AN TON BC X

ThS Nguyn Th Ngc Lam

Ti:

TRANG 2

AN TON BC X

ThS Nguyn Th Ngc Lam

LI GII THIU
Chng ta bit cht phng x l mt b phn khng th tch ri ca tri t
chng ta, n tn ti cng tri t. Cc cht phng x tn ti trong t nhin, c trn
mt t, c trong khng kh v thc phm. Cht phng x tn ti dng kh trong
khng kh khi chng ta ht th. C trong c th ca chng ta bao gm c, xng v cc
m u cha cc nguyn t phng x c trong t nhin.
Con ngi vn thng phi chu s chiu x ca cc bc x t nhin t tri t,
cng nh t bn ngoi tri t. Bc x m chng ta nhn c t bn ngoi tri t
c gi l cc tia v tr hay bc x v tr. Chng ta cng b chiu bi cc bc x
nhn to. Chng hn nh tia X, cc bc x c s dng chun on bnh v iu
tr bnh ung th. Bi t cc v n th nghim ht nhn v lng nh cc cht phng
x t cc nh my in ht nhn v in than thi vo mi trng cng nh l
nhng ngun bc x chiu vo c th con ngi.
Hy cng i vo bi tiu lun ca chng ti hiu r thm v nh hng ca
tia bc x. V tr li cu hi tia bc x nh hng ln c th con ngi nh th no.

TRANG 3

AN TON BC X

ThS Nguyn Th Ngc Lam

MC LC
MC LC..................................................................................................................................4
CHNG I. CC LOI BC X............................................................................................5
CHNG II. CC NGUN CHIU X..................................................................................6
CHNG III. TC HI CA BC X ION HA LN C TH CON NGI...............17
CHNG IV. KHC PHC...................................................................................................27
CHNG V. NHNG V TAI NN NH HNG NGHIM TRNG N CON
NGI......................................................................................................................................33

TRANG 4

AN TON BC X

ThS Nguyn Th Ngc Lam

CHNG I. CC LOI BC X
Cc ngun phng x (bao gm cc ngun phng x v cc thit b bc x) pht ra
cc ht bc x nh ht anpha, beta, gamma v
neutron. Cc bc x c nhng nh hng khc
nhau khi chiu ln c th con ngi.

1. Bc X Alpha.
Bc x alpha c pht ra bi cc nguyn
t ca cc nguyn t nng nh Uran, Radi,
Radon v Plutoni. Trong khng gian, bc x
alpha khng truyn i c xa v b cn li
ton b bi mt t giy hoc bi lp mng
ngoi ca da. Tuy nhin, nu mt cht pht tia
alpha c a vo trong c th, n s pht ra
nng lng ra cc t bo xung quanh. V d
trong phi, n c th to ra liu chiu trong i
vi cc m nhy cm, m cc m ny th khng
c lp bo v bn ngoi ging nh da.

2. Bc X Beta.
Bao gm cc electron c khi lng gn
1/2000 khi lng ca mt proton hay neutron,
nh hn rt nhiu so vi cc ht alpha v n c
th xuyn su hn. Tia beta c pht ra t
mt s vt liu phng x, chng hn nh Triti,
Carbon-14, Photpho-32, v Stronti-90. Tia beta
c th b cn li bi tm kim loi, knh hay
qun o bnh thng v n c th xuyn qua c lp ngoi ca da. N c th lm tn
thng lp da bo v. Trong v tai nn nh my in ht nhn Chernobyl nm 1986,

TRANG 5

AN TON BC X

ThS Nguyn Th Ngc Lam

cc tia beta mnh lm chy da nhng ngi cu ho. Nu cc bc x beta pht ra

trong c th, n c th chiu x trong ln cc m trong .

3. Bc X Gamma.
Bc x gamma l dng nng lng sng in t. N i c khong cch ln
trong khng kh v c xuyn mnh. Tia gamma c to ra do s t phn r ca
cht phng x, chng hn nh Cobalt-60 v Xedi-137. Khi tia gamma bt u i vo
vt cht, cng ca n cng bt u gim. Trong qu trnh xuyn vo vt cht, tia
gamma va chm vi cc nguyn t. Cc va chm vi t bo ca c th s lm tn
hi cho da v cc m bn trong. Cc vt liu c nh ch, b tng l tm chn l
tng i vi tia gamma.

4. Bc X Neutron.
Ht neutron c gii phng sau phn ng phn hch ht nhn ca Uranium hoc
Plutonium, bn thn n khng phi l bc x ion ho, nhng nu va chm vi cc ht
nhn khc, n c th kch hot cc ht nhn hoc gy ra tia gamma hay cc ht in
tch th cp gin tip gy ra bc x ion ho. Neutron c sc xuyn mnh hn tia
gamma v ch c th b ngn chn li bi tng b tng dy, bi nc hoc tm chn
Paraphin. Bc x neutron ch tn ti trong l phn ng ht nhn v cc nhin liu ht
nhn.

5. Bc X Tia X.
Tia X c nhng c im tng t nh tia gamma, nhng bc x gamma c
pht ra bi ht nhn nguyn t, cn tia X do con ngi to ra trong mt ng tia X m
bn thn n khng c tnh phng x. Tia X bao gm mt hn hp ca cc bc sng
khc nhau, trong khi nng lng tia gamma c mt gi tr c nh (hoc hai) c trng
cho cc cht phng x.

