter of acceptance (LoA), or equivalent.
(b) If this airborne navigation application is needed for an operation requiring a specifc approval in accord-
ance with Annex V (Part-SPA), the operators procedures should be based upon the Type 2LoA accept-
ance process.
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GM1CAT.IDE.A.355 Electronic navigation data management
LETTERS OF ACCEPTANCE AND STANDARDS FOR ELECTRONIC NAVIGATION DATA PRODUCTS
(a) A Type 2LoA is issued by the Agency in accordance with the Agencys Opinion No01/2005on The Accept-
ance of Navigation Database Suppliers. The defnitions of navigation database, navigation database sup-
plier, data application integrator, Type 1LoA and Type 2LoA can be found in Opinion No01/2005.
(b) Equivalent to a Type 2LoA is the FAA Type 2LoA, issued in accordance with the Federal Aviation Admin-
istration (FAA) Advisory Circular AC 20-153or AC 20-153A, and the Transport Canada Civil Aviation (TCCA)
Acknowledgement Letter of an Aeronautical Data Process, which uses the same basis.
(c) EUROCAE ED-76/Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics (RTCA) DO-200A Standards for Processing
Aeronautical Data contains guidance relating to the processes that the supplier may follow.
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Section 2 Helicopters
CAT.IDE.H.100 Instruments and equipment general
(a) Instruments and equipment required by this Subpart shall be approved in accordance with Regulation
(EC) No1702/2003, except for the following items:
(1) Spare fuses;
(2) Independent portable lights;
(3) An accurate time piece;
(4) Chart holder;
(5) First-aid kit;
(6) Megaphones;
(7) Survival and signalling equipment;
(8) Sea anchors and equipment for mooring; and
(9) Child restraint devices.
(b) Instruments and equipment not required by this Subpart that do not need to be approved in accordance
with Regulation (EC) No1702/2003but are carried on a fight, shall comply with the following:
(1) the information provided by these instruments, equipment or accessories shall not be used by
the fight crew to comply with Annex 1 to Regulation (EC) No 216/2008 or CAT.IDE.H.330, CAT.
IDE.H.335, CAT.IDE.H.340and CAT.IDE.H.345; and
(2) the instruments and equipment shall not afect the airworthiness of the helicopter, even in the
case of failures or malfunction.
(c) If equipment is to be used by one fight crew member at his/her station during fight, it must be readily
operable from that station. When a single item of equipment is required to be operated by more than
one fight crew member it must be installed so that the equipment is readily operable from any station at
which the equipment is required to be operated.
(d) Those instruments that are used by any fight crew member shall be so arranged as to permit the fight
crew member to see the indications readily from his/her station, with the minimum practicable deviation
from the position and line of vision that he/she normally assumes when looking forward along the fight
path.
(e) All required emergency equipment shall be easily accessible for immediate use.
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GM1CAT.IDE.H.100(b) Instruments and equipment general
INSTRUMENTS AND EQUIPMENT THAT DO NOT NEED TO BE APPROVED IN ACCORDANCE WITH
REGULATION (EC) NO748/2012, BUT ARE CARRIED ON A FLIGHT
(a) The provision of this paragraph does not exempt the item of equipment from complying with Regulation
(EC) No748/2012if the instrument or equipment is installed in the helicopter. In this case, the installation
should be approved as required in Regulation (EC) No748/2012and should comply with the applicable
airworthiness codes as required under that Regulation.
(b) The functionality of non-installed instruments and equipment required by this Subpart that do not need
an equipment approval should be checked against recognised industry standards appropriated for the
intended purpose. The operator is responsible for ensuring the maintenance of these instruments and
equipment.
(c) The failure of additional non-installed instruments or equipment not required by this Part or the airwor-
thiness codes as required under Regulation (EC) No 748/2012 or any applicable airspace requirements
should not adversely afect the airworthiness and/or the safe operation of the aircraft. Examples are the
following:
(1) instruments supplying additional fight information (e.g. stand-alone Global Positioning System
(GPS));
(2) mission dedicated equipment (e.g. radios); and
(3) non-installed passenger entertainment equipment.
GM1CAT.IDE.H.100(d) Instruments and equipment general
POSITIONING OF INSTRUMENTS
This requirement implies that whenever a single instrument is required to be installed in a helicopter operated
in a multi-crew environment, the instrument needs to be visible from each fight crew station.
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CAT.IDE.H.105 Minimum equipment for fight
A fight shall not be commenced when any of the helicopters instruments, items of equipment or functions
required for the intended fight are inoperative or missing, unless:
(a) the helicopter is operated in accordance with the operators MEL; or
(b) the operator is approved by the competent authority to operate the helicopter within the constraints of
the MMEL.
CAT.IDE.H.115 Operating lights
(a) Helicopters operated under VFR by day shall be equipped with an anti-collision light system.
(b) Helicopters operated at night or under IFR shall, in addition to (a), be equipped with:
(1) lighting supplied from the helicopters electrical system to provide adequate illumination for all
instruments and equipment essential to the safe operation of the helicopter;
(2) lighting supplied from the helicopters electrical system to provide illumination in all passenger
compartments;
(3) an independent portable light for each required crew member readily accessible to crew members
when seated at their designated stations;
(4) navigation/position lights;
(5) two landing lights of which at least one is adjustable in fight so as to illuminate the ground in front
of and below the helicopter and the ground on either side of the helicopter; and
(6) lights to conform with the International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea if the helicop-
ter is amphibious.
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CAT.IDE.H.125 Operations under VFR by day fight and navigational
instruments and associated equipment
(a) Helicopters operated under VFR by day shall be equipped with the following equipment, available at the
pilots station:
(1) A means of measuring and displaying:
(i) Magnetic heading;
(ii) Time in hours, minutes, and seconds;
(iii) Pressure altitude;
(iv) Indicated airspeed;
(v) Vertical speed;
(vi) Slip; and
(vii) outside air temperature.
(2) A means of indicating when the supply of power to the required fight instruments is not adequate.
(b) Whenever two pilots are required for the operation, an additional separate means of displaying the fol-
lowing shall be available for the second pilot:
(1) Pressure altitude;
(2) Indicated airspeed;
(3) Vertical speed; and
(4) Slip.
(c) Helicopters with an MCTOM of more than 3175kg or any helicopter operating over water when out of
sight of land or when the visibility is less than 1500m, shall be equipped with a means of measuring and
displaying:
(1) Attitude; and
(2) Heading.
(d) A means for preventing malfunction of the airspeed indicating systems due to condensation or icing shall
be available for helicopters with an MCTOM of more than 3175kg or an MOPSC of more than nine.
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AMC1CAT.IDE.H.125&CAT.IDE.H.130 Operations under VFR by day &
Operations under IFR or at night fight and navigational instruments and
associated equipment
INTEGRATED INSTRUMENTS
(a) Individual equipment requirements may be met by combinations of instruments or by integrated fight
systems or by a combination of parameters on electronic displays, provided that the information so avail-
able to each required pilot is not less than the required in the applicable operational requirements, and
the equivalent safety of the installation has been shown during type certifcation approval of the helicop-
ter for the intended type of operation.
(b) The means of measuring and indicating slip, helicopter attitude and stabilised helicopter heading may
be met by combinations of instruments or by integrated fight director systems, provided that the safe-
guards against total failure, inherent in the three separate instruments, are retained.
AMC1CAT.IDE.H.125(a)(1)(i)&CAT.IDE.H.130(a)(1) Operations under VFR by
day & Operations under IFR or at night fight and navigational instruments
and associated equipment
MEANS OF MEASURING AND DISPLAYING MAGNETIC HEADING
The means of measuring and displaying magnetic direction should be a magnetic compass or equivalent.
AMC1CAT.IDE.H.125(a)(1)(ii)&CAT.IDE.H.130(a)(2) Operations under VFR by
day & Operations under IFR or at night fight and navigational instruments
and associated equipment
MEANS OF MEASURING AND DISPLAYING THE TIME
An acceptable means of compliance is a clock displaying hours, minutes and seconds, with a sweep-second
pointer or digital presentation.
AMC1CAT.IDE.H.125(a)(1)(iii)&CAT.IDE.H.130(b) Operations under VFR by
day & Operations under IFR or at night fight and navigational instruments
and associated equipment
CALIBRATION OF THE MEANS OF MEASURING AND DISPLAYING PRESSURE ALTITUDE
The instrument measuring and displaying pressure altitude should be of a sensitive type calibrated in feet (ft),
with a sub-scale setting, calibrated in hectopascals/millibars, adjustable for any barometric pressure likely to be
set during fight.
AMC1CAT.IDE.H.125(a)(1)(iv)&CAT.IDE.H.130(a)(43) Operations under
VFR by day& Operations under IFR or at night fight and navigational
instruments and associated equipment
CALIBRATION OF THE INSTRUMENT INDICATING AIRSPEED
The instrument indicating airspeed should be calibrated in knots (kt).
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AMC1CAT.IDE.H.125(a)(1)(vii)&CAT.IDE.H.130(a)(8) Operations under
VFR by day & Operations under IFR or at night fight and navigational
instruments and associated equipment
OUTSIDE AIR TEMPERATURE
(a) The means of displaying outside air temperature should be calibrated in degrees Celsius.
(b) The means of displaying outside air temperature may be an air temperature indicator that provides indi-
cations that are convertible to outside air temperature.
AMC1CAT.IDE.H.125(b)&CAT.IDE.H.130(h) Operations under VFR by day
&Operations under IFR or at night fight and navigational instruments
andassociated equipment
MULTI-PILOT OPERATIONS DUPLICATE INSTRUMENTS
Duplicate instruments should include separate displays for each pilot and separate selectors or other associated
equipment where appropriate.
AMC1CAT.IDE.H.125(c)(2)&CAT.IDE.H.130(a)(7) Operations under VFR by
day & Operations under IFR or at night fight and navigational instruments
and associated equipment
STABILISED HEADING
Stabilised heading should be achieved for VFR fights by a gyroscopic heading indicator, whereas for IFR fights,
this should be achieved through a magnetic gyroscopic heading indicator.
AMC1CAT.IDE.H.125(d)&CAT.IDE.H.130(d) Operations under VFR by day
& Operations under IFR or at night operations fight and navigational
instruments and associated equipment
MEANS OF PREVENTING MALFUNCTION DUE TO CONDENSATION OR ICING
The means of preventing malfunction due to either condensation or icing of the airspeed indicating system
should be a heated pitot tube or equivalent.
See GM1CAT.IDE.H.125&CAT.IDE.H.130Operations under VFR by day & Operations under IFR or at night
fight and navigational instruments and associated equipment.
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CAT.IDE.H.130 Operations under IFR or at night fight and navigational
instruments and associated equipment
Helicopters operated under VFR at night or under IFR shall be equipped with the following equipment, available
at the pilots station:
(a) A means of measuring and displaying:
(1) Magnetic heading;
(2) Time in hours, minutes and seconds;
(3) Indicated airspeed;
(4) Vertical speed;
(5) Slip;
(6) Attitude;
(7) Stabilised heading; and
(8) Outside air temperature.
(b) Two means of measuring and displaying pressure altitude. For single-pilot operations under VFR at night
one pressure altimeter may be substituted by a radio altimeter.
(c) A means of indicating when the supply of power to the required fight instruments is not adequate.
(d) A means of preventing malfunction of the airspeed indicating systems required in (a)(3) and (h)(2) due to
either condensation or icing.
(e) A means of annunciating to the fight crew the failure of the means required in (d) for helicopters:
(1) issued with an individual CofA on or after 1August 1999; or
(2) issued with an individual CofA before 1August 1999with an MCTOM of more than 3175kg, and
with an MOPSC of more than nine.
(f) A standby means of measuring and displaying attitude that:
(1) is powered continuously during normal operation and, in the event of a total failure of the normal
electrical generating system, is powered from a source independent of the normal electrical gen-
erating system;
(2) operates independently of any other means of measuring and displaying attitude;
(3) is capable of being used from either pilots station;
(4) is operative automatically after total failure of the normal electrical generating system;
(5) provides reliable operation for a minimum of 30minutes or the time required to fy to a suitable
alternate landing site when operating over hostile terrain or ofshore, whichever is greater, after
total failure of the normal electrical generating system, taking into account other loads on the
emergency power supply and operational procedures;
(6) is appropriately illuminated during all phases of operation; and
(7) is associated with a means to alert the fight crew when operating under its dedicated power sup-
ply, including when operated by emergency power.
(g) An alternate source of static pressure for the means of measuring altitude, airspeed and vertical speed.
(h) Whenever two pilots are required for the operation, a separate means for displaying for the second pilot:
(1) Pressure altitude;
(2) Indicated airspeed;
(3) Vertical speed;
(4) Slip;
(5) Attitude; and
(6) Stabilised heading.
(i) For IFR operations, a chart holder in an easily readable position that can be illuminated for night opera-
tions.
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See AMC1 CAT.IDE.H.125&CAT.IDE.H.130 Operations under VFR by day & Operations under IFR or at
night fight and navigational instruments and associated equipment.
See AMC1CAT.IDE.H.125(a)(1)(i)&CAT.IDE.H.130(a)(1) Operations under VFR by day & Operations under
IFR or at night fight and navigational instruments and associated equipment.
See AMC1CAT.IDE.H.125(a)(1)(ii)&CAT.IDE.H.130(a)(2) Operations under VFR by day & Operations under
IFR or at night fight and navigational instruments and associated equipment.
See AMC1CAT.IDE.H.125(c)(2)&CAT.IDE.H.130(a)(7) Operations under VFR by day & Operations under
IFR or at night fight and navigational instruments and associated equipment.
See AMC1 CAT.IDE.H.125(a)(1)(vii)&CAT.IDE.H.130(a)(8) Operations under VFR by day & Operations
under IFR or at night fight and navigational instruments and associated equipment.
See AMC1 CAT.IDE.H.125(a)(1)(iv)&CAT.IDE.H.130(a)(43) Operations under VFR by day& Operations
under IFR or at night fight and navigational instruments and associated equipment.
See AMC1CAT.IDE.H.125(a)(1)(iii)&CAT.IDE.H.130(b) Operations under VFR by day & Operations under
IFR or at night fight and navigational instruments and associated equipment.
See AMC1CAT.IDE.H.125(d)&CAT.IDE.H.130(d) Operations under VFR by day & Operations under IFR or
at night operations fight and navigational instruments and associated equipment.
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AMC1CAT.IDE.H.130(e) Operations under IFR or at night fight and
navigational instruments and associated equipment
MEANS OF INDICATING FAILURE OF THE AIRSPEED INDICATING SYSTEMS MEANS OF PREVENTING
MALFUNCTION DUE TO EITHER CONDENSATION OR ICING
A combined means of indicating failure of the airspeed indicating systems means of preventing malfunction
due to either condensation or icing is acceptable provided that it is visible from each fight crew station and that
there it is a means to identify the failed heater in systems with two or more sensors.
AMC1CAT.IDE.H.130(f)(6) Operations under IFR or at night fight and
navigational instruments and associated equipment
ILLUMINATION OF STANDBY MEANS OF MEASURING AND DISPLAYING ATTITUDE
The standby means of measuring and displaying attitude should be illuminated so as to be clearly visible under
all conditions of daylight and artifcial lighting.
See AMC1CAT.IDE.H.125(b)&CAT.IDE.H.130(h) Operations under VFR by day &Operations under IFR or
at night fight and navigational instruments and associated equipment.
AMC1CAT.IDE.H.130(i) Operations under IFR or at night fight and
navigational instruments and associated equipment
CHART HOLDER
An acceptable means of compliance with the chart holder requirement is to display a pre-composed chart on
an electronic fight bag (EFB).
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GM1CAT.IDE.H.125&CAT.IDE.H.130 Operations under VFR by day &
Operations under IFR or at night fight and navigational instruments and
associated equipment
SUMMARY TABLE
Table 1: Flight and navigational instruments and associated equipment
SERIAL FLIGHTS UNDER VFR
FLIGHTS UNDER IFR
OR AT NIGHT
INSTRUMENT SINGLE PILOT
TWO PILOTS
REQUIRED
SINGLE PILOT
TWO PILOTS
REQUIRED
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)
1 Magnetic direction 1 1 1 1
2 Time 1 1 1 1
3 Pressure altitude 1 2
2
Note (1)
2
4 Indicated airspeed 1 2 1 2
5 Vertical speed 1 2 1 2
6 Slip 1 2 1 2
7 Attitude
1
Note (2)
2
Note (2)
1 2
8 Stabilised direction
1
Note (2)
2
Note (2)
1 2
9 Outside air temperature 1 1 1 1
10 Airspeed icing protection
1
Note (3)
2
Note (3)
1 2
11
Airspeed icing protection
failure indicating
1
Note (4)
2
Note (4)
12 Static pressure source 2 2
13 Standby attitude
1
Note (5)
1
Note (5)
14 Chart holder
1
Note (6)
1
Note (6)
Note (1) For single pilot night operation under VFR, one means of measuring and displaying pressure altitude
may be substituted by a means of measuring and displaying radio altitude.
Note (2) Applicable only to helicopters with a maximum certifed take-of mass (MCTOM) of more than
3175kg; or helicopters operated over water when out of sight of land or when the visibility is less than 1500m.
Note (3) Applicable only to helicopters with an MCTOM of more than 3175kg, or with an MOPSC of more than
nine.
Note (4) The pitot heater failure annunciation applies to any helicopter issued with an individual CofA on or
after 1August 1999. It also applies before that date when: the helicopter has a MCTOM of more than 3175kg
and an MOPSC of more than nine.
Note (5) For helicopters with an MCTOM of more than 3175kg, CS 29.1303(g) may require either a gyroscopic
rate-of-turn indicator combined with a slip-skid indicator (turn and bank indicator) or a standby attitude indica-
tor satisfying the requirements. In any case, the original type certifcation standard should be referred to deter-
mine the exact requirement.
Note (6) Applicable only to helicopters operating under IFR.
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CAT.IDE.H.135 Additional equipment for single-pilot operation under IFR
Helicopters operated under IFR with a single-pilot shall be equipped with an autopilot with at least altitude hold
and heading mode.
CAT.IDE.H.145 Radio altimeters
(a) Helicopters on fights over water shall be equipped with a radio altimeter capable of emitting an audio
warning below a pre-set height and a visual warning at a height selectable by the pilot, when operating:
(1) out of sight of the land;
(2) in a visibility of less than 1500m;
(3) at night; or
(4) at a distance from land corresponding to more than 3minutes at normal cruising speed.
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AMC1CAT.IDE.H.145 Radio altimeters
AUDIO WARNING DEVICE
The audio warning required in CAT.IDE.H.145should be a voice warning.
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CAT.IDE.H.160 Airborne weather detecting equipment
Helicopters with an MOPSC of more than nine and operated under IFR or at night shall be equipped with air-
borne weather detecting equipment when current weather reports indicate that thunderstorms or other poten-
tially hazardous weather conditions, regarded as detectable with airborne weather detecting equipment, may
be expected to exist along the route to be fown.
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AMC1CAT.IDE.H.160 Airborne weather detecting equipment
GENERAL
The airborne weather detecting equipment should be an airborne weather radar.
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CAT.IDE.H.165 Additional equipment for operations in icing conditions
atnight
(a) Helicopters operated in expected or actual icing conditions at night shall be equipped with a means to
illuminate or detect the formation of ice.
(b) The means to illuminate the formation of ice shall not cause glare or refection that would handicap crew
members in the performance of their duties.
CAT.IDE.H.170 Flight crew interphone system
Helicopters operated by more than one fight crew member shall be equipped with a fight crew interphone
system, including headsets and microphones for use by all fight crew members.
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AMC1CAT.IDE.H.170 Flight crew interphone system
TYPE OF FLIGHT CREW INTERPHONE
The fight crew interphone system should not be of a handheld type.
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CAT.IDE.H.175 Crew member interphone system
Helicopters shall be equipped with a crew member interphone system when carrying a crew member other
than a fight crew member.
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AMC1CAT.IDE.H.175 Crew member interphone system
SPECIFICATIONS
The crew member interphone system should:
(a) operate independently of the public address system except for handsets, headsets, microphones, selec-
tor switches and signalling devices;
(b) in the case of helicopters where at least one cabin crew member is required, be readily accessible for use
at required cabin crew stations close to each separate or pair of foor level emergency exits;
(c) in the case of helicopters where at least one cabin crew member is required, have an alerting system
incorporating aural or visual signals for use by fight and cabin crew;
(d) have a means for the recipient of a call to determine whether it is a normal call or an emergency call that
uses:
(1) lights of diferent colours;
(2) codes defned by the operator (e.g. diferent number of rings for normal and emergency calls); and
(3) any other indicating signal specifed in the operations manual;
(e) provide a means of two-way communication between the fight crew compartment and each crew mem-
ber station;
and
(f) be readily accessible for use from each required fight crew station in the fight crew compartment.
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CAT.IDE.H.180 Public address system
(a) Helicopters with an MOPSC of more than nine shall be equipped with a public address system, with the
exception of (b):
(b) Notwithstanding (a) helicopters with an MOPSC of more than nine and less than 20are exempted from
having a public address system, if:
(1) the helicopter is designed without a bulkhead between pilot and passengers; and
(2) the operator is able to demonstrate that when in fight, the pilots voice is audible and intelligible
at all passengers seats.
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AMC1CAT.IDE.H.180 Public address system
SPECIFICATIONS
The public address system should:
(a) operate independently of the interphone systems except for handsets, headsets, microphones, selector
switches and signalling devices;
(b) be readily accessible for immediate use from each required fight crew station;
(c) have, for each foor level passenger emergency exit that has an adjacent cabin crew seat, a microphone
operable by the seated cabin crew member, except that one microphone may serve more than one exit,
provided the proximity of exits allows unassisted verbal communication between seated cabin crew
members;
(d) be operable within 10seconds by a cabin crew member at each of those stations;
(e) be audible at all passenger seats, lavatories, cabin crew seats and work stations and any other location or
compartment that may be occupied by persons; and
(f) following a total failure of the normal electrical generating system, provide reliable operation for a mini-
mum of 10minutes.
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CAT.IDE.H.185 Cockpit voice recorder
(a) The following helicopter types shall be equipped with a cockpit voice recorder (CVR):
(1) all helicopters with an MCTOM of more than 7000kg; and
(2) helicopters with an MCTOM of more than 3175kg and frst issued with an individual CofA on or
after 1January 1987.
(b) The CVR shall be capable of retaining the data recorded during at least:
(1) the preceding 2hours for helicopters referred to in (a)(1) and (a)(2), when frst issued with an indi-
vidual CofA on or after 1January 2016;
(2) the preceding 1hour for helicopters referred to in (a)(1), when frst issued with an individual CofA
on or after 1August 1999and before 1January 2016;
(3) the preceding 30minutes for helicopters referred to in (a)(1), when frst issued with an individual
CofA before 1August 1999; or
(4) the preceding 30minutes for helicopters referred to in (a)(2), when frst issued with an individual
CofA before 1January 2016.
(c) The CVR shall record with reference to a timescale:
(1) voice communications transmitted from or received in the fight crew compartment by radio;
(2) fight crew members voice communications using the interphone system and the public address
system, if installed;
(3) the aural environment of the fight crew compartment, including without interruption:
(i) for helicopters frst issued with an individual CofA on or after 1August 1999, the audio sig-
nals received from each crew microphone;
(ii) for helicopters frst issued with an individual CofA before 1August 1999, the audio signals
received from each crew microphone, where practicable;
(4) voice or audio signals identifying navigation or approach aids introduced into a headset or speaker.
(d) The CVR shall start to record prior to the helicopter moving under its own power and shall continue to
record until the termination of the fight when the helicopter is no longer capable of moving under its
own power.
(e) In addition to (d), for helicopters referred to in (a)(2) issued with an individual CofA on or after 1August1999:
(1) the CVR shall start automatically to record prior to the helicopter moving under its own power and
continue to record until the termination of the fight when the helicopter is no longer capable of
moving under its own power; and
(2) depending on the availability of electrical power, the CVR shall start to record as early as possi-
ble during the cockpit checks prior to engine start at the beginning of the fight until the cockpit
checks immediately following engine shutdown at the end of the fight.
(f) The CVR shall have a device to assist in locating it in water.
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AMC1CAT.IDE.H.185 Cockpit voice recorder
OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS
For helicopters frst issued with an individual CofA on or after 01 January 2016 the operational performance
requirements for cockpit voice recorders (CVRs) should be those laid down in EUROCAE Document ED-112(Min-
imum Operational Performance Specifcation for Crash Protected Airborne Recorder Systems) dated March2003,
including amendments n1and n2, or any later equivalent standard produced by EUROCAE.
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CAT.IDE.H.190 Flight data recorder
(a) The following helicopters shall be equipped with an FDR that uses a digital method of recording and stor-
ing data and for which a method of readily retrieving that data from the storage medium is available:
(1) helicopters with an MCTOM of more than 3175kg and frst issued with an individual CofA on or
after 1August 1999;
(2) helicopters with an MCTOM of more than 7000kg, or an MOPSC of more than nine, and frst issued
with an individual CofA on or after 1January 1989but before 1August 1999.
(b) The FDR shall record the parameters required to determine accurately the:
(1) fight path, speed, attitude, engine power, operation and confguration and be capable of retain-
ing the data recorded during at least the preceding 10hours, for helicopters referred to in (a)(1)
and frst issued with an individual CofA on or after 1January 2016;
(2) fight path, speed, attitude, engine power and operation and be capable of retaining the data
recorded during at least the preceding 8hours, for helicopters referred to in (a)(1) and frst issued
with an individual CofA before 1January 2016;
(3) fight path, speed, attitude, engine power and operation and be capable of retaining the data
recorded during at least the preceding 5hours, for helicopters referred to in (a)(2).
(c) Data shall be obtained from helicopter sources that enable accurate correlation with information dis-
played to the fight crew.
(d) The FDR shall automatically start to record the data prior to the helicopter being capable of moving under
its own power and shall stop automatically after the helicopter is incapable of moving under its own
power.
(e) The FDR shall have a device to assist in locating it in water.
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AMC1CAT.IDE.H.190 Flight data recorder
OPERATIONAL PERFORMANCE REQUIREMENTS FOR HELICOPTERS HAVING AN MCTOM OF MORE THAN
3175KG AND FIRST ISSUED WITH AN INDIVIDUAL C OF A ON OR AFTER 1JANUARY 2016
(a) The operational performance requirements for fight data recorders (FDRs) should be those laid down in
EUROCAE Document ED-112(Minimum Operational Performance Specifcation for Crash Protected Air-
borne Recorder Systems) dated March 2003, including amendments n1and n2, or any later equivalent
standard produced by EUROCAE.
(b) The FDR should, with reference to a timescale, record:
(1) the parameters listed in Table 1below;
(2) the additional parameters listed in Table 2below, when the information data source for the param-
eter is used by helicopter systems or is available on the instrument panel for use by the fight crew
to operate the helicopter; and
(3) any dedicated parameters related to novel or unique design or operational characteristics of the
helicopter as determined by the Agency.
(c) The FDR parameters should meet, as far as practicable, the performance specifcations (range, sampling
intervals, accuracy limits and minimum in read-out) defned in the operational performance require-
ments and specifcations of EUROCAE Document ED-112, including amendments n1 and n2, or any
later equivalent standard produced by EUROCAE.
(d) FDR systems for which some recorded parameters do not meet the performance specifcations of EURO-
CAE Document ED-112may be acceptable to the Agency.
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Table 1: FDR all helicopters
No* Parameter
1 Time or relative time count
2 Pressure altitude
3 Indicated airspeed or calibrated airspeed
4 Heading
5 Normal acceleration
6 Pitch attitude
7 Roll attitude
8 Manual radio transmission keying CVR/FDR synchronisation reference
9
9a
9b
9c
9d
9e
Power on each engine
Free power turbine speed (NF)
Engine torque
Engine gas generator speed (NG)
Cockpit power control position
Other parameters to enable engine power to be determined
10a
10b
Main rotor speed
Rotor brake (if installed)
11
11a
11b
11c
11d
11e
11f
Primary fight controls Pilot input and/or control output position (if applicable)
Collective pitch
Longitudinal cyclic pitch
Lateral cyclic pitch
Tail rotor pedal
Controllable stabilator (if applicable)
Hydraulic selection
12 Hydraulics low pressure (each system should be recorded.)
13 Outside air temperature
18 Yaw rate or yaw acceleration
20 Longitudinal acceleration (body axis)
21 Lateral acceleration
25 Marker beacon passage
26 Warnings a discrete should be recorded for the master warning, gearbox low oil pressure and stability augmentation
system failure. Other red warnings should be recorded where the warning condition cannot be determined from other
parameters or from the cockpit voice recorder.
27 Each navigation receiver frequency selection
37 Engine control modes
* The number in the left hand column refects the serial numbers depicted in EUROCAE Document ED-112
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Table 2: Helicopters for which the data source for the parameter is either used by helicopter systems or is
available on the instrument panel for use by the fight crew to operate the helicopter
No* Parameter
14 AFCS mode and engagement status
15 Stability augmentation system engagement (each system should be recorded)
16 Main gear box oil pressure
17
17a
17b
17c
Gear box oil temperature
Main gear box oil temperature
Intermediate gear box oil temperature
Tail rotor gear box oil temperature
19 Indicated sling load force (if signals readily available)
22 Radio altitude
23
23a
23b
23c
Vertical deviation the approach aid in use should be recorded.
ILS glide path
MLS elevation
GNSS approach path
24
24a
24b
24c
Horizontal deviation the approach aid in use should be recorded.
ILS localiser
MLS azimuth
GNSS approach path
28 DME 1& 2distances
29
29a
29b
29c
29d
29e
29f
Navigation data
Drift angle
Wind speed
Wind direction
Latitude
Longitude
Ground speed
30 Landing gear or gear selector position
31 Engine exhaust gas temperature (T4)
32 Turbine inlet temperature (TIT/ITT)
33 Fuel contents
34 Altitude rate (vertical speed) only necessary when available from cockpit instruments
35 Ice detection
36
36a
36b
36c
36d
36e
Helicopter health and usage monitor system (HUMS)
Engine data
Chip detector
Track timing
Exceedance discretes
Broadband average engine vibration
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No* Parameter
38
38a
38b
Selected barometric setting to be recorded for helicopters where the parameter is displayed electronically
Pilot
Co-pilot
39 Selected altitude (all pilot selectable modes of operation) to be recorded for the helicopters where the parameter is
displayed electronically
40 Selected speed (all pilot selectable modes of operation) to be recorded for the helicopters where the parameter is
displayed electronically
41 Selected Mach (all pilot selectable modes of operation) to be recorded for the helicopters where the parameter is
displayed electronically
42 Selected vertical speed (all pilot selectable modes of operation) to be recorded for the helicopters where the parameter
is displayed electronically
43 Selected heading (all pilot selectable modes of operation) to be recorded for the helicopters where the parameter is
displayed electronically
44 Selected fight path (all pilot selectable modes of operation) to be recorded for the helicopters where the parameter
is displayed electronically
45 Selected decision height (all pilot selectable modes of operation) to be recorded for the helicopters where the
parameter is displayed electronically
46 EFIS display format
47 Multi-function / engine / alerts display format
48 Event marker
* The number in the left hand column refects the serial numbers depicted in EUROCAE Document ED-112
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AMC2CAT.IDE.H.190 Flight data recorder
LIST OF PARAMETERS TO BE RECORDED FOR HELICOPTERS HAVING AN MCTOM OF MORE THAN 3175KG
AND FIRST ISSUED WITH AN INDIVIDUAL COFA ON OR AFTER 1AUGUST 1999AND BEFORE 1JANUARY
2016AND HELICOPTERS HAVING AN MCTOM OF MORE THAN 7000KG OR AN MOPSC OF MORE THAN NINE
AND FIRST ISSUED WITH AN INDIVIDUAL COFA ON OR AFTER 1JANUARY 1989AND BEFORE 1AUGUST 1999
(a) The FDR should, with reference to a timescale, record:
(1) for helicopters with an MCTOM between 3 175 kg and 7 000 kg the parameters listed in Table
1below;
(2) for helicopters with an MCTOM of more than7000kg the parameters listed in Table 2 below;
(3) for helicopters equipped with electronic display systems, the additional parameters listed in Table
3below; and
(4) any dedicated parameters relating to novel or unique design or operational characteristics of the
helicopter.
(b) When determined by the Agency, the FDR of helicopters with an MCTOM of more than 7000kg do not
need to record parameter 19of Table 2below, if any of the following conditions are met:
(1) the sensor is not readily available; or
(2) a change is required in the equipment that generates the data.
(c) Individual parameters that can be derived by calculation from the other recorded parameters need not to
be recorded, if agreed by the competent authority.
(d) The parameters should meet, as far as practicable, the performance specifcations (range, sampling inter-
vals, accuracy limits and resolution in read-out) defned in AMC3CAT.IDE.H.190.
(e) If recording capacity is available, as many of the additional parameters as possible specifed in tableII-A.2of
EUROCAE Document ED 112dated March 2003should be recorded.
(f) For the purpose of this AMC a sensor is considered readily available when it is already available or can be
easily incorporated.
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Table 1: Helicopters with an MCTOM of 7000kg or less
No Parameter
1 Time or relative time count
2 Pressure altitude
3 Indicated airspeed or calibrated airspeed
4 Heading
5 Normal acceleration
6 Pitch attitude
7 Roll attitude
8 Manual radio transmission keying
9 Power on each engine (free power turbine speed and engine torque) / cockpit power control position (if applicable)
10a
10b
Main rotor speed
Rotor brake (if installed)
11
11a
11b
11c
11d
11e
11f
Primary fight controls pilot input and control output position (if applicable)
Collective pitch
Longitudinal cyclic pitch
Lateral cyclic pitch
Tail rotor pedal
Controllable stabilator
Hydraulic selection
13 Outside air temperature
14 Autopilot engagement status
15 Stability augmentation system engagement
26 Warnings
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Table 2: Helicopters with an MCTOM of more than 7000kg
No Parameter
1 Time or relative time count
2 Pressure altitude
3 Indicated airspeed or calibrated airspeed
4 Heading
5 Normal acceleration
6 Pitch attitude
7 Roll attitude
8 Manual radio transmission keying
9 Power on each engine (free power turbine speed and engine torque) / cockpit power control position (if applicable)
10a
10b
Main rotor speed
Rotor brake (if installed)
11
11a
11b
11c
11d
11e
11f
Primary fight controls pilot input and control output position (if applicable)
Collective pitch
Longitudinal cyclic pitch
Lateral cyclic pitch
Tail rotor pedal
Controllable stabilator
Hydraulic selection
12 Hydraulics low pressure
13 Outside air temperature
14 AFCS mode and engagement status
15 Stability augmentation system engagement
16 Main gear box oil pressure
17 Main gear box oil temperature
18 Yaw rate or yaw acceleration
19 Indicated sling load force (if installed)
20 Longitudinal acceleration (body axis)
21 Lateral acceleration
22 Radio altitude
23 Vertical beam deviation (ILS glide path or MLS elevation)
24 Horizontal beam deviation (ILS localiser or MLS azimuth)
25 Marker beacon passage
26 Warnings
27 Reserved (navigation receiver frequency selection is recommended)
28 Reserved (DME distance is recommended)
29 Reserved (navigation data is recommended)
30 Landing gear or gear selector position
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Table 3: Helicopters equipped with electronic display systems
No Parameter
38 Selected barometric setting (each pilot station)
39 Selected altitude
40 Selected speed
41 Selected Mach
42 Selected vertical speed
43 Selected heading
44 Selected fight path
45 Selected decision height
46 EFIS display format
47 Multi-function / engine / alerts display format
AMC3CAT.IDE.H.190 Flight data recorder
PERFORMANCE SPECIFICATIONS FOR THE PARAMETERS TO BE RECORDED FOR HELICOPTERS HAVING
AN MCTOM OF MORE THAN 3175KG AND FIRST ISSUED WITH AN INDIVIDUAL COFA ON OR AFTER
1AUGUST1999 AND BEFORE 1JANUARY 2016AND HELICOPTERS HAVING AN MCTOM OF MORE
THAN7000KG OR AN MOPSC OF MORE THAN NINE AND FIRST ISSUED WITH AN INDIVIDUAL COFA ON
ORAFTER 1JANUARY 1989AND BEFORE 1AUGUST 1999
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GM1CAT.IDE.H.190 Flight data recorder
GENERAL
For the purpose of AMC2CAT.IDE.H.190(b) a sensor is considered readily available when it is already available
or can be easily incorporated.
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CAT.IDE.H.195 Data link recording
(a) Helicopters frst issued with an individual CofA on or after 8April 2014that have the capability to operate
data link communications and are required to be equipped with a CVR, shall record on a recorder, where
applicable:
(1) data link communication messages related to ATS communications to and from the helicopter,
including messages applying to the following applications:
(i) data link initiation;
(ii) controllerpilot communication;
(iii) addressed surveillance;
(iv) fight information;
(v) as far as is practicable, given the architecture of the system, aircraft broadcast surveillance;
(vi) as far as is practicable, given the architecture of the system, aircraft operational control data;
(vii) as far as is practicable, given the architecture of the system, graphics;
(2) information that enables correlation to any associated records related to data link communica-
tions and stored separately from the helicopter; and
(3) information on the time and priority of data link communications messages, taking into account
the systems architecture.
(b) The recorder shall use a digital method of recording and storing data and information and a method of
readily retrieving that data shall be available. The recording method shall allow the data to match the
data recorded on the ground.
(c) The recorder shall be capable of retaining data recorded for at least the same duration as set out for CVRs
in CAT.IDE.H.185.
(d) The recorder shall have a device to assist in locating it in water.
(e) The requirements applicable to the start and stop logic of the recorder are the same as the requirements
applicable to the start and stop logic of the CVR contained in CAT.IDE.H.185(d) and (e).
