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Calving Disorders
Early Lactation Pitfalls Everyday Problems
Calving Disorders
Dystocia Paralysis Prolapsed Uterus Retained Placenta Metritis Milk fever
Calving Disorders
Dystocia What
Difficulty with calving
When
No progress after calf in the birth canal
Why
Calf not presented properly Large calf Twins Milk fever
Calving Disorders
Dystocia Diagnosis
Vaginal Exam Must recognize proper presentations Front- 2 front legs, head Rear- 2 rear legs Spine to spine ALWAYS clean before examination
Calving Disorders
Dystocia Treatment
Assisted pulling Correct problems in presentation Consider veterinary help-especially if something feels unusual
Calving Disorders
Dystocia Prevention
Breed heifers of proper size Calving ease bulls Frequent observation- better to check cow and ask for unecessary help than have a dead cow Always check for second calf
Calving Disorders
Calving Paralysis What
Cow has nerve and muscle damage from trauma of calving
When
After calf is pulled
Why
Calf not presented properly Large calf Calving too long a time periuod
Calving Disorders
Calving Paralysis Diagnosis
History of hard calving Cow is usually alert, eating, drinking Normal temperature Be careful of more serious problems
Treatment
Tincture of time Lifting Anti-inflammatory agents
Calving Disorders
Calving Paralysis Prevention
Avoid dystocias Know when to call veterinarian Usually if hadnt made any progress in 30 minutes of assistance
Calving Disorders
Prolapsed Uterus What
Cow has pushed uterus outside bodyinside out
When
After calf is pulled out
Why
Dystocia Large calf Milk Fever
Calving Disorders
Prolapsed Uterus Diagnosis
Usually within hours after calving Uterus laying on ground behind cow
Treatment
Call veterinarian immediately Provide clean area, feedsacks, sheets to help lift uterus Antibacterials
Calving Disorders
Prolapsed Uterus Prevention
Avoid dystocias Treat milk fevers promptly
Calving Disorders
Retained Placenta What
Cow has fetal membranes still attached to uterus-partly outside the cow
When
After calving- at least 12 hours later
Why
Dystocia Milk Fever Twins
Calving Disorders
Retained Uterus Diagnosis
Cow didnt clean Wait 12 hours after calving
Treatment
Nothing - if metritis isnt present Remove suspended membranes Lutalyse- consult veterinarian
Calving Disorders
Retained Placenta Prevention
Avoid dystocias Prevent milk fever Well balanced dry cow rations ECP- consult veterinarian
Calving Disorders
Metritis What
An infection of the uterus that has actually invaded into tissue
When
Usually observed within 2 weeks after calving
Why
Dystocia Twins
Metritis
What is Normal?
43 Citations in Literature from 1979 to 1995
Lactational Incidence Rate Ranged from 2.2% to 37.3% Median LIR was 10.1%
Calving Disorders
Metritis Diagnosis
Vaginal discharge - foul smelling Cow may have fever, off feed
Treatment
More severe cases require antibacterials Lutalyse Consult veterinarian for protocol
Calving Disorders
Metritis Prevention
Avoid dystocias Prevent milk fever Well balanced dry cow rations Prevent retained placentas PHYSICAL EXAMS of cows for 7 to 10 days after calving
Calving Disorders
Milk Fever What
Hypocalcemia- low calcium in blood
When
Usually observed within 2 days after calving-can occur before calving
Why
Cows 3rd lactation or greater Rapid synthesis of milk into udder, drains calcium from blood
Milk Fever
What is Normal?
33 Citations in Literature from 1979 to 1995
Lactational Incidence Rates Ranged from 0.03% to 22.3% Median LIR was 6.5%
Calving Disorders
Milk Fever Diagnosis
No fever- or low body temperature Cow down- early may be staggering Off feed, no manure Glazed eyes, S bend in neck Be careful of other problems
Treatment
Calcium IV, subcutaneous Must be careful of overdosing
Calving Disorders
Milk Fever Prevention
Early detection while cow still standing Well balanced ration, especially before calving
When
Usually within 60 days after calving-can occur anytime
Why
Cows that go off feed Any previous health problem
LDA
What is Normal?
22 Citations in Literature from 1979 to 1995
Lactational Incidence Rate Ranged from 0.3% to 6.3% Median LIR was 1.7%
Treatment
Surgery
When
Usually within 30 days after calving
Why
Low body condition Any other cause for going off-feed
Ketosis
What is Normal?