CHNG II. CC NGUN CHIU X

TRANG 6

AN TON BC X

ThS Nguyn Th Ngc Lam

Ngun chiu x c chia thnh hai loi gm: chiu x t nhin v chiu x
nhn to. Ngun phng x nhn to do con ngi ch to bng cch chiu cc cht
trong cc l phn ng ht nhn hay my gia tc. Ngun phng x t nhin gm cc
cht phng x c ngun gc bn ngoi tri t nh cc tia v tr v cc cht phng x
c ngun gc t tri t nh cc cht phng x c trong t , trong kh quyn, trong
nc.

TRANG 7

AN TON BC X

ThS Nguyn Th Ngc Lam

1. Chiu X T Nhin
Bc x ion ha t cc ngun phng x t nhin chiu x ln con ngi theo hai
con ng: chiu x trong do cc nguyn t phng x c hp th vo c th qua
thc n, nc, qua ht th khng kh, chnh cc ng v phng x c trong c th
(Potassium-40, C-14, Ra-226) v chiu x ngoi bi cc nguyn t phng x c trong
t nhin nh trong t , cc bc x trong cc tia v tr xm nhp vo kh quyn tri
t.
a. Bc x v tr.
Cc bc x proton, alpha, nng lng cao ri vo kh quyn tri t t khng
gian bn ngoi gi l cc tia v tr. Tia v tr c nng lng c t hng chc mev n
1020 eV hay cao hn. Trong s cc ng v c ngun gc t tia v tr c ng gp
ng k vo liu chiu x trong, phi k n 3 H ,7 Be,14 C , v
ny th

14

24

Na . Trong s 4 ng v

C c ng gp ln hn c. Hot phng x gy bi

14

C c trong c th

ngi c nh gi vo khong 50 Bq/g, tng ng vi liu hiu dng l 12Sv/nm.

Bc x v tr c chia lm hai loi:
Bc x v tr t thin h
Chng c sinh ra t cc vt th v tr rt xa tri t, thnh phn bao gm
92,5% l cc ht proton nng lng cao v khong 7% l cc ht alpha v cc ht ion
nng hn, phn cn li l cc electron, photon, neutrino.
Bc x v tr t mt tri
Chng c sinh ra t cc v n trong mt tri v thay i theo chu k hot ng
ca mt tri. Chng tng tc vi ht nhn nguyn t khng kh v to ra nhng tia
bc x th cp bao gm electron, gamma, proton, neutron, mezon, vi nng lng
tng i thp, vo khong 400 MeV v c cng rt ln 106 107 ht/cm2.s.
Cng c nhng trng hp c bit, chng c nng lng mt vi GeV. Con ngi
ch yu b chiu x bi nhng tia bc x th cp.

TRANG 8

AN TON BC X

ThS Nguyn Th Ngc Lam

b. Cc bc x trong v tri t
Bc x t mt t
Cc nhn phng x trong v tri t gm cc h phng x Uranium, Thorium v
cc ht nhn phng x nh khc nh K 40, Rb87, chiu x ny trung bnh khong 0,45
mSv/nm, tuy nhin c th t n 1,8 mSv/nm v nhiu ni trn tri t ln ti 16
mSv/nm (bang Nimasgerais Brazil, bang Kerela n ).
Bc x t khng kh
Do kh phng x bc ln t v tri t (ch yu l kh radon). Chiu x gy nn
bi nguyn nhn ny l tng i yu, trung bnh 0,05 mSv/nm.
Radon-222 ( 222 Rn ) v cc sn phm phn r sng ngn ca n (
218

Po,214 Pb,214 Bi,214 Po ) xm nhp vo c th ngi qua ng h hp. Trong khng

kh gn mt t, lng

222

Rn thay i trong khong t 0,1 n 10 Bq/m3 (trung bnh l

3 Bq/m3). Chu k bn r ca

222

Rn l 3,8 ngy.

Bc x trong cc vt liu xy dng

l cc bc x ca Uranium, Thorium v Potassium c cha trong cc vt liu
nh: ct si, xi mng, b tng, tng kh, g, gch nung
Radon thot ra t t v cc vt liu xy dng, do lng radon trong cc
phng kn ln hn rt nhiu so vi ngoi tri.
Trn phm vi ton cu, trong quy m ca tng nc, ngi ta nghin cu xc
nh lng radon trong cc nh :
chu u trung bnh t 20 n 50 Bq/m 3; m trung bnh l 55 Bq/m3 nhng
trong khong 1-3% cc nh mt cn h ring, tc l khong hng triu nh, lng
radon ln ti 300 Bq/m3. Vit Nam, cha c y s liu thng k, tuy nhin kt
qu ca mt s nghin cu cho thy: lng radon trong nh khu vc H Ni vo
khong 30 Bq/m3, min ni thng ln hn vi ln.

TRANG 9

AN TON BC X

ThS Nguyn Th Ngc Lam

Lng radon trong nh ph thuc vo vng a l, tu thuc vo ma trong

nm v cc yu t a l, kh hu... Trong mt nh: tng thp c lng radon nhiu
hn tng cao, trong phng thong, lng radon t hn so vi trong phng kn.