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AMC1CAT.IDE.H.195 Data link recording
GENERAL
(a) The helicopter should be capable of recording the messages as specifed in this AMC.
(b) As a means of compliance with CAT.IDE.H.195(a), the recorder on which the data link messages are
recorded may be:
(1) the CVR;
(2) the FDR;
(3) a combination recorder when CAT.IDE.H.200is applicable; or
(4) a dedicated fight recorder. In that case, the operational performance requirements for this recorder
should be those laid down in EUROCAE Document ED-112 (Minimum Operational Performance
Specifcation for Crash Protected Airborne Recorder Systems) dated March 2003, including amend-
ments n1and n2, or any later equivalent standard produced by EUROCAE.
(c) As a means of compliance with CAT.IDE.H.195(a)(2), the operator should enable correlation by providing
information that allows an accident investigator to understand what data were provided to the helicop-
ter and, when the provider identifcation is contained in the message, by which provider.
(d) The timing information associated with the data link communications messages required to be recorded
by CAT.IDE.H.195(a)(3) should be capable of being determined from the airborne-based recordings. This
timing information should include at least the following:
(1) the time each message was generated;
(2) the time any message was available to be displayed by the crew;
(3) the time each message was actually displayed or recalled from a queue; and
(4) the time of each status change.
(e) The message priority should be recorded when it is defned by the protocol of the data link communica-
tion message being recorded.
(f) The expression taking into account the system architecture, in CAT.IDE.H.195 (a)(3), means that the
recording of the specifed information may be omitted if the existing source systems involved would
require a major upgrade. The following should be considered:
(1) the extent of the modifcation required;
(2) the down-time period; and
(3) equipment software development.
(g) The intention is that new designs of source systems should include this functionality and support the full
recording of the required information.
(h) Data link communications messages that support the applications in Table 1below should be recorded.
(i) Further details on the recording requirements can be found in the recording requirement matrix in
Appendix D.2 of EUROCAE Document ED-93 (Minimum Aviation System Performance Specifcation for
CNS/ATM Recorder Systems, dated November 1998).
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Table 1: Applications
Item
No
Application Type Application Description Required
Recording
Content
1 Data link initiation This includes any application used to log on to, or initiate, a data
link service. In future air navigation system (FANS)-1/A and air traf c
navigation (ATN), these are ATS facilities notifcation (AFN) and context
management (CM), respectively.
C
2 Controller/pilot
communication
This includes any application used to exchange requests, clearances,
instructions and reports between the fight crew and air traf c
controllers. In FANS-1/A and ATN, this includes the controller pilot data
link communications (CPDLC) application.
CPDLC includes the exchange of oceanic clearances (OCLs) and
departure clearances (DCLs).
C
3 Addressed surveillance This includes any surveillance application in which the ground sets up
contracts for delivery of surveillance data.
In FANS-1/A and ATN, this includes the automatic dependent
surveillance-contract (ADS-C) application.
C, F2
4 Flight information This includes any application used for delivery of fight information data
to specifc aeroplanes. This includes for example data link-automatic
terminal information service (D-ATIS), data link-operational terminal
information service (D-OTIS), digital weather information services
(D-METAR or TWIP), data link fight information service (D-FIS) and
Notice to Airmen (D-NOTAM) delivery.
C
5 Aircraft broadcast
surveillance
This includes elementary and enhanced surveillance systems, as well as
automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B) output data.
M*,
F2
6 Airlines operations
centre (AOC) data
This includes any application transmitting or receiving data used for
AOC purposes (in accordance with the ICAO defnition of AOC). Such
systems may also process AAC messages, but there is no requirement
to record AAC messages
M*
7 Graphics This includes any application receiving graphical data to be used for
operational purposes (i.e. excluding applications that are receiving such
things as updates to manuals).
M*
F1
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GM1CAT.IDE.H.195 Data link recording
DEFINITIONS AND ACRONYMS
(a) The letters and expressions in Table 1of AMC1CAT.IDE.H.195have the following meaning:
C: Complete contents recorded
M: Information that enables correlation with any associated records stored separately from the heli-
copter.
*: Applications that are to be recorded only as far as is practicable, given the architecture of the sys-
tem.
F1: Graphics applications may be considered as AOC data when they are part of a data link communi-
cations application service run on an individual basis by the operator itself in the framework of the
operational control.
F2: Where parametric data sent by the helicopter, such as Mode S, is reported within the message, it
should be recorded unless data from the same source is recorded on the FDR.
(b) The defnitions of the applications type in Table 1of AMC1CAT.IDE.H.195are described in Table 1below.
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Table 1: Descriptions of the applications type
Item
No
Application Type Messages Comments
1 CM CM is an ATN service
2 AFN AFN is a FANS 1/A service
3 CPDLC All implemented up and downlink messages to be recorded
4 ADS-C ADS-C reports All contract requests and reports recorded
Position reports Only used within FANS 1/A. Only used in oceanic and remote areas.
5 ADS-B Surveillance data Information that enables correlation with any associated records stored
separately from the helicopter.
6 D-FIS D-FIS is an ATN service. All implemented up and downlink messages to be
recorded
7 TWIP TWIP messages Terminal weather information for pilots
8 D-ATIS ATIS messages Refer to EUROCAE Document ED-89A dated December 2003. Data Link
Application System Document (DLASD) for the ATIS Data Link Service
9 OCL OCL messages Refer to EUROCAE Document ED-106A dated March 2004. Data Link Application
System Document (DLASD) for Oceanic Clearance Data Link Service
10 DCL DCL messages Refer to EUROCAE Document ED-85A dated December 2003. Data Link
Application System Document (DLASD) for Departure Clearance Data Link
Service
11 Graphics Weather maps &
other graphics
Graphics exchanged in the framework of procedures within the operational
control, as specifed in Part-ORO.
Information that enables correlation with any associated records stored
separately from the aeroplane.
12 AOC Aeronautical
operational control
messages
Messages exchanged in the framework of procedures within the operational
control, as specifed in Part-ORO.
Information that enables correlation with any associated records stored
separately from the helicopter. Defnition in EUROCAE Document ED-112,
dated March 2003.
13 Surveillance Downlinked aircraft
parameters (DAP)
As defned in ICAO Annex 10Volume IV (Surveillance systems and ACAS).
AAC aeronautical administrative communications
ADS-B automatic dependent surveillance broadcast
ADS-C automatic dependent surveillance contract
AFN aircraft fight notifcation
AOC aeronautical operational control
ATIS automatic terminal information service
ATSC air traf c service communication
CAP controller access parameters
CPDLC controller pilot data link communications
CM confguration/context management
D-ATIS data link ATIS
D-FIS data link fight information service
DCL departure clearance
FANS Future Air Navigation System
FLIPCY fight plan consistency
OCL oceanic clearance
SAP system access parameters
TWIP terminal weather information for pilots
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CAT.IDE.H.200 Flight data and cockpit voice combination recorder
Compliance with CVR and FDR requirements may be achieved by the carriage of one combination recorder.
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AMC1CAT.IDE.H.200 Flight data and cockpit voice combination recorder
GENERAL
(a) A fight data and cockpit voice combination recorder is a fight recorder that records:
(1) all voice communications and the aural environment required by CAT.IDE.H.185regarding CVRs;
and
(2) all parameters required by CAT.IDE.H.190regarding FDRs, with the same specifcations required by
those paragraphs.
(b) In addition a fight data and cockpit voice combination recorder may record data link communication
messages and related information required by CAT.IDE.H.195.
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CAT.IDE.H.205 Seats, seat safety belts, restraint systems and child restraint
devices
(a) Helicopters shall be equipped with:
(1) a seat or berth for each person on board who is aged 24months or more;
(2) a seat belt on each passenger seat and restraining belts for each berth;
(3) for helicopters frst issued with an individual CofA on or after 1 August 1999, a safety belt with
upper torso restraint system for use on each passenger seat for each passenger aged 24months or
more;
(4) a child restraint device (CRD) for each person on board younger than 24months;
(5) a seat belt with upper torso restraint system incorporating a device that will automatically restrain
the occupants torso in the event of rapid deceleration on each fight crew seat;
(6) a seat belt with upper torso restraint system on each seat for the minimum required cabin crew.
(b) A seat belt with upper torso restraint system shall:
(1) have a single point release; and
(2) on fight crew seats and on the seats for the minimum required cabin crew include two shoulder
straps and a seat belt that may be used independently.
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AMC1CAT.IDE.H.205 Seats, seat safety belts, restraint systems and child
restraint devices
CHILD RESTRAINT DEVICES (CRDS)
(a) A CRD is considered to be acceptable if:
(1) it is a supplementary loop belt manufactured with the same techniques and the same materials of
the approved safety belts; or
(2) it complies with (b).
(b) Provided the CRD can be installed properly on the respective helicopter seat, the following CRDs are con-
sidered acceptable:
(1) CRDs approved for use in aircraft by a competent authority on the basis of a technical standard and
marked accordingly;
(2) CRDs approved for use in motor vehicles according to the UN standard ECE R 44, -03or later series
of amendments;
(3) CRDs approved for use in motor vehicles and aircraft according to Canadian CMVSS 213/213.1;
(4) CRDs approved for use in motor vehicles and aircraft according to US FMVSS No213and are manu-
factured to these standards on or after February 26, 1985. US approved CRDs manufactured after
this date must bear the following labels in red letters:
(i) THIS CHILD RESTRAINT SYSTEM CONFORMS TO ALL APPLICABLE FEDERAL MOTOR VEHICLE
SAFETY STANDARDS; and
(ii) THIS RESTRAINT IS CERTIFIED FOR USE IN MOTOR VEHICLES AND AIRCRAFT;
(5) CRDs qualifed for use in aircraft according to the German Qualifcation Procedure for Child
Restraint Systems for Use in Aircraft (TV Doc.: TV/958-01/2001); and
(6) devices approved for use in cars, manufactured and tested to standards equivalent to those listed
above. The device should be marked with an associated qualifcation sign, which shows the name
of the qualifcation organisation and a specifc identifcation number, related to the associated
qualifcation project. The qualifying organisation should be a competent and independent organi-
sation that is acceptable to the competent authority.
(c) Location
(1) Forward facing CRDs may be installed on both forward and rearward facing passenger seats but
only when ftted in the same direction as the passenger seat on which they are positioned. Rear-
ward facing CRDs should only be installed on forward facing passenger seats. A CRD should not be
installed within the radius of action of an airbag, unless it is obvious that the airbag is de-activated
or it can be demonstrated that there is no negative impact from the airbag.
(2) An infant in a CRD should be located as near to a foor level exit as feasible.
(3) An infant in a CRD should not hinder evacuation for any passenger.
(4) An infant in a CRD should neither be located in the row (where rows are existing) leading to an
emergency exit nor located in a row immediately forward or aft of an emergency exit. A window
passenger seat is the preferred location. An aisle passenger seat or a cross aisle passenger seat that
forms part of the evacuation route to exits is not recommended. Other locations may be accept-
able provided the access of neighbour passengers to the nearest aisle is not obstructed by the
CRD.
(5) In general, only one CRD per row segment is recommended. More than one CRD per row seg-
ment is allowed if the infants are from the same family or travelling group provided the infants are
accompanied by a responsible adult sitting next to them.
(6) A row segment is the fraction of a row separated by two aisles or by one aisle and the helicopter
fuselage.
(d) Installation
(1) CRDs should only be installed on a suitable helicopter seat with the type of connecting device they
are approved or qualifed for. E.g., CRDs to be connected by a three point harness only (most rear-
ward facing baby CRDs currently available) should not be attached to a helicopter seat with a lap
belt only, a CRD designed to be attached to a vehicle seat by means of rigid bar lower anchorages
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(ISO-FIX or US equivalent) only, should only be used on helicopter seats that are equipped with
such connecting devices and should not be attached by the helicopter seat lap belt. The method of
connecting should be the one shown in the manufacturers instructions provided with each CRD.
(2) All safety and installation instructions must be followed carefully by the responsible person accom-
panying the infant. Cabin crew should prohibit the use of any inadequately installed CRD or not
qualifed seat.
(3) If a forward facing CRD with a rigid backrest is to be fastened by a lap belt, the restraint device
should be fastened when the backrest of the passenger seat on which it rests is in a reclined posi-
tion. Thereafter, the backrest is to be positioned upright. This procedure ensures better tightening
of the CRD on the aircraft seat if the aircraft seat is reclinable.
(4) The buckle of the adult safety belt must be easily accessible for both opening and closing, and
must be in line with the seat belt halves (not canted) after tightening.
(5) Forward facing restraint devices with an integral harness must not be installed such that the adult
safety belt is secured over the infant.
(e) Operation
(1) Each CRD should remain secured to a passenger seat during all phases of fight, unless it is properly
stowed when not in use.
(2) Where a CRD is adjustable in recline it must be in an upright position for all occasions when pas-
senger restraint devices are required.
AMC2CAT.IDE.H.205 Seats, seat safety belts, restraint systems and child
restraint devices
UPPER TORSO RESTRAINT SYSTEM
An upper torso restraint system having three straps is deemed to be compliant with the requirement for restraint
systems with two shoulder straps.
SAFETY BELT
A safety belt with diagonal should strap (three anchorage points) is deemed to be compliant with safety belts
(two anchorage points).
AMC3CAT.IDE.H.205 Seats, seat safety belts, restraint systems and child
restraint devices
SEATS FOR MINIMUM REQUIRED CABIN CREW
(a) Seats for the minimum required cabin crew members should be located near required foor level emer-
gency exits, except if the emergency evacuation of passengers would be enhanced by seating the cabin
crew members elsewhere. In this case other locations are acceptable. This criterion should also apply if
the number of required cabin crew members exceeds the number of foor level emergency exits.
(b) Seats for cabin crew member(s) should be forward or rearward facing within 15 of the longitudinal axis
of the helicopter.
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CAT.IDE.H.210 Fasten seat belt and no smoking signs
Helicopters in which not all passenger seats are visible from the fight crew seat(s) shall be equipped with a
means of indicating to all passengers and cabin crew when seat belts shall be fastened and when smoking is
not allowed.
CAT.IDE.H.220 First-aid kits
(a) Helicopters shall be equipped with at least one frst-aid kit.
(b) First-aid kits shall be:
(1) readily accessible for use;
(2) kept up-to-date.
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AMC1CAT.IDE.H.220 First-aid kits
CONTENT OF FIRST-AID KITS
(a) First-aid kits should be equipped with appropriate and suf cient medications and instrumentation. How-
ever, these kits should be complemented by the operator according to the characteristics of the opera-
tion (scope of operation, fight duration, number and demographics of passengers etc.).
(b) The following should be included in the frst-aid kit:
(1) Equipment
(i) bandages (assorted sizes);
(ii) burns dressings (unspecifed);
(iii) wound dressings (large and small);
(iv) adhesive dressings (assorted sizes);
(v) adhesive tape;
(vi) adhesive wound closures;
(vii) safety pins;
(viii) safety scissors;
(ix) antiseptic wound cleaner;
(x) disposable resuscitation aid;
(xi) disposable gloves;
(xii) tweezers: splinter; and
(xiii) thermometers (non-mercury).
(2) Medications
(i) simple analgesic (may include liquid form);
(ii) antiemetic;
(iii) nasal decongestant;
(iv) gastrointestinal antacid, in the case of helicopters carrying more than nine passengers;
(v) anti-diarrhoeal medication in the case of helicopters carrying more than nine passengers;
and
(vi) antihistamine.
(3) Other
(i) a list of contents in at least two languages (English and one other). This should include infor-
mation on the efects and side efects of medications carried;
(ii) frst-aid handbook, current edition;
(iii) medical incident report form;
(iv) biohazard disposal bags.
(4) An eye irrigator, whilst not required to be carried in the frst-aid kit, should, where possible, be
available for use on the ground.
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AMC2CAT.IDE.H.220 First-aid kits
MAINTENANCE OF FIRST-AID KITS
To be kept up to date frst-aid kits should be:
(a) inspected periodically to confrm, to the extent possible, that contents are maintained in the condition
necessary for their intended use;
(b) replenished at regular intervals, in accordance with instructions contained on their labels, or as circum-
stances warrant; and
(c) replenished after use-in-fight at the frst opportunity where replacement items are available.
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CAT.IDE.H.240 Supplemental oxygen non-pressurised helicopters
Non-pressurised helicopters operated at pressure altitudes above 10000ft shall be equipped with supplemen-
tal oxygen equipment capable of storing and dispensing the oxygen supplies in accordance with the following
tables.
Table 1: Oxygen minimum requirements for complex non-pressurised helicopters
Supply for: Duration and cabin pressure altitude
1) Occupants of fight crew compartment seats on fight
crew compartment duty and crew members assisting
fight crew in their duties
The entire fying time at pressure altitudes above 10000ft.
2) Required cabin crew members The entire fying time at pressure altitudes above 13 000 ft
and for any period exceeding 30minutes at pressure altitudes
above 10000ft but not exceeding 13000ft.
3) Additional crew members and 100% of passengers* The entire fying time at pressure altitudes above 13000ft.
4) 10% of passengers* The entire fying time after 30 minutes at pressure altitudes
above 10000ft but not exceeding 13000ft.
*
Passenger numbers in Table 1refer to passengers actually carried on board including persons younger than 24months.
Table 2: Oxygen minimum requirements for other-than-complex non-pressurised helicopters
Supply for: Duration and cabin pressure altitude
1) Occupants of fight crew compartment seats on fight
crew compartment duty, crew members assisting fight
crew in their duties, and required cabin crew members
The entire fying time at pressure altitudes above 13 000 ft
and for any period exceeding 30minutes at pressure altitudes
above 10000ft but not exceeding 13000ft.
2) Additional crew members and 100% of passengers* The entire fying time at pressure altitudes above 13000ft.
3) 10% of passengers* The entire fying time after 30 minutes at pressure altitudes
above 10000ft but not exceeding 13000ft.
*
Passenger numbers in Table 2refer to passengers actually carried on board including persons younger than 24months.
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AMC1CAT.IDE.H.240 Supplemental oxygen non-pressurised helicopters
DETERMINATION OF OXYGEN
The amount of supplemental oxygen for sustenance for a particular operation should be determined on the
basis of fight altitudes and fight duration, consistent with the operating procedures, including emergency,
procedures, established for each operation and the routes to be fown as specifed in the operations manual.
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CAT.IDE.H.250 Hand fre extinguishers
(a) Helicopters shall be equipped with at least one hand fre extinguisher in the fight crew compartment.
(b) At least one hand fre extinguisher shall be located in, or readily accessible for use in, each galley not
located on the main passenger compartment.
(c) At least one hand fre extinguisher shall be available for use in each cargo compartment that is accessible
to crew members in fight.
(d) The type and quantity of extinguishing agent for the required fre extinguishers shall be suitable for the
type of fre likely to occur in the compartment where the extinguisher is intended to be used and to mini-
mise the hazard of toxic gas concentration in compartments occupied by persons.
(e) The helicopter shall be equipped with at least a number of hand fre extinguishers in accordance with
Table 1, conveniently located to provide adequate availability for use in each passenger compartment.
Table 1: Number of hand fre extinguishers
MOPSC Number of extinguishers
7 30 1
31 60 2
61 200 3
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AMC1CAT.IDE.H.250 Hand fre extinguishers
NUMBER, LOCATION AND TYPE
(a) The number and location of hand fre extinguishers should be such as to provide adequate availability for
use, account being taken of the number and size of the passenger compartments, the need to minimise
the hazard of toxic gas concentrations and the location of lavatories, galleys etc. These considerations
may result in a number of fre extinguishers greater than the minimum required.
(b) There should be at least one hand fre extinguisher installed in the fight crew compartment and this
should be suitable for fghting both fammable fuid and electrical equipment fres. Additional hand fre
extinguishers may be required for the protection of other compartments accessible to the crew in fight.
Dry chemical fre extinguishers should not be used in the fight crew compartment, or in any compart-
ment not separated by a partition from the fight crew compartment, because of the adverse efect on
vision during discharge and, if conductive, interference with electrical contacts by the chemical residues.
(c) Where only one hand fre extinguisher is required in the passenger compartments it should be located
near the cabin crew members station, where provided.
(d) Where two or more hand fre extinguishers are required in the passenger compartments and their loca-
tion is not otherwise dictated by consideration of (a), an extinguisher should be located near each end of
the cabin with the remainder distributed throughout the cabin as evenly as is practicable.
(e) Unless an extinguisher is clearly visible, its location should be indicated by a placard or sign. Appropriate
symbols may also be used to supplement such a placard or sign.
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CAT.IDE.H.260 Marking of break-in points
If areas of the helicopters fuselage suitable for break-in by rescue crews in an emergency are marked, such areas
shall be marked as shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1: Marking of break-in points
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AMC1CAT.IDE.H.260 Marking of break-in points
MARKINGS COLOUR AND CORNERS
(a) The colour of the markings should be red or yellow and, if necessary, should be outlined in white to con-
trast with the background.
(b) If the corner markings are more than 2m apart, intermediate lines 9cmx3cm should be inserted so that
there is no more than 2m between adjacent markings.
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CAT.IDE.H.270 Megaphones
Helicopters with an MOPSC of more than 19shall be equipped with one portable battery-powered megaphone
readily accessible for use by crew members during an emergency evacuation.
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AMC1CAT.IDE.H.270 Megaphones
LOCATION OF MEGAPHONES
(a) The megaphone should be readily accessible at the assigned seat of a cabin crew member or crew mem-
bers other than fight crew.
(b) This does not necessarily require megaphones to be positioned such that they can be physically reached
by a crew member when strapped in a cabin crew members seat.
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CAT.IDE.H.275 Emergency lighting and marking
(a) Helicopters with an MOPSC of more than 19shall be equipped with:
(1) an emergency lighting system having an independent power supply to provide a source of general
cabin illumination to facilitate the evacuation of the helicopter; and
(2) emergency exit marking and locating signs visible in daylight or in the dark.
(b) Helicopters shall be equipped with emergency exit markings visible in daylight or in the dark when oper-
ated:
(1) in performance class 1or 2on a fight over water at a distance from land corresponding to more
than 10minutes fying time at normal cruising speed;
(2) in performance class 3on a fight over water at a distance corresponding to more than 3minutes
fying time at normal cruising speed.
CAT.IDE.H.280 Emergency locator transmitter (ELT)
(a) Helicopters shall be equipped with at least one automatic ELT.
(b) Helicopters operating in performance class 1or 2used in ofshore operations on a fight over water in a
hostile environment and at a distance from land corresponding to more than 10minutes fying time at
normal cruising speed shall be equipped with an automatically deployable ELT (ELT(AD)).
(c) An ELT of any type shall be capable of transmitting simultaneously on 121.5MHz and 406MHz.
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AMC1CAT.IDE.H.280 Emergency locator transmitter (ELT)
ELT BATTERIES
Batteries used in the ELTs should be replaced (or recharged, if the battery is rechargeable) when the equipment
has been in use for more than 1cumulative hour, and also when 50% of their useful life (or for rechargeable,
50% of their useful life of charge), as established by the equipment manufacturer has expired. The new expiry
date for the replacement (or recharged) battery should be legibly marked on the outside of the equipment. The
battery useful life (or useful life of charge) requirements of this paragraph do not apply to batteries (such as
water-activated batteries) that are essentially unafected during probable storage intervals.
AMC2CAT.IDE.H.280 Emergency locator transmitter (ELT)
TYPES OF ELT AND GENERAL TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
(a) The ELT required by this provision should be one of the following:
(1) Automatic Fixed (ELT(AF)). An automatically activated ELT that is permanently attached to an heli-
copter and is designed to aid search and rescue (SAR) teams in locating the crash site.
(2) Automatic Portable (ELT(AP)). An automatically activated ELT, which is rigidly attached to a heli-
copter before a crash, but is readily removable from the helicopter after a crash. It functions as an
ELT during the crash sequence. If the ELT does not employ an integral antenna, the helicopter-
mounted antenna may be disconnected and an auxiliary antenna (stored on the ELT case) attached
to the ELT. The ELT can be tethered to a survivor or a life-raft. This type of ELT is intended to aid SAR
teams in locating the crash site or survivor(s).
(3) Automatic Deployable (ELT(AD)). An ELT that is rigidly attached to the helicopter before the crash
and that is automatically ejected, deployed and activated by an impact, and, in some cases, also by
hydrostatic sensors. Manual deployment is also provided. This type of ELT should foat in water and
is intended to aid SAR teams in locating the crash site.
(4) Survival ELT (ELT(S)). An ELT that is removable from a helicopter, stowed so as to facilitate its ready
use in an emergency, and manually activated by a survivor. An ELT(S) may be activated manually
or automatically (e.g. by water activation). It should be designed either to be tethered to a life-raft
or a survivor.
(b) To minimise the possibility of damage in the event of crash impact, the automatic ELT should be rigidly
fxed to the helicopter structure, as far aft as is practicable, with its antenna and connections arranged so
as to maximise the probability of the signal being transmitted after a crash.
(c) Any ELT carried should operate in accordance with the relevant provisions of ICAO Annex 10, Volume III
Communications Systems and should be registered with the national agency responsible for initiating
search and rescue or other nominated agency.
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CAT.IDE.H.290 Life-jackets
(a) Helicopters shall be equipped with a life-jacket for each person on board or equivalent foatation device
for each person on board younger than 24months, stowed in a position that is readily accessible from the
seat or berth of the person for whose use it is provided, when operated in:
(1) performance class 1or 2on a fight over water at a distance from land corresponding to more than
10minutes fying time at normal cruising speed;
(2) performance class 3on a fight over water beyond autorotational distance from land;
(3) performance class 2or 3when taking of or landing at an aerodrome or operating site where the
take-of or approach path is over water.
(b) Each life-jacket or equivalent individual fotation device shall be equipped with a means of electric illumi-
nation for the purpose of facilitating the location of persons.
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AMC1CAT.IDE.H.290(a) Life-jackets
ACCESSIBILITY
The life-jacket should be accessible from the seat or berth of the person for whose use it is provided, with a
safety belt or harness fastened.
AMC2CAT.IDE.H.290(c) Life-jackets
ELECTRIC ILLUMINATION
The means of electric illumination should be a survivor locator light as defned in the applicable ETSO issued by
the Agency or equivalent.
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GM1CAT.IDE.H.290 Life-jackets
SEAT CUSHIONS
Seat cushions are not considered to be fotation devices.
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CAT.IDE.H.295 Crew survival suits
Each crew member shall wear a survival suit when operating:
(a) in performance class 1or 2on a fight over water in support of ofshore operations, at a distance from land
corresponding to more than 10minutes fying time at normal cruising speed, when the weather report or
forecasts available to the commander indicate that the sea temperature will be less than plus 10C during
the fight, or when the estimated rescue time exceeds the estimated survival time;
(b) in performance class 3on a fight over water beyond autorotational distance or safe forced landing dis-
tance from land, when the weather report or forecasts available to the commander indicate that the sea
temperature will be less than plus 10C during the fight.
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GM1CAT.IDE.H.295 Crew survival suits
ESTIMATING SURVIVAL TIME
(a) Introduction
(1) A person accidentally immersed in cold seas (typically ofshore Northern Europe) will have a better chance
of survival if he/she is wearing an efective survival suit in addition to a life-jacket. By wearing the survival
suit, he/she can slow down the rate which his/her body temperature falls and, consequently, protect him-
self/herself from the greater risk of drowning brought about by incapacitation due to hypothermia.
(2) The complete survival suit system suit, life-jacket and clothes worn under the suit should be able to
keep the wearer alive long enough for the rescue services to fnd and recover him/her. In practice the limit
is about 3hours. If a group of persons in the water cannot be rescued within this time they are likely to have
become so scattered and separated that location will be extremely dif cult, especially in the rough water
typical of Northern European sea areas. If it is expected that in water protection could be required for peri-
ods greater than 3hours, improvements should, rather, be sought in the search and rescue procedures than
in the immersion suit protection.
(b) Survival times
(1) The aim should be to ensure that a person in the water can survive long enough to be rescued, i.e. the sur-
vival time must be greater than the likely rescue time. The factors afecting both times are shown in Figure
1below. The fgure emphasises that survival time is infuenced by many factors, physical and human. Some
of the factors are relevant to survival in cold water and some are relevant in water at any temperature.
Figure 1: The survival equation
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(2) Broad estimates of likely survival times for the thin individual ofshore are given in Table 1below.
As survival time is signifcantly afected by the prevailing weather conditions at the time of immer-
sion, the Beaufort wind scale has been used as an indicator of these surface conditions.
Table 1: Timescale within which the most vulnerable individuals are likely to succumb to the prevailing
conditions.
Clothing assembly Beaufort wind force Times within which the most vulnerable individuals are
likely to drown
(water temp 5c) (water temp 13c)
Working clothes
(no immersion suit)
0 2 Within hour Within 1 hours
3 4 Within hour Within hour
5and above Signifcantly less than hour Signifcantly less than hour
Immersion suit worn over
working clothes (with
leakage inside suit)
0-2 May well exceed 3hours May well exceed 3hours
3 4 Within 2 hours May well exceed 3hours
5and above Signifcantly less than 2
hours. May well exceed 1hour
May well exceed 3hours
(3) Consideration should also be given to escaping from the helicopter itself should it submerge or
invert in the water. In this case escape time is limited to the length of time the occupants can hold
their breath. The breath holding time can be greatly reduced by the efect of cold shock. Cold
shock is caused by the sudden drop in skin temperature on immersion, and is characterised by a
gasp refex and uncontrolled breathing. The urge to breathe rapidly becomes overwhelming and,
if still submerged, the individual will inhale water resulting in drowning. Delaying the onset of cold
shock by wearing an immersion suit will extend the available escape time from a submerged heli-
copter.
(4) The efects of water leakage and hydrostatic compression on the insulation quality of clothing are
well recognised. In a nominally dry system the insulation is provided by still air trapped within the
clothing fbres and between the layers of suit and clothes. It has been observed that many systems
lose some of their insulative capacity either because the clothes under the waterproof survival
suit get wet to some extent or because of hydrostatic compression of the whole assembly. As a
result of water leakage and compression, survival times will be shortened. The wearing of warm
clothing under the suit is recommended.
(5) Whatever type of survival suit and other clothing is provided, it should not be forgotten that sig-
nifcant heat loss can occur from the head.
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CAT.IDE.H.300 Life-rafts, survival ELTs and survival equipment on extended
overwater fights
Helicopters operated:
(a) in performance class 1 or 2 on a fight over water at a distance from land corresponding to more than
10minutes fying time at normal cruising speed;
(b) in performance class 3on a fight over water at a distance corresponding to more than 3minutes fying
time at normal cruising speed, shall be equipped with:
(1) in the case of a helicopter carrying less than 12persons, at least one life raft with a rated capacity
of not less than the maximum number of persons on board, stowed so as to facilitate its ready use
in an emergency;
(2) in the case of a helicopter carrying more than 11persons, at least two life-rafts, stowed so as to
facilitate their ready use in an emergency, suf cient together to accommodate all persons capable
of being carried on board and, if one is lost, the remaining life-raft(s) having, the overload capacity
suf cient to accommodate all persons on the helicopter;
(3) at least one survival ELT (ELT(S)) for each required life-raft; and
(4) life-saving equipment, including means of sustaining life, as appropriate to the fight to be under-
taken.
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AMC1CAT.IDE.H.300 Life-rafts, survival ELTs and survival equipment on
extended overwater fights
LIFERAFTS AND EQUIPMENT FOR MAKING DISTRESS SIGNALS HELICOPTERS
(a) Each required life-raft should conform to the following specifcations:
(1) be of an approved design and stowed so as to facilitate their ready use in an emergency;
(2) be radar conspicuous to standard airborne radar equipment;
(3) when carrying more than one life-raft on board, at least 50% should be able to be deployed by the
crew while seated at their normal station, where necessary by remote control; and
(4) life-rafts that are not deployable by remote control or by the crew should be of such weight as to
permit handling by one person. 40kg should be considered a maximum weight.
(b) Each required life-raft should contain at least the following:
(1) one approved survivor locator light;
(2) one approved visual signalling device;
(3) one canopy (for use as a sail, sunshade or rain catcher) or other mean to protect occupants from
the elements;
(4) one radar refector;
(5) one 20 m retaining line designed to hold the life-raft near the helicopter but to release it if the
helicopter becomes totally submerged;
(6) one sea anchor;
(7) one survival kit, appropriately equipped for the route to be fown, which should contain at least the
following:
(i) one life-raft repair kit;
(ii) one bailing bucket;
(iii) one signalling mirror;
(iv) one police whistle;
(v) one buoyant raft knife;
(vi) one supplementary means of infation;
(vii) sea sickness tablets;
(viii) one frst-aid kit;
(ix) one portable means of illumination;
(x) 500ml of pure water and one sea water desalting kit; and
(xi) one comprehensive illustrated survival booklet in an appropriate language.
AMC1CAT.IDE.H.300(b)(3)&CAT.IDE.H.305(b) Flight over water & Survival
equipment
SURVIVAL ELT
An ELT(AP) may be used to replace one required ELT(S) provided that it meets the ELT(S) requirements. A water-
activated ELT(S) is not an ELT(AP).
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CAT.IDE.H.305 Survival equipment
Helicopters operated over areas in which search and rescue would be especially dif cult shall be equipped with:
(a) signalling equipment to make distress signals;
(b) at least one ELT(S); and
(c) additional survival equipment for the route to be fown taking account of the number of persons on
board.
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AMC1CAT.IDE.H.305 Survival equipment
ADDITIONAL SURVIVAL EQUIPMENT
(a) The following additional survival equipment should be carried when required:
(1) 500ml of water for each 4, or fraction of 4, persons on board;
(2) one knife;
(3) frst-aid equipment; and
(4) one set of air/ground codes.
(b) In addition, when polar conditions are expected, the following should be carried:
(1) a means for melting snow;
(2) one snow shovel and 1ice saw;
(3) sleeping bags for use by 1/3of all persons on board and space blankets for the remainder or space
blankets for all passengers on board; and
(4) one arctic/polar suit for each crew member.
(c) If any item of equipment contained in the above list is already carried on board the helicopter in accord-
ance with another requirement, there is no need for this to be duplicated.
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GM1CAT.IDE.H.305 Survival equipment
SIGNALLING EQUIPMENT
The signalling equipment for making distress signals is described in ICAO Annex 2, Rules of the Air.
GM2CAT.IDE.H.305 Survival equipment
AREAS IN WHICH SEARCH AND RESCUE WOULD BE ESPECIALLY DIFFICULT
The expression areas in which search and rescue would be especially dif cult should be interpreted, in this
context, as meaning:
(a) areas so designated by the authority responsible for managing search and rescue; or
(b) areas that are largely uninhabited and where:
(1) the authority referred to in (a) has not published any information to confrm whether search and
rescue would be or would not be especially dif cult; and
(2) the authority referred to in (a) does not, as a matter of policy, designate areas as being especially
dif cult for search and rescue.
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CAT.IDE.H.310 Additional requirements for helicopters conducting ofshore
operations in a hostile sea area
Helicopters operated in ofshore operations in a hostile sea area, at a distance from land corresponding to more
than 10minutes fying time at normal cruising speed, shall comply with the following:
(a) When the weather report or forecasts available to the commander indicate that the sea temperature will
be less than plus 10C during the fight, or when the estimated rescue time exceeds the calculated sur-
vival time, or the fight is planned to be conducted at night, all persons on board shall wear a survival suit.
(b) All life-rafts carried in accordance with CAT.IDE.H.300shall be installed so as to be usable in the sea con-
ditions in which the helicopters ditching, fotation and trim characteristics were evaluated in order to
comply with the ditching requirements for certifcation.
(c) The helicopter shall be equipped with an emergency lighting system with an independent power supply
to provide a source of general cabin illumination to facilitate the evacuation of the helicopter.
(d) All emergency exits, including crew emergency exits, and the means for opening them shall be conspicu-
ously marked for the guidance of occupants using the exits in daylight or in the dark. Such markings shall
be designed to remain visible if the helicopter is capsized and the cabin is submerged.
(e) All non-jettisonable doors that are designated as ditching emergency exits shall have a means of securing
them in the open position so that they do not interfere with occupants egress in all sea conditions up to
the maximum required to be evaluated for ditching and fotation.
(f) All doors, windows or other openings in the passenger compartment assessed as suitable for the purpose
of underwater escape shall be equipped so as to be operable in an emergency.
(g) Life-jackets shall be worn at all times, unless the passenger or crew member is wearing an integrated
survival suit that meets the combined requirement of the survival suit and life-jacket.
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AMC1CAT.IDE.H.310 Additional requirements for helicopters operating to
or from helidecks located in a hostile sea area
INSTALLATION OF THE LIFE-RAFT
(a) Projections on the exterior surface of the helicopter, that are located in a zone delineated by boundaries
that are 1.22m (4ft) above and 0.61m (2ft) below the established static water line could cause damage
to a deployed life-raft. Examples of projections that need to be considered are aerials, overboard vents,
unprotected split-pin tails, guttering and any projection sharper than a three dimensional right angled
corner.
(b) While the boundaries specifed in (a) are intended as a guide, the total area that should be considered
should also take into account the likely behaviour of the life-raft after deployment in all sea states up to
the maximum in which the helicopter is capable of remaining upright.
(c) Wherever a modifcation or alteration is made to a helicopter within the boundaries specifed, the need to
prevent the modifcation or alteration from causing damage to a deployed life-raft should be taken into
account in the design.
(d) Particular care should also be taken during routine maintenance to ensure that additional hazards are
not introduced by, for example, leaving inspection panels with sharp corners proud of the surrounding
fuselage surface, or allowing door sills to deteriorate to a point where sharp edges become a hazard.