36 Citations in Literature from 1979 to 1995
Lactational Incidence Rate Ranged from 1.3% to 18.3% Median LIR was 4.8%
Treatment Dextrose IV Propylene glycol drench Glucocorticoids Consult veterinarian for protocol
Everyday Problems
Everday Problems
Mastitis What
Infection of the udder Most likely to treat clinical mastitis Can be mild to severe
When
Usually lactating cows
Why
Poor milking technique Unclean cow housing
Clinical Mastitis
What is Normal?
62 Citations in Literature from 1979 to 1995
Lactational Incidence Rate Ranged from 1.7% to 54.6% Median LIR was 14.2%
Everyday Problems
Mastitis Diagnosis
Abnormal milk Swollen quarter Cow may be off feed, fever Off feed Treatment Consult veterinarian Antibacterials Supportive care
Everyday Problems
Mastitis Prevention
Important to keep records Culture of milk samples Proper milking technique Maintain clean, dry, comfortable cows
Everday Problems
Pneumonia What
Infection of the respiratory tract-lungs
When
Anytime Usually after new arrivals Rapid weather changes
Why
Lack of immunity (vaccination) Poor ventilation/housing
Everyday Problems
Pneumonia Diagnosis
Fever Labored breathing/sounds Depression Off feed Treatment Consult veterinarian Antibacterials Supportive care
Everyday Problems
Pneumonia Prevention
Important to keep records Vaccination program Biosecurity program Maintain well-ventilated, dry housing
Everday Problems
Lameness What
Infection or injury of feet or legs
When
Anytime
Why
Foot rot Heel warts Punctures Rumen acidosis/laminitis founder
Everyday Problems
Lameness Diagnosis
Cow with limp Standing / walking with humped back Must examine foot
Everyday Problems
Lameness Prevention
Regular foot trimming Foot baths Well designed stalls for cows Well balanced rations
Everday Problems
Enteritis What
Infection of intestinal tract Can be acute (winter dysentery) or Chronic (Johnes)
When
Anytime
Everday Problems
Enteritis Why
Feed changes Salmonella Winter dysentery Parasites (younger animals) BVD Johnes disease
Everyday Problems
Enteritis Diagnosis
Off feed Diarrhea Weight loss Blood or fecal tests Treatment Consult veterinarian-
Everyday Problems
Enteritis Prevention
Vaccination (BVD) Strict biosecurity Sanitation Clean feed handling Separatiuon of calves from cows Culling Gradual feed changes
Everday Problems
Hardware What
Foreign object (metal) in digestive tract
When
Anytime
Why
Cows swallow nails, wire Causes punctures in digestive tract Liver abcesses Heart damage
Everyday Problems
Hardware Diagnosis
Off feed Often normal to dry manure Arched back Usually no fever Diarrhea
Treatment
Consult veterinarian-antibacterials Magnet
Everyday Problems
Hardware Prevention
Careful of needles, tools, wire, nails around farm Magnets to all heifers?
Develop Standard Operating Procedures Return to Positive Energy Balance by 45 Days in Milk
"Abnormal"
1) 10 Day PP Monitoring 2) ECP Sterile Solution, 2 cc. IM 3) LUTALYSE Sterile Solution, 1 ds. (14-28 days PP)
Fever
Sick/"Off Feed"
Normal
Fever
Sick/"Off Feed"
Normal
Normal
Off-feed; no fever
No treatment
Why ?
ECP (Estradiol cypionate) -- day one
Very low dose (4mg)
Effects last 5-7 days Keeps uterus sensitive to oxytocin Improved neutrophil function ?
Why?
Temperature monitoring
GLA thermometers Early warning More effective treatment Improved Animal Welfare!
Why?
Antibiotic Treatment
Broad-spectrum systemic Fever of unknown origin Treating metritis
What Can We Give These Cows Day One to Keep Them From Becoming Toxic Metritis Day 5-10 ? Calcium ? Oxytocin ? Estrogens ? Antibiotics ?
Parasite Control
Parasite
Is an organism that makes its living at the expense of another
Parasite Control
Ectoparasites
Flies, lice, ticks
Endoparasites
Nematodes (worms) Protozoans (coccidia, cryptosporidia)
Parasite Control
Ectoparasites (Flies, lice, ticks)
Can cause loss of production More important as carriers (vectors) of disease
Pink eye, Lyme disease, blue tongue, anaplasmosis
Parasite Control
Endoparasites- Nematodes
Most critical for younger animals Have to be ingested from pasture Most infective during warm, wet weather
Can cause weight loss Control by deworming at strategic times of year- summer, fall
Parasite Control
Endoparasites- Protozoans
Most critical for younger animals Have to be ingested from contaminated feed, feeders, bedding Can cause weight loss-severe diarrhea Control by cleaning feeding equipment Coccidiostats in feed , e.g. ionophores for heifers > 3 mos of age