Bc x t nc v thc n

Nc c cha K40 v cc nguyn t phng x khc gy chiu x ln c th trung

bnh t ti 0,25 mSv/nm.
Cc bc x t nhin ny chiu x ln c th con ngi theo hai cch: chiu x
trong do n ung, ht phi v chiu x ngoi.
Liu chiu x do bc x t nhin trung bnh ln ngi vng bnh thng
c cho trong bng.
Bng 1: Liu lng con ngi nhn do bc x t nhin
Ngun

Liu bc x t nhin trung bnh mi

ngi nhn c trong mt nm

T t
T v tr
T thc n
T khng kh

0,48 mSv
0,38 mSv
0,24 mSv
1,30 mSv

Tng cng

2,40 mSv

2. Chiu X Nhn To
a. Chiu x y t:
Trong lnh vc y t hin nay ang s dng kh ph bin cc ngun bc x
phc v vic chn on, iu tr bnh (c bit l iu tr ung th) nh my X-quang
chn on, my x tr v dc cht phng x... Tuy nhin, y cng l con dao hai
li bi nu khng c u t trang thit b iu kin an ton v kim sot cht
ch th y li l mt tc hi rt nguy him i vi nhn vin y t, ngi bnh v mi
trng.

TRANG 10

AN TON BC X

ThS Nguyn Th Ngc Lam

Trong chiu x nhn to th chiu x y hc l ngun ch yu. Trong , liu

lng ng gp ch yu l do chun on bng X-quang.

TRANG 11

AN TON BC X

ThS Nguyn Th Ngc Lam

Bng 2: Liu lng do chiu x y hc

Ngun gc
mSv/nm
X-quang v chun on
0.60
X-quang v phng x iu tr
0.03
Chun on y hc ht nhn
0.002
iu tr y hc ht nhn
<1
Hin nay, trong y t, cc ngun phng x c s dng chun on v iu tr
bnh. C th phn ngun phng x trong lnh vc y t thnh 2 loi: mt l ngun t
my X-quang, ngha l dng chm tia X c cng tng i mnh chiu nhanh
trong thi gian ngn dng trong chp hnh gip cho vic chn on bnh. Ngoi ra cn
c ngun t my pht tia X, cc ngun phng x pht ra cc chm tia tng i yu v
c chiu lin tc trong soi hnh. Ngun th hai l s dng cc ng v phng x
iu tr bnh. Ngun ny li c chia lm 2 loi: ngun kn v ngun h.
Ngun kn l cc my c s dng ng v phng x nh my x tr Cobatl, my
gia tc in t tuyn tnh to chm electron hay tia X vi nng lng 4-25MeV, dao
phu thut bng tia gamma...
Ngun h l cc cht phng x c a trc tip vo trong c th qua ng
tiu ha hoc tim chn on v cha tr bnh (hay cn gi l phng php iu tr
chiu trong) bng cch tim hoc ung. Cc ngun ny thng pht ra nng lng bc
x beta.
Bng 3: Mt s ng v phng x s dng trong y t
VPX
Bi-213 (46 m)
Co-60 (5,27 y)
Ho-166(26h), Cu-64 (13 h)
I-125 (60d)
Ir-192 (74 d), Pd-103 (17 d)
Fe-59 (46 d)
Lu-177 (6,7 d), I-131 (8 d)
P-32 (14 d), Y-90 (64 h)
Re-186 (3,8 d), Sm-153 (47 h), Sr-89
(50 d)
C-11, N-13, O-15, F-18, Cu-64 (13 h)

Pht ra bc x
Anpha
Gamma

Gamma
Beta
Beta, gamma
yu
Positron

TRANG 12

ng dng
iu tr ung th
X tr ngoi, kh trng
Chn on, iu tr
Chn on
X tr trong
Chn on
Chp nh
X tr
Gim au
Trong my pet chn on

AN TON BC X

ThS Nguyn Th Ngc Lam

Mc d, cc ngun chiu x ny c dng chn on v iu tr bnh cho

con ngi song t nhiu n vn c nhng nh hng khng tt n sc khe ca bnh
nhn v c nhng nhn vin k thut lm vic trc tip vi n.
Khi chiu mt liu bc x nht nh ln bnh nhn trong chun on hay iu tr
th t nhiu cc tia bc x y cng nh hng n cc t bo xung quanh vng chiu
thm ch mt s trng hp vng nh hng rt ln. Cc t bo khi b chiu s dn
n gim chc nng hoc c th b hoi t nh hng n sc khe ca con ngi.
Trong qu trnh iu tr bnh nhn c th xut hin mt s triu chng i km: mt
mi, thay i trn da, n mt ngon, ni ban , rng lng tc
Ngoi bnh nhn th chnh nhng nhn vin lm vic nhiu nm vi cht phng
x cng chu nhiu nh hng vi nhng triu chng nh trn, nhiu trng hp b
mc cc bnh ung th
b. Chiu x trong cng nghip
Cng ngh k thut ngy cng pht trin cng vi l nhng ng dng ca k
thut ht nhn trong cng nghip cng ngy cng a dng v ph bin. Ngi ta s
dng k thut ngun kn xy dng cc h o v t ng ha trong cc dy truyn
sn xut ca cc nh my cng nghip, chng hn:
- o mc cho cc b ng phi liu, o m v mt ca sn phm giy
trong cc nh my sn xut giy;
- o mc cht lng trong cc b ng phi liu ca nh my sn xut xi mng;
- o mc trong cc hp sn phm ca cc nh my sn xut bia v nc gii
kht;
- o dy sn phm ca cc nh my sn xut vt liu st thp;
- Cc h o phng x trong cc ging khoan ca cng nghip du kh.
Bn cnh k thut ngun kn, k thut ngun h hay ng v phng x nh du
cng c s dng ph bin. Chng hn, vic ti u ha quy trnh v thi gian pha
trn ph liu trong cc dy chuyn ca cc nh my sn xut xi mng, nh my ha
cht, v.v... Trong lnh vc khai thc du kh, k thut nh du phng x c s dng