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CAT.IDE.H.315 Helicopters certifed for operating on water miscellaneous
equipment
Helicopters certifed for operating on water shall be equipped with:
(a) a sea anchor and other equipment necessary to facilitate mooring, anchoring or manoeuvring the heli-
copter on water, appropriate to its size, weight and handling characteristics; and
(b) equipment for making the sound signals prescribed in the International Regulations for Preventing Colli-
sions at Sea, where applicable.
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GM1CAT.IDE.H.315 Helicopters certifcated for operating on
water Miscellaneous equipment
INTERNATIONAL REGULATIONS FOR PREVENTING COLLISIONS AT SEA
International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea are those that were published by the International
Maritime Organisation (IMO) in 1972.
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CAT.IDE.H.320 All helicopters on fights over water ditching
(a) Helicopters shall be designed for landing on water or certifed for ditching in accordance with the rel-
evant airworthiness code when operated in performance class 1or 2on a fight over water in a hostile
environment at a distance from land corresponding to more than 10minutes fying time at normal cruise
speed.
(b) Helicopters shall be designed for landing on water or certifed for ditching in accordance the relevant
airworthiness code or ftted with emergency fotation equipment when operated in:
(1) performance class 1or 2on a fight over water in a non-hostile environment at a distance from land
corresponding to more than 10minutes fying time at normal cruise speed;
(2) performance class 2, when taking of or landing over water, except in the case of helicopter emer-
gency medical services (HEMS) operations, where for the purpose of minimising exposure, the
landing or take-of at a HEMS operating site located in a congested environment is conducted
over water;
(3) performance class 3on a fight over water beyond safe forced landing distance from land.
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AMC1CAT.IDE.H.320(b) All helicopters on fight over water ditching
GENERAL
The same considerations of AMC1CAT.IDE.H.310should apply in respect of emergency fotation equipment.
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CAT.IDE.H.325 Headset
Whenever a radio communication and/or radio navigation system is required, helicopters shall be equipped
with a headset with boom microphone or equivalent and a transmit button on the fight controls for each
required pilot and/or crew member at his/her assigned station.
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AMC1CAT.IDE.H.325 Headset
GENERAL
(a) A headset consists of a communication device that includes two earphones to receive and a microphone
to transmit audio signals to the helicopters communication system. To comply with the minimum perfor-
mance requirements, the earphones and microphone should match the communication systems char-
acteristics and the cockpit environment. The headset should be adequately adjustable in order to ft the
pilots head. Headset boom microphones should be of the noise cancelling type.
(b) If the intention is to utilise noise cancelling earphones, the operator should ensure that the earphones do
not attenuate any aural warnings or sounds necessary for alerting the fight crew on matters related to
the safe operation of the helicopter.
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GM1CAT.IDE.H.325 Headset
GENERAL
The term headset includes any aviation helmet incorporating headphones and microphone worn by a fight
crew member.
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CAT.IDE.H.330 Radio communication equipment
(a) Helicopters shall be equipped with the radio communication equipment required by the applicable air-
space requirements.
(b) The radio communication equipment shall provide for communication on the aeronautical emergency
frequency 121.5MHz.
CAT.IDE.H.335 Audio selector panel
Helicopters operated under IFR shall be equipped with an audio selector panel operable from each required fight
crew member station.
CAT.IDE.H.340 Radio equipment for operations under VFR over routes
navigated by reference to visual landmarks
Helicopters operated under VFR over routes that can be navigated by reference to visual landmarks shall be
equipped with radio communication equipment necessary under normal radio propagation conditions to fulfl
the following:
(a) communicate with appropriate ground stations;
(b) communicate with appropriate ATC stations from any point in controlled airspace within which fights
are intended; and
(c) receive meteorological information.
CAT.IDE.H.345 Communication and navigation equipment for operations
under IFR or under VFR over routes not navigated by reference to visual
landmarks
(a) Helicopters operated under IFR or under VFR over routes that cannot be navigated by reference to visual
landmarks shall be equipped with radio communication and navigation equipment in accordance with
the applicable airspace requirements.
(b) Radio communication equipment shall include at least two independent radio communication systems
necessary under normal operating conditions to communicate with an appropriate ground station from
any point on the route, including diversions.
(c) Helicopters shall have suf cient navigation equipment to ensure that, in the event of the failure of one
item of equipment at any stage of the fight, the remaining equipment shall allow safe navigation in
accordance with the fight plan.
(d) Helicopters operated on fights in which it is intended to land in IMC shall be equipped with suitable
equipment capable of providing guidance to a point from which a visual landing can be performed for
each aerodrome at which it is intended to land in IMC and for any designated alternate aerodromes.
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AMC1CAT.IDE.H.345 Communication and navigation equipment for
operations under IFR or under VFR over routes not navigated by reference to
visual landmarks
TWO INDEPENDENT MEANS OF COMMUNICATION
Whenever two independent means of communication are required, each system should have an independ-
ent antenna installation, except where rigidly supported non-wire antennae or other antenna installations of
equivalent reliability are used.
AMC2CAT.IDE.H.345 Communication and navigation equipment for
operations under IFR or under VFR over routes not navigated by reference to
visual landmarks
ACCEPTABLE NUMBER AND TYPE OF COMMUNICATION AND NAVIGATION EQUIPMENT
(a) An acceptable number and type of communication and navigation equipment is:
(1) two VHF omnidirectional radio range (VOR) receiving systems on any route, or part thereof, where
navigation is based only on VOR signals;
(2) two automatic direction fnder (ADF) systems on any route, or part thereof, where navigation is
based only on non-directional beacon (NDB) signals; and
(3) area navigation equipment when area navigation is required for the route being fown (e.g. equip-
ment required by Part-SPA).
(b) The helicopter may be operated without the navigation equipment specifed in (a)(1) and (a)(2) provided
it is equipped with alternative equipment. The reliability and the accuracy of alternative equipment
should allow safe navigation for the intended route.
(c) VHF communication equipment, instrument landing system (ILS) localiser and VOR receivers installed
on helicopters to be operated under IFR should comply with the following FM immunity performance
standards:
(1) ICAO Annex 10, Volume I Radio Navigation Aids, and Volume III, Part II Voice Communications
Systems; and
(2) acceptable equipment standards contained in EUROCAE Minimum Operational Performance
Specifcations, documents ED-22B for VOR receivers, ED-23B for VHF communication receivers
and ED-46B for LOC receivers and the corresponding Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics
(RTCA) documents DO-186, DO-195and DO-196.
AMC3CAT.IDE.H.345 Communication and navigation equipment for
operations under IFR or under VFR over routes not navigated by reference to
visual landmarks
FAILURE OF A SINGLE UNIT
Required communication and navigation equipment should be installed such that the failure of any single unit
required for either communication or navigation purposes, or both, will not result in the failure of another unit
required for communications or navigation purposes.
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GM1CAT.IDE.H.345 Communication and navigation equipment for
operations under IFR or under VFR over routes not navigated by reference to
visual landmarks
APPLICABLE AIRSPACE REQUIREMENTS
For helicopters being operated under European air traf c control, the applicable airspace requirements include
the Single European Sky legislation.
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CAT.IDE.H.350 Transponder
Helicopters shall be equipped with a pressure altitude reporting secondary surveillance radar (SSR) transponder
and any other SSR transponder capability required for the route being fown.
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AMC1CAT.IDE.H.350 Transponder
SSR TRANSPONDER
(a) The secondary surveillance radar (SSR) transponders of aircraft being operated under European air traf c
control should comply with any applicable Single European Sky legislation.
(b) If the Single European Sky legislation is not applicable, the SSR transponders should operate in accord-
ance with the relevant provisions of Volume IV of ICAO Annex 10.
European Aviation Safety Agency
CONSOLIDATED DOCUMENT OF
ANNEX V SPECIFIC APPROVALS PART-SPA
Implementing Rule, Acceptable Means of Compliance and Guidance Material
First edition: May 2013
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ANNEX V [PART-SPA] SUBPART A GENERAL REQUIREMENTS ......................................... 5
SPA.GEN.100 Competent authority ......................................................................................................................... 5
SPA.GEN.105 Application for a specific approval .................................................................................................... 5
AMC1 SPA.GEN.105(a) Application for a specific approval .................................................................................. 6
SPA.GEN.110 Privileges of an operator holding a specific approval ....................................................................... 7
SPA.GEN.115 Changes to a specific approval .......................................................................................................... 7
SPA.GEN.120 Continued validity of a specific approval .......................................................................................... 7
SUBPART B PERFORMANCE-BASED NAVIGATION (PBN) OPERATIONS .................................... 8
SPA.PBN.100 PBN operations .................................................................................................................................. 8
GM1 SPA.PBN.100 PBN operations ...................................................................................................................... 9
SPA.PBN.105 PBN operational approval ................................................................................................................ 12
SUBPART C OPERATIONS WITH SPECIFIED MINIMUM NAVIGATION PERFORMANCE (MNPS)......13
SPA.MNPS.100 MNPS operations .......................................................................................................................... 13
GM1 SPA.MNPS.100 MNPS operations .............................................................................................................. 14
SPA.MNPS.105 MNPS operational approval .......................................................................................................... 15
AMC1 SPA.MNPS.105 MNPS operational approval ............................................................................................ 16
SUBPART D OPERATIONS IN AIRSPACE WITH REDUCED VERTICAL SEPARATION MINIMA (RVSM) ....17
SPA.RVSM.100 RVSM operations .......................................................................................................................... 17
SPA.RVSM.105 RVSM operational approval .......................................................................................................... 17
AMC1 SPA.RVSM.105 RVSM operational approval ............................................................................................ 18
AMC2 SPA.RVSM.105 RVSM operational approval ............................................................................................ 19
GM1 SPA.RVSM.105(d)(9) RVSM operational approval ..................................................................................... 22
SPA.RVSM.110 RVSM equipment requirements ................................................................................................... 23
AMC1 SPA.RVSM.110(a) RVSM equipment requirements ................................................................................. 24
SPA.RVSM.115 RVSM height-keeping errors ......................................................................................................... 25
SUBPART E LOW VISIBILITY OPERATIONS (LVO) ....................................................................26
SPA.LVO.100 Low visibility operations ................................................................................................................... 26
AMC1 SPA.LVO.100 Low visibility operations ..................................................................................................... 27
AMC2 SPA.LVO.100 Low visibility operations ..................................................................................................... 28
AMC3 SPA.LVO.100 Low visibility operations ..................................................................................................... 28
AMC4 SPA.LVO.100 Low visibility operations ..................................................................................................... 29
AMC5 SPA.LVO.100 Low visibility operations ..................................................................................................... 30
AMC6 SPA.LVO.100 Low visibility operations ..................................................................................................... 31
AMC7 SPA.LVO.100 Low visibility operations ..................................................................................................... 33
GM1 SPA.LVO.100 Low visibility operations ....................................................................................................... 35
GM2 SPA.LVO.100 Low visibility operations ....................................................................................................... 35
GM1 SPA.LVO.100(c),(e) Low visibility operations ............................................................................................. 35
GM1 SPA.LVO.100(e) Low visibility operations .................................................................................................. 37
GM1 SPA.LVO.100(f) Low visibility operations ................................................................................................... 37
SPA.LVO.105 LVO approval .................................................................................................................................... 39
AMC1 SPA.LVO.105 LVO approval ....................................................................................................................... 40
AMC2 SPA.LVO.105 LVO approval ....................................................................................................................... 41
AMC3 SPA.LVO.105 LVO approval ....................................................................................................................... 43
AMC4 SPA.LVO.105 LVO approval ....................................................................................................................... 43
AMC5 SPA.LVO.105 LVO approval ....................................................................................................................... 43
AMC6 SPA.LVO.105 LVO approval ....................................................................................................................... 44
GM1 SPA.LVO.105 LVO approval ........................................................................................................................ 45
SPA.LVO.110 General operating requirements ...................................................................................................... 46
GM1 SPA.LVO.110(c)(4)(i) General operating requirements .............................................................................. 47
SPA.LVO.115 Aerodrome related requirements .................................................................................................... 48
SPA.LVO.120 Flight crew training and qualifications ............................................................................................. 48
AMC1 SPA.LVO.120 Flight crew training and qualifications ............................................................................... 49
GM1 SPA.LVO.120 Flight crew training and qualifications ................................................................................. 55
SPA.LVO.125 Operating procedures ...................................................................................................................... 56
Contents
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AMC1 SPA.LVO.125 Operating procedures ......................................................................................................... 57
SPA.LVO.130 Minimum equipment ....................................................................................................................... 58
SUBPART F EXTENDED RANGE OPERATIONS WITH TWO-ENGINED AEROPLANES (ETOPS).....59
SPA.ETOPS.100 ETOPS ........................................................................................................................................... 59
SPA.ETOPS.105 ETOPS operational approval ......................................................................................................... 59
GM1 SPA.ETOPS.105 ETOPS operational approval ............................................................................................. 60
SPA.ETOPS.110 ETOPS en-route alternate aerodrome .......................................................................................... 61
SPA.ETOPS.115 ETOPS en-route alternate aerodrome planning minima .............................................................. 61
SUBPART G TRANSPORT OF DANGEROUS GOODS ............................................................62
SPA.DG.100 Transport of dangerous goods........................................................................................................... 62
SPA.DG.105 Approval to transport dangerous goods ........................................................................................... 62
AMC1 SPA.DG.105(a) Approval to transport dangerous goods ......................................................................... 63
AMC1 SPA.DG.105(b) Approval to transport dangerous goods ......................................................................... 63
GM1 SPA.DG.105(b)(6) Approval to transport dangerous goods ....................................................................... 64
SPA.DG.110 Dangerous goods information and documentation .......................................................................... 65
AMC1 SPA.DG.110(a) Dangerous goods information and documentation ........................................................ 66
AMC1 SPA.DG.110(b) Dangerous goods information and documentation ........................................................ 66
SUBPART H HELICOPTER OPERATIONS WITH NIGHT VISION IMAGING SYSTEMS ...................67
SPA.NVIS.100 Night vision imaging system (NVIS) operations .............................................................................. 67
SPA.NVIS.110 Equipment requirements for NVIS operations ............................................................................... 67
AMC1 SPA.NVIS.110(b) Equipment requirements for NVIS operations ............................................................. 68
GM1 SPA.NVIS.110(b) Equipment requirements for NVIS operations ............................................................... 69
GM1 SPA.NVIS.110(f) Equipment requirements for NVIS operations ................................................................ 69
SPA.NVIS.120 NVIS operating minima ................................................................................................................... 70
SPA.NVIS.130 Crew requirements for NVIS operations ......................................................................................... 70
GM1 SPA.NVIS.130(e) Crew requirements for NVIS operations ........................................................................ 71
GM1 SPA.NVIS.130(e) Crew requirements for NVIS operations ........................................................................ 71
AMC1 SPA.NVIS.130(f)(1) Crew requirements for NVIS operations ................................................................... 72
AMC1 SPA.NVIS.130(f) Crew requirements ........................................................................................................ 72
GM1 SPA.NVIS.130(f) Crew requirements .......................................................................................................... 73
GM2 SPA.NVIS.130(f) Crew requirements .......................................................................................................... 76
GM3 SPA.NVIS.130(f) Crew requirements .......................................................................................................... 81
GM4 SPA.NVIS.130(f) Crew requirements .......................................................................................................... 82
SPA.NVIS.140 Information and documentation .................................................................................................... 83
AMC1 SPA.NVIS.140 Information and documentation ......................................................................................... 84
GM1 SPA.NVIS.140 Information and documentation ........................................................................................ 85
SUBPART I HELICOPTER HOIST OPERATIONS .......................................................................105
SPA.HHO.100 Helicopter hoist operations (HHO) ............................................................................................... 105
SPA.HHO.110 Equipment requirements for HHO ................................................................................................ 105
AMC1 SPA.HHO.110(a) Equipment requirements for HHO .............................................................................. 106
SPA.HHO.115 HHO communication ..................................................................................................................... 107
SPA.HHO.125 Performance requirements for HHO ............................................................................................. 107
SPA.HHO.130 Crew requirements for HHO ......................................................................................................... 108
AMC1 SPA.HHO.130(b)(2)(ii) Crew requirements for HHO .............................................................................. 109
AMC1 SPA.HHO.130(e) Crew requirements for HHO ....................................................................................... 109
AMC1 SPA.HHO.130(f)(1) Crew requirements for HHO ................................................................................... 109
SPA.HHO.135 HHO passenger briefing ................................................................................................................ 111
SPA.HHO.140 Information and documentation .................................................................................................. 111
AMC1 SPA.HHO.140 Information and documentation ..................................................................................... 112
SUBPART J HELICOPTER EMERGENCY MEDICAL SERVICE OPERATIONS ...............................113
SPA.HEMS.100 Helicopter emergency medical service (HEMS) operations........................................................ 113
GM1 SPA.HEMS.100(a) Helicopter emergency medical service (HEMS) operations ...................................... 114
SPA.HEMS.110 Equipment requirements for HEMS operations ......................................................................... 117
SPA.HEMS.115 Communication........................................................................................................................... 117
SPA.HEMS.120 HEMS operating minima ............................................................................................................. 117
GM1 SPA.HEMS.120 HEMS operating minima ................................................................................................. 118
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SPA.HEMS.125 Performance requirements for HEMS operations ...................................................................... 119
GM1 SPA.HEMS.125(b)(3) Performance requirements for HEMS operations ................................................. 120
AMC1 SPA.HEMS.125(b)(4) Performance requirements for HEMS operations ................................................ 121
SPA.HEMS.130 Crew requirements ..................................................................................................................... 122
AMC1 SPA.HEMS.130(b)(2) Crew requirements ............................................................................................. 124
AMC1 SPA.HEMS.130(d) Crew requirements .................................................................................................. 124
AMC1 SPA.HEMS.130(e) Crew requirements .................................................................................................. 124
GM1 SPA.HEMS.130(e)(2)(ii) Crew requirements ........................................................................................... 125
AMC1 SPA.HEMS.130(e)(2)(ii)(B) Crew requirements ..................................................................................... 126
AMC1 SPA.HEMS.130(f)(1) Crew requirements ............................................................................................... 126
AMC1 SPA.HEMS.130(f)(2)(ii)(B) Crew requirements ..................................................................................... 127
SPA.HEMS.135 HEMS medical passenger and other personnel briefing ............................................................ 128
AMC1 SPA.HEMS.135(a) HEMS medical passenger and other personnel briefing .......................................... 129
AMC1.1 SPA.HEMS.135(a) HEMS medical passenger and other personnel briefing ....................................... 129
AMC1 SPA.HEMS.135(b) HEMS medical passenger and other personnel briefing .......................................... 129
SPA.HEMS.140 Information and documentation ................................................................................................ 130
AMC1 SPA.HEMS.140 Information and documentation................................................................................... 131
SPA.HEMS.145 HEMS operating base facilities ................................................................................................... 132
SPA.HEMS.150 Fuel supply .................................................................................................................................. 132
SPA.HEMS.155 Refuelling with passengers embarking, on board or disembarking ........................................... 132
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ANNEX V
SPECIFIC APPROVALS
[PART-SPA]
SUBPART A GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
SPA.GEN.100 Competent authority
The competent authority for issuing a specifc approval for the commercial air transport operator shall be the
authority of the Member State in which the operator has its principal place of business.
SPA.GEN.105 Application for a specifc approval
(a) The operator applying for the initial issue of a specifc approval shall provide to the competent authority
the documentation required in the applicable Subpart, together with the following information:
(1) the name, address and mailing address of the applicant;
(2) a description of the intended operation.
(b) The operator shall provide the following evidence to the competent authority:
(1) compliance with the requirements of the applicable Subpart;
(2) that the relevant elements defned in the data established in accordance with Regulation (EC)
No1702/2003are taken into account.
(c) The operator shall retain records relating to (a) and (b) at least for the duration of the operation requiring
a specifc approval, or, if applicable, in accordance with Annex III (Part-ORO).
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AMC1SPA.GEN.105(a) Application for a specifc approval
DOCUMENTATION
(a) Operating procedures should be documented in the operations manual.
(b) If an operations manual is not required, operating procedures may be described in a procedures manual.
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SPA.GEN.110 Privileges of an operator holding a specifc approval
The scope of the activity that an operator holding an air operator certifcate (AOC) is approved to conduct shall
be documented and specifed in the operations specifcations to the AOC.
SPA.GEN.115 Changes to a specifc approval
When the conditions of a specifc approval are afected by changes, the operator shall provide the relevant
documentation to the competent authority and obtain prior approval for the operation.
SPA.GEN.120 Continued validity of a specifc approval
Specifc approvals shall be issued for an unlimited duration and shall remain valid subject to the operator
remaining in compliance with the requirements associated with the specifc approval and taking into account
the relevant elements defned in the data established in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1702/2003.
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SUBPART B PERFORMANCE-BASED
NAVIGATION (PBN) OPERATIONS
SPA.PBN.100 PBN operations
Aircraft shall only be operated in designated airspace, on routes or in accordance with procedures where per-
formance-based navigation (PBN) specifcations are established if the operator has been granted an approval
by the competent authority to conduct such operations. No specifc approval is required for operations in area
navigation 5(RNAV5(basic area navigation, B-RNAV)) designated airspace.
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GM1SPA.PBN.100 PBN operations
GENERAL
(a) There are two kinds of navigation specifcations: area navigation (RNAV) and required navigation perfor-
mance (RNP). These specifcations are similar. The key diference is that a navigation specifcation that
includes a requirement to have an on-board performance monitoring and alerting system is referred
to as an RNP specifcation. An RNAV specifcation does not have such a requirement. The performance-
monitoring and alerting system provides some automated assurance functions to the fight crew. These
functions monitor system performance and alert the fight crew when the RNP parameters are not met, or
cannot be guaranteed with a suf cient level of integrity. RNAV and RNP performance is expressed by the
total system error (TSE). This is the deviation from the nominal or desired position and the aircrafts true
position, measured in nautical miles. The TSE should remain equal to or less than the required accuracy
expected to be achieved at least 95% of the fight time by the population of aircraft operating within the
airspace, route or procedure.
(b) The structure of RNAV and RNP navigation specifcations can be classifed by phases of fight as detailed
in Table 1. Some of these special approvals are in current use, some are under development, and some
apply to emerging standards for which AMC-20material has yet to be defned.
(c) The following RNAV and RNP navigation specifcations are considered:
(1) Oceanic/Remote, RNAV10(designated and authorised as RNP10)
Acceptable means of compliance for RNAV10(RNP10) are provided in EASA AMC 20-12, Recog-
nition of FAA order 8400.12a for RNP10 Operations. Although RNAV10 airspace is, for historical
reasons, also called RNP10airspace, there is no requirement for on-board monitoring and alerting
systems. RNAV10can support 50NM track spacing. For an aircraft to operate in RNAV10(RNP10)
airspace it needs to be ftted with a minimum of two independent long range navigation sys-
tems (LRNSs). Each LRNS should in principle have a fight management system (FMS) that utilises
positional information from either an approved global navigation satellite system (GNSS) or an
approved inertial reference system (IRS) or mixed combination. The mix of sensors (pure GNSS,
pure IRS or mixed IRS/GNSS) determines pre-fight and in-fight operation and contingencies in the
event of system failure.
(2) Oceanic/Remote, RNP4
Guidance for this RNP standard is provided in ICAO Doc 9613. RNP4 is the oceanic/remote navi-
gation specifcation to support 30 NM track spacing with ADS-C and CPDLC required. To meet
this more accurate navigation requirement, two independent LRNS are required for which GNSS
sensors are mandatory. If GNSS is used as a stand-alone LRNS, an integrity check is foreseen (fault
detection and exclusion).Additional aircraft requirements include two long range communication
systems (LRCSs) in order to operate in RNP4 designated airspace. The appropriate air informa-
tion publication (AIP) should be consulted to assess coverage of HF and SATCOM. The additional
requirements may include use of automatic dependent surveillance (ADS) and/or controller pilot
data link communication (CPDLC).
(3) RNAV5(B-RNAV)
Acceptable means of compliance for RNAV5 are provided in AMC 20-4, Airworthiness Approval
and Operational Criteria for the Use of Navigation Systems in European Airspace Designated for
the Basic-RNAV Operations. No specifc approval required.
(4) RNAV2
This is a non-European en-route standard. Guidance for this RNP standard is provided in ICAO Doc
9613.
(5) RNAV1(P-RNAV)
Acceptable means of compliance for RNAV1 (P-RNAV) are provided in JAA TGL-10 Airworthi-
ness and Operational approval for precision RNAV operations in designated European Airspace,
planned to be replaced by AMC 20material.
(6) BasicRNP1
This is a future standard yet to be implemented. Guidance material is provided in ICAO Doc 9613.
(7) RNP APCH (RNP Approach)
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Non-precision approaches supported by GNSS and APV (approach procedure with vertical guid-
ance) which are themselves divided in two types of APV approaches: APV Baro and APV SBAS.
RNP APCH is charted as RNAV (GNSS). A minima line is provided for each of the available types of
non-precision approaches and the APV procedure at a specifc runway:
non-precision approach lateral navigation (LNAV) or localiser performance (LP) minima
line;
APV Baro LNAV/VNAV (vertical navigation) minima line; and
APV SBAS localiser performance with vertical guidance (LPV) minima line.
Non-precision approaches to LNAV minima and APV approaches to LNAV/VNAV minima are
addressed in AMC 20-27, Airworthiness Approval and Operational Criteria for RNP approach (RNP
APCH) operations including APV Baro VNAV operations.
APV approaches to LPV minima are addressed in AMC 20-28Airworthiness Approval and. Opera-
tional Criteria for RNAV GNSS approach operation to LPV minima using SBAS.
Non-precision approaches to LP minima have not yet been addressed in AMC 20.
(8) RNP AR APCH (approach)
RNP AR criteria have been developed to support RNP operations to RNP minima using RNP less
than or equal to 0.3NM or fxed radius turns (RF). The vertical performance is defned by a vertical
error budget based upon Baro VNAV. Equivalent means of compliance using SBAS may be demon-
strated.
RNP AR APCH is charted as RNAV (RNP). A minima line is provided for each available RNP value.
Acceptable Means of Compliance for RNP AR are provided in AMC20-26Airworthiness Approval
and Operational Criteria for RNP Authorisation Required (RNP AR) Operations.
Each RNP AR approach requires a special approval.
(d) Guidance material for the global performances specifcations, approval process, aircraft requirement (e.g.
generic system performances, accuracy, integrity, continuity, signal-in-space, RNP navigation specifca-
tions required for the on-board performance monitoring and alerting system), requirements for specifc
sensor technologies, functional requirements, operating procedures, fight crew knowledge and training
and navigation databases integrity requirements, can be found in:
(1) ICAO Doc 9613Performance-Based Navigation (PBN) Manual; and
(2) Table 1.
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SPA.PBN.105 PBN operational approval
To obtain a PBN operational approval from the competent authority, the operator shall provide evidence that:
(a) the relevant airworthiness approval of the RNAV system has been obtained;
(b) a training programme for the fight crew members involved in these operations has been established;
(c) operating procedures have been established specifying:
(1) the equipment to be carried, including its operating limitations and appropriate entries in the min-
imum equipment list (MEL);
(2) fight crew composition and experience requirements;
(3) normal procedures;
(4) contingency procedures;
(5) monitoring and incident reporting;
(6) electronic navigation data management.
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SUBPART C OPERATIONS WITH SPECIFIED
MINIMUM NAVIGATION PERFORMANCE
(MNPS)
SPA.MNPS.100 MNPS operations
Aircraft shall only be operated in designated minimum navigation performance specifcations (MNPS) airspace
in accordance with Regional Supplementary Procedures, where minimum navigation performance specifca-
tions are established, if the operator has been granted an approval by the competent authority to conduct such
operations.
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GM1SPA.MNPS.100 MNPS operations
DOCUMENTATION
MNPS and the procedures governing their application are published in the Regional Supplementary Proce-
dures, ICAO Doc 7030, as well as in national AIPs.
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SPA.MNPS.105 MNPS operational approval
To obtain an MNPS operational approval from the competent authority, the operator shall provide evidence that:
(a) the navigation equipment meets the required performance;
(b) navigation displays, indicators and controls are visible and operable by either pilot seated at his/her duty
station;
(c) a training programme for the fight crew members involved in these operations has been established;
(d) operating procedures have been established specifying:
(1) the equipment to be carried, including its operating limitations and appropriate entries in the MEL;
(2) fight crew composition and experience requirements;
(3) normal procedures;
(4) contingency procedures including those specifed by the authority responsible for the airspace
concerned;
(5) monitoring and incident reporting.
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AMC1SPA.MNPS.105 MNPS operational approval
LONG RANGE NAVIGATION SYSTEM (LRNS)
(a) For unrestricted operation in MNPS airspace an aircraft should be equipped with two independent LRNSs.
(b) An LRNS may be one of the following:
(1) one inertial navigation system (INS);
(2) one global navigation satellite system (GNSS); or
(3) one navigation system using the inputs from one or more inertial reference system (IRS) or any
other sensor system complying with the MNPS requirement.
(c) In case of the GNSS is used as a stand-alone system for LRNS, an integrity check should be carried out.
(d) For operation in MNPS airspace along notifed special routes the aeroplane should be equipped with one
LRNS.
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SUBPART D OPERATIONS IN AIRSPACE
WITH REDUCED VERTICAL SEPARATION
MINIMA (RVSM)
SPA.RVSM.100 RVSM operations
Aircraft shall only be operated in designated airspace where a reduced vertical separation minimum of 300m
(1000ft) applies between fight level (FL) 290and FL 410, inclusive, if the operator has been granted an approval
by the competent authority to conduct such operations.
SPA.RVSM.105 RVSM operational approval
To obtain an RVSM operational approval from the competent authority, the operator shall provide evidence
that:
(a) the RVSM airworthiness approval has been obtained;
(b) procedures for monitoring and reporting height-keeping errors have been established;
(c) a training programme for the fight crew members involved in these operations has been established;
(d) operating procedures have been established specifying:
(1) the equipment to be carried, including its operating limitations and appropriate entries in the MEL;
(2) fight crew composition and experience requirements;
(3) fight planning;
(4) pre-fight procedures;
(5) procedures prior to RVSM airspace entry;
(6) in-fight procedures;
(7) post-fight procedures;
(8) incident reporting;
(9) specifc regional operating procedures.
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AMC1SPA.RVSM.105 RVSM operational approval
CONTENT OF OPERATOR RVSM APPLICATION
The following material should be made available to the competent authority, in suf cient time to permit evalu-
ation, before the intended start of RVSM operations:
(a) Airworthiness documents
Documentation that shows that the aircraft has RVSM airworthiness approval. This should include an
aircraft fight manual (AFM) amendment or supplement.
(b) Description of aircraft equipment
A description of the aircraft appropriate to operations in an RVSM environment.
(c) Training programmes, operating practices and procedures
The operator should submit training syllabi for initial and recurrent training programmes together with
other relevant material. The material should show that the operating practices, procedures and training
items, related to RVSM operations in airspace that requires State operational approval, are incorporated.
(d) Operations manual and checklists
The appropriate manuals and checklists should be revised to include information/guidance on stand-
ard operating procedures. Manuals should contain a statement of the airspeeds, altitudes and weights
considered in RVSM aircraft approval, including identifcation of any operating limitations or conditions
established for that aircraft type. Manuals and checklists may need to be submitted for review by the
competent authority as part of the application process.
(e) Past performance
Relevant operating history, where available, should be included in the application. The applicant should
show that any required changes have been made in training, operating or maintenance practices to
improve poor height-keeping performance.
(f) Minimum equipment list
Where applicable, a minimum equipment list (MEL), adapted from the master minimum equipment list
(MMEL), should include items pertinent to operating in RVSM airspace.
(g) Plan for participation in verifcation/monitoring programmes
The operator should establish a plan for participation in any applicable verifcation/monitoring pro-
gramme acceptable to the competent authority. This plan should include, as a minimum, a check on a
sample of the operators feet by an regional monitoring agency (RMA)s independent height-monitoring
system.
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AMC2SPA.RVSM.105 RVSM operational approval
OPERATING PROCEDURES
(a) Flight planning
(1) During fight planning the fight crew should pay particular attention to conditions that may afect
operation in RVSM airspace. These include, but may not be limited to:
(i) verifying that the airframe is approved for RVSM operations;
(ii) reported and forecast weather on the route of fight;
(iii) minimum equipment requirements pertaining to height-keeping and alerting systems; and
(iv) any airframe or operating restriction related to RVSM operations.
(b) Pre-fight procedures
(1) The following actions should be accomplished during the pre-fight procedure:
(i) Review technical logs and forms to determine the condition of equipment required for fight
in the RVSM airspace. Ensure that maintenance action has been taken to correct defects to
required equipment.
(ii) During the external inspection of aircraft, particular attention should be paid to the condi-
tion of static sources and the condition of the fuselage skin near each static source and any
other component that afects altimetry system accuracy. This check may be accomplished
by a qualifed and authorised person other than the pilot (e.g. a fight engineer or ground
engineer).
(iii) Before take-of, the aircraft altimeters should be set to the QNH (atmospheric pressure at
nautical height) of the airfeld and should display a known altitude, within the limits speci-
fed in the aircraft operating manuals. The two primary altimeters should also agree within
limits specifed by the aircraft operating manual. An alternative procedure using QFE (atmos-
pheric pressure at aerodrome elevation/runway threshold) may also be used. The maximum
value of acceptable altimeter diferences for these checks should not exceed 23 m (75 ft).
Any required functioning checks of altitude indicating systems should be performed.
(iv) Before take-of, equipment required for fight in RVSM airspace should be operative and any
indications of malfunction should be resolved.
(c) Prior to RVSM airspace entry
(1) The following equipment should be operating normally at entry into RVSM airspace:
(i) two primary altitude measurement systems. A cross-check between the primary altimeters
should be made. A minimum of two will need to agree within 60 m (200 ft). Failure to
meet this condition will require that the altimetry system be reported as defective and air
traf c control (ATC) notifed;
(ii) one automatic altitude-control system;
(iii) one altitude-alerting device; and
(iv) operating transponder.
(2) Should any of the required equipment fail prior to the aircraft entering RVSM airspace, the pilot
should request a new clearance to avoid entering this airspace.
(d) In-fight procedures
(1) The following practices should be incorporated into fight crew training and procedures:
(i) Flight crew should comply with any aircraft operating restrictions, if required for the spe-
cifc aircraft type, e.g. limits on indicated Mach number, given in the RVSM airworthiness
approval.
(ii) Emphasis should be placed on promptly setting the sub-scale on all primary and standby
altimeters to 1013.2hPa / 29.92in Hg when passing the transition altitude, and rechecking
for proper altimeter setting when reaching the initial cleared fight level.
(iii) In level cruise it is essential that the aircraft is fown at the cleared fight level. This requires
that particular care is taken to ensure that ATC clearances are fully understood and followed.
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The aircraft should not intentionally depart from cleared fight level without a positive clear-
ance from ATC unless the crew are conducting contingency or emergency manoeuvres.
(iv) When changing levels, the aircraft should not be allowed to overshoot or undershoot the
cleared fight level by more than 45 m (150 ft). If installed, the level of should be accom-
plished using the altitude capture feature of the automatic altitude-control system.
(v) An automatic altitude-control system should be operative and engaged during level cruise,
except when circumstances such as the need to re-trim the aircraft or turbulence require
disengagement. In any event, adherence to cruise altitude should be done by reference to
one of the two primary altimeters. Following loss of the automatic height-keeping function,
any consequential restrictions will need to be observed.
(vi) Ensure that the altitude-alerting system is operative.
(vii) At intervals of approximately 1 hour, cross-checks between the primary altimeters should
be made. A minimum of two will need to agree within 60m (200ft). Failure to meet this
condition will require that the altimetry system be reported as defective and ATC notifed or
contingency procedures applied:
(A) the usual scan of fight deck instruments should suf ce for altimeter cross-checking
on most fights; and
(B) before entering RVSM airspace, the initial altimeter cross-check of primary and
standby altimeters should be recorded.
(viii) In normal operations, the altimetry system being used to control the aircraft should be
selected for the input to the altitude reporting transponder transmitting information to
ATC.
(ix) If the pilot is notifed by ATC of a deviation from an assigned altitude exceeding 90 m
(300ft) then the pilot should take action to return to cleared fight level as quickly as pos-
sible.
(2) Contingency procedures after entering RVSM airspace are as follows:
(i) The pilot should notify ATC of contingencies (equipment failures, weather) that afect the
ability to maintain the cleared fight level and coordinate a plan of action appropriate to the
airspace concerned. The pilot should obtain to the guidance on contingency procedures is
contained in the relevant publications dealing with the airspace.
(ii) Examples of equipment failures that should be notifed to ATC are:
(A) failure of all automatic altitude-control systems aboard the aircraft;
(B) loss of redundancy of altimetry systems;
(C) loss of thrust on an engine necessitating descent; or
(D) any other equipment failure afecting the ability to maintain cleared fight level.
(iii) The pilot should notify ATC when encountering greater than moderate turbulence.
(iv) If unable to notify ATC and obtain an ATC clearance prior to deviating from the cleared
fight level, the pilot should follow any established contingency procedures for the region of
operation and obtain ATC clearance as soon as possible.
(e) Post-fight procedures
(1) In making technical log entries against malfunctions in height-keeping systems, the pilot should
provide suf cient detail to enable maintenance to efectively troubleshoot and repair the system.
The pilot should detail the actual defect and the crew action taken to try to isolate and rectify the
fault.
(2) The following information should be recorded when appropriate:
(i) primary and standby altimeter readings;
(ii) altitude selector setting;
(iii) subscale setting on altimeter;
(iv) autopilot used to control the aircraft and any diferences when an alternative autopilot sys-
tem was selected;
(v) diferences in altimeter readings, if alternate static ports selected;
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(vi) use of air data computer selector for fault diagnosis procedure; and
(vii) the transponder selected to provide altitude information to ATC and any diference noted
when an alternative transponder was selected.
