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EDLD 7432 History of American Higher Education L. Bell, C. Bradford, T. Powell, & C. Zhou
1862
Morrill Land-Grant Colleges Act
1908
National College Womens Equal Suffrage League
1920
Equal Rights Amendment
1964
Civil Rights Act
1972
Title IX of the Education of Amendments
The number of women's colleges in the U.S. dropped from more than 200 in 1960 to 83 in 1993, according to a U.S. Department of Education report. Today, the Women's College Coalition lists 47 member colleges.
According to the National Center for Education Statistics, collective national enrollment at women's colleges fell from about 113,000 in 1998 to 86,000 in 2010.
By 1982, women earned the majority of bachelors degrees and by 1986 the majority of masters degrees.
Current Struggles/Issues
Story:
The first female cadet at the Citadel, South Carolina's elite all-male military college, Shannon Faulkner, fought a legal battle against the Citadel for two years before allowed to enroll.
Current Struggles/Issues
Other Points of Interest
Family versus Career
Women are supposed to balance family and their career
Peer Pressures Social norms Institutional Barriers Regional Difference Womens Intertwined Identities
Numerous treaties and agreements More than 99 treaties addressed education for Native Americans
September 1830
first treaty to address higher education signed with Choctaw nation no action or funding, however, until 1841
Kill the Indian in him and save the man, motto of Col. Richard Henry Pratt, headmaster of Carlisle Indian School in Pennsylvania, established 1879.
Boarding school survivors have reported shame upon their return because they did not know their own culture or language, nor did they feel welcome in the white communityConfused, lost, and sometimes brainwashed, survivors self-medicated with alcohol and because they were not parented, and they in turn struggled to be good parents. This set in motion a generational trauma (Bonner, Marbley, & Howard-Hamilton, 2011, p. 159).
Tribal College Act of 1983 TCUs gain Morrill Land Grant Status (1994)
opened door for state funding of TCUs
Goal:
preservation and respect for Native languages, cultures, etc. (American Indian Higher Education Consortium)
Good news:
graduation rates similar to rates at non-Tribal community colleges
Challenges:
funding has never equaled amount promised and is lower per student than most statefunded institutions
Educational Disparities
Only 71% of Native Americans have a high school diploma, and only 11% have a bachelors degree (National Indian Education Association & National Education Association). Native Americans have the lowest level of degree attainment of all major ethnic groups in the United States (American Indian Higher Education Consortium, Institute for Higher Education Policy ).
Lack of resources to fund building facilities, hiring educators and administrators, and providing aid to students
References
American Indian Higher Education Consortium, Institute for Higher Education Policy (n.d.). Tribal colleges: An introduction. Retrieved from http://www.aihec.org/colleges/documents/TCU_intro.pdf Ash, L. & Boyd, A. (2012, August 17). Women's colleges struggle to keep identity and enrollment. USA Today. Retrieved from http://www.usatoday.com/news/education/story/2012-08-01/womens-collegesenrollment/57103700/1 Chang, J, Sinay, L & Clarke, S. (2009, December 8). Life after the Citadel: Shannon Faulkner reflects on her historic battle with the Elite Military College. ABC News. Retrieved from http://abcnews.go.com/GMA/shannonFaulkner-reflects-citadel/story?id=9272864#.UF84nEI9Xdl Cohen, A. M., & Kisker, C. (2010). The shaping of American higher education emergence and growth of the contemporary system (2nd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Jossey-Bass.
References - Continued
Fox, M., Lowe, S. C., & McClellan, G. S. (2005). Where we have been: A history of Native American higher education. New Directions for Student Services, 2005(109), 7-15. Lippert, J. (2012). Harvesting souls. Native Peoples Magazine, 25(2), 50.
McClellan, G. S., Tippeconnic Fox, M., & Lowe, S. C. (2005). Where we have been: history of Native American higher education. New Directions For Student Services, (109), 7-15.
Mosholder, R. & Goslin, C (In press). Native American college student persistence. Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice
References - Continued
National Indian Education Association & National Education Association (n.d.). Native education 101: Basic facts about American Indian, Alaska Native, and Native Hawaiian education. (0907.82937.KC). Washington DC: NEA. Retrieved from www.niea.org/data/files/policy/nativeeducation101.pdf National Institute on Postsecondary Education, Libraries, and Lifelong Learning, Office of Educational Research and Improvement (n.d.). A closer look at women's colleges. Retrieved from http://www2.ed.gov/PDFDocs/womenscolleges.pdf Thelin, J. (2011). A history of American higher education (2nd ed.). Baltimore, MD: The John Hopkins University Press.
References - Continued
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. (n.d.). Global education digest 2010: Comparing education statistics across the world. Retrieved from http://www.uis.unesco.org/Library/Documents/GED _2010_EN.pdf United State Department of Education, Office of Elementary and Secondary Education, Office of Indian Education, &White House Initiative on Tribal Colleges and Universities. (2011). Tribal leaders speak: The state of Indian Education 2010; Report of the consultations with tribal leaders in Indian country. Retrieved from http://www2.ed.gov/about/inits/ed/indianed/consultations-report.pdf
United States Department of Education, National Center for Education Statistics. (2010). Status and trends in the education of racial and ethnic minorities (NCES 2010-015). Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Retrieved from www.NCES.ed.gov/pubs2010/2010015/index.asp
References - Continued
Womens education, womens empowerment. (2012, September 21). Womens History 2012 Gazette: A Gazette from the National Womens History Project: Retrieved from http://www.nwhp.org/final-2(2).pdf