TRANG 13

AN TON BC X

ThS Nguyn Th Ngc Lam

xc nh mt ct nc bm p trong cc ging bm p, nghin cu hin tng ngp

lt trong cc ging khai thc ca m du bch h. Hay k thut chp gamma s dng
soi hnh l ti cc sn bay.
Bng 4: Mt s ng v phng x s dng trong cng nghip
VPX

S dng trong cng nghip

H-3, Au-198, Tc-99m

Nghin cu v nc thi

C-14, Cl-36,H-3

o tui nc

Sc-40 Ag-110m, Co-60,

Nghin cu v hiu qu l cao
La-140, Sc-46, Au-198
Mn-54, Zn-65

Nghin cu v tc ng mi trng ca khai thc m

Cr-57, Ir-192, Au-198

Nghin cu xi mn b bin

Co-60

Kh trng trong y t v thc phm

Cs-137,

Gim st xi mn t, lng ng, cao mc nc trong

bnh cha

Ir-192, Yb-169, Co-60,

Chp X-quang cng nghip kim tra cc mi hn
Se-75
Pb-210

o lng tui t, ct

Ngoi cc ngun chiu x trn, ti v gn nhng trung tm ht nhn, nh my

in nguyn t, cc nhn vin v dn c sinh sng v lm vic quanh y cng chu
mt lng chiu x nht nh. Ch yu l chiu x do cc cht thi phng x c cha
nhng ng v phng x nh:...
Cc ngun phng x s dng trong cng nghip thng l nhng ngun c chu
k bn r ngn. Chng pht ra cc bc x gamma, tia X, anpha, beta, bc x neutron v
bc x cc tm. Vic b chiu x bi cc ngun bc x ny t nhiu nh hng n sc
khe ca nhng nhn vin lm vic trc tip vi n.

TRANG 14

AN TON BC X

ThS Nguyn Th Ngc Lam

c. Tro bi phng x
Do cc v n ht nhn l ch yu:
- Cc cht phn hch khng c s dng
hoc mi c to ra do tng tc vi neutron
nh Pu239 theo phn ng (n, U238).
- Cc sn phm phn hch.
- Triti trong cc ng c nhit lnh.
- Cc sn phm kch hot to nn lp v
ca ng c nh: Fe56, Zn65, Mn54, Co60, Rn102,
W185.

Hnh 2: Ngi dn Nht b bng

do bom nguyn t ca M.

- Cc sn phm kch hot to ra trong mi trng xung quanh, nht l v n xy

ra trong lng t hoc trn mt t (Si 21, Al28, Na24, Zn65, Fe55, Mn54) v C14 to nn bi
phn ng N14(n,p)C14.
Nhng tro bi ny c tung ln kh quyn trong cc v n s ri xung di
dng ht nh. Thi gian tro bi phng x lu li trong kh quyn c th ko di hng
chc nm ty thuc vo cc v n v cc iu kin phc tp ca kh tng.

Hu ht cc nguy him bc x t
cc v n ht nhn l do cc ht nhn
phng x c chu k bn r ngn bn
ngoi tc ng ln c th. Cc ht nhn
phng x ny c thi gian sng khong
vi giy n vi thng thng tp trung
tm v n vi thng lng neutron rt
ln. Chng tc ng trc tip ln c th

Hnh 3: Biu cho thy cc

vi mt liu chiu rt ln gy ra cc

ng nt biu th tng liu t bi

triu chng nh bng nng n t vong.