(f) Crew training
(1) The following items should also be included in fight crew training programmes:
(i) knowledge and understanding of standard ATC phraseology used in each area of opera-
tions;
(ii) importance of crew members cross-checking to ensure that ATC clearances are promptly
and correctly complied with;
(iii) use and limitations in terms of accuracy of standby altimeters in contingencies. Where appli-
cable, the pilot should review the application of static source error correction/position error
correction through the use of correction cards; such correction data should be available on
the fight deck;
(iv) problems of visual perception of other aircraft at 300m (1000ft) planned separation during
darkness, when encountering local phenomena such as northern lights, for opposite and
same direction traf c, and during turns;
(v) characteristics of aircraft altitude capture systems that may lead to overshoots;
(vi) relationship between the aircrafts altimetry, automatic altitude control and transponder
systems in normal and abnormal conditions; and
(vii) any airframe operating restrictions, if required for the specifc aircraft group, related to RVSM
airworthiness approval.
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GM1SPA.RVSM.105(d)(9) RVSM operational approval
SPECIFIC REGIONAL PROCEDURES
(a) The areas of applicability (by Flight Information Region) of RVSM airspace in identifed ICAO regions is
contained in the relevant sections of ICAO Document 7030/4. In addition, these sections contain oper-
ating and contingency procedures unique to the regional airspace concerned, specifc fight planning
requirements and the approval requirements for aircraft in the designated region.
(b) Comprehensive guidance on operational matters for European RVSM airspace is contained in EUROCON-
TROL Document ASM ET1.ST.5000entitled The ATC Manual for a Reduced Vertical Separation (RVSM) in
Europe with further material included in the relevant State aeronautical publications.
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SPA.RVSM.110 RVSM equipment requirements
Aircraft used for operations in RVSM airspace shall be equipped with:
(a) two independent altitude measurement systems;
(b) an altitude alerting system;
(c) an automatic altitude control system;
(d) a secondary surveillance radar (SSR) transponder with altitude reporting system that can be connected to
the altitude measurement system in use for altitude control.
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AMC1SPA.RVSM.110(a) RVSM equipment requirements
TWO INDEPENDENT ALTITUDE MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS
Each system should be composed of the following components:
(a) cross-coupled static source/system, with ice protection if located in areas subject to ice accretion;
(b) equipment for measuring static pressure sensed by the static source, converting it to pressure altitude
and displaying the pressure altitude to the fight crew:
(c) equipment for providing a digitally encoded signal corresponding to the displayed pressure altitude, for
automatic altitude reporting purposes;
(d) static source error correction (SSEC), if needed to meet the performance criteria for RVSM fight enve-
lopes; and
(e) signals referenced to a fight crew selected altitude for automatic control and alerting. These signals will
need to be derived from an altitude measurement system meeting the performance criteria for RVSM
fight envelopes.
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SPA.RVSM.115 RVSM height-keeping errors
(a) The operator shall report recorded or communicated occurrences of height-keeping errors caused by
malfunction of aircraft equipment or of operational nature, equal to or greater than:
(1) a total vertical error (TVE) of 90m (300ft);
(2) an altimetry system error (ASE) of 75m (245ft); and
(3) an assigned altitude deviation (AAD) of 90m (300ft).
(b) Reports of such occurrences shall be sent to the competent authority within 72 hours. Reports shall
include an initial analysis of causal factors and measures taken to prevent repeat occurrences.
(c) When height-keeping errors are recorded or received, the operator shall take immediate action to rec-
tify the conditions that caused the errors and provide follow-up reports, if requested by the competent
authority.
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SUBPART E LOW VISIBILITY
OPERATIONS(LVO)
SPA.LVO.100 Low visibility operations
The operator shall only conduct the following low visibility operations (LVO) when approved by the competent
authority:
(a) low visibility take-of (LVTO) operation;
(b) lower than Standard Category I (LTS CAT I) operation;
(c) Standard Category II (CAT II) operation;
(d) other than Standard Category II (OTS CAT II) operation;
(e) Standard Category III (CAT III) operation;
(f) approach operation utilising enhanced vision systems (EVS) for which an operational credit is applied to
reduce the runway visual range (RVR) minima by no more than one third of the published RVR.
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AMC1SPA.LVO.100 Low visibility operations
LVTO OPERATIONS AEROPLANES
For a low visibility take-of (LVTO) with an aeroplane the following provisions should apply:
(a) for an LVTO with a runway visual range (RVR) below 400m the criteria specifed in Table 1.A;
(b) for an LVTO with an RVR below 150m but not less than 125m:
(1) high intensity runway centre line lights spaced 15m or less apart and high intensity edge lights
spaced 60m or less apart that are in operation;
(2) a 90m visual segment that is available from the fight crew compartment at the start of the take-of
run; and
(3) the required RVR value is achieved for all of the relevant RVR reporting points;
(c) for an LVTO with an RVR below 125m but not less than 75m:
(1) runway protection and facilities equivalent to CAT III landing operations are available; and
(2) the aircraft is equipped with an approved lateral guidance system.
Table 1.A: LVTO aeroplanes
RVR vs. facilities
Facilities RVR (m) *, **
Day: runway edge lights and runway centre line markings
Night: runway edge lights and runway end lights or runway centre line
lights and runway end lights
300
Runway edge lights and runway centre line lights 200
Runway edge lights and runway centre line lights TDZ, MID, rollout 150***
High intensity runway centre line lights spaced 15m or less and high
intensity edge lights spaced 60m or less are in operation
TDZ, MID, rollout 125***
Runway protection and facilities equivalent to CAT III landing
operations are available and the aircraft is equipped either with an
approved lateral guidance system or an approved HUD / HUDLS for
take-of.
TDZ, MID, rollout 75
*: The reported RVR value representative of the initial part of the take-of run can be replaced by pilot assessment.
**:
Multi-engined aeroplanes that in the event of an engine failure at any point during take-of can either stop or continue the take-of to a
height of 1500ft above the aerodrome while clearing obstacles by the required margins.
***: The required RVR value to be achieved for all relevant RVRs
TDZ: touchdown zone, equivalent to the initial part of the take-of run
MID: midpoint
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AMC2SPA.LVO.100 Low visibility operations
LVTO OPERATIONS HELICOPTERS
For LVTOs with helicopters the provisions specifed in Table 1.H should apply.
Table 1.H: LVTO helicopters
RVR vs. facilities
Facilities RVR (m) *, **
Onshore aerodromes with IFR departure procedures
No light and no markings (day only) 250or the rejected take-of
distance, whichever is the greater
No markings (night) 800
Runway edge/FATO light and centre line marking 200
Runway edge/FATO light, centre line marking and relevant RVR information 150
Ofshore helideck *
Two-pilot operations 250
Single-pilot operations 500
*: The take-of fight path to be free of obstacles
FATO: fnal approach and take-of area
AMC3SPA.LVO.100 Low visibility operations
LTS CAT I OPERATIONS
(a) For lower than Standard Category I (LTS CAT I) operations the following provisions should apply:
(1) The decision height (DH) of an LTS CAT I operation should not be lower than the highest of:
(i) the minimum DH specifed in the AFM, if stated;
(ii) the minimum height to which the precision approach aid can be used without the specifed
visual reference;
(iii) the applicable obstacle clearance height (OCH) for the category of aeroplane;
(iv) the DH to which the fight crew is qualifed to operate; or
(v) 200ft.
(2) An instrument landing system / microwave landing system (ILS/MLS) that supports an LTS CAT I
operation should be an unrestricted facility with a straight-in course, 3 ofset, and the ILS should
be certifed to:
(i) class I/T/1for operations to a minimum of 450m RVR; or
(ii) class II/D/2for operations to less than 450m RVR.
Single ILS facilities are only acceptable if level 2performance is provided.
(3) The following visual aids should be available:
(i) standard runway day markings, approach lights, runway edge lights, threshold lights and
runway end lights;
(ii) for operations with an RVR below 450m, additionally touch-down zone and/or runway cen-
tre line lights.
(4) The lowest RVR / converted meteorological visibility (CMV) minima to be used are specifed in
Table 2.
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Table 2: LTS CAT I operation minima
RVR/CMV vs. approach lighting system
DH (ft) Class of light facility *
FALS IALS BALS NALS
RVR/CMV (m)
200 210 400 500 600 750
211 220 450 550 650 800
221 230 500 600 700 900
231 240 500 650 750 1000
241 249 550 700 800 1100
*: FALS: full approach lighting system
IALS: intermediate approach lighting system
BALS: basic approach lighting system
NALS: no approach lighting system
AMC4SPA.LVO.100 Low visibility operations
CAT II AND OTS CAT II OPERATIONS
(a) For CAT II and other than Standard Category II (OTS CAT II) operations the following provisions should
apply:
(1) The ILS / MLS that supports OTS CAT II operation should be an unrestricted facility with a straight
in course ( 3 ofset) and the ILS should be certifed to class II/D/2.
Single ILS facilities are only acceptable if level 2performance is provided.
(2) The DH for CAT II and OTS CAT II operation should not be lower than the highest of:
(i) the minimum DH specifed in the AFM, if stated;
(ii) the minimum height to which the precision approach aid can be used without the specifed
visual reference;
(iii) the applicable OCH for the category of aeroplane;
(iv) the DH to which the fight crew is qualifed to operate; or
(v) 100ft.
(3) The following visual aids should be available:
(i) standard runway day markings and approach and the following runway lights: runway edge
lights, threshold lights and runway end lights;
(ii) for operations in RVR below 450m, additionally touch-down zone and/or runway centre line
lights;
(iii) for operations with an RVR of 400m or less, additionally centre line lights.
(4) The lowest RVR minima to be used are specifed:
(i) for CAT II operations in Table 3; and
(ii) for OTS CAT II operations in Table 4.
(b) For OTS CAT II operations, the terrain ahead of the runway threshold should have been surveyed.
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Table 3: CAT II operation minima
RVR vs. DH
DH (ft) Auto-coupled or approved HUDLS to below DH *
Aircraft categories
A, B, C
RVR (m)
Aircraft category D
RVR (m)
100 120 300 300/350**
121 140 400 400
141 199 450 450
*: This means continued use of the automatic fight control system or the HUDLS down to a height of 80% of the DH.
**: An RVR of 300m may be used for a category D aircraft conducting an auto-land.
Table 4: OTS CAT II operation minima
RVR vs. approach lighting system
Auto-land or approved HUDLS utilised to touchdown
Class of light facility
FALS IALS BALS NALS
Aircraft
categories
A C
Aircraft category
D
Aircraft
categories A D
Aircraft
categories A D
Aircraft
categories A D
DH (ft) RVR (m)
100 120 350 400 450 600 700
121 140 400 450 500 600 700
141 160 400 500 500 600 750
161 199 400 500 550 650 750
AMC5SPA.LVO.100 Low visibility operations
CAT III OPERATIONS
The following provisions should apply to CAT III operations:
(a) Where the DH and RVR do not fall within the same category, the RVR should determine in which category
the operation is to be considered.
(b) For operations in which a DH is used, the DH should not be lower than:
(1) the minimum DH specifed in the AFM, if stated;
(2) the minimum height to which the precision approach aid can be used without the specifed visual
reference; or
(3) the DH to which the fight crew is qualifed to operate.
(c) Operations with no DH should only be conducted if:
(1) the operation with no DH is specifed in the AFM;
(2) the approach aid and the aerodrome facilities can support operations with no DH; and
(3) the fight crew is qualifed to operate with no DH.
(d) The lowest RVR minima to be used are specifed in Table 5.
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Table 5: CAT III operations minima
RVR vs. DH and rollout control/guidance system
CAT DH (ft) * Rollout control/guidance
system
RVR (m)
IIIA Less than 100 Not required 200
IIIB Less than 100 Fail-passive 150**
IIIB Less than 50 Fail-passive 125
IIIB Less than 50or
no DH
Fail-operational *** 75
*: Flight control system redundancy is determined under CS-AWO by the minimum certifed DH.
**: For aeroplanes certifed in accordance with CS-AWO 321(b)(3) or equivalent.
***: The fail-operational system referred to may consist of a fail-operational hybrid system.
AMC6SPA.LVO.100 Low visibility operations
OPERATIONS UTILISING EVS
The pilot using a certifed enhanced vision system (EVS) in accordance with the procedures and limitations of
the AFM:
(a) may reduce the RVR/CMV value in column 1to the value in column 2of Table 6for CAT I operations, APV
operations and NPA operations fown with the CDFA technique;
(b) for CAT I operations:
(1) may continue an approach below DH to 100ft above the runway threshold elevation provided that
a visual reference is displayed and identifable on the EVS image; and
(2) should only continue an approach below 100ft above the runway threshold elevation provided
that a visual reference is distinctly visible and identifable to the pilot without reliance on the EVS;
(c) for APV operations and NPA operations fown with the CDFA technique:
(1) may continue an approach below DH/MDH to 200ft above the runway threshold elevation pro-
vided that a visual reference is displayed and identifable on the EVS image; and
(2) should only continue an approach below 200ft above the runway threshold elevation provided
that a visual reference is distinctly visible and identifable to the pilot without reliance on the EVS.
Table 6: Operations utilising EVS
RVR/CMV reduction vs. normal RVR/CMV
RVR/CMV (m)
normally required
RVR/CMV (m)
utilising EVS
550 350
600 400
650 450
700 450
750 500
800 550
900 600
1000 650
1100 750
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RVR/CMV (m)
normally required
RVR/CMV (m)
utilising EVS
1200 800
1300 900
1400 900
1500 1000
1600 1100
1700 1100
1800 1200
1900 1300
2000 1300
2100 1400
2200 1500
2300 1500
2400 1600
2500 1700
2600 1700
2700 1800
2800 1900
2900 1900
3000 2000
3100 2000
3200 2100
3300 2200
3400 2200
3500 2300
3600 2400
3700 2400
3800 2500
3900 2600
4000 2600
4100 2700
4200 2800
4300 2800
4400 2900
4500 3000
4600 3000
4700 3100
4800 3200
4900 3200
5000 3300
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AMC7SPA.LVO.100 Low visibility operations
EFFECT ON LANDING MINIMA OF TEMPORARILY FAILED OR DOWNGRADED EQUIPMENT
(a) General
These instructions are intended for use both pre-fight and in-fight. It is however not expected that the
pilot-in-command/commander would consult such instructions after passing 1 000 ft above the aero-
drome. If failures of ground aids are announced at such a late stage, the approach could be continued at
the pilot-in-command/commanders discretion. If failures are announced before such a late stage in the
approach, their efect on the approach should be considered as described in Table 7, and the approach
may have to be abandoned.
(b) The following conditions should be applicable to the tables below:
(1) multiple failures of runway/FATO lights other than indicated in Table 7are not acceptable;
(2) defciencies of approach and runway/FATO lights are treated separately;
(3) for CAT II and CAT III operations, a combination of defciencies in runway/FATO lights and RVR
assessment equipment are not permitted; and
(4) failures other than ILS and MLS afect RVR only and not DH.
Table 7: Failed or downgraded equipment efect on landing minima
Operations with an LVO approval
Failed or downgraded
equipment
Efect on landing minima
CAT IIIB (no
DH)
CAT IIIB CAT IIIA CAT II
ILS/MLS stand-by transmitter Not allowed RVR 200m No efect
Outer marker No efect if replaced by height check at 1000ft
Middle marker No efect
RVR assessment systems
At least one
RVR value to
be available on
the aerodrome
On runways equipped with two or more RVR assessment
units, one may be inoperative
Approach lights No efect
Not allowed for operations with DH
>50ft
Not allowed
Approach lights except the last
210m
No efect Not allowed
Approach lights except the last
420m
No efect
Standby power for approach
lights
No efect
Edge lights, threshold lights
and runway end lights
No efect
Day: no efect Day: no efect
Night: RVR 550m Night: not allowed
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Failed or downgraded
equipment
Efect on landing minima
CAT IIIB (no
DH)
CAT IIIB CAT IIIA CAT II
Centre line lights
Day: RVR
200m
Not allowed
Day: RVR 300m Day: RVR 350m
Night: not
allowed
Night: RVR 400m
Night: RVR 550m
(400m with HUDLS
or auto-land)
Centre line lights spacing
increased to 30m
RVR 150m No efect
Touchdown zone lights No efect
Day: RVR 200m Day: RVR 300m
Night: RVR
300m
Night: RVR 550m, 350m with HUDLS or
auto-land
Taxiway light system No efect
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GM1SPA.LVO.100 Low visibility operations
DOCUMENTS CONTAINING INFORMATION RELATED TO LOW VISIBILITY OPERATIONS
The following documents provide further information to low visibility operations (LVO):
(a) ICAO Annex 2Rules of the Air;
(b) ICAO Annex 6Operation of Aircraft;
(c) ICAO Annex 10Telecommunications Vol. 1;
(d) ICAO Annex 14Aerodromes Vol. 1;
(e) ICAO Doc 8168PANS OPS Aircraft Operations;
(f) ICAO Doc 9365AWO Manual;
(g) ICAO Doc 9476Manual of surface movement guidance and control systems (SMGCS);
(h) ICAO Doc 9157Aerodrome Design Manual;
(i) ICAO Doc 9328Manual of RVR Observing and Reporting Practices;
(j) ICAO EUR Doc 013: European Guidance Material on Aerodrome Operations under Limited Visibility Con-
ditions;
(k) ECAC Doc 17, Issue 3; and
(l) CS-AWO All weather operations.
GM2SPA.LVO.100 Low visibility operations
ILS CLASSIFICATION
The ILS classifcation system is specifed in ICAO Annex 10.
GM1SPA.LVO.100(c),(e) Low visibility operations
ESTABLISHMENT OF MINIMUM RVR FOR CAT II AND CAT III OPERATIONS
(a) General
(1) When establishing minimum RVR for CAT II and CAT III operations, operators should pay attention
to the following information that originates in ECAC Doc 173
rd
Edition, Subpart A. It is retained as
background information and, to some extent, for historical purposes although there may be some
confict with current practices.
(2) Since the inception of precision approach and landing operations various methods have been
devised for the calculation of aerodrome operating minima in terms of DH and RVR. It is a compara-
tively straightforward matter to establish the DH for an operation but establishing the minimum
RVR to be associated with that DH so as to provide a high probability that the required visual refer-
ence will be available at that DH has been more of a problem.
(3) The methods adopted by various States to resolve the DH/RVR relationship in respect of CAT II
and CAT III operations have varied considerably. In one instance there has been a simple approach
that entailed the application of empirical data based on actual operating experience in a particular
environment. This has given satisfactory results for application within the environment for which
it was developed. In another instance a more sophisticated method was employed which utilised
a fairly complex computer programme to take account of a wide range of variables. However, in
the latter case, it has been found that with the improvement in the performance of visual aids, and
the increased use of automatic equipment in the many diferent types of new aircraft, most of the
variables cancel each other out and a simple tabulation can be constructed that is applicable to
a wide range of aircraft. The basic principles that are observed in establishing the values in such
a table are that the scale of visual reference required by a pilot at and below DH depends on the
task that he/she has to carry out, and that the degree to which his/her vision is obscured depends
on the obscuring medium, the general rule in fog being that it becomes more dense with increase
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in height. Research using fight simulation training devices (FSTDs) coupled with fight trials has
shown the following:
(i) most pilots require visual contact to be established about 3seconds above DH though it has
been observed that this reduces to about 1second when a fail-operational automatic land-
ing system is being used;
(ii) to establish lateral position and cross-track velocity most pilots need to see not less than a
three light segment of the centre line of the approach lights, or runway centre line, or run-
way edge lights;
(iii) for roll guidance most pilots need to see a lateral element of the ground pattern, i.e. an
approach light cross bar, the landing threshold, or a barrette of the touchdown zone light;
and
(iv) to make an accurate adjustment to the fight path in the vertical plane, such as a fare, using
purely visual cues, most pilots need to see a point on the ground which has a low or zero rate
of apparent movement relative to the aircraft.
(v) With regard to fog structure, data gathered in the United Kingdom over a 20 year period
have shown that in deep stable fog there is a 90 % probability that the slant visual range
from eye heights higher than 15ft above the ground will be less than the horizontal visibility
at ground level, i.e. RVR. There are at present no data available to show what the relationship
is between the slant visual range and RVR in other low visibility conditions such as blowing
snow, dust or heavy rain, but there is some evidence in pilot reports that the lack of contrast
between visual aids and the background in such conditions can produce a relationship simi-
lar to that observed in fog.
(b) CAT II operations
The selection of the dimensions of the required visual segments that are used for CAT II operations is
based on the following visual provisions:
(1) a visual segment of not less than 90m will need to be in view at and below DH for pilot to be able
to monitor an automatic system;
(2) a visual segment of not less than 120m will need to be in view for a pilot to be able to maintain the
roll attitude manually at and below DH; and
(3) for a manual landing using only external visual cues, a visual segment of 225m will be required at
the height at which fare initiation starts in order to provide the pilot with sight of a point of low
relative movement on the ground.
Before using a CAT II ILS for landing, the quality of the localiser between 50 ft and touchdown
should be verifed.
(c) CAT III fail-passive operations
(1) CAT III operations utilising fail-passive automatic landing equipment were introduced in the late
1960s and it is desirable that the principles governing the establishment of the minimum RVR for
such operations be dealt with in some detail.
(2) During an automatic landing the pilot needs to monitor the performance of the aircraft system,
not in order to detect a failure that is better done by the monitoring devices built into the system,
but so as to know precisely the fight situation. In the fnal stages the pilot should establish visual
contact and, by the time the pilot reaches DH, the pilot should have checked the aircraft position
relative to the approach or runway centre line lights. For this the pilot will need sight of horizontal
elements (for roll reference) and part of the touchdown area. The pilot should check for lateral
position and cross-track velocity and, if not within the pre-stated lateral limits, the pilot should
carry out a missed approach procedure. The pilot should also check longitudinal progress and
sight of the landing threshold is useful for this purpose, as is sight of the touchdown zone lights.
(3) In the event of a failure of the automatic fight guidance system below DH, there are two possible
courses of action; the frst is a procedure that allows the pilot to complete the landing manually if
there is adequate visual reference for him/her to do so, or to initiate a missed approach procedure
if there is not; the second is to make a missed approach procedure mandatory if there is a system
disconnect regardless of the pilots assessment of the visual reference available:
(i) If the frst option is selected then the overriding rule in the determination of a minimum RVR
is for suf cient visual cues to be available at and below DH for the pilot to be able to carry
out a manual landing. Data presented in ECAC Doc 17 showed that a minimum value of
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300m would give a high probability that the cues needed by the pilot to assess the aircraft
in pitch and roll will be available and this should be the minimum RVR for this procedure.
(ii) The second option, to require a missed approach procedure to be carried out should the
automatic fight-guidance system fail below DH, will permit a lower minimum RVR because
the visual reference provision will be less if there is no need to provide for the possibility of a
manual landing. However, this option is only acceptable if it can be shown that the probabil-
ity of a system failure below DH is acceptably low. It should be recognised that the inclina-
tion of a pilot who experiences such a failure would be to continue the landing manually but
the results of fight trials in actual conditions and of simulator experiments show that pilots
do not always recognise that the visual cues are inadequate in such situations and present
recorded data reveal that pilots landing performance reduces progressively as the RVR is
reduced below 300m. It should further be recognised that there is some risk in carrying out
a manual missed approach procedure from below 50 ft in very low visibility and it should
therefore be accepted that if an RVR lower than 300 m is to be approved, the fight deck
procedure should not normally allow the pilot to continue the landing manually in such
conditions and the aircraft system should be suf ciently reliable for the missed approach
procedure rate to be low.
(4) These criteria may be relaxed in the case of an aircraft with a fail-passive automatic landing system
that is supplemented by a head-up display that does not qualify as a fail-operational system but
that gives guidance that will enable the pilot to complete a landing in the event of a failure of the
automatic landing system. In this case it is not necessary to make a missed approach procedure
mandatory in the event of a failure of the automatic landing system when the RVR is less than
300m.
(d) CAT III fail-operational operations with a DH
(1) For CAT III operations utilising a fail-operational landing system with a DH, a pilot should be able to
see at least one centre line light.
(2) For CAT III operations utilising a fail-operational hybrid landing system with a DH, a pilot should
have a visual reference containing a segment of at least three consecutive lights of the runway
centre line lights.
(e) CAT III fail operational operations with no DH
(1) For CAT III operations with no DH the pilot is not required to see the runway prior to touchdown.
The permitted RVR is dependent on the level of aircraft equipment.
(2) A CAT III runway may be assumed to support operations with no DH unless specifcally restricted
as published in the AIP or NOTAM.
GM1SPA.LVO.100(e) Low visibility operations
CREW ACTIONS IN CASE OF AUTOPILOT FAILURE AT OR BELOW DH IN FAIL-PASSIVE CAT III OPERATIONS
For operations to actual RVR values less than 300m, a missed approach procedure is assumed in the event of an
autopilot failure at or below DH. This means that a missed approach procedure is the normal action. However,
the wording recognises that there may be circumstances where the safest action is to continue the landing.
Such circumstances include the height at which the failure occurs, the actual visual references, and other mal-
functions. This would typically apply to the late stages of the fare. In conclusion, it is not forbidden to continue
the approach and complete the landing when the pilot-in-command/commander determines that this is the
safest course of action. The operators policy and the operational instructions should refect this information.
GM1SPA.LVO.100(f) Low visibility operations
OPERATIONS UTILISING EVS
(a) Introduction
(1) Enhanced vision systems use sensing technology to improve a pilots ability to detect objects, such
as runway lights or terrain, which may otherwise not be visible. The image produced from the
sensor and/or image processor can be displayed to the pilot in a number of ways including use
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of a HUD. The systems can be used in all phases of fight and can improve situational awareness.
In particular, infra-red systems can display terrain during operations at night, improve situational
awareness during night and low-visibility taxiing, and may allow earlier acquisition of visual refer-
ences during instrument approaches.
(b) Background to EVS provisions
(1) The provisions for EVS were developed after an operational evaluation of two diferent EVS systems,
along with data and support provided by the FAA. Approaches using EVS were fown in a variety
of conditions including fog, rain and snow showers, as well as at night to aerodromes located in
mountainous terrain. The infra-red EVS performance can vary depending on the weather condi-
tions encountered. Therefore, the provisions take a conservative approach to cater for the wide
variety of conditions which may be encountered. It may be necessary to amend the provisions in
the future to take account of greater operational experience.
(2) Provisions for the use of EVS during take-of have not been developed. The systems evaluated did
not perform well when the RVR was below 300m. There may be some beneft for use of EVS dur-
ing take-of with greater visibility and reduced light; however, such operations would need to be
evaluated.
(3) Provisions have been developed to cover use of infra-red systems only. Other sensing technolo-
gies are not intended to be excluded; however, their use will need to be evaluated to determine
the appropriateness of this, or any other provision. During the development, it was envisaged
what minimum equipment should be ftted to the aircraft. Given the present state of technological
development, it is considered that a HUD is an essential element of the EVS equipment.
(4) In order to avoid the need for tailored charts for approaches utilising EVS, it is envisaged that the
operator will use AMC6SPA.LVO.110Table 6Operations utilising EVS RVR/CMV reduction vs. nor-
mal RVR/CMV to determine the applicable RVR at the commencement of the approach.
(c) Additional operational considerations
(1) EVS equipment should have:
(i) a head-up display system (capable of displaying, airspeed, vertical speed, aircraft attitude,
heading, altitude, command guidance as appropriate for the approach to be fown, path
deviation indications, fight path vector and fight path angle reference cue and the EVS
imagery);
(ii) a head-down view of the EVS image, or other means of displaying the EVS-derived informa-
tion easily to the pilot monitoring the progress of the approach; and
(iii) means to ensure that the pilot monitoring is kept in the loop and crew resource manage-
ment (CRM) does not break down.
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SPA.LVO.105 LVO approval
To obtain an LVO approval from the competent authority, the operator shall demonstrate compliance with the
requirements of this Subpart.
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AMC1SPA.LVO.105 LVO approval
OPERATIONAL DEMONSTRATION AEROPLANES
(a) General
(1) The purpose of the operational demonstration should be to determine or validate the use and
efectiveness of the applicable aircraft fight guidance systems, including HUDLS if appropriate,
training, fight crew procedures, maintenance programme, and manuals applicable to the CAT II/III
programme being approved.
(i) At least 30approaches and landings should be accomplished in operations using the CAT II/
III systems installed in each aircraft type if the requested DH is 50ft or higher. If the DH is less
than 50ft, at least 100approaches and landings should be accomplished.
(ii) If the operator has diferent variants of the same type of aircraft utilising the same basic
fight control and display systems, or diferent basic fight control and display systems on
the same type of aircraft, the operator should show that the various variants have satisfac-
tory performance, but need not conduct a full operational demonstration for each variant.
The number of approaches and landings may be based on credit given for the experience
gained by another operator, using the same aeroplane type or variant and procedures.
(iii) If the number of unsuccessful approaches exceeds 5% of the total, e.g. unsatisfactory land-
ings, system disconnects, the evaluation programme should be extended in steps of at least
10approaches and landings until the overall failure rate does not exceed 5%.
(2) The operator should establish a data collection method to record approach and landing perfor-
mance. The resulting data and a summary of the demonstration data should be made available to
the competent authority for evaluation.
(3) Unsatisfactory approaches and/or automatic landings should be documented and analysed.
(b) Demonstrations
(1) Demonstrations may be conducted in line operations or any other fight where the operators pro-
cedures are being used.
(2) In unique situations where the completion of 100 successful landings could take an unreason-
ably long period of time and equivalent reliability assurance can be achieved, a reduction in the
required number of landings may be considered on a case-by-case basis. Reduction of the number
of landings to be demonstrated requires a justifcation for the reduction. This justifcation should
take into account factors such as a small number of aircraft in the feet, limited opportunity to use
runways having CAT II/III procedures or the inability to obtain ATS sensitive area protection during
good weather conditions. However, at the operators option, demonstrations may be made on
other runways and facilities. Suf cient information should be collected to determine the cause of
any unsatisfactory performance (e.g. sensitive area was not protected).
(3) If the operator has diferent variants of the same type of aircraft utilising the same basic fight con-
trol and display systems, or diferent basic fight control and display systems on the same type or
class of aircraft, the operator should show that the various variants have satisfactory performance,
but need not conduct a full operational demonstration for each variant.
(4) Not more than 30% of the demonstration fights should be made on the same runway.
(c) Data collection for operational demonstrations
(1) Data should be collected whenever an approach and landing is attempted utilising the CAT II/III
system, regardless of whether the approach is abandoned, unsatisfactory, or is concluded success-
fully.
(2) The data should, as a minimum, include the following information:
(i) Inability to initiate an approach. Identify defciencies related to airborne equipment that
preclude initiation of a CAT II/III approach.
(ii) Abandoned approaches. Give the reasons and altitude above the runway at which approach
was discontinued or the automatic landing system was disengaged.
(iii) Touchdown or touchdown and rollout performance. Describe whether or not the aircraft
landed satisfactorily within the desired touchdown area with lateral velocity or cross track
error that could be corrected by the pilot or automatic system so as to remain within the lat-
eral confnes of the runway without unusual pilot skill or technique. The approximate lateral
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and longitudinal position of the actual touchdown point in relation to the runway centre
line and the runway threshold, respectively, should be indicated in the report. This report
should also include any CAT II/III system abnormalities that required manual intervention by
the pilot to ensure a safe touchdown or touchdown and rollout, as appropriate.
(d) Data analysis
Unsuccessful approaches due to the following factors may be excluded from the analysis:
(1) ATS factors. Examples include situations in which a fight is vectored too close to the fnal approach
fx/point for adequate localiser and glide slope capture, lack of protection of ILS sensitive areas, or
ATS requests the fight to discontinue the approach.
(2) Faulty navaid signals. Navaid (e.g. ILS localiser) irregularities, such as those caused by other aircraft
taxiing, over-fying the navaid (antenna).
(3) Other factors. Any other specifc factors that could afect the success of CAT II/ III operations that
are clearly discernible to the fight crew should be reported.
AMC2SPA.LVO.105 LVO approval
OPERATIONAL DEMONSTRATION HELICOPTERS
(a) The operator should comply with the provisions prescribed below when introducing into CAT II or III ser-
vice a helicopter type that is new to the EU.
(1) Operational reliability
The CAT II and III success rate should not be less than that required by CS-AWO or equivalent.
(2) Criteria for a successful approach
An approach is regarded as successful if:
(i) the criteria are as specifed in CS-AWO or equivalent are met; and
(ii) no relevant helicopter system failure occurs.
For helicopter types already used for CAT II or III operations in another Member State, the in-service prov-
ing programme in (e) should be used instead.
(b) Data collection during airborne system demonstration general
(1) The operator should establish a reporting system to enable checks and periodic reviews to be
made during the operational evaluation period before the operator is approved to conduct CAT
II or III operations. The reporting system should cover all successful and unsuccessful approaches,
with reasons for the latter, and include a record of system component failures. This reporting sys-
tem should be based upon fight crew reports and automatic recordings as prescribed in (c) and (d)
below.
(2) The recordings of approaches may be made during normal line fights or during other fights per-
formed by the operator.
(c) Data collection during airborne system demonstration operations with DH not less than 50ft
(1) For operations with DH not less than 50ft, data should be recorded and evaluated by the operator
and evaluated by the competent authority when necessary.
(2) It is suf cient for the following data to be recorded by the fight crew:
(i) FATO and runway used;
(ii) weather conditions;
(iii) time;
(iv) reason for failure leading to an aborted approach;
(v) adequacy of speed control;
(vi) trim at time of automatic fight control system disengagement;
(vii) compatibility of automatic fight control system, fight director and raw data;
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(viii) an indication of the position of the helicopter relative to the ILS, MLS centre line when
descending through 30m (100ft); and
(ix) touchdown position.
(3) The number of approaches made during the initial evaluation should be suf cient to demonstrate
that the performance of the system in actual airline service is such that a 90% confdence and a
95% approach success will result.
(d) Data collection during airborne system demonstration operations with DH less than 50ft or no DH
(1) For operations with DH less than 50ft or no DH, a fight data recorder (FDR), or other equipment
giving the appropriate information, should be used in addition to the fight crew reports to con-
frm that the system performs as designed in actual airline service. The following data should be
recorded:
(i) distribution of ILS, MLS deviations at 30 m (100 ft), at touchdown and, if appropriate, at
disconnection of the rollout control system and the maximum values of the deviations
between those points; and
(ii) sink rate at touchdown.
(2) Any landing irregularity should be fully investigated using all available data to determine its cause.
(e) In-service proving
The operator fulflling the provisions of (f) above should be deemed to have met the in-service proving
contained in this subparagraph.
(1) The system should demonstrate reliability and performance in line operations consistent with the
operational concepts. A suf cient number of successful landings should be accomplished in line
operations, including training fights, using the auto-land and rollout system installed in each heli-
copter type.
(2) The demonstration should be accomplished using a CAT II or CAT III ILS. Demonstrations may be
made on other ILS or MLS facilities if suf cient data are recorded to determine the cause of unsat-
isfactory performance.
(3) If the operator has diferent variants of the same type of helicopter utilising the same basic fight
control and display systems, or diferent basic fight control and display systems on the same type
of helicopter, the operator should show that the variants comply with the basic system perfor-
mance criteria, but the operator need not conduct a full operational demonstration for each vari-
ant.
(4) Where the operator introduces a helicopter type that has already been approved by the compe-
tent authority of any Member State for CAT II and/or CAT III operations, a reduced proving pro-
gramme may be acceptable.
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AMC3SPA.LVO.105 LVO approval
CONTINUOUS MONITORING ALL AIRCRAFT
(a) After obtaining the initial approval, the operations should be continuously monitored by the operator
to detect any undesirable trends before they become hazardous. Flight crew reports may be used to
achieve this.
(b) The following information should be retained for a period of 12months:
(1) the total number of approaches, by aircraft type, where the airborne CAT II or III equipment was
utilised to make satisfactory, actual or practice, approaches to the applicable CAT II or III minima;
and
(2) reports of unsatisfactory approaches and/or automatic landings, by aerodrome and aircraft regis-
tration, in the following categories:
(i) airborne equipment faults;
(ii) ground facility dif culties;
(iii) missed approaches because of ATC instructions; or
(iv) other reasons.
(c) The operator should establish a procedure to monitor the performance of the automatic landing system
or HUDLS to touchdown performance, as appropriate, of each aircraft.
AMC4SPA.LVO.105 LVO approval
TRANSITIONAL PERIODS FOR CAT II AND CAT III OPERATIONS
(a) Operators with no previous CAT II or CAT III experience
(1) The operator without previous CAT II or III operational experience, applying for a CAT II or CAT IIIA
operational approval, should demonstrate to the competent authority that it has gained a mini-
mum experience of 6months of CAT I operations on the aircraft type.
(2) The operator applying for a CAT IIIB operational approval should demonstrate to the competent
authority that it has already completed 6months of CAT II or IIIA operations on the aircraft type.
(b) Operators with previous CAT II or III experience
(1) The operator with previous CAT II or CAT III experience, applying for a CAT II or CAT III operational
approval with reduced transition periods as set out in (a), should demonstrate to the competent
authority that it has maintained the experience previously gained on the aircraft type.
(2) The operator approved for CAT II or III operations using auto-coupled approach procedures,
with or without auto-land, and subsequently introducing manually fown CAT II or III operations
using a HUDLS should provide the operational demonstrations set out in AMC1SPA.LVO.105and
AMC2SPA.LVO.105as if it would be a new applicant for a CAT II or CAT III approval.