phng x trn b mt mt v n
ca 1 lng phn hch megaton

TRANG 15

AN TON BC X

ThS Nguyn Th Ngc Lam

Bn cnh cc nhn phng x vi thi gian sng ngn nh hng ngay lp tc ln

c th cn c cc tro bi phng x khc c thi gian sng rt lu. Chnh v vy cc
triu chng n gy ra cho con ngi khng th sm pht hin m n tch t lu dn
trong c th ph hoi cc t bo, t hnh thnh cc bnh l nghim trng. Thng
khi pht hin ra th bnh pht trin rt trm trng.
V d: Strongsi-90 c chu k bn r 28 nm, n l cht ha hc tng t nh
Canxi, chnh v th n c tch t trong xng ang pht trin. Bc x m n to ra
lu ngy tch t li c th gy ra cc khi u, bnh bch cu, v bt thng khc ca
mu; It-131 c chu k bn r l 8,1 ngy khi nut phi, n tp trung tuyn gip. Cc
bc x m n to ra c th tiu dit tt c hoc mt phn ca tuyn gip; Cesium-137
c chu k bn r 30 nm, n khng l mt mi e da ln v sinh hc nh Strontium90. Trong c th n hot ng tng t nh Kali, do n s c phn phi kh
thng nht khp c th. iu ny c th gp phn chiu x sinh dc v gy ra nhng
tn thng di truyn. Plutonium 239 c chu k bn r l 24.400 nm, n l mt ht
him khi nhn thy, ch cn ung mt lng nh khong 1 microgram Plutonium cng
gy ra nhng nguy c v sc khe nghim trng, c th hnh thnh ln cc khi
u xng v phi. Bn cnh cn rt nhiu cc nguyn t phng x khc to ra sau
cc v n v tn ti rt lu trong khi quyn, nc, t v khi bc x m chng gy ra
chiu x ln con ngi cng gy ra nhng nh hng khng nh n sc khe ca h.
M nh hng nghim trng nht n nhng c dn sng ti v gn st trung tm cc
v n.

TRANG 16

AN TON BC X

ThS Nguyn Th Ngc Lam

CHNG III. TC HI CA BC X ION HA LN C TH

CON NGI

Cc bc x ht nhn c nng lng ln gy ion ha. S ion ha nguyn t

hay phn t lm thay i tnh cht ha hc hay sinh hclm tn thng ti cc phn
t sinh hc. Tn thng gy ra bi bc x l h qu ca cc tn thng nhiu mc
lin tc din ra trong c th sng t tn thng phn t, t bo, m n tn thng
cc c quan v cc h thng ca c th. Hu qu ca cc tn thng ny lm pht sinh
nhng triu chng lm sng, c th dn n t vong. Bn cnh , trong cc t bo cn
c qu trnh phc hi tn thng. S phc hi ny cng din ra t mc phn t, t
bo, m n hi phc cc c quan v cc h thng trong c th.
Tc ng ca bc x ion ha ln c th con ngi qua hai c ch: trc tip v
gin tip.

1. C Ch Tc Dng Ca Bc X Ion Ha Ln Con Ngi

a. C ch trc tip:
C ch ny xy ra khi bc x ion ha cc phn t hu c (chnh l cc phn t
ADN trong t bo). Nhng bc x vi nng lng ln (anpha) khi i vo c th s trc
tip ph v cc t bo gy ion ha, lm t gy cc mi lin kt trong cc gen, cc
nhim sc th ca t bo, lm sai lch cu trc gen v nhim sc th, gy tn thng
n chc nng ca t bo.
b. C ch gin tip:
C ch ny xy ra khi bc x ion ha cc phn t nc, sau cc sn phm c
hi ca cc phn t nc tc dng ln cc phn t hu c. Trong c th ngi c 70%
l nc, trong t bo c khong 1,2.107 phn t nc trong mt phn t ADN, do
bc x vo s tng tc vi cc phn t nc nhiu hn cc phn t ADN. S ion ha
c th dn n s thay i phn t nc to thnh mt loi ha cht lm thay i

TRANG 17

AN TON BC X

ThS Nguyn Th Ngc Lam

nhim sc th, t lm thay i cu trc v chc nng ca t bo lm xut hin cc

triu chng lm sng: bun nn, c nhn mt, ung th sau thi gian di.
Qu trnh dn n cc tn thng do bc x c th chia theo 4 giai on:

Giai on vt l

Giai on ny ko di 10-16 giy, cc t bo hp th nng lng bc x dn n

s ion ha. Qu trnh ny c th hin qua:
Bc xH2OH2O+ + e

Giai on ha l

Giai on ny ko di 10-6 giy, cc ion H2O+ phn ly: H2O+H+ + OH cn cc

ion e- kt hp vi cc phn t H2O trung ha sau li phn ly:
e- + H2OH2O-H+OHCc sn phm ca s tng tc ln phn t nc: H +, OH-, H, OH. Trong : cc
ion H+, OH- tn ti kh lu, kh nhiu trong nc thng v khng gy ra cc phn
ng tip theo; cc gc t do H,OH c mt in t khng bt cp v c hot tnh ha
hc rt cao nn cc gc OH c th kt hp vi nhau to thnh Peroxide H2O2.

Giai on ha hc

Giai on ny ko di vi giy, trong giai on ny, cc sn phm phn ng

tng tc vi cc phn t hu c quan trng ca t bo. Cc gc t do v cc tc nhn
oxy ha c th t dnh vo phn t hoc lm t gy cc mi lin kt trong cc phn
t.

Giai on sinh hc

Giai on ny ko di t vi chc pht n vi chc nm vi cc triu chng c

th.
Nhng thay i ha hc dn n cc thay i sinh hc v n c th nh hng
n cc t bo ring l theo cc cch khc nhau:
Git cht t bo trong thi gian ngn.

TRANG 18

AN TON BC X

ThS Nguyn Th Ngc Lam

Ngn cn hoc lm chm tr s phn chia t bo.

Thay i vnh vin t bo v truyn cho t bo con chu.
nh hng ca bc x ln c th ngi chnh l gy ra nhng tn thng n
tng t bo ring l. S nh hng ny c th chia lm hai giai on:
Hiu ng Somatic (c th) xut hin do s tn thng cc t bo bnh
thng ca c th v ch nh hng ln ngi b chiu x.
Hiu ng Hereditary (di truyn) xut hin do s tn tht ca cc t bo
thuc cc c quan sinh sn, cc b phn sinh dc. S khc nhau quan
trng trong trng hp ny l ch s tn tht c th truyn cho con chu
v cc th h mai sau ca ngi b chiu x.
Cc yu t nh hng n c ch tc ng ca bc x ln c th con ngi:
Liu hp th D-nng lng bc x truyn cho c th.
Liu tng ng H-c tnh ca tng loi bc x-trng s bc x.
Liu hiu dng E-c tnh ca m hay c quan.
Cch chiu x:
Chiu liu cao 1 ln, nhiu ln.
Chiu liu thp trng din.
Chiu b phn hay ton thn.

2. Cc Tn Thng Do Bc X Ion Ha

a. Tn thng mc nhim sc th ADN

Do tc dng trc tip hay gin tip, ADN c th chu cc tn thng sau:
t mt nhnh.
t hai nhnh.

TRANG 19

AN TON BC X

ThS Nguyn Th Ngc Lam

Tn thng base .
Ni gia cc phn t trong ADN.
Ni gia ADN v protein.
Tn thng bi (Bulky Lession). Thuc loi tn thng gy t vong
(Lethal Damage). Khng sa cha c.
Nu tn thng do bc x gy nn trn ADN l ln, th c th quan st thy
nhng ri lon ca nhim sc th (Chromosome Aberration).
Ri lon nhim sc th xy ra khi mt on di ca ADN b thay i, n bao
gm: nhn i (Duplication), b ct b (Deletion), thm vo mt on gen (Inversion),
chuyn on gen sang nhim sc th khc (Translocation).
Nhng ri lon NST rt tiu biu do tc dng ca bc x l s hnh thnh NST
hai tm (Dicentric) v NST vng.

a) NST bnh thng. b) tri: t cui; phi: t mt khe. c) ri lon NST, t

ri: mt mt khong gia; phi mt cui. d) hai on ca nhnh ny b ct
v ni sang nhnh khc. e) NST b ni thnh vng. f) hai nhnh b ct ni thnh
vng. g) mt cp NST bnh thng. h) Hai NST dnh li thnh mt NST hai tm
+ hai on t hn hp. i) Hai NST trao i cc on cho nhau. T b-f: ni
NST. Trng hp h + i: gia cc NST.
TRANG 20

AN TON BC X

ThS Nguyn Th Ngc Lam

b. Tn thng mc phn t.

Phn t c th khng virut HIV

Cc tng tc ca bc x ion ha vi t chc sng cng ging nh vi mi

trng vt cht khng sng, ngha l kch thch v ion ha cc nguyn t, phn t. c
im ca cc phn t sinh hc l cc phn t ln, thng c rt nhiu mi lin kt ha
hc. Khi b chiu x, nng lng ca chm tia bc x truyn trc tip hoc gin tip
cho cc phn t sinh hc lm ph v cc mi lin kt ha hc hoc phn li cc phn t
sinh hc. Tuy nhin, cc bc x ion ha thng kh lm t ht cc mi lin kt ha
hc m thng ch lm mt thuc tnh sinh hc ca cc phn t sinh hc.
c. Tn thng mc t bo

T bo hng cu

TRANG 21

AN TON BC X

ThS Nguyn Th Ngc Lam

S thay i c tnh ca t bo c th xy ra trong nhn v nguyn sinh cht ca

chng sau khi b chiu x. Trong nhiu trng hp ngi ta thy th tch t bo tng
ln do c s hnh thnh cc khong trng trong nhn v trong nguyn sinh cht ca
chng sau chiu x. Nu b chiu x liu cao t bo c th b ph hy hon ton. Cc
tn thng phng x ln t bo c th lm cho:
T bo b cht do tn thng nng nhn v nguyn sinh cht.
T bo khng cht nhng khng phn chia c.
T bo khng phn chia c nhng nhim sc th tng ln gp i v tr
thnh t bo khng l.
T bo vn phn chia thnh hai t bo mi nhng c ri lon trong c ch di
truyn.
Khi phn t c s lng trn 100000 s c chng 10.000 lin kt ha hc. Cu
trc nh th ny lm cho cc phn t sinh hc gn ging cc tinh t nh. Qu trnh ion
ha khng nht thit lm t nhiu lin kt ha hc n mc phn hy phn t m
nhiu khi ch lm thay i phn t mc lm mt thuc tnh sinh hc ca chng. Th
d: t bo tay chn c kh nng chu ng ln nht, tri li nhng m trng thi
pht trin mnh km chu ng nht, ty xng thuc loi m ny, ty xng sn sinh
ra hng cu nn mt trong nhng triu chng u tin ca bnh phng x l hng
huyt cu b gim, cc c quan sinh dc cng thuc loi ny. Ni chung cc m ca tr
con, ngi ang pht trin th tia phng x nguy him hn i vi ngi c tui.