AMC5SPA.LVO.105 LVO approval
MAINTENANCE OF CAT II, CAT III AND LVTO EQUIPMENT
Maintenance instructions for the on-board guidance systems should be established by the operator, in liaison
with the manufacturer, and included in the operators aircraft maintenance programme in accordance with
Annex I to Regulation (EC) No 2042/2003
29
(Part-M).
29
OJ L 315, 28.11.2003, p. 1.
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AMC6SPA.LVO.105 LVO approval
ELIGIBLE AERODROMES AND RUNWAYS
(a) Each aircraft type/runway combination should be verifed by the successful completion of at least one
approach and landing in CAT II or better conditions, prior to commencing CAT III operations.
(b) For runways with irregular pre-threshold terrain or other foreseeable or known defciencies, each aircraft
type/runway combination should be verifed by operations in CAT I or better conditions, prior to com-
mencing LTS CAT I, OTS CAT II or CAT III operations.
(c) If the operator has diferent variants of the same type of aircraft in accordance with (d), utilising the same
basic fight control and display systems, or diferent basic fight control and display systems on the same
type of aircraft in accordance with (d), the operator should show that the variants have satisfactory opera-
tional performance, but need not conduct a full operational demonstration for each variant/runway com-
bination.
(d) For the purpose of this AMC, an aircraft type or variant of an aircraft type should be deemed to be the
same type/variant of aircraft if that type/variant has the same or similar:
(1) level of technology, including the following:
(i) fight control/guidance system (FGS) and associated displays and controls;
(ii) FMS and level of integration with the FGS; and
(iii) use of HUDLS;
(2) operational procedures, including:
(i) alert height;
(ii) manual landing /automatic landing;
(iii) no DH operations; and
(iv) use of HUD/HUDLS in hybrid operations;
(3) handling characteristics, including:
(i) manual landing from automatic or HUDLS guided approach;
(ii) manual missed approach procedure from automatic approach; and
(iii) automatic/manual rollout.
(e) Operators using the same aircraft type/class or variant of a type in accordance with (d) above may take
credit from each others experience and records in complying with this subparagraph.
(f) Where an approval is sought for OTS CAT II, the same provisions as set out for CAT II should be applied.
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GM1SPA.LVO.105 LVO approval
CRITERIA FOR A SUCCESSFUL CAT II, OTS CAT II, CAT III APPROACH AND AUTOMATIC LANDING
(a) The purpose of this GM is to provide operators with supplemental information regarding the criteria for
a successful approach and landing to facilitate fulflling the requirements prescribed in SPA.LVO.105.
(b) An approach may be considered to be successful if:
(1) from 500ft to start of fare:
(i) speed is maintained as specifed in AMC-AWO 231, paragraph 2Speed Control; and
(ii) no relevant system failure occurs;
and
(2) from 300ft to DH:
(i) no excess deviation occurs; and
(ii) no centralised warning gives a missed approach procedure command (if installed).
(c) An automatic landing may be considered to be successful if:
(1) no relevant system failure occurs;
(2) no fare failure occurs;
(3) no de-crab failure occurs (if installed);
(4) longitudinal touchdown is beyond a point on the runway 60m after the threshold and before the
end of the touchdown zone light (900m from the threshold);
(5) lateral touchdown with the outboard landing gear is not outside the touchdown zone light edge;
(6) sink rate is not excessive;
(7) bank angle does not exceed a bank angle limit; and
(8) no rollout failure or deviation (if installed) occurs.
(d) More details can be found in CS-AWO 131, CS-AWO 231and AMC-AWO 231.
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SPA.LVO.110 General operating requirements
(a) The operator shall only conduct LTS CAT I operations if:
(1) each aircraft concerned is certifed for operations to conduct CAT II operations; and
(2) the approach is fown:
(i) auto-coupled to an auto-land that needs to be approved for CAT IIIA operations; or
(ii) using an approved head-up display landing system (HUDLS) to at least 150 ft above the
threshold.
(b) The operator shall only conduct CAT II, OTS CAT II or CAT III operations if:
(1) each aircraft concerned is certifed for operations with a decision height (DH) below 200ft, or no
DH, and equipped in accordance with the applicable airworthiness requirements;
(2) a system for recording approach and/or automatic landing success and failure is established and
maintained to monitor the overall safety of the operation;
(3) the DH is determined by means of a radio altimeter;
(4) the fight crew consists of at least two pilots;
(5) all height call-outs below 200 ft above the aerodrome threshold elevation are determined by a
radio altimeter
(c) The operator shall only conduct approach operations utilising an EVS if:
(1) the EVS is certifed for the purpose of this subpart and combines infra-red sensor image and fight
information on the HUD;
(2) for operations with an RVR below 550m, the fight crew consists of at least two pilots;
(3) for CAT I operations, natural visual reference to runway cues is attained at least at 100ft above the
aerodrome threshold elevation;
(4) for approach procedure with vertical guidance (APV) and non-precision approach (NPA) opera-
tions fown with CDFA technique, natural visual reference to runway cues is attained at least at
200 ft above the aerodrome threshold elevation and the following requirements are complied
with:
(i) the approach is fown using an approved vertical fight path guidance mode;
(ii) the approach segment from fnal approach fx (FAF) to runway threshold is straight and
thediference between the fnal approach course and the runway centreline is not greater
than 2;
(iii) the fnal approach path is published and not greater than 3.7;
(iv) the maximum cross-wind components established during certifcation of the EVS are not
exceeded.
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GM1SPA.LVO.110(c)(4)(i) General operating requirements
APPROVED VERTICAL FLIGHT PATH GUIDANCE MODE
The term approved means that the vertical fight path guidance mode has been certifed by the Agency as part
of the avionics product.
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SPA.LVO.115 Aerodrome related requirements
(a) The operator shall not use an aerodrome for LVOs below a visibility of 800m unless:
(1) the aerodrome has been approved for such operations by the State of the aerodrome; and
(2) low visibility procedures (LVP) have been established.
(b) If the operator selects an aerodrome where the term LVP is not used, the operator shall ensure that there
are equivalent procedures that adhere to the requirements of LVP at the aerodrome. This situation shall
be clearly noted in the operations manual or procedures manual including guidance to the fight crew on
how to determine that the equivalent LVP are in efect.
SPA.LVO.120 Flight crew training and qualifcations
The operator shall ensure that, prior to conducting an LVO:
(a) each fight crew member:
(1) complies with the training and checking requirements prescribed in the operations manual, includ-
ing fight simulation training device (FSTD) training, in operating to the limiting values of RVR/VIS
(visibility) and DH specifc to the operation and the aircraft type;
(2) is qualifed in accordance with the standards prescribed in the operations manual;
(b) the training and checking is conducted in accordance with a detailed syllabus.
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AMC1SPA.LVO.120 Flight crew training and qualifcations
GENERAL PROVISIONS
(a) The operator should ensure that fight crew member training programmes for LVO include structured
courses of ground, FSTD and/or fight training.
(1) Flight crew members with no CAT II or CAT III experience should complete the full training pro-
gramme prescribed in (b), (c), and (d) below.
(2) Flight crew members with CAT II or CAT III experience with a similar type of operation (auto-
coupled/auto-land, HUDLS/hybrid HUDLS or EVS) or CAT II with manual land, if appropriate, with
another EU operator may undertake an:
(i) abbreviated ground training course if operating a diferent type or class from that on which
the previous CAT II or CAT III experience was gained;
(ii) abbreviated ground, FSTD and/or fight training course if operating the same type or class
and variant of the same type or class on which the previous CAT II or CAT III experience was
gained. The abbreviated course should include at least the provisions of (d)(1), (d)(2)(i) or (d)
(2)(ii) as appropriate and (d)(3)(i). The operator may reduce the number of approaches/land-
ings required by (d)(2)(i) if the type/class or the variant of the type or class has the same or
similar:
(A) level of technology fight control/guidance system (FGS);
(B) operating procedures;
(C) handling characteristics;
(D) use of HUDLS/hybrid HUDLS; and
(E) use of EVS,
as the previously operated type or class, otherwise the provisions of (d)(2)(i) should
be met.
(3) Flight crew members with CAT II or CAT III experience with the operator may undertake an abbrevi-
ated ground, FSTD and/or fight training course.
(i) When changing aircraft type or class, the abbreviated course should include at least the
provisions of (d)(1), (d)(2)(i) or (d)(2)(ii) as appropriate and (d)(3)(i).
(ii) When changing to a diferent variant of aircraft within the same type or class rating that has
the same or similar:
(A) level of technology FGS;
(B) operating procedures integrity;
(C) handling characteristics;
(D) use of HUDLS/Hybrid HUDLS; and
(E) use of EVS,
as the previously operated type or class, a diference course or familiarisation appro-
priate to the change of variant should fulfl the abbreviated course provisions.
(iii) When changing to a diferent variant of aircraft within the same type or class rating that has
a signifcantly diferent:
(A) level of technology FGS;
(B) operating procedures integrity;
(C) handling characteristics;
(D) use of HUDLS/Hybrid HUDLS; or
(E) use of EVS,
the provisions of (d)(1), (d)(2)(i) or (d)(2)(ii) as appropriate and (d)(3)(i) should be fulflled.
(4) The operator should ensure when undertaking CAT II or CAT III operations with diferent variant(s)
of aircraft within the same type or class rating that the diferences and/or similarities of the aircraft
concerned justify such operations, taking into account at least the following:
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(i) the level of technology, including the:
(A) FGS and associated displays and controls;
(B) FMS and its integration or not with the FGS; and
(C) use of HUD/HUDLS with hybrid systems and/or EVS;
(ii) operating procedures, including:
(A) fail-passive / fail-operational, alert height;
(B) manual landing / automatic landing;
(C) no DH operations; and
(D) use of HUD/HUDLS with hybrid systems;
(iii) handling characteristics, including:
(A) manual landing from automatic HUDLS and/or EVS guided approach;
(B) manual missed approach procedure from automatic approach; and
(C) automatic/manual rollout.
GROUND TRAINING
(b) The initial ground training course for LVO should include at least the following:
(1) characteristics and limitations of the ILS and/or MLS;
(2) characteristics of the visual aids;
(3) characteristics of fog;
(4) operational capabilities and limitations of the particular airborne system to include HUD symbol-
ogy and EVS characteristics, if appropriate;
(5) efects of precipitation, ice accretion, low level wind shear and turbulence;
(6) efect of specifc aircraft/system malfunctions;
(7) use and limitations of RVR assessment systems;
(8) principles of obstacle clearance requirements;
(9) recognition of and action to be taken in the event of failure of ground equipment;
(10) procedures and precautions to be followed with regard to surface movement during operations
when the RVR is 400 m or less and any additional procedures required for take-of in conditions
below 150m (200m for category D aeroplanes);
(11) signifcance of DHs based upon radio altimeters and the efect of terrain profle in the approach
area on radio altimeter readings and on the automatic approach/landing systems;
(12) importance and signifcance of alert height, if applicable, and the action in the event of any failure
above and below the alert height;
(13) qualifcation requirements for pilots to obtain and retain approval to conduct LVOs; and
(14) importance of correct seating and eye position.
FSTD TRAINING AND/OR FLIGHT TRAINING
(c) FSTD training and/or fight training
(1) FSTD and/or fight training for LVO should include at least:
(i) checks of satisfactory functioning of equipment, both on the ground and in fight;
(ii) efect on minima caused by changes in the status of ground installations;
(iii) monitoring of:
(A) automatic fight control systems and auto-land status annunciators with emphasis on
the action to be taken in the event of failures of such systems; and
(B) HUD/HUDLS/EVS guidance status and annunciators as appropriate, to include head-
down displays;
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(iv) actions to be taken in the event of failures such as engines, electrical systems, hydraulics or
fight control systems;
(v) the efect of known unserviceabilities and use of MELs;
(vi) operating limitations resulting from airworthiness certifcation;
(vii) guidance on the visual cues required at DH together with information on maximum devia-
tion allowed from glide path or localiser; and
(viii) the importance and signifcance of alert height if applicable and the action in the event of
any failure above and below the alert height.
(2) Flight crew members should be trained to carry out their duties and instructed on the coordination
required with other crew members. Maximum use should be made of suitably equipped FSTDs for
this purpose.
(3) Training should be divided into phases covering normal operation with no aircraft or equipment
failures but including all weather conditions that may be encountered and detailed scenarios
of aircraft and equipment failure that could afect CAT II or III operations. If the aircraft system
involves the use of hybrid or other special systems, such as HUD/HUDLS or enhanced vision equip-
ment, then fight crew members should practise the use of these systems in normal and abnormal
modes during the FSTD phase of training.
(4) Incapacitation procedures appropriate to LVTO, CAT II and CAT III operations should be practised.
(5) For aircraft with no FSTD available to represent that specifc aircraft, operators should ensure that
the fight training phase specifc to the visual scenarios of CAT II operations is conducted in a spe-
cifcally approved FSTD. Such training should include a minimum of four approaches. Thereafter,
the training and procedures that are type specifc should be practised in the aircraft.
(6) Initial CAT II and III training should include at least the following exercises:
(i) approach using the appropriate fight guidance, autopilots and control systems installed in
the aircraft, to the appropriate DH and to include transition to visual fight and landing;
(ii) approach with all engines operating using the appropriate fight guidance systems, autopi-
lots, HUDLS and/or EVS and control systems installed in the aircraft down to the appropriate
DH followed by missed approach all without external visual reference;
(iii) where appropriate, approaches utilising automatic fight systems to provide automatic
fare, hover, landing and rollout; and
(iv) normal operation of the applicable system both with and without acquisition of visual cues
at DH.
(7) Subsequent phases of training should include at least:
(i) approaches with engine failure at various stages on the approach;
(ii) approaches with critical equipment failures, such as electrical systems, auto fight systems,
ground and/or airborne ILS, MLS systems and status monitors;
(iii) approaches where failures of auto fight equipment and/or HUD/HUDLS/EVS at low level
require either:
(A) reversion to manual fight to control fare, hover, landing and rollout or missed
approach; or
(B) reversion to manual fight or a downgraded automatic mode to control missed
approaches from, at or below DH including those which may result in a touchdown
on the runway;
(iv) failures of the systems that will result in excessive localiser and/or glideslope deviation, both
above and below DH, in the minimum visual conditions specifed for the operation. In addi-
tion, a continuation to a manual landing should be practised if a head-up display forms a
downgraded mode of the automatic system or the head-up display forms the only fare
mode; and
(v) failures and procedures specifc to aircraft type or variant.
(8) The training programme should provide practice in handling faults which require a reversion to
higher minima.
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(9) The training programme should include the handling of the aircraft when, during a fail-passive CAT
III approach, the fault causes the autopilot to disconnect at or below DH when the last reported
RVR is 300m or less.
(10) Where take-ofs are conducted in RVRs of 400m and below, training should be established to cover
systems failures and engine failure resulting in continued as well as rejected take-ofs.
(11) The training programme should include, where appropriate, approaches where failures of the
HUDLS and/or EVS equipment at low level require either:
(i) reversion to head down displays to control missed approach; or
(ii) reversion to fight with no, or downgraded, HUDLS guidance to control missed approaches
from DH or below, including those which may result in a touchdown on the runway.
(12) When undertaking LVTO, LTS CAT I, OTS CAT II, CAT II and CAT III operations utilising a HUD/HUDLS,
hybrid HUD/HUDLS or an EVS, the training and checking programme should include, where appro-
priate, the use of the HUD/HUDLS in normal operations during all phases of fight.
CONVERSION TRAINING
(d) Flight crew members should complete the following low visibility procedures (LVPs) training if convert-
ing to a new type or class or variant of aircraft in which LVTO, LTS CAT I, OTS CAT II, approach operations
utilising EVS with an RVR of 800m or less and CAT II and CAT III operations will be conducted. Conditions
for abbreviated courses are prescribed in (a)(2), (a)(3) and (a)(4).
(1) Ground training
The appropriate provisions are as prescribed in (b), taking into account the fight crew members
CAT II and CAT III training and experience.
(2) FSTD training and/or fight training
(i) A minimum of six, respectively eight for HUDLS with or without EVS, approaches and/or
landings in an FSTD. The provisions for eight HUDLS approaches may be reduced to six
when conducting hybrid HUDLS operations.
(ii) Where no FSTD is available to represent that specifc aircraft, a minimum of three, respec-
tively fve for HUDLS and/or EVS, approaches including at least one missed approach proce-
dure is required on the aircraft. For hybrid HUDLS operations a minimum of three approaches
is required, including at least one missed approach procedure.
(iii) Appropriate additional training if any special equipment is required such as head up displays
or enhanced vision equipment. When approach operations utilising EVS are conducted with
an RVR of less than 800 m, a minimum of fve approaches, including at least one missed
approach procedure are required on the aircraft.
(3) Flight crew qualifcation
The fight crew qualifcation provisions are specifc to the operator and the type of aircraft oper-
ated.
(i) The operator should ensure that each fight crew member completes a check before con-
ducting CAT II or III operations.
(ii) The check specifed in (d)(3)(i) may be replaced by successful completion of the FSTD and/or
fight training specifed in (d)(2).
(4) Line fying under supervision
Flight crew member should undergo the following line fying under supervision (LIFUS):
(i) For CAT II when a manual landing or a HUDLS approach to touchdown is required, a mini-
mum of:
(A) three landings from autopilot disconnect; and
(B) four landings with HUDLS used to touchdown,
except that only one manual landing, respectively two using HUDLS, to touchdown is
required when the training required in (d)(2) has been carried out in an FSTD qualifed for
zero fight time conversion.
(ii) For CAT III, a minimum of two auto-lands, except that:
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(A) only one auto-land is required when the training required in (d)(2) has been carried
out in an FSTD qualifed for zero fight time conversion;
(B) no auto-land is required during LIFUS when the training required in (d)(2) has been
carried out in an FSTD qualifed for zero fight time (ZFT) conversion and the fight
crew member successfully completed the ZFT type rating conversion course; and
(C) the fight crew member, trained and qualifed in accordance with (B), is qualifed to
operate during the conduct of LIFUS to the lowest approved DA/H and RVR as stipu-
lated in the operations manual.
(iii) For CAT III approaches using HUDLS to touchdown, a minimum of four approaches.
TYPE AND COMMAND EXPERIENCE
(e) Type and command experience
(1) Before commencing CAT II operations, the following additional provisions should be applicable to
pilots-in-command/commanders, or pilots to whom conduct of the fight may be delegated, who
are new to the aircraft type or class:
(i) 50hours or 20sectors on the type, including LIFUS; and
(ii) 100m should be added to the applicable CAT II RVR minima when the operation requires a
CAT II manual landing or use of HUDLS to touchdown until:
(A) a total of 100hours or 40sectors, including LIFUS, has been achieved on the type; or
(B) a total of 50 hours or 20 sectors, including LIFUS, has been achieved on the type
where the fight crew member has been previously qualifed for CAT II manual land-
ing operations with an EU operator;
(C) for HUDLS operations the sector provisions in (e)(1) and (e)(2)(i) should always be
applicable; the hours on type or class do not fulfl the provisions.
(2) Before commencing CAT III operations, the following additional provisions should be applicable to
pilots-in-command/commanders, or pilots to whom conduct of the fight may be delegated, who
are new to the aircraft type:
(i) 50hours or 20sectors on the type, including LIFUS; and
(ii) 100 m should be added to the applicable CAT II or CAT III RVR minima unless he/she has
previously qualifed for CAT II or III operations with an EU operator, until a total of 100hours
or 40sectors, including LIFUS, has been achieved on the type.
RECURRENT TRAINING AND CHECKING
(f) Recurrent training and checking LVO
(1) The operator should ensure that, in conjunction with the normal recurrent training and opera-
tors profciency checks, the pilots knowledge and ability to perform the tasks associated with the
particular category of operation, for which the pilot is authorised by the operator, are checked.
The required number of approaches to be undertaken in the FSTD within the validity period of
the operators profciency check should be a minimum of two, respectively four when HUDLS and/
or EVS is utilised to touchdown, one of which should be a landing at the lowest approved RVR. In
addition one, respectively two for HUDLS and/or operations utilising EVS, of these approaches may
be substituted by an approach and landing in the aircraft using approved CAT II and CAT III proce-
dures. One missed approach should be fown during the conduct of an operator profciency check.
If the operator is approved to conduct take-of with RVR less than 150m, at least one LVTO to the
lowest applicable minima should be fown during the conduct of the operators profciency check.
(2) For CAT III operations the operator should use an FSTD approved for this purpose.
(3) For CAT III operations on aircraft with a fail-passive fight control system, including HUDLS, a missed
approach should be completed by each fight crew member at least once over the period of three
consecutive operator profciency checks as the result of an autopilot failure at or below DH when
the last reported RVR was 300m or less.
LVTO OPERATIONS
(g) LVTO with RVR less than 400m
(1) Prior to conducting take-ofs in RVRs below 400m, the fight crew should undergo the following
training:
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(i) normal take-of in minimum approved RVR conditions;
(ii) take-of in minimum approved RVR conditions with an engine failure:
(A) for aeroplanes between V1and V2(take-of safety speed), or as soon as safety consid-
erations permit;
(B) for helicopters at or after take-of decision point (TDP); and
(iii) take-of in minimum approved RVR conditions with an engine failure:
(A) for aeroplanes before V1resulting in a rejected take-of; and
(B) for helicopters before the TDP.
(2) The operator approved for LVTOs with an RVR below 150m should ensure that the training speci-
fed by (g)(1) is carried out in an FSTD. This training should include the use of any special proce-
dures and equipment.
(3) The operator should ensure that a fight crew member has completed a check before conducting
LVTO in RVRs of less than 150m. The check may be replaced by successful completion of the FSTD
and/or fight training prescribed in (g)(1) on conversion to an aircraft type.
LTS CAT I, OTS CAT II, OPERATIONS UTILISING EVS
(h) Additional training provisions
(1) General
Operators conducting LTS CAT I operations, OTS CAT II operations and operations utilising EVS
with RVR of 800m or less should comply with the provisions applicable to CAT II operations and
include the provisions applicable to HUDLS, if appropriate. The operator may combine these addi-
tional provisions where appropriate provided that the operational procedures are compatible.
(2) LTS CAT I
During conversion training the total number of approaches should not be additional to the
requirements of Subpart FC of Annex III (ORO.FC) provided the training is conducted utilising the
lowest applicable RVR. During recurrent training and checking the operator may also combine the
separate requirements provided the above operational procedure provision is met and at least one
approach using LTS CAT I minima is conducted at least once every 18months.
(3) OTS CAT II
During conversion training the total number of approaches should not be less than those to com-
plete CAT II training utilising a HUD/HUDLS. During recurrent training and checking the opera-
tor may also combine the separate provisions provided the above operational procedure provi-
sion is met and at least one approach using OTS CAT II minima is conducted at least once every
18months.
(4) Operations utilising EVS with RVR of 800m or less
During conversion training the total number of approaches required should not be less than that
required to complete CAT II training utilising a HUD. During recurrent training and checking the
operator may also combine the separate provisions provided the above operational procedure
provision is met and at least one approach utilising EVS is conducted at least once every 12months.
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GM1SPA.LVO.120 Flight crew training and qualifcations
FLIGHT CREW TRAINING
The number of approaches referred to in AMC1SPA.LVO.120(g)(1) includes one approach and landing that may
be conducted in the aircraft using approved CAT II/III procedures. This approach and landing may be conducted
in normal line operation or as a training fight.
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SPA.LVO.125 Operating procedures
(a) The operator shall establish procedures and instructions to be used for LVOs. These procedures and
instructions shall be included in the operations manual or procedures manual and contain the duties
of fight crew members during taxiing, take-of, approach, fare, landing, rollout and missed approach
operations, as appropriate.
(b) Prior to commencing an LVO, the pilot-in-command/commander shall be satisfed that:
(1) the status of the visual and non-visual facilities is suf cient;
(2) appropriate LVPs are in force according to information received from air traf c services (ATS);
(3) fight crew members are properly qualifed.
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AMC1SPA.LVO.125 Operating procedures
GENERAL
(a) LVOs should include the following:
(1) manual take-of, with or without electronic guidance systems or HUDLS/hybrid HUD/HUDLS;
(2) approach fown with the use of a HUDLS/hybrid HUD/HUDLS and/or EVS;
(3) auto-coupled approach to below DH, with manual fare, hover, landing and rollout;
(4) auto-coupled approach followed by auto-fare, hover, auto-landing and manual rollout; and
(5) auto-coupled approach followed by auto-fare, hover, auto-landing and auto-rollout, when the
applicable RVR is less than 400m.
PROCEDURES AND INSTRUCTIONS
(b) The operator should specify detailed operating procedures and instructions in the operations manual.
(1) The precise nature and scope of procedures and instructions given should depend upon the air-
borne equipment used and the fight deck procedures followed. The operator should clearly defne
fight crew member duties during take-of, approach, fare, hover, rollout and missed approach in
the operations manual. Particular emphasis should be placed on fight crew responsibilities during
transition from non-visual conditions to visual conditions, and on the procedures to be used in
deteriorating visibility or when failures occur. Special attention should be paid to the distribution
of fight deck duties so as to ensure that the workload of the pilot making the decision to land or
execute a missed approach enables him/her to devote himself/herself to supervision and the deci-
sion making process.
(2) The instructions should be compatible with the limitations and mandatory procedures contained
in the AFM and cover the following items in particular:
(i) checks for the satisfactory functioning of the aircraft equipment, both before departure and
in fight;
(ii) efect on minima caused by changes in the status of the ground installations and airborne
equipment;
(iii) procedures for the take-of, approach, fare, hover, landing, rollout and missed approach;
(iv) procedures to be followed in the event of failures, warnings to include HUD/HUDLS/EVS and
other non-normal situations;
(v) the minimum visual reference required;
(vi) the importance of correct seating and eye position;
(vii) action that may be necessary arising from a deterioration of the visual reference;
(viii) allocation of crew duties in the carrying out of the procedures according to (b)(2)(i) to (iv)
and (vi), to allow the pilot-in-command/commander to devote himself/herself mainly to
supervision and decision making;
(ix) the rule for all height calls below 200ft to be based on the radio altimeter and for one pilot
to continue to monitor the aircraft instruments until the landing is completed;
(x) the rule for the localiser sensitive area to be protected;
(xi) the use of information relating to wind velocity, wind shear, turbulence, runway contamina-
tion and use of multiple RVR assessments;
(xii) procedures to be used for:
(A) LTS CAT I;
(B) OTS CAT II;
(C) approach operations utilising EVS; and
(D) practice approaches and landing on runways at which the full CAT II or CAT III aero-
drome procedures are not in force;
(xiii) operating limitations resulting from airworthiness certifcation; and
(xiv) information on the maximum deviation allowed from the ILS glide path and/or localiser.
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SPA.LVO.130 Minimum equipment
(a) The operator shall include the minimum equipment that has to be serviceable at the commencement of
an LVO in accordance with the aircraft fight manual (AFM) or other approved document in the opera-
tions manual or procedures manual, as applicable.
(b) The pilot-in-command/commander shall be satisfed that the status of the aircraft and of the relevant
airborne systems is appropriate for the specifc operation to be conducted.
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SUBPART F EXTENDED RANGE
OPERATIONS WITH TWO-ENGINED
AEROPLANES (ETOPS)
SPA.ETOPS.100 ETOPS
In commercial air transport operations, two-engined aeroplanes shall only be operated beyond the threshold
distance determined in accordance with CAT.OP.MPA.140 if the operator has been granted an ETOPS opera-
tional approval by the competent authority.
SPA.ETOPS.105 ETOPS operational approval
To obtain an ETOPS operational approval from the competent authority, the operator shall provide evidence
that:
(a) the aeroplane/engine combination holds an ETOPS type design and reliability approval for the intended
operation;
(b) a training programme for the fight crew members and all other operations personnel involved in these
operations has been established and the fight crew members and all other operations personnel involved
are suitably qualifed to conduct the intended operation;
(c) the operators organisation and experience are appropriate to support the intended operation;
(d) operating procedures have been established.
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GM1SPA.ETOPS.105 ETOPS operational approval
AMC 20-6
AMC 20-6provides further criteria for the operational approval of ETOPS.
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SPA.ETOPS.110 ETOPS en-route alternate aerodrome
(a) An ETOPS en-route alternate aerodrome shall be considered adequate, if, at the expected time of use, the
aerodrome is available and equipped with necessary ancillary services such as air traf c services (ATS),
suf cient lighting, communications, weather reporting, navigation aids and emergency services and has
at least one instrument approach procedure available.
(b) Prior to conducting an ETOPS fight, the operator shall ensure that an ETOPS en-route alternate aero-
drome is available, within either the operators approved diversion time, or a diversion time based on the
MEL generated serviceability status of the aeroplane, whichever is shorter.
(c) The operator shall specify any required ETOPS en-route alternate aerodrome(s) in the operational fight
plan and ATS fight plan.
SPA.ETOPS.115 ETOPS en-route alternate aerodrome planning minima
(a) The operator shall only select an aerodrome as an ETOPS en-route alternate aerodrome when the appro-
priate weather reports or forecasts, or any combination thereof, indicate that, between the anticipated
time of landing until 1hour after the latest possible time of landing, conditions will exist at or above the
planning minima calculated by adding the additional limits of Table 1.
(b) The operator shall include in the operations manual the method for determining the operating minima
at the planned ETOPS en-route alternate aerodrome.
Table 1: Planning minima for the ETOPS en-route alternate aerodrome
Type of approach Planning minima
Precision approach DA/H + 200ft
RVR/VIS + 800m *
Non-precision approach or
Circling approach
MDA/H + 400ft *
RVR/VIS + 1500m
*: VIS: visibility; MDA/H: minimum descent altitude/height
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SUBPART G TRANSPORT
OF DANGEROUS GOODS
SPA.DG.100 Transport of dangerous goods
Except as provided for in Annex IV (Part-CAT), the operator shall only transport dangerous goods by air if the
operator has been approved by the competent authority.
SPA.DG.105 Approval to transport dangerous goods
To obtain the approval to transport dangerous goods, the operator shall in accordance with the Technical
Instructions:
(a) establish and maintain a training programme for all personnel involved and demonstrate to the compe-
tent authority that adequate training has been given to all personnel;
(b) establish operating procedures to ensure the safe handling of dangerous goods at all stages of air trans-
port, containing information and instructions on:
(1) the operators policy to transport dangerous goods;
(2) the requirements for acceptance, handling, loading, stowage and segregation of dangerous goods;
(3) actions to take in the event of an aircraft accident or incident when dangerous goods are being
carried;
(4) the response to emergency situations involving dangerous goods;
(5) the removal of any possible contamination;
(6) the duties of all personnel involved, especially with relevance to ground handling and aircraft han-
dling;
(7) inspection for damage, leakage or contamination;
(8) dangerous goods accident and incident reporting.
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AMC1SPA.DG.105(a) Approval to transport dangerous goods
TRAINING PROGRAMME
(a) The operator should indicate for the approval of the training programme how the training will be carried
out. For formal training courses, the course objectives, the training programme syllabus/curricula and
examples of the written examination to be undertaken should be included.
(b) Instructors should have knowledge of training techniques as well as in the feld of transport of dangerous
goods by air so that the subject is covered fully and questions can be adequately answered.
(c) Training intended to give general information and guidance may be by any means including handouts,
leafets, circulars, slide presentations, videos, computer-based training, etc., and may take place on-the-
job or of-the-job. The person being trained should receive an overall awareness of the subject. This train-
ing should include a written, oral or computer-based examination covering all areas of the training pro-
gramme, showing that a required minimum level of knowledge has been acquired.
(d) Training intended to give an in-depth and detailed appreciation of the whole subject or particular aspects
of it should be by formal training courses, which should include a written examination, the successful
passing of which will result in the issue of the proof of qualifcation. The course may be by means of tui-
tion, as a self-study programme, or a mixture of both. The person being trained should gain suf cient
knowledge so as to be able to apply the detailed rules of the Technical Instructions.
(e) Training in emergency procedures should include as a minimum:
(1) for personnel other than crew members:
(i) dealing with damaged or leaking packages; and
(ii) other actions in the event of ground emergencies arising from dangerous goods;
(2) for fight crew members:
(i) actions in the event of emergencies in fight occurring in the passenger compartment or in
the cargo compartments; and
(ii) the notifcation to ATS should an in-fight emergency occur;
(3) for crew members other than fight crew members:
(i) dealing with incidents arising from dangerous goods carried by passengers; or
(ii) dealing with damaged or leaking packages in fight.
(f) Training should be conducted at intervals of no longer than 2years.
AMC1SPA.DG.105(b) Approval to transport dangerous goods
PROVISION OF INFORMATION IN THE EVENT OF AN IN-FLIGHT EMERGENCY
If an in-fight emergency occurs the pilot-in-command/commander should, as soon as the situation permits,
inform the appropriate ATS unit of any dangerous goods carried as cargo on board the aircraft, as specifed in
the Technical Instructions.
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GM1SPA.DG.105(b)(6) Approval to transport dangerous goods
PERSONNEL
Personnel include all persons involved in the transport of dangerous goods, whether they are employees of the
operator or not.
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SPA.DG.110 Dangerous goods information and documentation
The operator shall, in accordance with the Technical Instructions:
(a) provide written information to the pilot-in-command/commander:
(1) about dangerous goods to be carried on the aircraft;
(2) for use in responding to in-fight emergencies;
(b) use an acceptance checklist;
(c) ensure that dangerous goods are accompanied by the required dangerous goods transport document(s),
as completed by the person ofering dangerous goods for air transport, except when the information
applicable to the dangerous goods is provided in electronic form;
(d) ensure that where a dangerous goods transport document is provided in written form, a copy of the
document is retained on the ground where it will be possible to obtain access to it within a reasonable
period until the goods have reached their fnal destination;
(e) ensure that a copy of the information to the pilot-in-command/commander is retained on the ground
and that this copy, or the information contained in it, is readily accessible to the aerodromes of last depar-
ture and next scheduled arrival, until after the fight to which the information refers;
(f) retain the acceptance checklist, transport document and information to the pilot-in-command/com-
mander for at least 3months after completion of the fight;
(g) retain the training records of all personnel for at least 3years.
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AMC1SPA.DG.110(a) Dangerous goods information and documentation
INFORMATION TO THE PILOT-IN-COMMAND/COMMANDER
If the volume of information provided to the pilot-in-command/commander by the operator is such that it
would be impracticable to transmit it in the event of an in-fight emergency, an additional summary of the infor-
mation should also be provided, containing at least the quantities and class or division of the dangerous goods
in each cargo compartment.
AMC1SPA.DG.110(b) Dangerous goods information and documentation
ACCEPTANCE OF DANGEROUS GOODS
(a) The operator should not accept dangerous goods unless:
(1) the package, overpack or freight container has been inspected in accordance with the acceptance
procedures in the Technical Instructions;
(2) they are accompanied by two copies of a dangerous goods transport document or the information
applicable to the consignment is provided in electronic form, except when otherwise specifed in
the Technical Instructions; and
(3) the English language is used for:
(i) package marking and labelling; and
(ii) the dangerous goods transport document,
in addition to any other language provision.
(b) The operator or his/her handling agent should use an acceptance checklist which allows for:
(1) all relevant details to be checked; and
(2) the recording of the results of the acceptance check by manual, mechanical or computerised
means.
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SUBPART H HELICOPTER OPERATIONS
WITH NIGHT VISION IMAGING SYSTEMS
SPA.NVIS.100 Night vision imaging system (NVIS) operations
(a) Helicopters shall only be operated under VFR at night with the aid of NVIS if the operator has been
approved by the competent authority.
(b) To obtain such approval by the competent authority, the operator shall:
(1) operate in commercial air transport (CAT) and hold a CAT AOC in accordance with Annex III (Part-
ORO);
(2) demonstrate to the competent authority:
(i) compliance with the applicable requirements contained in this Subpart;
(ii) the successful integration of all elements of the NVIS.
SPA.NVIS.110 Equipment requirements for NVIS operations
(a) Before conducting NVIS operations each helicopter and all associated NVIS equipment shall have been
issued with the relevant airworthiness approval in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1702/2003.
(b) Radio altimeter. The helicopter shall be equipped with a radio altimeter capable of emitting an audio
warning below a pre-set height and an audio and visual warning at a height selectable by the pilot,
instantly discernible during all phases of NVIS fight.
(c) Aircraft NVIS compatible lighting. To mitigate the reduced peripheral vision cues and the need to enhance
situational awareness, the following shall be provided:
(1) NVIS-compatible instrument panel food-lighting, if installed, that can illuminate all essential fight
instruments;
(2) NVIS-compatible utility lights;
(3) portable NVIS compatible fashlight; and
(4) a means for removing or extinguishing internal NVIS non-compatible lights.
(d) Additional NVIS equipment. The following additional NVIS equipment shall be provided:
(1) a back-up or secondary power source for the night vision goggles (NVG);
(2) a helmet with the appropriate NVG attachment.
(e) All required NVGs on an NVIS fight shall be of the same type, generation and model.
(f) Continuing airworthiness
(1) Procedures for continuing airworthiness shall contain the information necessary for carrying out
ongoing maintenance and inspections on NVIS equipment installed in the helicopter and shall
cover, as a minimum:
(i) helicopter windscreens and transparencies;
(ii) NVIS lighting;
(iii) NVGs; and
(iv) any additional equipment that supports NVIS operations.
(2) Any subsequent modifcation or maintenance to the aircraft shall be in compliance with the NVIS
airworthiness approval.
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AMC1SPA.NVIS.110(b) Equipment requirements for NVIS operations
RADIO ALTIMETER
(a) The radio altimeter should:
(1) be of an analogue type display presentation that requires minimal interpretation for both an
instantaneous impression of absolute height and rate of change of height;
(2) be positioned to be instantly visible and discernible from each cockpit crew station;
(3) have an integral audio and visual low height warning that operates at a height selectable by the
pilot; and
(4) provide unambiguous warning to the crew of radio altimeter failure.