3. Cc hiu ng v biu hin

Ty theo loi bc x ion ha, nng lng bc x, thi gian chiu, liu chiu, i
tng b chiu m xut hin cc hiu ng khc nhau.
a. Hiu ng sm
Hiu ng sm l hiu ng xy ra sau mt khong thi gian ngn t vi gi n
mt vi tun sau khi b chiu x cp din. Cc hiu ng ny xy ra do s suy gim

TRANG 22

AN TON BC X

ThS Nguyn Th Ngc Lam

nhanh chng s lng t bo trong mt s c quan ca c th, v nhiu t bo b

hy dit hoc qu trnh phn chia t bo b hy dit hoc b cn tr hay chm li.cc
hiu ng xy ra ch yu do tn thng trn da, ty xng, b my tiu ha, c thn
kinh.
Mu v c quan to mu: sau khi b chiu x cao chng c th ngng hot ng
v s lng t bo trong mu ngoi vi gim xung nhanh chng. Cc biu hin lm
sn nh: triu chng st xut huyt, ph, thiu mu.
H tiu ha: chiu x liu cao lm tn thng nim mc ng v trng gy nh
hng n vic tit dch ca cc ng tiu ha vi cc triu chng nh a chy, st cn,
nhim c mu, gim sc khng ca c th.
Da: mt hiu ng sm xut hin trn da sau khi b chiu x liu cao l hiu ng
ban . Cc tn thng ny c th dn ti vim da, xm da,vim lot, thoi ha, hoi
t da hoc pht trin cc khi u c tnh da. Chng hn mt liu chiu 3 Gy ca tia X
nng lng thp s gy ban v nhng liu ln hn c th gy ra s bng rp, lot.
C quan sinh dc: nu chiu vi liu cao s gy nn s v sinh.
S pht trin ca phi thai: khi ngi m mang thai m b chiu x c th xut
hin nhng bt thng nh: xy thai, thai cht lu hoc sinh ra nhng a tr b d tt
bm sinh.
b. Hiu ng mun
Hiu ng mun l hiu ng xy ra sau mt thi gian di th hu qu ca s tc
hi do s chiu x mi xut hin. Hiu ng mun c chia lm hai loi: hiu ng
sinh th v hiu ng di truyn.

Hiu ng sinh th (Somatic Effects)

Gim th: liu thp mc gim th khng r rng nn cha thu c nhng
s liu thng k c ngha v gim th. Nhng r rng l c hiu ng ny.
Ung th phi: th m khai thc Uran hoc th hm l c t l ung th phi cao
do tc ng ca kh Radon v cc phng x ca n.

TRANG 23

AN TON BC X

ThS Nguyn Th Ngc Lam

Bnh mu trng: bnh mu trng cp tnh v mn tnh ty, mc liu lm tng

t sut ca bnh mu trng.
Ung th xng: ch yu gy ra do nhim bn phng x.
c nhn cu mt: nu chiu qu liu cp din v trng din u c th gy
c nhn mt, cc b phn khc ca mt cng b hi. c trng c nhn mt do bc
x l lp t bo mt pha sau ca thy tinh b tn thng to thnh vng m ngn
cn nh sng i vo mt.

Hiu ng di truyn (Genetic Effects)

Thng tin di truyn cn to ra mt c th mi v gi ng chc nng ca ni

ging c cha trong nhim sc th ca cc t bo ging (tinh trng v trng) n v
thng tin trong nhim sc th l nhng gen. Mi gen l mt t hp rt nhiu i phn
t ADN. Trong cc thng tin di truyn c m ha theo dy chui cc phn t xc
nh.

Cc thng tin di truyn b tc ng bi nhiu tc

nhn gy t bin, bc x l mt tc nhn. Chng lm t
gy cc dy gc trong phn t ADN. Khi thng tin ca t
bo ging b bin i v t bo ging c th tinh th th
h con chu ca ngi b chiu x s c khuyt tt di
truyn do t bin. t bin gen xy ra mt gen s nh
hng n mt c tnh no ca c th do gen ph Th h sau b nh hng sau
v n nh my in ht
trch.
nhn Chernobyl (1986)

t bin nhim sc th do bc x lm t gy nhim sc th. Cc mu on t

gy cha nhiu gen khng ni li vi nhau ng nh c hoc ni vi ch khc hoc
khng ni vi ch no. Khi t bo phn chia lm cho t bo con chu hoc b thiu
phn thng tin on nhim sc th b t gy khng ni li nh c hoc sai lch

TRANG 24

AN TON BC X

ThS Nguyn Th Ngc Lam

thng tin do ni sai ch hoc tha do khng ni vi ch no to ra nhng c im

t bin v cu to, hnh th.
c. Hiu ng ngu nhin v tt nhin
Vo u nhng nm 90 ICRP a ra khi nim hiu ng ngu nhin v tt
nhin phn bit cc hiu ng m mc trm trng ca chng lin quan ti liu
chiu. Trong thng bo Publication 60, ICRP gii thch rng cc hiu ng ngu nhin
l nhng hiu ng (thng l v lu di) khng c ngng r rt. Nguy c xy ra mt
hiu ng do chiu x tng ln cng vi s tng liu, nhng mc trm trng ca hiu
ng khng ph thuc vo ln ca liu. Cc hiu ng tt nhin l hiu ng c
ngng xc nh. Mc trm trng ca hiu ng ny tng ln theo s tng ca liu,
nhng nguy c xy ra hiu ng l khng tn ti di ngng v chc chn xy ra
trn ngng .
d. Cc yu t nh hng n hiu ng sinh hc ca bc x
ion ha
- Sut liu chiu:
Vi cng mt liu hp th nh nhau, thi gian chiu ko di s lm gim hiu
ng sinh hc ca bc x. Nguyn nhn ny c gii thch bng kh nng phc hi
ca c th nhng mc liu khc nhau. Vi nhng sut liu nh, tc pht trin
nhng tn thng c cn bng vi tc hi phc s gim xung mc tn
thng tng ln, hiu ng sinh hc ca bc x. Nguyn nhn ny c gii thch bng
kh nng phc hi ca c th mc liu khc nhau. Vi nhng sut liu nh, tc
pht trin nhng tn thng c cn bng vi tc hi phc ca c th. Nu tng
sut liu ln th tc hi phc s gim xung mc tn thng tng ln, hiu ng
sinh hc cng tng theo.