(b) The visual warning should provide:
(1) clear visual warning at each cockpit crew station of height below the pilot-selectable height; and
(2) adequate attention-getting-capability for typical NVIS operations.
(c) The audio warning should:
(1) be unambiguous and readily cancellable;
(2) not extinguish any visual low height warnings when cancelled; and
(3) operate at the same pilot-selectable height as the visual warning.
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GM1SPA.NVIS.110(b) Equipment requirements for NVIS operations
RADIO ALTIMETER
An analogue type display presentation may be, for example, a representation of a dial, ribbon or bar, but not
a display that provides numbers only. An analogue type display may be embedded into an electronic fight
instrumentation system (EFIS).
GM1SPA.NVIS.110(f) Equipment requirements for NVIS operations
MODIFICATION OR MAINTENANCE TO THE HELICOPTER
It is important that the operator reviews and considers all modifcations or maintenance to the helicopter with
regard to the NVIS airworthiness approval. Special emphasis needs to be paid to modifcation and maintenance
of equipment such as light emitting or refecting devices, transparencies and avionics equipment, as the func-
tion of this equipment may interfere with the NVGs.
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SPA.NVIS.120 NVIS operating minima
(a) Operations shall not be conducted below the VFR weather minima for the type of night operations being
conducted.
(b) The operator shall establish the minimum transition height from where a change to/from aided fight
may be continued.
SPA.NVIS.130 Crew requirements for NVIS operations
(a) Selection. The operator shall establish criteria for the selection of crew members for the NVIS task.
(b) Experience. The minimum experience for the commander shall not be less than 20hours VFR at night as
pilot-in-command/commander of a helicopter before commencing training.
(c) Operational training. All pilots shall have completed the operational training in accordance with the NVIS
procedures contained in the operations manual.
(d) Recency. All pilots and NVIS technical crew members conducting NVIS operations shall have completed
three NVIS fights in the last 90days. Recency may be re-established on a training fight in the helicopter
or an approved full fight simulator (FFS), which shall include the elements of (f)(1).
(e) Crew composition. The minimum crew shall be the greater of that specifed:
(1) in the aircraft fight manual (AFM);
(2) for the underlying activity; or
(3) in the operational approval for the NVIS operations.
(f) Crew training and checking
(1) Training and checking shall be conducted in accordance with a detailed syllabus approved by the
competent authority and included in the operations manual.
(2) Crew members
(i) Crew training programmes shall: improve knowledge of the NVIS working environment and
equipment; improve crew coordination; and include measures to minimise the risks associ-
ated with entry into low visibility conditions and NVIS normal and emergency procedures.
(ii) The measures referred to in (f)(2)(i) shall be assessed during:
(A) night profciency checks; and
(B) line checks.
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GM1SPA.NVIS.130(e) Crew requirements for NVIS operations
UNDERLYING ACTIVITY
Examples of an underlying activity are:
(a) commercial air transport;
(b) helicopter emergency medical service (HEMS); and
(c) helicopter hoist operation (HHO).
GM1SPA.NVIS.130(e) Crew requirements for NVIS operations
OPERATIONAL APPROVAL
(a) When determining the composition of the minimum crew, the competent authority should take account
of the type of operation that is to be conducted. The minimum crew should be part of the operational
approval.
(b) If the operational use of NVIS is limited to the en-route phase of a commercial air transport fight, a single-
pilot operation may be approved.
(c) Where operations to/from a HEMS operating site are to be conducted, a crew of at least one pilot and one
NVIS technical crew member would be necessary (this may be the suitably qualifed HEMS technical crew
member).
(d) A similar assessment may be made for night HHO, when operating to unprepared sites.
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AMC1SPA.NVIS.130(f)(1) Crew requirements for NVIS operations
TRAINING AND CHECKING SYLLABUS
(a) The fight crew training syllabus should include the following items:
(1) NVIS working principles, eye physiology, vision at night, limitations and techniques to overcome
these limitations;
(2) preparation and testing of NVIS equipment;
(3) preparation of the helicopter for NVIS operations;
(4) normal and emergency procedures including all NVIS failure modes;
(5) maintenance of unaided night fying;
(6) crew coordination concept specifc to NVIS operations;
(7) practice of the transition to and from NVG procedures;
(8) awareness of specifc dangers relating to the operating environment; and
(9) risk analysis, mitigation and management.
(b) The fight crew checking syllabus should include:
(1) night profciency checks, including emergency procedures to be used on NVIS operations; and
(2) line checks with special emphasis on the following:
(i) local area meteorology;
(ii) NVIS fight planning;
(iii) NVIS in-fight procedures;
(iv) transitions to and from night vision goggles (NVG);
(v) normal NVIS procedures; and
(vi) crew coordination specifc to NVIS operations.
(c) Whenever the crew is required to also consist of an NVIS technical crew member, he/she should be trained
and checked in the following items:
(1) NVIS working principles, eye physiology, vision at night, limitations, and techniques to overcome
these limitations;
(2) duties in the NVIS role, with and without NVGs;
(3) the NVIS installation;
(4) operation and use of the NVIS equipment;
(5) preparing the helicopter and specialist equipment for NVIS operations;
(6) normal and emergency procedures;
(7) crew coordination concepts specifc to NVIS operations;
(8) awareness of specifc dangers relating to the operating environment; and
(9) risk analysis, mitigation and management.
AMC1SPA.NVIS.130(f) Crew requirements
CHECKING OF NVIS CREW MEMBERS
The checks required in SPA.NVIS.130(f) may be combined with those checks required for the underlying activity.
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GM1SPA.NVIS.130(f) Crew requirements
TRAINING GUIDELINES AND CONSIDERATIONS
(a) Purpose
The purpose of this GM is to recommend the minimum training guidelines and any associated considera-
tions necessary for the safe operation of a helicopter while operating with night vision imaging systems
(NVISs).
To provide an appropriate level of safety, training procedures should accommodate the capabilities and
limitations of the NVIS and associated systems as well as the restraints of the operational environment.
(b) Assumptions
The following assumptions were used in the creation of this material:
(1) Most civilian operators may not have the beneft of formal NVIS training, similar to that ofered
by the military. Therefore, the stated considerations are predicated on that individual who has no
prior knowledge of NVIS or how to use them in fight. The degree to which other applicants who
have had previous formal training should be exempted from this training will be dependent on
their prior NVIS experience.
(2) While NVIS are principally an aid to fying under VFR at night, the two- dimensional nature of the
NVG image necessitates frequent reference to the fight instruments for spatial and situational
awareness information. The reduction of peripheral vision and increased reliance on focal vision
exacerbates this requirement to monitor fight instruments. Therefore, any basic NVIS training syl-
labus should include some instruction on basic instrument fight.
(c) Two-tiered approach: basic and advance training
To be efective, the NVIS training philosophy would be based on a two-tiered approach: basic and
advanced NVIS training. The basic NVIS training would serve as the baseline standard for all individuals
seeking an NVIS endorsement. The content of this initial training would not be dependent on any opera-
tional requirements. The training required for any individual pilot should take into account the previous
NVIS fight experience. The advanced training would build on the basic training by focusing on develop-
ing specialised skills required to operate a helicopter during NVIS operations in a particular operational
environment. Furthermore, while there is a need to stipulate minimum fight hour requirements for an
NVIS endorsement, the training should also be event-based. This necessitates that operators be exposed
to all of the relevant aspects, or events, of NVIS fight in addition to acquiring a minimum number of fight
hours. NVIS training should include fight in a variety of actual ambient light and weather conditions.
(d) Training requirements
(1) Flight crew ground training
The ground training necessary to initially qualify a pilot to act as the pilot of a helicopter using
NVGs should include at least the following subjects:
(i) applicable aviation regulations that relate to NVIS limitations and fight operations;
(ii) aero-medical factors relating to the use of NVGs to include how to protect night vision, how
the eyes adapt to operate at night, self-imposed stresses that afect night vision, efects of
lighting (internal and external) on night vision, cues utilized to estimate distance and depth
perception at night, and visual illusions;
(iii) NVG performance and scene interpretation;
(iv) normal, abnormal, and emergency operations of NVGs; and
(v) NVIS operations fight planning to include night terrain interpretation and factors afecting
terrain interpretation.
The ground training should be the same for fight crew and crew members other than
fight crew. An example of a ground training syllabus is presented in Table 1 of GM2 SPA.
NVIS.130(f).
(2) Flight crew fight training
The fight training necessary to initially qualify a pilot to act as the pilot of a helicopter using NVGs
may be performed in a helicopter or FSTD approved for the purpose, and should include at least
the following subjects:
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(i) preparation and use of internal and external helicopter lighting systems for NVIS operations;
(ii) pre-fight preparation of NVGs for NVIS operations;
(iii) proper piloting techniques (during normal, abnormal, and emergency helicopter opera-
tions) when using NVGs during the take-of, climb, en-route, descent, and landing phases of
fight that includes unaided fight and aided fight; and
(iv) normal, abnormal, and emergency operations of the NVIS during fight.
Crew members other than fight crew should be involved in relevant parts of the fight train-
ing. An example of a fight training syllabus is presented in Table 1of GM3SPA.NVIS.130(f).
(3) Training crew members other than fight crew
Crew members other than fight crew (including the technical crew member) should be trained
to operate around helicopters employing NVIS. These individuals should complete all phases of
NVIS ground training that is given to fight crew. Due to the importance of crew coordination, it
is imperative that all crew members are familiar with all aspects of NVIS fight. Furthermore, these
crew members may have task qualifcations specifc to their position in the helicopter or areas
of responsibility. To this end, they should demonstrate competency in those areas, both on the
ground and in fight.
(4) Ground personnel training
Non-fying personnel who support NVIS operations should also receive adequate training in their
areas of expertise. The purpose is to ensure, for example, that correct light discipline is used when
helicopters are landing in a remote area.
(5) Instructor qualifcations
An NVIS fight instructor should at least have the following licences and qualifcations:
(i) at least fight instructor (FI(H)) or type rating instructor (TRI(H)) with the applicable type rat-
ing on which NVIS training will be given; and
(ii) logged at least 100 NVIS fights or 30 hours fight time under NVIS as pilot-in-command/
commander.
(6) NVIS equipment minimum requirements (training)
While minimum equipment lists and standard NVIS equipment requirements may be stipulated
elsewhere, the following procedures and minimum equipment requirements should also be con-
sidered:
(i) NVIS: the following is recommended for minimum NVIS equipment and procedural require-
ments:
(A) back-up power supply;
(B) NVIS adjustment kit or eye lane;
(C) use of helmet with the appropriate NVG attachment; and
(D) both the instructor and student should wear the same NVG type, generation and
model.
(ii) Helicopter NVIS compatible lighting, fight instruments and equipment: given the limited
peripheral vision cues and the need to enhance situational awareness, the following is rec-
ommended for minimum compatible lighting requirements:
(A) NVIS compatible instrument panel food lighting that can illuminate all essential fight
instruments;
(B) NVIS compatible hand-held utility lights;
(C) portable NVIS compatible fashlight;
(D) a means for removing or extinguishing internal NVIS non-compatible lights;
(E) NVIS pre-fight briefng/checklist (an example of an NVIS pre-fight briefng/checklist
is in Table 1of GM4-SPA.NVIS.130(f));
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(F) training references:
a number of training references are available, some of which are listed below:
DO 295 US CONOPS civil operator training guidelines for integrated NVIS
equipment
United States Marine Corp MAWTS-1Night Vision Device (NVD) Manual;
U.S. Army Night Flight (TC 1-204);
U.S. Army NVIS Operations, Exportable Training Package;
U.S. Army TM 11-5855-263-10;
Air Force TO 12S10-2AVS6-1;
Navy NAVAIR 16-35AVS-7; and
U.S. Border Patrol, Helicopter NVIS Ground and Flight Training Syllabus.
There may also be further documents available from European civil or military sources.
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GM2SPA.NVIS.130(f) Crew requirements
INSTRUCTION GROUND TRAINING AREAS OF INSTRUCTION
A detailed example of possible subjects to be instructed in an NVIS ground instruction is included below. (The
exact details may not always be applicable, e.g. due to goggle confguration diferences.)
Table 1: Ground training areas of instruction
Item Subject Area Subject Details Recommended Time
1 General anatomy
and characteristics
of the eye
Anatomy:
Overall structure of the eye
Cones
Rods
Visual defciencies:
myopia
hyperopia
astigmatism
presbyopia
Efects of light on night vision & NV protection
physiology:
Light levels
illumination
luminance
refectance
contrast
Types of vision:
photopic
mesopic
scotopic
Day versus night vision
Dark adaptation process:
dark adaptation
pre-adaptive state
Purkinje shift
Ocular chromatic aberration
Photochromatic interval
1hour
2 Night vision human
factors
Night blind spot (as compared to day blind spot)
Field of view and peripheral vision
Distance estimation and depth perception:
monocular cues
motion parallax
geometric perspective
size constancy
overlapping contours or interposition of objects
Aerial perspective:
variations in colour or shade
loss of detail or texture
position of light source
direction of shadows
Binocular cues
Night vision techniques:
of-centre vision
scanning
shapes and silhouettes
1hour
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Item Subject Area Subject Details Recommended Time
Vestibular illusions
Somatogyral illusions:
leans
graveyard spin
coriolis illusion
Somatogravic illusions:
oculographic illusions
elevator illusion
oculoagravic illusions
Proprioceptive illusions
Dealing with spatial disorientation
Visual illusions:
auto kinetic illusion
confusion with ground lights
relative motion
reversible perspective illusion
false vertical and horizontal cues
altered planes of reference
height /depth perception illusion
ficker vertigo
fascination (fxation)
structural illusions
size-distance illusion
Helicopter design limitations:
windscreen condition
helicopter instrument design
helicopter structural obstruction
interior lights
exterior lights
Self-imposed stresses:
drugs
exhaustion
alcohol
tobacco
hypoglycaemia
injuries
physical ftness
Stress & fatigue:
acute vs. chronic
prevention
Hypoxia issues and night vision
Weather/environmental conditions:
snow (white-out)
dust (brown-out)
haze
fog
rain
light level
Astronomical lights (moon, star, northern lights)
Efects of cloud cover
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Item Subject Area Subject Details Recommended Time
3 NVIS general
characteristics
Defnitions and types of NVIS:
light spectrum
types of NVIS
Thermal-imaging devices
Image-intensifer devices
Image-intensifer operational theory
Types of image intensifer systems:
generation 1
generation 2
generation 3
generation 4
type I / II
class A & B minus blue flter
NVIS equipment
shipping and storage case
carrying case
binocular assembly
lens caps
lens paper
operators manual
power pack (dual battery)
batteries
Characteristics of NVIS:
light amplifcation
light intensifcation
frequency sensitivity
visual range acuity
unaided peripheral vision
weight
fip-up device
break-away feature
neck cord
maintenance issues
human factor issues
Description and functions of NVIS components:
helmet visor cover and extension strap
helmet NVIS mount and attachment points
diferent mount options for various helmets
lock release button
vertical adjustment knob
low battery indicator
binocular assembly
monocular tubes
fore and aft adjustment knob
eye span knob
tilt adjustment lever
objective focus rings
eyepiece focus rings
battery pack
1hour
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Item Subject Area Subject Details Recommended Time
4 NVIS care &
cleaning
Handling procedures
NVIS operating instructions:
pre-mounting inspection
mounting procedures
focusing procedures
faults
Post-fight procedures;
Defciencies: type and recognition of faults:
acceptable faults
black spots
chicken wire
fxed pattern noise (honeycomb efect)
output brightness variation
bright spots
image disparity
image distortion
emission points
unacceptable faults:
shading
edge glow
fashing, fickering or intermittent operation
Cleaning procedures
Care of batteries
Hazardous material considerations;
1hour
5 Pre- & post-fight
procedures
Inspect NVIS
Carrying case condition
Nitrogen purge due date
Collimation test due date
Screens diagram(s) of any faults
NVIS kit: complete
NVIS binocular assembly condition
Battery pack and quick disconnect condition
Batteries life expended so far
Mount battery pack onto helmet:
verify no LED showing (good battery)
fail battery by opening cap and LED illuminates
(both compartments)
Mount NVIS onto helmet
Adjust and focus NVIS
Eye-span to known inter-pupillary distance
Eye piece focus ring to zero
Adjustments:
vertical
fore and aft
tilt
eye-span (fne-tuning)
Focus (one eye at a time at 20ft, then at 30ft from an eye
chart)
objective focus ring
eye piece focus ring
verify both images are harmonised
read eye-chart 20/40line from 20ft
NVIS mission planning
NVIS light level planning
NVIS risk assessment
1hour
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Item Subject Area Subject Details Recommended Time
6 NVIS terrain
interpretation and
environmental
factors
Night terrain interpretation
Light sources:
natural
lunar
solar
starlight
northern lights
artifcial
cultural
infra-red
Meteorological conditions:
clouds/fog
indications of restriction to visibility:
loss of celestial lights
loss of ground lights
reduced ambient light levels
reduced visual acuity
increase in video noise
increase in halo efect
Cues for visual recognition:
object size
object shape
contrast
ambient light
colour
texture
background
refectivity
Factors afecting terrain interpretation:
ambient light
fight altitudes
terrain type
Seasons
Night navigation cues:
terrain relief
vegetation
hydrographical features
cultural features
1hour
7 NVIS training
& equipment
requirements
Cover the relevant regulations and guidelines that pertain to
night and NVIS fight to include as a minimum:
Crew experience requirements;
Crew training requirements;
Airspace requirements;
Night / NVIS MEL;
NVIS / night weather limits;
NVIS equipment minimum standard requirements.
1hour
8 NVIS emergency
procedures
Cover relevant emergency procedures:
Inadvertent IMC procedures
NVIS goggle failure
Helicopter emergencies:
with goggles
transition from goggles
1hour
9 NVIS fight
techniques
Respective fight techniques for each phase of fight for the type
and class of helicopter used for NVIS training
1hour
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Item Subject Area Subject Details Recommended Time
10 Basic instrument
techniques
Present and confrm understanding of basic instrument fight
techniques:
Instrument scan
Role of instruments in NVIS fight
Unusual attitude recovery procedures
1hour
11 Blind cockpit drills Perform blind cockpit drills:
Switches
Circuit breakers
Exit mechanisms
External / internal lighting
Avionics
1hour
GM3SPA.NVIS.130(f) Crew requirements
FLIGHT TRAINING AREAS OF INSTRUCTION
A detailed example of possible subjects to be instructed in a NVIS fight instruction is included below.
Table 1: Flight training areas of instruction
Item Subject Area Subject Details Recommended Time
1 Ground operations NVIS equipment assembly
Pre-fight inspection of NVISs
Helicopter pre-fight
NVIS fight planning:
light level planning
meteorology
obstacles and known hazards
risk analysis matrix
CRM concerns
NVIS emergency procedures review
Start-up/shut down
Goggling and degoggling
1hour
2 General handling Level turns, climbs, and descents
For helicopters, confned areas and sloped landings
Operation specifc fight tasks
Transition from aided to unaided fight
Demonstration of NVIS related ambient and cultural
efects
1hour
3 Take-ofs &
landings
At both improved illuminated areas such as airports/
airfelds and unimproved unlit areas such as open
felds
Traf c pattern
Low speed manoeuvres for helicopters
1hour
4 Navigation Navigation over variety of terrain and under diferent
cultural lighting conditions
1hour
5 Emergency
procedures
Goggle failure
Helicopter emergencies
Inadvertent IMC
Unusual attitude recovery
1hour
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GM4SPA.NVIS.130(f) Crew requirements
NVIS PRE-FLIGHT BRIEFING/CHECKLIST
A detailed example of a pre-fight briefng/checklist is included below.
Table 1: NVIS pre-fight briefng/checklist
Item Subject
1 Weather:
METAR/forecast
Cloud cover/dew point spread/precipitation
2 OPS items:
NOTAMs
IFR publications backup/maps
Goggles adjusted using test set (RTCA Document DO-275[NVIS MOPS], Appendices G & H
give suggested NVG pre-fight and adjustment procedures and a ground test checklist)
3 Ambient light:
Moon rise/set/phase/position/elevation
% illumination and millilux (MLX) for duration of fight
Recommended minimum MLX: 1.5
4 Mission:
Mission outline
Terrain appreciation
Detailed manoeuvres
Flight timings
Start/airborne/debrief
Airspace coordination for NVIS
Obstacles/minimum safe altitude
NVIS goggle up/degoggle location/procedure
Instrument IFR checks
5 Crew:
Crew day/experience
Crew position
Equipment: NVIS, case, video, fashlights
Lookout duties: left hand seat (LHS) from 90 left to 45 right, RHS from 90 right to 45
left;
Calling of hazards/movements landing light
Transfer of control terminology
Below 100ft AGL pilot monitoring (PM) ready to assume control
6 Helicopter:
Helicopter confguration
Fuel and CG
7 Emergencies:
NVIS failure: cruise and low level fight
Inadvertent IMC/IFR recovery
Helicopter emergency: critical & non-critical
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SPA.NVIS.140 Information and documentation
The operator shall ensure that, as part of its risk analysis and management process, risks associated with the
NVIS environment are minimised by specifying in the operations manual: selection, composition and training of
crews; levels of equipment and dispatch criteria; and operating procedures and minima, such that normal and
likely abnormal operations are described and adequately mitigated.
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AMC1SPA.NVIS.140 Information and documentation
OPERATIONS MANUAL
The operations manual should include:
(a) equipment to be carried and its limitations;
(b) the minimum equipment list (MEL) entry covering the equipment specifed;
(c) risk analysis, mitigation and management;
(d) pre- and post-fight procedures and documentation;
(e) selection and composition of crew;
(f) crew coordination procedures, including:
(1) fight briefng;
(2) procedures when one crew member is wearing NVG and/or procedures when two or more crew
members are wearing NVGs;
(3) procedures for the transition to and from NVIS fight;
(4) use of the radio altimeter on an NVIS fight; and
(5) inadvertent instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) and helicopter recovery procedures,
including unusual attitude recovery procedures;
(g) the NVIS training syllabus;
(h) in-fight procedures for assessing visibility, to ensure that operations are not conducted below the min-
ima stipulated for non-assisted night VFR operations;
(i) weather minima, taking the underlying activity into account; and
(j) the minimum transition heights to/from an NVIS fight.
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GM1SPA.NVIS.140 Information and documentation
CONCEPT OF OPERATIONS
Night Vision Imaging System for Civil Operators
Foreword
This document, initially incorporated in JAA TGL-34, prepared by a Sub-Group of EUROCAE Working Group
57 Night Vision Imaging System (NVIS) Standardisation is an abbreviated and modifed version of the RTCA
Report DO-268 Concept Of Operations Night Vision Imaging Systems For Civil Operators which was pre-
pared in the USA by RTCA Special Committee 196(SC-196) and approved by the RTCA Technical Management
Committee in March 2001.
The EUROCAE Working Group 57 (WG-57) Terms of Reference included a task to prepare a Concept of Oper-
ations (CONOPS) document describing the use of NVIS in Europe. To complete this task, a Sub-Group of
WG-57reviewed the RTCA SC-196CONOPS (DO-268) to assess its applicability for use in Europe. Whilst the RTCA
document was considered generally applicable, some of its content, such as crew eligibility and qualifcations
and the detail of the training requirements, was considered to be material more appropriately addressed in
Europe by at that time other Joint Aviation Requirements (JAR) documents such as JAR-OPS and JAR-FCL. Con-
sequently, WG-57condensed the RTCA CONOPS document by removing this material which is either already
addressed by other JAR documents or will be covered by the Agencys documents in the future.
In addition, many of the technical standards already covered in the Minimum Operational Performance Stand-
ards (MOPS) for Integrated Night Vision Imaging System Equipment (DO-275) have been deleted in this Euro-
pean CONOPS.
Executive summary
The hours of darkness add to a pilots workload by decreasing those visual cues commonly used during daylight
operations. The decreased ability of a pilot to see and avoid obstructions at night has been a subject of discus-
sion since aviators frst attempted to operate at night. Technology advancements in the late 1960s and early
1970s provided military aviators some limited ability to see at night and therein changed the scope of military
night operations. Continuing technological improvements have advanced the capability and reliability of night
vision imaging systems to the point that they are receiving increasing scrutiny are generally accepted by the
public and are viewed by many as a tool for night fight.
Simply stated, night vision imaging systems are an aid to night VFR fight. Currently, such systems consist of a
set of night vision goggles and normally a complimentary array of cockpit lighting modifcations. The specifca-
tions of these two sub-system elements are interdependent and, as technology advances, the characteristics
associated with each element are expected to evolve. The complete description and performance standards
of the night vision goggles and cockpit lighting modifcations appropriate to civil aviation are contained in the
Minimum Operational Performance Standards for Integrated Night Vision Imaging System Equipment.
An increasing interest on the part of civil operators to conduct night operations has brought a corresponding
increased level of interest in employing night vision imaging systems. However, the night vision imaging sys-
tems do have performance limitations. Therefore, it is incumbent on the operator to employ proper training
methods and operating procedures to minimise these limitations to ensure safe operations. In turn, operators
employing night vision imaging systems must have the guidance and support of their regulatory agency in
order to safely train and operate with these systems.
The role of the regulatory agencies in this matter is to develop the technical standard orders for the hardware as
well as the advisory material and inspector handbook materials for the operations and training aspect. In addi-
tion, those agencies charged with providing fight weather information should modify their products to include
the night vision imaging systems fight data elements not currently provided.
An FAA study (DOT/FAA/RD-94/21, 1994) best summarised the need for night vision imaging systems by stat-
ing, When properly used, NVGs can increase safety, enhance situational awareness, and reduce pilot workload
and stress that are typically associated with night operations.
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Foreword ...................................................................................................................................................... 85
Executive summary ...................................................................................................................................... 85
2. Terminology ............................................................................................................................................. 88
2.1 Night vision goggles ........................................................................................................................................ 88
2.1.1 Type .............................................................................................................................................................. 88
2.1.2 Class.............................................................................................................................................................. 88
2.1.2.1 Class A ................................................................................................................................................... 88
2.1.2.2 Class B ................................................................................................................................................... 88
2.1.2.3 Modified class B .................................................................................................................................... 88
2.1.3 Generation ................................................................................................................................................... 88
2.1.4 OMNIBUS ..................................................................................................................................................... 88
2.1.5 Resolution and visual acuity ......................................................................................................................... 89
2.2 Aviation night vision imaging system (NVIS) ................................................................................................... 89
2.2.1 Look under (under view) .............................................................................................................................. 89
2.3 NVIS lighting .................................................................................................................................................... 89
2.3.1 Design considerations .................................................................................................................................. 89
2.3.2 Compatible ................................................................................................................................................... 89
2.4. NVIS operation ............................................................................................................................................... 89
2.4.1 Aided ............................................................................................................................................................ 90
2.4.2 Unaided ........................................................................................................................................................ 90
3. System description ................................................................................................................................... 90
3.1 NVIS capabilities .............................................................................................................................................. 90
3.1.1 Critical elements ........................................................................................................................................... 90
3.1.2 Situation awareness ..................................................................................................................................... 90
3.1.2.1 Environment detection and identification ............................................................................................ 90
3.1.3 Emergency situations ................................................................................................................................... 90
3.2.1 NVG design characteristics ........................................................................................................................... 91
3.2.1.1 Visual acuity .......................................................................................................................................... 91
3.2.1.2 Field of view .......................................................................................................................................... 91
3.2.1.3 Field of regard ....................................................................................................................................... 91
3.2.1.4 NVG weight & centre of gravity ............................................................................................................ 91
3.2.1.5 Monochromatic image .......................................................................................................................... 91
3.2.1.6 Ambient or artificial light ...................................................................................................................... 91
3.2.2 Physiological and other conditions .............................................................................................................. 91
3.2.2.1 Cockpit resource management ............................................................................................................. 91
3.2.2.2 Fatigue .................................................................................................................................................. 92
3.2.2.3 Over-confidence .................................................................................................................................... 92
3.2.2.4 Spatial orientation ................................................................................................................................ 92
3.2.2.5 Depth perception & distance estimation .............................................................................................. 92
3.2.2.6 Instrument lighting brightness considerations ..................................................................................... 93
3.2.2.7 Dark adaptation time from NVG to unaided operations ...................................................................... 93
3.2.2.8 Complacency ......................................................................................................................................... 93
3.2.2.9 Experience ............................................................................................................................................. 93
4. Operations ............................................................................................................................................... 93
4.1 Pilot eligibility .................................................................................................................................................. 93
4.2 Operating environment considerations .......................................................................................................... 94
4.2.1 Weather and atmospheric obscurants ......................................................................................................... 94
4.2.1.1 Weather ................................................................................................................................................ 94
4.2.1.2 Deteriorating weather .......................................................................................................................... 94
4.2.1.3 Airborne obscurants .............................................................................................................................. 94
4.2.1.4 Winter operations ................................................................................................................................. 95
4.2.1.4.1 Snow ............................................................................................................................................ 95
4.2.1.4.2 Ice fog .......................................................................................................................................... 95
4.2.1.4.3 Icing ............................................................................................................................................. 95
4.2.1.4.4 Low ambient temperatures ......................................................................................................... 95
4.2.2 Illumination .................................................................................................................................................. 95
Contents
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4.2.2.1 Natural illumination .............................................................................................................................. 95
4.2.2.1.1 Moon phase ................................................................................................................................. 95
4.2.2.1.2 Lunar azimuth and elevation ....................................................................................................... 96
4.2.2.1.3 Shadowing ................................................................................................................................... 96
4.2.2.1.3.1 Benefits of shadows ................................................................................................................. 96
4.2.2.1.3.2 Disadvantages due to shadows ................................................................................................ 96
4.2.2.1.4 Sky glow ....................................................................................................................................... 96
4.2.2.2 Artificial illumination ............................................................................................................................. 96
4.2.3 Terrain contrast ............................................................................................................................................ 97
4.3 Aircraft considerations .................................................................................................................................... 97
4.3.1 Lighting ......................................................................................................................................................... 97
4.3.2 Cockpit ergonomics ...................................................................................................................................... 97
4.3.3 Windshield reflectivity ................................................................................................................................. 97
4.4 Generic operating considerations ................................................................................................................... 97
4.4.1 Normal procedures ...................................................................................................................................... 97
4.4.1.1 Scanning ................................................................................................................................................ 97
4.4.1.1.1 Instrument crosscheck scan ........................................................................................................ 98
4.4.1.1.2 NVG scan ..................................................................................................................................... 98
4.4.1.1.3 Unaided scan ............................................................................................................................... 98
4.4.1.1.4 Scan patterns ............................................................................................................................... 98
4.4.1.2 Pre-flight planning ................................................................................................................................ 98
4.4.1.2.1 Illumination criteria ..................................................................................................................... 98
4.4.1.2.2 NVIS operations ........................................................................................................................... 98
4.4.1.2.3 Aircraft pre-flight ......................................................................................................................... 99
4.4.1.2.4 Equipment ................................................................................................................................... 99
4.4.1.2.5 Risk assessment ........................................................................................................................... 99
4.4.1.3 Flight operations ................................................................................................................................... 99
4.4.1.3.1 Elevated terrain ........................................................................................................................... 99
4.4.1.3.2 Over-water ................................................................................................................................... 99
4.4.1.4 Remote area considerations ................................................................................................................. 99
4.4.1.5 Reconnaissance ..................................................................................................................................... 99
4.4.1.6 Sources of high illumination ................................................................................................................ 100
4.4.2 Emergency procedures ............................................................................................................................... 100
4.4.3 Inadvertent IMC ......................................................................................................................................... 100
5. Training ...................................................................................................................................................100
6. Continuing airworthiness .........................................................................................................................100
Acronyms used in this GM ...........................................................................................................................101
Glossary of terms used in this GM ...............................................................................................................102
References ..................................................................................................................................................104
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2.Terminology
2.1Night vision goggles
An NVG is a binocular appliance that amplifes ambient light and is worn by a pilot. The NVG enhances the
wearers ability to maintain visual surface reference at night.
2.1.1Type
Type refers to the design of the NVG with regards to the manner in which the image is relayed to the pilot. A
Type 1NVG is one in which the image is viewed directly in-line with the image intensifcation process. A Type
1NVG is also referred to as direct view goggle. A Type 2NVG is one in which the image intensifer is not in-line
with the image viewed by the pilot. In this design, the image may be refected several times before being pro-
jected onto a combiner in front of the pilots eyes. A Type 2NVG is also referred to as an indirect view goggle.
2.1.2Class
Class is a terminology used to describe the flter present on the NVG objective lens. The flter restricts the trans-
mission of light below a determined frequency. This allows the cockpit lighting to be designed and installed in
a manner that does not adversely afect NVG performance.
2.1.2.1Class A
Class A or minus blue NVGs incorporate a flter, which generally imposes a 625nanometercutof. Thus, the use
of colours in the cockpit (e.g., colour displays, colour warning lights, etc.) may be limited. The blue green region
of the light spectrum is allowed through the flter.
2.1.2.2Class B
Class B NVGs incorporate a flter that generally imposes a 665nanometercutof. Thus, the cockpit lighting design
may incorporate more colours since the flter eliminates some yellows and oranges from entering the intensif-
cation process.
2.1.2.3Modifed class B
Modifed Class B NVGs incorporate a variation of a Class B flter but also incorporates a notch flter in the green
spectrum that allows a small percentage of light into the image intensifcation process. Therefore, a Modifed
Class B NVG allows pilots to view fxed head-up display (HUD) symbology through the NVG without the HUD
energy adversely afecting NVG performance.
2.1.3Generation
Generation refers to the technological design of an image intensifer. Systems incorporating these light-ampli-
fying image intensifers were frst used during WWII and were operationally felded by the US military during
the Vietnam era. These systems were large, heavy and poorly performing devices that were unsuitable for avia-
tion use, and were termed Generation I (Gen I). Gen II devices represented a signifcant technological advance-
ment and provided a system that could be head-mounted for use in ground vehicles. Gen III devices repre-
sented another signifcant technological advancement in image intensifcation, and provided a system that
was designed for aviation use. Although not yet felded, there are prototype NVGs that include technological
advances that may necessitate a Gen IV designation if placed into production. Because of the variations in inter-
pretations as to generation, NVGs will not be referred to by the generation designation.
2.1.4OMNIBUS
The term OMNIBUS refers to a US Army contract vehicle that has been used over the years to procure NVGs.
Each successive OMNIBUS contract included NVGs that demonstrated improved performance. There have been
fve contracts since the mid 1980s, the most current being OMNIBUS V. There may be several variations of NVGs
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within a single OMNIBUS purchase, and some NVGs from previous OMNIBUS contracts have been upgraded in
performance to match the performance of goggles from later contracts. Because of these variations, NVGs will
not be referred to by the OMNIBUS designation.
2.1.5Resolution and visual acuity
Resolution refers to the capability of the NVG to present an image that makes clear and distinguishable the
separate components of a scene or object.
Visual acuity is the relative ability of the human eye to resolve detail and interpret an image.
2.2Aviation night vision imaging system (NVIS)
The Night Vision Imaging System is the integration of all elements required to successfully and safely operate an
aircraft with night vision goggles. The system includes at a minimum NVGs, NVIS lighting, other aircraft compo-
nents, training, and continuing airworthiness.
2.2.1Look under (under view)
Look under is the ability of pilots to look under or around the NVG to view inside and outside the aircraft.
2.3NVIS lighting
An aircraft lighting system that has been modifed or designed for use with NVGs and which does not degrade
the performance of the NVG beyond acceptable standards, is designated as NVIS lighting. This can apply to both
interior and exterior lighting.
2.3.1Design considerations
As the choice of NVG flter drives the cockpit lighting design, it is important to know which goggle will be used
in which cockpit. Since the flter in a Class A NVG allows wavelengths above 625nanometers into the intensifca-
tion process, it should not be used in a cockpit designed for Class B or Modifed Class B NVGs. However, since the
flter in a Class B and Modifed Class B NVGs is more restrictive than that in a Class ANVG, the Class B or Modifed
Class B NVG can be used with either Class A or Class B cockpit lighting designs.
2.3.2Compatible
Compatibility, with respect to an NVIS system, includes a number of diferent factors: compatibility of internal
and external lighting with the NVG, compatibility of the NVG with the crew station design (e.g., proximity of the
canopy or windows, proximity of overhead panels, operability of controls, etc.), compatibility of crew equip-
ment with the NVG and compatibility with respect to colour discrimination and identifcation (e.g., caution and
warning lights still maintain amber and red colours). The purpose of this paragraph is to discuss compatibility
with respect to aircraft lighting. An NVIS lighting system, internal and external, is considered compatible if it
adheres to the following requirements:
1. the internal and external lighting does not adversely afect the operation of the NVG during any phase of
the NVIS operation;
2. the internal lighting provides adequate illumination of aircraft cockpit instruments, displays and controls
for unaided operations and for look-under viewing during aided operations; and
3. The external lighting aids in the detection and separation by other aircraft.
NVIS lighting compatibility can be achieved in a variety of ways that can include, but is not limited to, modif-
cation of light sources, light flters or by virtue of location. Once aircraft lighting is modifed for using NVGs, it
is important to keep in mind that changes in the crew station (e.g., addition of new display) must be assessed
relative to the efect on NVIS compatibility.
2.4. NVIS operation
A night fight wherein the pilot maintains visual surface reference using NVGs in an aircraft that is NVIS approved
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2.4.1Aided
Aided fight is fight with NVGs in an operational position.
2.4.2Unaided
Unaided fight is a fight without NVGs or a fight with NVGs in a non-operational position.
3.System description
3.1NVIS capabilities
NVIS generally provides the pilot an image of the outside scene that is enhanced compared to that provided
by the unaided, dark-adapted eye. However, NVIS may not provide the user an image equal to that observed
during daylight. Since the user has an enhanced visual capability, situational awareness is generally improved.
3.1.1Critical elements
The following critical elements are the underlying assumptions in the system description for NVIS:
1. aircraft internal lighting has been modifed or initially designed to be compatible;
2. environmental conditions are adequate for the use of NVIS (e.g. enough illumination is present, weather
conditions are favourable, etc.);
3. the NVIS has been properly maintained in accordance with the minimum operational performance stand-
ards;
4. a proper pre-fight has been performed on the NVIS confrming operation in accordance with the contin-
ued airworthiness standards and training guidelines; and
5. the pilot(s) has been properly trained and meets recency of experience requirements.
Even when insuring that these conditions are met, there still are many variables that can adversely afect the
safe and efective use of NVIS (e.g., fying towards a low angle moon, fying in a shadowed area, fying near
extensive cultural lighting, fying over low contrast terrain, etc.). It is important to understand these assump-
tions and limitations when discussing the capabilities provided by the use of NVIS.
3.1.2Situation awareness
Situation awareness, being defned as the degree of perceptual accuracy achieved in the comprehension of all
factors afecting an aircraft and crew at a given time, is improved at night when using NVG during NVIS opera-
tions. This is achieved by providing the pilot with more visual cues than is normally available under most con-
ditions when operating an aircraft unaided at night. However, it is but one source of the factors necessary for
maintaining an acceptable level of situational awareness.
3.1.2.1Environment detection and identifcation
An advantage of using NVIS is the enhanced ability to detect, identify, and avoid terrain and/or obstacles that
present a hazard to night operations. Correspondingly, NVIS aid in night navigation by allowing the aircrew to
view waypoints and features.
Being able to visually locate and then (in some cases) identify objects or areas critical to operational success will
also enhance operational efectiveness. Finally, use of NVIS may allow pilots to detect other aircraft more easily.
3.1.3Emergency situations
NVIS generally improve situational awareness, facilitating the pilots workload during emergencies. Should an
emergency arise that requires an immediate landing, NVIS may provide the pilot with a means of locating a suit-
able landing area and conducting a landing. The pilot must determine if the use of NVIS during emergencies
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is appropriate. In certain instances, it may be more advantageous for the pilot to remove the NVG during the
performance of an emergency procedure.
3.2.1NVG design characteristics
There are limitations inherent in the current NVG design.
3.2.1.1Visual acuity
The pilots visual acuity with NVGs is less than normal daytime visual acuity.
3.2.1.2Field of view
Unaided feld of view (FOV) covers an elliptical area that is approximately 120 lateral by 80 vertical, whereas
the feld of view of current Type I NVG systems is nominally 40 and is circular. Both the reduced feld of view of
the image and the resultant decrease in peripheral vision can increase the pilots susceptibility to mispercep-
tions and illusions. Proper scanning techniques must be employed to reduce the susceptibility to misperception
and illusions.
3.2.1.3Field of regard
The NVG has a limited FOV but, because it is head-mounted, that FOV can be scanned when viewing the outside
scene. The total area that the FOV can be scanned is called the feld of regard (FOR). The FOR will vary depending
on several factors: physiological limit of head movement, NVG design (e.g., protrusion of the binocular assem-
bly, etc.) and cockpit design issues (e.g., proximity of canopy or window, seat location, canopy bow, etc.).
3.2.1.4NVG weight & centre of gravity
The increased weight and forward CG projection of head supported devices may have detrimental efects on
pilot performance due to neck muscle strain and fatigue. There also maybe an increased risk of neck injury in
crashes.
3.2.1.5Monochromatic image
The NVG image currently appears in shades of green. Since there is only one colour, the image is said to be
monochromatic. This colour was chosen mostly because the human eye can see more detail at lower bright-
ness levels when viewing shades of green. Colour diferences between components in a scene helps one dis-
criminate between objects and aids in object recognition, depth perception and distance estimation. The lack
of colour variation in the NVG image will degrade these capabilities to varying degrees.
3.2.1.6Ambient or artifcial light
The NVG requires some degree of light (energy) in order to function. Low light levels, non-compatible aircraft
lighting and poor windshield/window light transmissibility, diminish the performance capability of the NVG.
It is the pilots responsibility to determine when to transition from aided to unaided due to unacceptable NVG
performance.
3.2.2Physiological and other conditions
3.2.2.1Cockpit resource management
Due to the inherent limitations of NVIS operations, there is a requirement to place emphasis on NVIS related
cockpit resource management (CRM). This applies to both single and multi-pilot cockpit environments. Con-
sequently, NVIS fight requires efective CRM between the pilot(s), controlling agencies and other supporting
personnel. An appropriate venue for addressing this issue is the pre-fight NVIS mission brief.
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3.2.2.2Fatigue
Physiological limitations that are prevalent during the hours of darkness along with the limitations associ-
ated with NVGs, may have a signifcant impact on NVIS operations. Some of these limitations are the efects of
fatigue (both acute and chronic), stress, eyestrain, working outside the pilots normal circadian rhythm enve-
lope, increased helmet weight, aggressive scanning techniques associated with NVIS, and various human fac-
tors engineering concerns that may have a direct infuence on how the pilot works in the aircraft while wearing
NVGs. These limitations may be mitigated through proper training and recognition, experience, adaptation,
rest, risk management, and proper crew rest/duty cycles.
3.2.2.3Over-confdence
Compared to other types of fight operations, there may be an increased tendency by the pilot to over-estimate
the capabilities of the NVIS.
3.2.2.4Spatial orientation
There are two types of vision used in maintaining spatial orientation: central (focal) vision and peripheral (ambi-
ent) vision. Focal vision requires conscious processing and is slow, whereas peripheral information is processed
subconsciously at a very fast rate. During daytime, spatial orientation is maintained by inputs from both focal
vision and peripheral vision, with peripheral vision providing the great majority of the information. When using
NVGs, peripheral vision can be signifcantly degraded if not completely absent. In this case, the pilot must rely
on focal vision to interpret the NVG image as well as the information from fight instruments in order to maintain
spatial orientation and situation awareness. Even though maintaining spatial orientation requires more efort
when using NVGs than during daytime, it is much improved over night unaided operations where the only
information is obtained through fight instruments. However, anything that degrades the NVG image to a point
where the horizon is not visualised and/or ground reference is lost or signifcantly degraded will necessitate
a reversion to fight on instruments until adequate external visual references can be established. Making this
transition quickly and efectively is vital in order to avoid spatial disorientation. Additionally, added focal task
loading during the operation (e.g., communications, looking at displays, processing navigational information,
etc.) will compete with the focal requirement for interpreting the NVG image and fight instruments. Spatial
disorientation can result when the task loading increases to a point where the outside scene and/or the fight
instruments are not properly scanned. This potential can be mitigated to some extent through efective training
and experience.
3.2.2.5Depth perception & distance estimation
When fying, it is important for pilots to be able to accurately employ depth perception and distance estimation
techniques. To accomplish this, pilots use both binocular and monocular vision. Binocular vision requires the
use of both eyes working together, and, practically speaking, is useful only out to approximately 100ft.
Binocular vision is particularly useful when fying close to the ground and/or near objects (e.g. landing a heli-
copter in a small landing zone). Monocular vision can be accomplished with either eye alone, and is the type of
vision used for depth perception and distance estimation when viewing beyond approximately 100ft. Monocu-
lar vision is the predominant type of vision used when fying fxed wing aircraft, and also when fying helicopters
and using cues beyond 100ft. When viewing an NVG image, the two eyes can no longer provide accurate bin-
ocular information, even though the NVG used when fying is a binocular system. This has to do with the way the
eyes function physiologically (e.g. accommodation, stereopsis, etc.) and the design of the NVG (i.e. a binocular
system with a fxed channel for each eye). Therefore, binocular depth perception and distance estimation task-
ing when viewing terrain or objects with an NVG within 100ft is signifcantly degraded. Since monocular vision
does not require both eyes working together, the adverse impact on depth perception and distance estimation
is much less, and is mostly dependent on the quality of the NVG image. If the image is very good and there are
objects in the scene to use for monocular cueing (especially objects with which the pilot is familiar), then dis-
tance estimation and depth perception tasking will remain accurate. However, if the image is degraded (e.g.,
low illumination, airborne obscurants, etc.) and/or there are few or unfamiliar objects in the scene, depth per-
ception and distance estimation will be degraded to some extent. In summary, pilots using NVG will maintain
the ability to accurately perceive depth and estimate distances, but it will depend on the distances used and the
quality of the NVG image.
Pilots maintain some ability to perceive depth and distance when using NVGs by employing monocular cues.
However, these capabilities may be degraded to varying degrees.
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3.2.2.6Instrument lighting brightness considerations
When viewing the NVG image, the brightness of the image will afect the amount of time it takes to adapt to the
brightness level of the instrument lighting, thereby afecting the time it takes to interpret information provided
by the instruments. For example, if the instrument lighting is fairly bright, the time it takes to interpret informa-
tion provided by the instruments may be instantaneous. However, if the brightness of the lighting is set to a very
low level, it may take several seconds to interpret the information, thus increasing the heads-down time and
increasing the risk of spatial disorientation. It is important to ensure that instrument lighting is kept at a bright-
ness level that makes it easy to rapidly interpret the information. This will likely be brighter than one is used to
during unaided operations.
3.2.2.7Dark adaptation time from NVG to unaided operations
When viewing an NVG image, both rods and cones are being stimulated (i.e., mesopic vision), but the bright-
ness of the image is reducing the efectiveness of rod cells. If the outside scene is bright enough (e.g., urban
area, bright landing pad, etc.), both rods and cones will continue to be stimulated. In this case there will be
no improvement in acuity over time and the best acuity is essentially instantaneous. In some cases (e.g., rural
area with scattered cultural lights), the outside scene will not be bright enough to stimulate the cones and
some amount of time will be required for the rods to fully adapt. In this case it may take the rods one to two
minutes to fully adapt for the best acuity to be realised. If the outside scene is very dark (e.g., no cultural lights
and no moon), it may take up to fve minutes to fully adapt to the outside scene after removing the NVGs. The
preceding are general guidelines and the time required to fully adapt to the outside scene once removing the
NVG depends on many variables: the length of time the NVG has been used, whether or not the pilot was dark
adapted prior to fight, the brightness of the outside scene, the brightness of cockpit lighting, and variability in
visual function among the population. It is important to understand the concept and to note the time require-
ments for the given operation.
3.2.2.8Complacency
Pilots must understand the importance of avoiding complacency during NVG fights. Similar to other specialised
fight operations, complacency may lead to an acceptance of situations that would normally not be permitted.
Attention span and vigilance are reduced, important elements in a task series are overlooked, and scanning pat-
terns, which are essential for situational awareness, break down (usually due to fxation on a single instrument,
object or task). Critical but routine tasks are often skipped.
3.2.2.9Experience
High levels of NVIS profciency, along with a well-balanced NVIS experience base, will help to ofset many of the
visual performance degradations associated with night operations. NVIS experience is a result of proper train-
ing coupled with numerous NVIS operations. An experienced NVIS pilot is acutely aware of the NVIS operational
envelope and its correlation to various operational efects, visual illusions and performance limitations. This
experience base is gained (and maintained) over time through a continual, holistic NVIS training programme
that exposes the pilot to NVIS operations conducted under various moon angles, percentage of available illu-
mination, contrast levels, visibility levels, and varying degrees of cloud coverage. A pilot should be exposed to
as many of these variations as practicable during the initial NVIS qualifcation programme. Continued exposure
during the NVIS recurrent training will help strengthen and solidify this experience base.
4.Operations
Operations procedures should accommodate the capabilities and limitations of the systems described in Sec-
tion 3of this GM as well as the restraints of the operational environment.
All NVG operations should fulfl all applicable requirements in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 216/2008.
4.1Pilot eligibility
About 54% of the civil pilot population wears some sort of ophthalmic device to correct vision necessary to
safely operate an aircraft. The use of inappropriate ophthalmic devices with NVGs may result in vision perfor-
mance decrement, fatigue, and other human factor problems, which could result in increased risk for aviation
accidents and incidents.
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4.2Operating environment considerations
4.2.1Weather and atmospheric obscurants
Any atmospheric condition, which absorbs, scatters, or refracts illumination, either before or after it strikes ter-
rain, may reduce the usable energy available to the NVG.
4.2.1.1Weather
During NVIS operations, pilots can see areas of moisture that are dense (e.g., clouds, thick fog, etc.) but may not
see areas that are less dense (e.g., thin fog, light rain showers, etc.). The inability to see some areas of moisture
may lead to hazardous fight conditions during NVIS operations and will be discussed separately in the next
section.
The diferent types of moisture will have varying efects and it is important to understand these efects and how
they apply to NVIS operations. For example:
1. It is important to know when and where fog may form in the fying area. Typically, coastal, low-lying river,
and mountainous areas are most susceptible.
2. Light rain or mist may not be observed with NVIS but will afect contrast, distance estimation, and depth
perception. Heavy rain is more easily perceived due to large droplet size and energy attenuation.
3. Snow occurs in a wide range of particle sizes, shapes, and densities. As with clouds, rain, and fog, the
denser the airborne snow, the greater the efect on NVG performance. On the ground, snow has mixed
efect depending on terrain type and the illumination level. In mountainous terrain, snow may add con-
trast, especially if trees and rocks protrude through the snow. In fatter terrain, snow may cover high
contrast areas, reducing them to areas of low contrast. On low illumination nights, snow may refect the
available energy better than the terrain it covers and thus increase the level of illumination.
All atmospheric conditions reduce the illumination level to some degree and recognition of this reduction with
NVGs can be dif cult. Thus, a good weather briefng, familiarity with the local weather patterns and understand-
ing the efects on NVG performance are important for a successful NVIS fight.
4.2.1.2Deteriorating weather
It is important to remain cognizant of changes in the weather when using NVGs. It is possible to see through
areas of light moisture when using NVGs, thus increasing the risk of inadvertently entering IMC. Some ways to
help reduce this possibility include the following:
1. Be attentive to changes in the NVG image. Halos may become larger and more difuse due to difraction
of light in moisture. Scintillation in the image may increase due to a lowering of the illumination level
caused by the increased atmospheric moisture. Loss of scene detail may be secondary to the lowering
illumination caused by the changing moisture conditions.
2. Obtain a thorough weather brief with emphasis on NVG efects prior to fight.
3. Be familiar with weather patterns in the fying area.
4. Occasionally scan the outside scene. The unaided eye may detect weather conditions that are not detect-
able to the NVG.
Despite the many methods of inadvertent instrument meteorological conditions (IMC) prevention, one should
have established IMC recovery procedures and be familiar with them.
4.2.1.3Airborne obscurants
In addition to weather, there may be other obscurants in the atmosphere that could block energy from reaching
the NVG, such as haze, dust, sand, or smoke. As with moisture, the size and concentration of the particles will
determine the degree of impact. Examples of these efects include the following:
1. high winds during the day can place a lot of dust in the air that will still be present at night when the wind
may have reduced in intensity;
2. forest fres produce heavy volumes of smoke that may cover areas well away from the fre itself;
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3. the efects of rotor wash may be more pronounced when using NVGs depending on the material (e.g.
sand, snow, dust, etc.); and
4. pollution in and around major cultural areas may have an adverse efect on NVG performance.
4.2.1.4Winter operations
Using NVGs during winter conditions provide unique issues and challenges to pilots.
4.2.1.4.1Snow
Due to the refective nature of snow, it presents pilots with signifcant visual challenges both en-route and in the
terminal area. During the en-route phase of a fight the snow may cause distractions to the fying pilot if any air-
craft external lights (e.g., anti-collision beacons/strobes, position lights, landing lights, etc.) are not compatible
with NVGs. In the terminal area, whiteout landings can create the greatest hazard to unaided night operations.
With NVGs the hazard is not lessened, and can be more disorienting due to lights refecting from the snow that
is swirling around the aircraft during the landing phase. Any emergency vehicle lighting or other airport lighting
in the terminal area may exaggerate the efects.
4.2.1.4.2Ice fog
Ice fog presents the pilot with hazards normally associated with IMC in addition to problems associated with
snow operations. The highly refective nature of ice fog will further aggravate any lighting problems. Ice fog
conditions can be generated by aircraft operations under extremely cold temperatures and the right environ-
mental conditions.
4.2.1.4.3Icing
Airframe ice is dif cult to detect while looking through NVGs. The pilot will need to develop a proper crosscheck
to ensure airframe icing does not exceed operating limits for that aircraft. Pilots should already be aware of icing
indicator points on their aircraft. These areas require consistent oversight to properly determine environmental
conditions.
4.2.1.4.4Low ambient temperatures
Depending on the cockpit heating system, fogging of the NVGs can be a problem and this will signifcantly
reduce the goggle efectiveness. Another issue with cockpit temperatures is the reduced battery duration.
Operations in a cold environment may require additional battery resources.
4.2.2Illumination
NVGs require illumination, either natural or artifcial, to produce an image. Although current NVG technology
has signifcantly improved low light level performance, some illumination, whether natural or artifcial, is still
required to provide the best possible image.
4.2.2.1Natural illumination
The main sources of natural illumination include the moon and stars. Other sources can include sky glow, the
aurora borealis, and ionisation processes that take place in the upper atmosphere.
4.2.2.1.1Moon phase
The moon provides the greatest source of natural illumination during night time. Moon phase and elevation
determines how much moonlight will be available, while moonrise and moonset times determine when it will
be available. Lunar illumination is reported in terms of percent illumination, 100% illumination being full moon.
It should be noted that this is diferent from the moon phase (e.g., 25% illumination does not mean the same
thing as a quarter moon). Currently, percent lunar illumination can only be obtained from sources on the Inter-
net, military weather facilities and some publications (e.g. Farmers Almanac).
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4.2.2.1.2Lunar azimuth and elevation
The moon can have a detrimental efect on night operations depending on its relationship to the fight path.
When the moon is on the same azimuth as the fight path, and low enough to be within or near the NVG feld
of view, the efect on NVG performance will be similar to that caused by the sun on the unaided eye during
daytime. The brightness of the moon drives the NVG gain down, thus reducing image detail. This can also occur
with the moon at relatively high elevations. For example, it is possible to bring the moon near the NVG feld of
view when climbing to cross a ridgeline or other obstacle, even when the moon is at a relatively high elevation.
It is important to consider lunar azimuth and elevation during pre-fight planning. Shadowing, another efect of
lunar azimuth and elevation, will be discussed separately.
4.2.2.1.3Shadowing
Moonlight creates shadows during night time just as sunlight creates shadows during daytime. However, night
time shadows contain very little energy for the NVG to use in forming an image. Consequently, image quality
within a shadow will be degraded relative to that obtained outside the shadowed area. Shadows can be benef-
cial or can be a disadvantage to operations depending on the situation.
4.2.2.1.3.1Benefts of shadows
Shadows alert aircrew to subtle terrain features that may not otherwise be noted due to the reduced resolution
in the NVG image. This may be particularly important in areas where there is little contrast diferentiation; such
as fat featureless deserts, where large dry washes and high sand dunes may go unnoticed if there is no contrast
to note their presence. The contrast provided by shadows helps make the NVG scene appear more natural.
4.2.2.1.3.2Disadvantages due to shadows
When within a shadow, terrain detail can be signifcantly degraded, and objects can be regarding fight in or
around shadowed areas is the pilots response to loss of terrain detail. During fight under good illumination
conditions, a pilot expects to see a certain level of detail. If fight into a shadow occurs while the pilot is pre-
occupied with other matters (e.g., communication, radar, etc.), it is possible that the loss in terrain detail may
not have been immediately noted. Once looking outside again, the pilot may think the reduced detail is due
to an increase in fight altitude and thus begin a descent even though already at a low altitude. Considera-
tion should be given during mission planning to such factors as lunar azimuth and elevation, terrain type (e.g.,
mountainous, fat, etc.), and the location of items signifcant to operation success (e.g., ridgelines, pylons, tar-
gets, waypoints, etc.). Consideration of these factors will help predict the location of shadows and the potential
adverse efects.
4.2.2.1.4Sky glow
Sky glow is an efect caused by solar light and continues until the sun is approximately 18degrees below the
horizon. When viewing in the direction of sky glow there may be enough energy present to adversely afect the
NVG image (i.e., reduce image quality). For the middle latitudes the efect on NVG performance may last up to
an hour after of cial sunset. For more northern and southern latitudes the efect may last for extended periods
of times (e.g., days to weeks) during seasons when the sun does not travel far below the horizon. This is an
important point to remember if planning NVG operations in those areas. Unlike sky glow after sunset, the sky
glow associated with sunrise does not have an obvious efect on NVG performance until fairly close to of cial
sunrise. The diference has to do with the length of time the atmosphere is exposed to the suns irradiation,
which causes ionisation processes that release near-IR energy. It is important to know the diference in these
efects for planning purposes.
4.2.2.2Artifcial illumination
Since the NVGs are sensitive to any source of energy in the visible and near infrared spectrums, there are also
many types of artifcial illumination sources (e.g., fares, IR searchlights, cultural lighting, etc). As with any illu-
mination source, these can have both positive and detrimental efects on NVG utilisation. For example, viewing
a scene indirectly illuminated by a searchlight can enable the pilot to more clearly view the scene; conversely,
viewing the same scene with the searchlight near or within the NVG feld of view will reduce the available visual
cues. It is important to be familiar with the efects of cultural lighting in the fying area in order to be able to
avoid the associated problems and to be able to use the advantages provided. Also, it is important to know how
to properly use artifcial light sources (e.g., aircraft IR spotlight). It should be noted that artifcial light sources
may not always be available or dependable, and this should be taken into consideration during fight planning.
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4.2.3Terrain contrast
Contrast is one of the more important infuences on the ability to correctly interpret the NVG image, particularly
in areas where there are few cultural features. Any terrain that contains varying albedos (e.g., forests, cultivated
felds, etc.) will likely increase the level of contrast in a NVG image, thus enhancing detail. The more detail in the
image, the more visual information aircrews have for manoeuvring and navigating. Low contrast terrain (e.g.,
fat featureless desert, snow-covered felds, water, etc.) contains few albedo variations, thus the NVG image will
contain fewer levels of contrast and less detail.
4.3Aircraft considerations
4.3.1Lighting
Factors such as aircraft internal and external lighting have the potential to adversely impact NVG gain and thus
image quality. How well the windshield, canopy, or window panels transmit near infrared energy can also afect
the image. Cleanliness of the windshield directly impacts this issue.
4.3.2Cockpit ergonomics
While wearing NVGs, the pilot may have limited range of head movement in the aircraft. For example, switches
on the overhead console may be dif cult to read while wearing NVGs. Instruments, controls, and switches that
are ordinarily accessible, may now be more dif cult to access due to the extended mass (fore/aft) associated
with NVGs.
In addition, scanning may require a more concentrated efort due to limited feld of view. Lateral viewing motion
can be hindered by cockpit obstructions (i.e. door post or seat back design).
4.3.3Windshield refectivity
Consideration within the cockpit and cabin should be given to the refectivity of materials and equipment upon
the windshield. Light that is refected may interfere with a clear and unobstructed view. Items such as fight
suits, helmets, and charts, if of a light colour such as white, yellow, and orange, can produce signifcant refec-
tions. Colours that impart the least refection are black, purple, and blue. This phenomena is not limited to wind-
shields but may include side windows, chin bubbles, canopies, etc.
4.4Generic operating considerations
This section lists operating topics and procedures, which should be considered when employing NVIS. The list
and associated comments are not to be considered all inclusive. NVIS operations vary in scope widely and this
section is not intended to instruct a prospective operator on how to implement an NVIS programme.
4.4.1Normal procedures
4.4.1.1Scanning
When using NVGs there are three diferent scan patterns to consider and each is used for diferent reasons:
instrument scan, aided scan outside, and unaided scan outside. Normally, all three are integrated and there is a
continuous transition from one to the other depending on the mission, environmental conditions, immediate
tasking, fight altitude and many other variables. For example, scanning with the NVG will allow early detection
of external lights. However, the bloom caused by the lights will mask the aircraft until fairly close or until the
lighting scheme is changed. Once close to the aircraft (e.g., approximately one-half mile for smaller aircraft),
visual acquisition can possibly be made unaided or with the NVG. Whether to use the NVG or unaided vision
depends on many variables (e.g., external lighting confguration, distance to aircraft, size of aircraft, environ-
mental conditions, etc.). The points to be made are that a proper scan depends on the situation and variables
present, and that scanning outside is critical when close to another aircraft. Additionally, for a multi-crew envi-
ronment, coordination of scan responsibilities is vital.
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4.4.1.1.1Instrument crosscheck scan
In order to efect a proper and efective instrument scan, it is important to predict when it will be important.
A start can be made during pre-fight planning when critical phases of fight can be identifed and prepared
for. For example, it may be possible when fying over water or featureless terrain to employ a good instrument
crosscheck. However, the most important task is to make the appropriate decision during fight as conditions
and events change. In this case, experience, training and constant attention to the situation are vital contribu-
tors to the pilots assessment of the situation.
4.4.1.1.2NVG scan
To counteract the limited feld of view, pilots should continually scan throughout the feld of regard. This allows
aircrew to build a mental image of the surrounding environment. How quickly the outside scene is scanned to
update the mental image is determined by many variables. For example, when fying over fat terrain where the
highest obstacle is below the fight path, the scan may be fairly slow. However, if fying low altitude in moun-
tainous terrain, the scan will be more aggressive and rapid due to the presence of more information and the
increased risk. How much of the feld of regard to scan is also determined by many variables. For example, if a
pilot is anticipating a turn, more attention may be placed in the area around the turn point, or in the direction of
the new heading. In this situation, the scan will be limited briefy to only a portion of the feld of regard.
As with the instrument scan, it is very important to plan ahead. It may, for example, be possible to determine
when the scan may be interrupted due to other tasks, when it may be possible to become fxated on a specifc
task, or when it is important to maximise the outside scan. An important lesson to learn regarding the NVG scan
is when not to rely on visual information. It is easy to overestimate how well one can see with NVGs, especially
on high illumination nights, and it is vital to maintain a constant awareness regarding their limitations. This
should be pointed out often during training and, as a reminder, should be included as a briefng item for NVG
fights.
4.4.1.1.3Unaided scan
Under certain conditions, this scan can be as important as the others can. For example, it may be possible to
detect distance and/or closure to another aircraft more easily using unaided vision, especially if the halo caused
by the external lights is masking aircraft detail on the NVG image. Additionally, there are other times when
unaided information can be used in lieu of or can augment NVG and instrument information.
4.4.1.1.4Scan patterns
Environmental factors will infuence scan by limiting what may be seen in specifc directions or by degrading
the overall image. If the image is degraded, aircrew may scan more aggressively in a subconscious attempt to
obtain more information, or to avoid the chance of missing information that suddenly appears and/or disap-
pears. The operation itself may infuence the scan pattern. For example, looking for another aircraft, landing
zone, or airport may require focusing the scan in a particular direction. In some cases, the operation may require
aircrew in a multi place aircraft to assign particular pilots responsibility for scanning specifc sectors.
The restrictions to scan and the variables afecting the scan patter are not specifc to night operations or the use
of NVGs, but, due to the NVGs limited feld of view, the degree of impact is magnifed.
4.4.1.2Pre-fight planning
4.4.1.2.1Illumination criteria
The pilot should provide a means for forecasting the illumination levels in the operational area. The pilot should
make the efort to request at least the following information in addition to that normally requested for night
VFR: cloud cover and visibility during all phases of fight, sunset, civil and nautical twilight, moon phase, moon-
rise and moonset, and moon and/or lux illumination levels, and unlit tower NOTAMS.
4.4.1.2.2NVIS operations
An inspection of the power pack, visor, mount, power cable and the binocular assembly should be performed in
accordance with the operations manual.
To ensure maximum performance of the NVGs, proper alignment and focus must be accomplished following
the equipment inspection. Improper alignment and focus may degrade NVIS performance.
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4.4.1.2.3Aircraft pre-fight
A normal pre-fight inspection should be conducted prior to an NVIS fight with emphasis on proper operation
of the NVIS lighting. The aircraft windshield must also be clean and free of major defects, which might degrade
NVIS performance.
4.4.1.2.4Equipment
The basic equipment required for NVIS operations should be those instruments and equipment specifed within
the current applicable regulations for VFR night operations. Additional equipment required for NVIS operations,
e.g. NVIS lighting system and a radio altimeter must be installed and operational. All NVIS equipment, including
any subsequent modifcations, shall be approved.
4.4.1.2.5Risk assessment
A risk assessment is suggested prior to any NVIS operation. The risk assessment should include as a minimum:
1. illumination level
2. weather
3. pilot recency of experience
4. pilot experience with NVG operations
5. pilot vision
6. pilot rest condition and health
7. windshield/window condition
8. NVG tube performance
9. NVG battery condition
10. types of operations allowed
11. external lighting environment.
4.4.1.3Flight operations
4.4.1.3.1Elevated terrain
Safety may be enhanced by NVGs during operations near elevated terrain at night. The obscuration of elevated
terrain is more easily detected with NVGs thereby allowing the pilot to make alternate fight path decisions.
4.4.1.3.2Over-water
Flying over large bodies of water with NVGs is dif cult because of the lack of contrast in terrain features. Refec-
tions of the moon or starlight may cause disorientation with the natural horizon. The radio altimeter must be
used as a reference to maintain altitude.
4.4.1.4Remote area considerations
A remote area is a site that does not qualify as an aerodrome as defned by the applicable regulations. Remote
area landing sites do not have the same features as an aerodrome, so extra care must be given to locating any
obstacles that may be in the approach/departure path.
A reconnaissance must be made prior to descending at an unlighted remote site. Some features or objects may
be easy to detect and interpret with the unaided eye. Other objects will be invisible to the unaided eye, yet eas-
ily detected and evaluated with NVGs.
4.4.1.5Reconnaissance
The reconnaissance phase should involve the coordinated use of NVGs and white lights. The aircrafts external
white lights such as landing lights, searchlights, and foodlights, should be used during this phase of fight. The
pilot should select and evaluate approach and departure paths to the site considering wind speed and direc-
tion, and obstacles or signs of obstacles.
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4.4.1.6Sources of high illumination
Sources of direct high illumination may have the potential to reduce the efectiveness of the NVGs. In addition,
certain colour lights, such as red, will appear brighter, closer and may display large halos.
4.4.2Emergency procedures
No modifcation for NVG operations is necessary to the aircraft emergency procedures as approved in the opera-
tions manual or approved checklist. Special training may be required to accomplish the appropriate procedures.
4.4.3Inadvertent IMC
Some ways to help reduce the potential for inadvertent fight into IMC conditions are:
1. obtaining a thorough weather brief (including pilot reports);
2. being familiar with weather patterns in the local fying area; and
3. by looking beneath the NVG at the outside scene.
However, even with thorough planning a risk still exists. To help mitigate this risk it is important to know how to
recognise subtle changes to the NVG image that occur during entry into IMC conditions. Some of these include
the onset of scintillation, loss of scene detail, and changes in the appearance of halos.
5.Training
To provide an appropriate level of safety, training procedures must accommodate the capabilities and limita-
tions of the systems described in Section 3of this GM as well as the restraints of the operational environment.
To be efective, the NVIS training philosophy would be based on a two-tiered approach: basic and advanced
NVIS training. The basic NVIS training would serve as the baseline standard for all individuals seeking an NVIS
endorsement. The content of this initial training would not be dependent on any operational requirements. The
advanced training would build on the basic training by focusing on developing specialised skills required to
operate an aircraft during NVIS operations in a particular operational environment. Furthermore, while there is
a need to stipulate minimum fight hour requirements for an NVIS endorsement, the training must also be event
based. This necessitates that pilots be exposed to all of the relevant aspects, or events, of NVIS fight in addition
to acquiring a minimum number of fight hours.
6. Continuing airworthiness
The reliability of the NVIS and safety of operations are dependent on the pilots adhering to the instructions for
continuing airworthiness. Personnel who conduct the maintenance and inspection on the NVIS must be quali-
fed and possess the appropriate tools and facilities to perform the maintenance.
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Acronyms used in this GM
AC Advisory Circular
AGL above ground level
ATC air traf c control
CONOPs concept of operations
CG centre of gravity
CRM cockpit resource management
DOD Department of Defence
DOT Department of Transportation
EFIS electronic fight instrumentation systems
EMS emergency medical service
FAA Federal Aviation Administration
FLIR forward looking infrared radar
FOR feld of regard
FOV feld of view
GEN generation
HUD head-up display
IFR instrument fight rules
IMC instrument meteorological conditions
IR infrared
JAA Joint Aviation Authorities
MOPS Minimum Operational Performance Standard
NAS national airspace system
NOTAMS Notices to Airmen
NVD night vision device
NVED night vision enhancement device
NVG night vision goggles
NVIS night vision imaging system
SC special committee
TFR temporary fight restrictions
VA visual acuity
VFR visual fight rules
VMC visual meteorological conditions
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Glossary of terms used in this GM
1. Absorptance: the ratio of the radiant energy absorbed by a body to that incident upon it.
2. Albedo: the ratio of the amount of light refected from a surface to the amount of incident light.
3. Automatic brightness control (ABC): one of the automatic gain control circuits found in second and third
generation NVG devices. It attempts to provide consistent image output brightness by automatic control
of the micro channel plate voltage.
4. Automatic gain control (AGC): comprised of the automatic brightness control and bright source protec-
tion circuits. Is designed to maintain image brightness and protect the user and the image tube from
excessive light levels. This is accomplished by controlling the gain of the intensifer tube.
5. Blackbody: an ideal body of surface that completely absorbs all radiant energy falling upon with no
refection.
6. Blooming: common term used to denote the washing out of all or part of the NVG image due to de-
gaining of the image intensifer tube when a bright light source is in or near the NVG feld of view.
7. Bright source protection (BSP): protective feature associated with second and third generation NVGs
that protects the intensifer tube and the user by controlling the voltage at the photo cathode.
8. Brownout: condition created by blowing sand, dust, etc., which can cause the pilots to lose sight of the
ground. This is most commonly associated with landings in the desert or in dusty LZs.
9. Civil nautical twilight: the time when the true altitude of the centre of the sun is six degrees below the
horizon. Illuminance level is approximately 3.40lux and is above the usable level for NVG operations.
10. Diopter: a measure of the refractive (light bending) power of a lens.
11. Electro-optics (EO): the term used to describe the interaction between optics and electronics, leading to
transformation of electrical energy into light or vice versa.
12. Electroluminescent (EL): referring to light emission that occurs from application of an alternating current
to a layer of phosphor.
13. Foot-candle: a measure of illuminance; specifcally, the illuminance of a surface upon which one lumen
is falling per square foot.
14. Foot-Lambert: a measure of luminance; specifcally the luminance of a surface that is receiving an illumi-
nance of one foot-candle.
15. Gain: when referring to an image intensifcation tube, the ratio of the brightness of the output in units of
foot-lambert, compared to the illumination of the input in foot-candles. A typical value for a GEN III tube
is 25,000to 30,000Fl/fc. A tube gain of 30,000Fl/fc provides an approximate system gain of 3,000. This
means that the intensifed NVG image is 3,000times brighter to the aided eye than that of the unaided
eye.
16. Illuminance: also referred to as illumination. The amount, ratio or density of light that strikes a surface at
any given point.
17. Image intensifer: an electro-optic device used to detect and intensify optical images in the visible and
near infrared region of the electromagnetic spectrum for the purpose of providing visible images. The
component that actually performs the intensifcation process in a NVG. This component is composed of
the photo cathode, MCP, screen optic, and power supply. It does not include the objective and eyepiece
lenses.
18. Incandescent: refers to a source that emits light based on thermal excitation, i.e., heating by an electrical
current, resulting in a very broad spectrum of energy that is dependent primarily on the temperature of
the flament.
19. Infrared: that portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in which wavelengths range from 0.7microns to
1mm. This segment is further divided into near infrared (0.7-3.0microns), mid infrared (3.0-6.0microns),
far infrared (6.0-15microns), and extreme infrared (15microns-1mm). A NVG is sensitive to near infrared
wavelengths approaching 0.9microns.
20. Irradiance: the radiant fux density incident on a surface. For the purpose of this document the terms
irradiance and illuminance shall be interchangeable.
21. Lumen: a measurement of luminous fux equal to the light emitted in a unit solid angle by a uniform
point source of one candle intensity.
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22. Luminance: the luminous intensity (refected light) of a surface in a given direction per unit of projected
area. This is the energy used by NVGs.
23. Lux: a unit measurement of illumination. The illuminance produced on a surface that is one-meter
square, from a uniform point source of one candle intensity, or one lumen per square meter.
24. Microchannel plate: a wafer containing between 3 and 6 million specially treated microscopic glass
tubes designed to multiply electrons passing from the photo cathode to the phosphor screen in second
and third generation intensifer tubes.
25. Micron: a unit of measure commonly used to express wavelength in the infrared region; equal to one
millionth of a meter.
26. Nanometer (nm): a unit of measure commonly used to express wavelength in the visible and near infra-
red region; equal to one billionth of a meter.
27. Night vision device (NVD): an electro-optical device used to provide a visible image using the electro-
magnetic energy available at night.
28. Photon: a quantum (basic unit) of radiant energy (light).
29. Photopic vision: vision produced as a result of the response of the cones in the retina as the eye achieves
a light adapted state (commonly referred to as day vision).
30. Radiance: the fux density of radiant energy refected from a surface. For the purposes of this manual the
terms radiance and luminance shall be interchangeable.
31. Refectivity: the fraction of energy refected from a surface.
32. Scotopic vision: that vision produced as a result of the response of the rods in the retina as the eye
achieves a dark-adapted state (commonly referred to as night vision).
33. Situational awareness (SA): degree of perceptual accuracy achieved in the comprehension of all factors
afecting an aircraft and crew at a given time.
34. Starlight: the illuminance provided by the available (observable) stars in a subject hemisphere. The stars
provide approximately 0.00022lux ground illuminance on a clear night. This illuminance is equivalent to
about one-quarter of the actual light from the night sky with no moon.
35. Stereopsis: visual system binocular cues that are used for distance estimation and depth perception.
Three dimensional visual perception of objects. The use of NVGs seriously degrades this aspect of near-
depth perception.
36. Transmittance: the fraction of radiant energy that is transmitted through a layer of absorbing material
placed in its path.
37. Ultraviolet: that portion of the electromagnetic spectrum in which wavelengths range between 0.1and
0.4microns.
38. Wavelength: the distance in the line of advance of a wave from any one point to the next point of cor-
responding phase; is used to express electromagnetic energy including IR and visible light.
39. Whiteout: a condition similar to brownout but caused by blowing snow.
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References
1. Air Force Manual 11-217Volume 2, Chapter 3, Night Vision Devices, August 6, 1998.
2. Department of Army, Training Circular 1-204, Night Flight: Techniques and Procedures, 1988.
3. DOT/FAA, Report no DOT/FAA/RD-94/21 Night Vision Goggles in Emergency Medical Services (EMS)
Helicopters, March 1994.
4. FAA, Guide for Aviation Medical Examiners, November 1996.
5. FAA, Notice for Proposed Rulemaking Statement- Night Vision Goggles, Draft, September 7, 1999.
6. FAA Handbook 8083-21, Rotorcraft Flying Handbook, 2000.
7. FAA Operation Specifcation, Rocky Mountain Helicopters Night Vision Goggle Operations, February
4,1999.
8. FAA Supplemental Type Certifcate Number SR09208RC, Rocky Mountain Holdings, BO-105, January
19,1999.
9. FAA, Aeronautical Information Manual (AIM), February 24, 2000.
10. ITT Industries, Operators Manual-Image Intensifer Set, Night Vision AV4949UL, June 21,1999.
11. RTCA, Inc. Basic Document Style Guide, July 1999.
12. JAA, JAR-OPS Night Vision Goggle Operations, Draft, 1999.
13. Mobility Air Forces, Concept of Operations-Aircrew Night Vision Goggles, September 8, 1998.
14. Perfetto, Nicholas J., Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University, The Feasibility of Metropolitan Police Depart-
ment Helicopter Pilots Using Night Vision Goggles, May 2000.
15. Simpson, Carol Dr., William, Doug., Gardner, Donald., Haworth, Loran., Analysis of Response to Survey of
Issues in the Application of Night Vision Goggles to Civil Rotorcraft Flight Operations, Draft, July 12, 1999.
16. United States Marine Corps, Marine Aviation Weapons and Tactics Squadron One, Helicopter Night Vision
Device Manual, Summer 1995.
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SUBPART I HELICOPTER HOIST
OPERATIONS
SPA.HHO.100 Helicopter hoist operations (HHO)
(a) Helicopters shall only be operated for the purpose of CAT hoist operations if the operator has been
approved by the competent authority.
(b) To obtain such approval by the competent authority, the operator shall:
(1) operate in CAT and hold a CAT AOC in accordance with Annex III (Part-ORO);
(2) demonstrate to the competent authority compliance with the requirements contained in this Sub-
part.
SPA.HHO.110 Equipment requirements for HHO
(a) The installation of all helicopter hoist equipment, including any radio equipment to comply with SPA.
HHO.115, and any subsequent modifcations, shall have an airworthiness approval appropriate to the
intended function. Ancillary equipment shall be designed and tested to the appropriate standard as
required by the competent authority.
(b) Maintenance instructions for HHO equipment and systems shall be established by the operator in liaison
with the manufacturer and included in the operators helicopter maintenance programme as required by
Regulation (EC) No 2042/2003.
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AMC1SPA.HHO.110(a) Equipment requirements for HHO
AIRWORTHINESS APPROVAL FOR HUMAN EXTERNAL CARGO
(a) Hoist installations that have been certifcated according to any of the following standards should be con-
sidered to satisfy the airworthiness criteria for human external cargo (HEC) operations:
(1) CS 27.865or CS 29.865;
(2) JAR 27Amendment 2(27.865) or JAR 29Amendment 2(29.865) or later;
(3) FAR 27Amendment 36(27.865) or later including compliance with CS 27.865(c)(6); or
(4) FAR 29Amendment 43(29.865) or later.
(b) Hoist installations that have been certifed prior to the issuance of the airworthiness criteria for HEC as
defned in (a) may be considered as eligible for HHO provided that following a risk assessment either:
(1) the service history of the hoist installation is found satisfactory to the competent authority; or
(2) for hoist installations with an unsatisfactory service history, additional substantiation to allow
acceptance by the competent authority should be provided by the hoist installation certifcate
holder (type certifcate (TC) or supplemental type certifcate (STC)) on the basis of the following
requirements:
(i) The hoist installation should withstand a force equal to a limit static load factor of 3.5, or
some lower load factor, not less than 2.5, demonstrated to be the maximum load factor
expected during hoist operations, multiplied by the maximum authorised external load.
(ii) The reliability of the primary and back-up quick release systems at helicopter level should be
established and failure mode and efect analysis at equipment level should be available. The
assessment of the design of the primary and back-up quick release systems should consider
any failure that could be induced by a failure mode of any other electrical or mechanical
rotorcraft system.
(iii) The operations or fight manual contains one-engine-inoperative (OEI) hover performance
data and procedures for the weights, altitudes, and temperatures throughout the fight
envelope for which hoist operations are accepted.
(iv) Information concerning the inspection intervals and retirement life of the hoist cable should
be provided in the instructions for continued airworthiness.
(v) Any airworthiness issue reported from incidents or accidents and not addressed by (i), (ii),
(iii) and (iv) should be addressed.
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SPA.HHO.115 HHO communication
Two-way radio communication shall be established with the organisation for which the HHO is being provided
and, where possible, a means of communicating with ground personnel at the HHO site for:
(a) day and night ofshore operations;
(b) night onshore operations, except for HHO at a helicopter emergency medical services (HEMS) operating
site.
SPA.HHO.125 Performance requirements for HHO
Except for HHO at a HEMS operating site, HHO shall be capable of sustaining a critical engine failure with the
remaining engine(s) at the appropriate power setting without hazard to the suspended person(s)/cargo, third
parties or property.
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SPA.HHO.130 Crew requirements for HHO
(a) Selection. The operator shall establish criteria for the selection of fight crew members for the HHO task,
taking previous experience into account.
(b) Experience. The minimum experience level for the commander conducting HHO fights shall not be less
than:
(1) Ofshore:
(i) 1000hours as pilot-in-command/commander of helicopters, or 1000hours as co-pilot in
HHO of which 200hours is as pilot-in-command under supervision; and
(ii) 50hoist cycles conducted ofshore, of which 20cycles shall be at night if night operations
are being conducted, where a hoist cycle means one down-and-up cycle of the hoist hook.
(2) Onshore:
(i) 500hours as pilot-in-command/commander of helicopters, or 500hours as co-pilot in HHO
of which 100hours is as pilot-in-command under supervision;
(ii) 200hours operating experience in helicopters gained in an operational environment similar
to the intended operation; and
(iii) 50hoist cycles, of which 20cycles shall be at night if night operations are being conducted.
(c) Operational training and experience. Successful completion of training in accordance with the HHO pro-
cedures contained in the operations manual and relevant experience in the role and environment under
which HHO are conducted.
(d) Recency. All pilots and HHO crew members conducting HHO shall have completed in the last 90days:
(1) when operating by day: any combination of three day or night hoist cycles, each of which shall
include a transition to and from the hover;
(2) when operating by night: three night hoist cycles, each of which shall include a transition to and
from the hover.
(e) Crew composition. The minimum crew for day or night operations shall be as stated in the operations
manual. The minimum crew will be dependent on the type of helicopter, the weather conditions, the
type of task, and, in addition for ofshore operations, the HHO site environment, the sea state and the
movement of the vessel. In no case shall the minimum crew be less than one pilot and one HHO crew
member.
(f) Training and checking
(1) Training and checking shall be conducted in accordance with a detailed syllabus approved by the
competent authority and included in the operations manual.
(2) Crew members
(i) Crew training programmes shall: improve knowledge of the HHO working environment and
equipment; improve crew coordination; and include measures to minimise the risks associ-
ated with HHO normal and emergency procedures and static discharge.
(ii) The measures referred to in (f)(2)(i) shall be assessed during visual meteorological condi-
tions (VMC) day profciency checks, or VMC night profciency checks when night HHO are
undertaken by the operator.
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AMC1SPA.HHO.130(b)(2)(ii) Crew requirements for HHO
RELEVANT EXPERIENCE
The experience considered should take into account the geographical characteristics (sea, mountain, big cities
with heavy traf c, etc.).
AMC1SPA.HHO.130(e) Crew requirements for HHO
CRITERIA FOR TWO PILOT HHO
A crew of two pilots should be used when:
(a) the weather conditions are below VFR minima at the ofshore vessel or structure;
(b) there are adverse weather conditions at the HHO site (i.e. turbulence, vessel movement, visibility); and
(c) the type of helicopter requires a second pilot to be carried because of:
(1) cockpit visibility;
(2) handling characteristics; or
(3) lack of automatic fight control systems.
AMC1SPA.HHO.130(f)(1) Crew requirements for HHO
TRAINING AND CHECKING SYLLABUS
(a) The fight crew training syllabus should include the following items:
(1) ftting and use of the hoist;
(2) preparing the helicopter and hoist equipment for HHO;
(3) normal and emergency hoist procedures by day and, when required, by night;
(4) crew coordination concepts specifc to HHO;
(5) practice of HHO procedures; and
(6) the dangers of static electricity discharge.
(b) The fight crew checking syllabus should include:
(1) profciency checks, which should include procedures likely to be used at HHO sites with special
emphasis on:
(i) local area meteorology;
(ii) HHO fight planning;
(iii) HHO departures;
(iv) a transition to and from the hover at the HHO site;
(v) normal and simulated emergency HHO procedures; and
(vi) crew coordination.
(c) HHO technical crew members should be trained and checked in the following items:
(1) duties in the HHO role;
(2) ftting and use of the hoist;
(3) operation of hoist equipment;
(4) preparing the helicopter and specialist equipment for HHO;
(5) normal and emergency procedures;
(6) crew coordination concepts specifc to HHO;
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(7) operation of inter-communication and radio equipment;
(8) knowledge of emergency hoist equipment;
(9) techniques for handling HHO passengers;
(10) efect of the movement of personnel on the centre of gravity and mass during HHO;
(11) efect of the movement of personnel on performance during normal and emergency fight condi-
tions;
(12) techniques for guiding pilots over HHO sites;
(13) awareness of specifc dangers relating to the operating environment; and
(14) the dangers of static electricity discharge.
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SPA.HHO.135 HHO passenger briefng
Prior to any HHO fight, or series of fights, HHO passengers shall have been briefed and made aware of the dan-
gers of static electricity discharge and other HHO considerations.
SPA.HHO.140 Information and documentation
(a) The operator shall ensure that, as part of its risk analysis and management process, risks associated with
the HHO environment are minimised by specifying in the operations manual: selection, composition and
training of crews; levels of equipment and dispatch criteria; and operating procedures and minima, such
that normal and likely abnormal operations are described and adequately mitigated.
(b) Relevant extracts from the operations manual shall be available to the organisation for which the HHO is
being provided.
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AMC1SPA.HHO.140 Information and documentation
OPERATIONS MANUAL
The operations manual should include:
(a) performance criteria;
(b) if applicable, the conditions under which ofshore HHO transfer may be conducted including the relevant
limitations on vessel movement and wind speed;
(c) the weather limitations for HHO;
(d) the criteria for determining the minimum size of the HHO site, appropriate to the task;
(e) the procedures for determining minimum crew; and
(f) the method by which crew members record hoist cycles.
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SUBPART J HELICOPTER EMERGENCY
MEDICAL SERVICE OPERATIONS
SPA.HEMS.100 Helicopter emergency medical service (HEMS) operations
(a) Helicopters shall only be operated for the purpose of HEMS operations if the operator has been approved
by the competent authority.
(b) To obtain such approval by the competent authority, the operator shall:
(1) operate in CAT and hold a CAT AOC in accordance with Annex III (Part-ORO);
(2) demonstrate to the competent authority compliance with the requirements contained in this Sub-
part.
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GM1SPA.HEMS.100(a) Helicopter emergency medical service (HEMS)
operations
THE HEMS PHILOSOPHY
(a) Introduction
This GM outlines the HEMS philosophy. Starting with a description of acceptable risk and introducing a
taxonomy used in other industries, it describes how risk has been addressed in this Subpart to provide
a system of safety to the appropriate standard. It discusses the diference between HEMS and air ambu-
lance in regulatory terms. It also discusses the application of operations to public interest sites in the
HEMS context.
(b) Acceptable risk
The broad aim of any aviation legislation is to permit the widest spectrum of operations with the mini-
mum risk. In fact it may be worth considering who/what is at risk and who/what is being protected. In this
view three groups are being protected:
(1) third parties (including property) highest protection;
(2) passengers (including patients); and
(3) crew members (including technical crew members) lowest.
It is for the Legislator to facilitate a method for the assessment of risk or as it is more commonly
known, safety management (refer to Part-ORO).
(c) Risk management
Safety management textbooks
30
describe four diferent approaches to the management of risk. All but
the frst have been used in the production of this section and, if it is considered that the engine failure
accountability of performance class 1 equates to zero risk, then all four are used (this of course is not
strictly true as there are a number of helicopter parts such as the tail rotor which, due to a lack of redun-
dancy, cannot satisfy the criteria):
(1) Applying the taxonomy to HEMS gives:
(i) zero risk; no risk of accident with a harmful consequence performance class 1(within the
qualifcation stated above) the HEMS operating base;
(ii) de minimis; minimised to an acceptable safety target for example the exposure time con-
cept where the target is less than 5x 10-8(in the case of elevated fnal approach and take-of
areas (elevated FATOs) at hospitals in a congested hostile environment the risk is contained
to the deck edge strike case and so in efect minimised to an exposure of seconds);
(iii) comparative risk; comparison to other exposure the carriage of a patient with a spinal
injury in an ambulance that is subject to ground efect compared to the risk of a HEMS fight
(consequential and comparative risk);
(iv) as low as reasonably practicable; where additional controls are not economically or reason-
ably practicable operations at the HEMS operating site (the accident site).
(2) HEMS operations are conducted in accordance with the requirements contained in Annex IV (Part-
CAT) and Annex III (Part-ORO), except for the variations contained in SPA.HEMS, for which a specifc
approval is required. In simple terms there are three areas in HEMS operations where risk, beyond
that allowed in Part-CAT and Part-ORO, are identifed and related risks accepted:
(i) in the en-route phase, where alleviation is given from height and visibility rules;
(ii) at the accident site, where alleviation is given from the performance and size requirement;
and
(iii) at an elevated hospital site in a congested hostile environment, where alleviation is given
from the deck edge strike providing elements of the CAT.POL.H.305are satisfed.
In mitigation against these additional and considered risks, experience levels are set, specialist
training is required (such as instrument training to compensate for the increased risk of inadvert-
ent entry into cloud) and operation with two crew (two pilots, or one pilot and a HEMS technical
crew member) is mandated. (HEMS crews and medical passengers are also expected to operate in
accordance with good crew resource management (CRM) principles.)
30
Reason, J., 1997. Managing the Risks of Organizational Accidents. Ashgate, Farnham.
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(d) Air ambulance
In regulatory terms, air ambulance is considered to be a normal transport task where the risk is no higher
than for operations to the full OPS.CAT and Part-ORO compliance. This is not intended to contradict/
complement medical terminology but is simply a statement of policy; none of the risk elements of HEMS
should be extant and therefore none of the additional requirements of HEMS need be applied.
To provide a road ambulance analogy:
(1) if called to an emergency: an ambulance would proceed at great speed, sounding its siren and pro-
ceeding against traf c lights thus matching the risk of operation to the risk of a potential death
(= HEMS operations);
(2) for a transfer of a patient (or equipment) where life and death (or consequential injury of ground
transport) is not an issue: the journey would be conducted without sirens and within normal rules
of motoring once again matching the risk to the task (= air ambulance operations).
The underlying principle is that the aviation risk should be proportionate to the task.
It is for the medical professional to decide between HEMS or air ambulance not the pilot. For that rea-
son, medical staf who undertake to task medical sorties should be fully aware of the additional risks that
are (potentially) present under HEMS operations (and the pre-requisite for the operator to hold a HEMS
approval). (For example in some countries, hospitals have principal and alternative sites. The patient
may be landed at the safer alternative site (usually in the grounds of the hospital) thus eliminating risk
against the small inconvenience of a short ambulance transfer from the site to the hospital.)
Once the decision between HEMS or air ambulance has been taken by the medical professional, the com-
mander makes an operational judgement over the conduct of the fight.
Simplistically, the above type of air ambulance operations could be conducted by any operator holding
an AOC (HEMS operators hold an AOC) and usually are when the carriage of medical supplies (equip-
ment, blood, organs, drugs etc.) is undertaken and when urgency is not an issue.
(e) Operating under a HEMS approval
There are only two possibilities: transportation as passengers or cargo under the full auspices of OPS.CAT
and Part-ORO (this does not permit any of the alleviations of SPA.HEMS landing and take-of perfor-
mance should be in compliance with the performance Subparts of Part-CAT), or operations under a HEMS
approval as contained in this Subpart.
(f) HEMS operational sites
The HEMS philosophy attributes the appropriate levels of risk for each operational site; this is derived
from practical considerations and in consideration of the probability of use. The risk is expected to be
inversely proportional to the amount of use of the site. The types of site are as follows:
(1) HEMS operating base: from which all operations will start and fnish. There is a high probability of a
large number of take-ofs and landings at this HEMS operating base and for that reason no allevia-
tion from operating procedures or performance rules are contained in this Subpart.
(2) HEMS operating site: because this is the primary pick-up site related to an incident or accident, its
use can never be pre-planned and therefore attracts alleviations from operating procedures and
performance rules, when appropriate.
(3) The hospital site: is usually at ground level in hospital grounds or, if elevated, on a hospital build-
ing. It may have been established during a period when performance criteria were not a considera-
tion. The amount of use of such sites depends on their location and their facilities; normally, it will
be greater than that of the HEMS operating site but less than for a HEMS operating base. Such sites
attract some alleviation under this Subpart.
(g) Problems with hospital sites
During implementation of the original HEMS rules contained in JAR-OPS 3, it was established that a num-
ber of States had encountered problems with the impact of performance rules where helicopters were
operated for HEMS. Although States accept that progress should be made towards operations where
risks associated with a critical engine failure are eliminated, or limited by the exposure time concept,
a number of landing sites exist that do not (or never can) allow operations to performance class 1 or
2requirements.
These sites are generally found in a congested hostile environment:
(1) in the grounds of hospitals; or
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(2) on hospital buildings.
The problem of hospital sites is mainly historical and, whilst the authority could insist that such sites are
not used or used at such a low weight that critical engine failure performance is assured it would seri-
ously curtail a number of existing operations.
Even though the rule for the use of such sites in hospital grounds for HEMS operations attracts alleviation,
it is only partial and will still impact upon present operations.
Because such operations are performed in the public interest, it was felt that the authority should be
able to exercise its discretion so as to allow continued use of such sites provided that it is satisfed that
an adequate level of safety can be maintained notwithstanding that the site does not allow operations
to performance class 1or 2standards. However, it is in the interest of continuing improvements in safety
that the alleviation of such operations be constrained to existing sites, and for a limited period.
It is felt that the use of public interest sites should be controlled. This will require that a State directory of
sites be kept and approval given only when the operator has an entry in the route manual section of the
operations manual.
The directory (and the entry in the operations manual) should contain for each approved site:
(i) the dimensions;
(ii) any non-conformance with ICAO Annex 14;
(iii) the main risks; and
(iv) the contingency plan should an incident occur.
Each entry should also contain a diagram (or annotated photograph) showing the main aspects of the
site.
(h) Summary
In summary, the following points are considered to be pertinent to the HEMS philosophy and HEMS regu-
lations:
(1) absolute levels of safety are conditioned by society;
(2) potential risk must only be to a level proportionate to the task;
(3) protection is aforded at levels appropriate to the occupants;
(4) this Subpart addresses a number of risk areas and mitigation is built in;
(5) only HEMS operations are dealt with by this Subpart;
(6) there are three main categories of HEMS sites and each is addressed appropriately; and
(7) State alleviation from the requirement at a hospital site is available but such alleviations should be
strictly controlled by a system of registration.
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SPA.HEMS.110 Equipment requirements for HEMS operations
The installation of all helicopter dedicated medical equipment and any subsequent modifcations and, where
appropriate, its operation shall be approved in accordance with Regulation (EC) No 1702/2003.
SPA.HEMS.115 Communication
In addition to that required by CAT.IDE.H, helicopters conducting HEMS fights shall have communication
equipment capable of conducting two-way communication with the organisation for which the HEMS is being
conducted and, where possible, to communicate with ground emergency service personnel.
SPA.HEMS.120 HEMS operating minima
(a) HEMS fights operated in performance class 1and 2shall comply with the weather minima in Table 1for
dispatch and en-route phase of the HEMS fight. In the event that during the en-route phase the weather
conditions fall below the cloud base or visibility minima shown, helicopters certifed for fights only under
VMC shall abandon the fight or return to base. Helicopters equipped and certifed for instrument mete-
orological conditions (IMC) operations may abandon the fight, return to base or convert in all respects to
a fight conducted under instrument fight rules (IFR), provided the fight crew are suitably qualifed.
Table 1: HEMS operating minima
2PILOTS 1PILOT
DAY
Ceiling Visibility Ceiling Visibility
500ft and above As defned by the
applicable airspace VFR
minima
500ft and above As defned by the
applicable airspace VFR
minima
499 400ft 1000m* 499 400ft 2000m
399 300ft 2000m 399 300ft 3000m
NIGHT
Cloud base Visibility Cloud base Visibility
1200ft** 2500m 1200m** 3000m
* During the en-route phase visibility may be reduced to 800m for short periods when in sight of land if the helicopter is manoeuvred at a
speed that will give adequate opportunity to observe any obstacles in time to avoid a collision.
** During the en-route phase, cloud base may be reduced to 1000ft for short periods.
(b) The weather minima for the dispatch and en-route phase of a HEMS fight operated in performance class
3shall be a cloud ceiling of 600ft and a visibility of 1500m. Visibility may be reduced to 800m for short
periods when in sight of land if the helicopter is manoeuvred at a speed that will give adequate opportu-
nity to observe any obstacle and avoid a collision.
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GM1SPA.HEMS.120 HEMS operating minima
REDUCED VISIBILITY
(a) In the rule the ability to reduce the visibility for short periods has been included. This will allow the com-
mander to assess the risk of fying temporarily into reduced visibility against the need to provide emer-
gency medical service, taking into account the advisory speeds included in Table 1. Since every situation
is diferent it was not felt appropriate to defne the short period in terms of absolute fgures. It is for the
commander to assess the aviation risk to third parties, the crew and the aircraft such that it is proportion-
ate to the task, using the principles of GM1SPA.HEMS.100(a).
(b) When fight with a visibility of less than 5km is permitted, the forward visibility should not be less than
the distance travelled by the helicopter in 30 seconds so as to allow adequate opportunity to see and
avoid obstacles (see table below).
Table 1: Operating minima reduced visibility
Visibility (m) Advisory speed (kt)
800 50
1500 100
2000 120
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SPA.HEMS.125 Performance requirements for HEMS operations
(a) Performance class 3operations shall not be conducted over a hostile environment.
(b) Take-of and landing
(1) Helicopters conducting operations to/from a fnal approach and take-of area (FATO) at a hospital
that is located in a congested hostile environment and that is used as a HEMS operating base shall
be operated in accordance with performance class 1.
(2) Helicopters conducting operations to/from a FATO at a hospital that is located in a congested hos-
tile environment and that is not a HEMS operating base shall be operated in accordance with per-
formance class 1, except when the operator holds an approval in accordance with CAT.POL.H.225.
(3) Helicopters conducting operations to/from a HEMS operating site located in a hostile environ-
ment shall be operated in accordance with performance class 2and be exempt from the approval
required by CAT.POL.H.305(a), provided compliance is shown with CAT.POL.H.305(b)(2) and (b)(3).
(4) The HEMS operating site shall be big enough to provide adequate clearance from all obstructions.
For night operations, the site shall be illuminated to enable the site and any obstructions to be
identifed.
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GM1SPA.HEMS.125(b)(3) Performance requirements for HEMS operations
PERFORMANCE CLASS 2OPERATIONS AT A HEMS OPERATING SITE
As the risk profle at a HEMS operating site is already well known, operations without an assured safe forced landing
capability do not need a separate approval and the requirements does not call for the additional risk assessment that
is specifed in CAT.POL.H.305(b)(1).
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AMC1SPA.HEMS.125(b)(4) Performance requirements for HEMS operations
HEMS OPERATING SITE DIMENSIONS
(a) When selecting a HEMS operating site it should have a minimum dimension of at least 2x D (the largest
dimensions of the helicopter when the rotors are turning). For night operations, unsurveyed HEMS oper-
ating sites should have dimensions of at least 4x D in length and 2x D in width.
(b) For night operations, the illumination may be either from the ground or from the helicopter.
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SPA.HEMS.130 Crew requirements
(a) Selection. The operator shall establish criteria for the selection of fight crew members for the HEMS task,
taking previous experience into account.
(b) Experience. The minimum experience level for the commander conducting HEMS fights shall not be less
than:
(1) either:
(i) 1000hours as pilot-in-command/commander of aircraft of which 500hours are as pilot-in-
command/commander on helicopters; or
(ii) 1 000 hours as co-pilot in HEMS operations of which 500 hours are as pilot-in-command
under supervision and 100hours pilot-in-command/commander of helicopters;
(2) 500 hours operating experience in helicopters, gained in an operational environment similar to
the intended operation; and
(3) for pilots engaged in night operations, 20hours of VMC at night as pilot-in-command/commander.
(c) Operational training. Successful completion of operational training in accordance with the HEMS proce-
dures contained in the operations manual.
(d) Recency. All pilots conducting HEMS operations shall have completed a minimum of 30minutes fight by
sole reference to instruments in a helicopter or in an FSTD within the last 6months.
(e) Crew composition
(1) Day fight. The minimum crew by day shall be one pilot and one HEMS technical crew member.
(i) This may be reduced to one pilot only when:
(A) at a HEMS operating site the commander is required to fetch additional medical sup-
plies. In such case the HEMS technical crew member may be left to give assistance to
ill or injured persons while the commander undertakes this fight;
(B) after arriving at the HEMS operating site, the installation of the stretcher precludes
the HEMS technical crew member from occupying the front seat; or
(C) the medical passenger requires the assistance of the HEMS technical crew member in
fight.
(ii) In the cases described in (i), the operational minima shall be as defned by the applicable air-
space requirements; the HEMS operating minima contained in Table 1of SPA.HEMS.120shall
not be used.
(iii) Only in the case described in (i)(A) may the commander land at a HEMS operating site with-
out the technical crew member assisting from the front seat.
(2) Night fight. The minimum crew by night shall be:
(i) two pilots; or
(ii) one pilot and one HEMS technical crew member in specifc geographical areas defned by
the operator in the operations manual taking into account the following:
(A) adequate ground reference;
(B) fight following system for the duration of the HEMS mission;
(C) reliability of weather reporting facilities;
(D) HEMS minimum equipment list;
(E) continuity of a crew concept;
(F) minimum crew qualifcation, initial and recurrent training;
(G) operating procedures, including crew coordination;
(H) weather minima; and
(I) additional considerations due to specifc local conditions.
(f) Crew training and checking
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(1) Training and checking shall be conducted in accordance with a detailed syllabus approved by the
competent authority and included in the operations manual.
(2) Crew members
(i) Crew training programmes shall: improve knowledge of the HEMS working environment
and equipment; improve crew coordination; and include measures to minimise the risks
associated with en-route transit in low visibility conditions, selection of HEMS operating
sites and approach and departure profles.
(ii) The measures referred to in (f)(2)(i) shall be assessed during:
(A) VMC day profciency checks, or VMC night profciency checks when night HEMS oper-
ations are undertaken by the operator; and
(B) line checks.
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AMC1SPA.HEMS.130(b)(2) Crew requirements
EXPERIENCE
The minimum experience level for a commander conducting HEMS fights should take into account the geo-
graphical characteristics of the operation (sea, mountain, big cities with heavy traf c, etc.).
AMC1SPA.HEMS.130(d) Crew requirements
RECENCY
This recency may be obtained in a visual fight rules (VFR) helicopter using vision limiting devices such as gog-
gles or screens, or in an FSTD.
AMC1SPA.HEMS.130(e) Crew requirements
HEMS TECHNICAL CREW MEMBER
(a) When the crew is composed of one pilot and one HEMS technical crew member, the latter should be
seated in the front seat (co-pilot seat) during the fight, so as to be able to carry out his/her primary task
of assisting the commander in:
(1) collision avoidance;
(2) the selection of the landing site; and
(3) the detection of obstacles during approach and take-of phases.
(b) The commander may delegate other aviation tasks to the HEMS technical crew member, as necessary:
(1) assistance in navigation;
(2) assistance in radio communication/radio navigation means selection;
(3) reading of checklists; and
(4) monitoring of parameters.
(c) The commander may also delegate to the HEMS technical crew member tasks on the ground:
(1) assistance in preparing the helicopter and dedicated medical specialist equipment for subsequent
HEMS departure; or
(2) assistance in the application of safety measures during ground operations with rotors turning
(including: crowd control, embarking and disembarking of passengers, refuelling etc.).
(d) There may be exceptional circumstances when it is not possible for the HEMS technical crew member to
carry out his/her primary task as defned under (a).
This is to be regarded as exceptional and is only to be conducted at the discretion of the commander,
taking into account the dimensions and environment of the HEMS operating site.)
(e) When two pilots are carried, there is no requirement for a HEMS technical crew member, provided that
the pilot monitoring performs the aviation tasks of a technical crew member.
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GM1SPA.HEMS.130(e)(2)(ii) Crew requirements
SPECIFIC GEOGRAPHICAL AREAS
In defning those specifc geographical areas, the operator should take account of the cultural lighting and
topography. In those areas where the cultural lighting an topography make it unlikely that the visual cues would
degrade suf ciently to make fying of the aircraft problematical, the HEMS technical crew member is assumed to
be able to suf ciently assist the pilot, since under such circumstances instrument and control monitoring would
not be required. In those cases where instrument and control monitoring would be required the operations
should be conducted with two pilots.
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AMC1SPA.HEMS.130(e)(2)(ii)(B) Crew requirements
FLIGHT FOLLOWING SYSTEM
A fight following system is a system providing contact with the helicopter throughout its operational area.
AMC1SPA.HEMS.130(f)(1) Crew requirements
TRAINING AND CHECKING SYLLABUS
(a) The fight crew training syllabus should include the following items:
(1) meteorological training concentrating on the understanding and interpretation of available
weather information;
(2) preparing the helicopter and specialist medical equipment for subsequent HEMS departure;
(3) practice of HEMS departures;
(4) the assessment from the air of the suitability of HEMS operating sites; and
(5) the medical efects air transport may have on the patient.
(b) The fight crew checking syllabus should include:
(1) profciency checks, which should include landing and take-of profles likely to be used at HEMS
operating sites; and
(2) line checks, with special emphasis on the following:
(i) local area meteorology;
(ii) HEMS fight planning;
(iii) HEMS departures;
(iv) the selection from the air of HEMS operating sites;
(v) low level fight in poor weather; and
(vi) familiarity with established HEMS operating sites in the operators local area register.
(c) HEMS technical crew members should be trained and checked in the following items:
(1) duties in the HEMS role;
(2) map reading, navigation aid principles and use;
(3) operation of radio equipment;
(4) use of on-board medical equipment;
(5) preparing the helicopter and specialist medical equipment for subsequent HEMS departure;
(6) instrument reading, warnings, use of normal and emergency checklists in assistance of the pilot as
required;
(7) basic understanding of the helicopter type in terms of location and design of normal and emer-
gency systems and equipment;
(8) crew coordination;
(9) practice of response to HEMS call out;
(10) conducting refuelling and rotors running refuelling;
(11) HEMS operating site selection and use;
(12) techniques for handling patients, the medical consequences of air transport and some knowledge
of hospital casualty reception;
(13) marshalling signals;
(14) underslung load operations as appropriate;
(15) winch operations as appropriate;
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(16) the dangers to self and others of rotor running helicopters including loading of patients; and
(17) the use of the helicopter inter-communications system.
AMC1SPA.HEMS.130(f)(2)(ii)(B) Crew requirements
LINE CHECKS
Where due to the size, the confguration, or the performance of the helicopter, the line check cannot be con-
ducted on an operational fight, it may be conducted on a specially arranged representative fight. This fight
may be immediately adjacent to, but not simultaneous with, one of the biannual profciency checks.
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SPA.HEMS.135 HEMS medical passenger and other personnel briefng
(a) Medical passenger. Prior to any HEMS fight, or series of fights, medical passengers shall have been
briefed to ensure that they are familiar with the HEMS working environment and equipment, can operate
on-board medical and emergency equipment and can take part in normal and emergency entry and exit
procedures.
(b) Ground emergency service personnel. The operator shall take all reasonable measures to ensure that
ground emergency service personnel are familiar with the HEMS working environment and equipment
and the risks associated with ground operations at a HEMS operating site.
(c) Medical patient. Notwithstanding CAT.OP.MPA.170, a briefng shall only be conducted if the medical con-
dition makes this practicable.
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AMC1SPA.HEMS.135(a) HEMS medical passenger and other personnel
briefng
HEMS MEDICAL PASSENGER BRIEFING
The briefng should ensure that the medical passenger understands his/her role in the operation, which includes:
(a) familiarisation with the helicopter type(s) operated;
(b) entry and exit under normal and emergency conditions both for self and patients;
(c) use of the relevant on-board specialist medical equipment;
(d) the need for the commanders approval prior to use of specialised equipment;
(e) method of supervision of other medical staf;
(f) the use of helicopter inter-communication systems; and
(g) location and use of on board fre extinguishers.
AMC1.1SPA.HEMS.135(a) HEMS medical passenger and other personnel
briefng
HEMS MEDICAL PASSENGER BRIEFING
Another means of complying with the rule as compared to that contained in AMC1-SPA.HEMS.135(a) is to make
use of a training programme as mentioned in AMC1.1CAT.OP.MPA.170.
AMC1SPA.HEMS.135(b) HEMS medical passenger and other personnel
briefng
GROUND EMERGENCY SERVICE PERSONNEL
(a) The task of training large numbers of emergency service personnel is formidable. Wherever possible,
helicopter operators should aford every assistance to those persons responsible for training emergency
service personnel in HEMS support. This can be achieved by various means, such as, but not limited to,
the production of fyers, publication of relevant information on the operators web site and provision of
extracts from the operations manual.
(b) The elements that should be covered include:
(1) two-way radio communication procedures with helicopters;
(2) the selection of suitable HEMS operating sites for HEMS fights;
(3) the physical danger areas of helicopters;
(4) crowd control in respect of helicopter operations; and
(5) the evacuation of helicopter occupants following an on-site helicopter accident.
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SPA.HEMS.140 Information and documentation
(a) The operator shall ensure that, as part of its risk analysis and management process, risks associated with
the HEMS environment are minimised by specifying in the operations manual: selection, composition
and training of crews; levels of equipment and dispatch criteria; and operating procedures and minima,
such that normal and likely abnormal operations are described and adequately mitigated.
(b) Relevant extracts from the operations manual shall be made available to the organisation for which the
HEMS is being provided.
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AMC1SPA.HEMS.140 Information and documentation
OPERATIONS MANUAL
The operations manual should include:
(a) the use of portable equipment on board;
(b) guidance on take-of and landing procedures at previously unsurveyed HEMS operating sites;
(c) the fnal reserve fuel, in accordance with SPA.HEMS.150;
(d) operating minima;
(e) recommended routes for regular fights to surveyed sites, including the minimum fight altitude;
(f) guidance for the selection of the HEMS operating site in case of a fight to an unsurveyed site;
(g) the safety altitude for the area overfown; and
(h) procedures to be followed in case of inadvertent entry into cloud.
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SPA.HEMS.145 HEMS operating base facilities
(a) If crew members are required to be on standby with a reaction time of less than 45minutes, dedicated
suitable accommodation shall be provided close to each operating base.
(b) At each operating base the pilots shall be provided with facilities for obtaining current and forecast
weather information and shall be provided with satisfactory communications with the appropriate air
traf c services (ATS) unit. Adequate facilities shall be available for the planning of all tasks.
SPA.HEMS.150 Fuel supply
(a) When the HEMS mission is conducted under VFR within a local and defned geographical area, standard
fuel planning can be employed provided the operator establishes fnal reserve fuel to ensure that, on
completion of the mission the fuel remaining is not less than an amount of fuel suf cient for:
(1) 30minutes of fying time at normal cruising conditions; or
(2) when operating within an area providing continuous and suitable precautionary landing sites,
20minutes of fying time at normal cruising speed.
SPA.HEMS.155 Refuelling with passengers embarking,
on board or disembarking
When the commander considers refuelling with passengers on board to be necessary, it can be undertaken
either rotors stopped or rotors turning provided the following requirements are met:
(a) door(s) on the refuelling side of the helicopter shall remain closed;
(b) door(s) on the non-refuelling side of the helicopter shall remain open, weather permitting;
(c) fre fghting facilities of the appropriate scale shall be positioned so as to be immediately available in the
event of a fre; and
(d) suf cient personnel shall be immediately available to move patients clear of the helicopter in the event
of a fre.