TRANG 25

AN TON BC X

ThS Nguyn Th Ngc Lam

Bng 5: Hiu ng sau khi chiu x ton thn

Liu
0,1 Gy

Hiu ng
Khng c du hiu tn thng trn lm sng. Tng sai lch nhim sc

th c th pht hin c.
1 Gy Xut hin bnh nhim x trong s 5-7 % c th sau chiu x.
2-3 Gy Rng lng, tc, c thy tinh th, gim bch cu, xut hin ban trn
da. Bnh nhim x gp hu ht cc i tng b chiu. T vong 1030 % s c th sau chiu x.
3-5 Gy Gim bch cu nghim trng, ban, xut huyt, nhim khun, rng lng,
6 Gy

tc. T vong 50% s c th sau chiu x.

V sinh lu di c nam v n. T vong hn 50% s c th b chiu c

khi c iu tr tt nht.
- Din tch b chiu x
Mc tn thng sau chiu x cn ph thuc rt nhiu vo din tch b chiu.
Chiu mt phn (chiu cc b) hay chiu ton thn. Liu t vong khi chiu ton thn
thp hn nhiu so vi liu chiu cc b.V d: liu 6 Gy ch lm da nu chiu cc
b, nhng l liu LD50/30 nu chiu ton thn. iu ny c th l do khi chiu x ton
thn, cc tn thng nh cc c quan khc nhau trong c th hp li v to ra cc hi
chng ca chiu x cp.

TRANG 26

AN TON BC X

ThS Nguyn Th Ngc Lam

CHNG IV. KHC PHC

1. Mc Chiu X c Php Gii Hn
Nhim v ch yu ca vic bo v chng bc x ion ha l khng s chiu x
trong v ngoi ln c th c th vt qu liu lng c php gii hn, nhm phng
nga cc bnh thn th v di truyn ca con ngi. Liu lng c php gii hn
thng c coi l mc chiu x hng nm ca mt nhn vin, khi liu lng c
tch ly u n trong vng 50 nm khng gy ra nhng bin i bt li c th pht
hin bng cc phng php hin i v tnh trng sc khe ca bn thn nhn vin b
chiu x v con chu ca ngi .
T nhng nm 30, ICRP (u ban quc t v an ton bc x) khuyn co rng
mi tip xc vi bc x vt qu gii hn phng bnh thng nn gi mc cng
thp cng tt. Khuyn co c b sung bng nhng khuyn co gii hn liu c
iu chnh hng nm, gip cng nhn lm vic trong iu kin bc x v cng
chng ni chung phng trnh qu liu. Cc gii hn khuyn co gn y nht c
a ra nm 1990. N khng l gii hn bt buc, nhng c thng qua nh l quy
tc lut php nhiu nc.
i vi cng nhn: theo khuyn co ca ICRP, th mc liu i vi cng nhn
khng nn vt qu 50 mSv/nm v liu trung bnh cho 5 nm khng c vt qu
20 mSv. Nu mt ph n mang thai lm vic trong iu kin bc x, th gii hn liu
nghim ngt hn cn c p dng l 2 mSv. Gii hn liu c chn bo m
rng, ri ro ngh nghip i vi cng nhn bc x khng cao hn ri ro ngh nghip
trong cc ngnh cng nghip khc c xem l an ton ni chung.
i vi cng chng: gii hn liu i vi cng chng ni chung thp hn i vi
cng nhn. ICRP khuyn co rng gii hn liu i vi cng chng khng nn vt
qu 1 mSv/1 nm.
i vi bnh nhn: ICRP khng c khuyn co gii hn liu i vi bnh nhn.
nhiu cuc chp X-quang, bnh nhn phi chiu liu cao hn nhiu ln so vi gii

TRANG 27

AN TON BC X

ThS Nguyn Th Ngc Lam

hn liu cho cng chng. Trong x tr, liu chiu c th tng gp hng trm ln so vi
gii hn liu i vi cng nhn. Bi v liu x c dng l xc nh bnh v
cha bnh, nn hiu qu ca iu tr c xem l cn thit hn ngay c khi phi dng
n liu cao.
V ICRP cng a ra khuyn ngh cho bit liu gii hn qua cc thi k nh
sau:

Bng 6: Gii han liu qua cc thi k ca ICRP

Nm
Cho nhn vin bc x Cho dn chng
1925
5200 mSv/nm
1934
3600 mSv/nm
1950
150 mSv/nm
15 mSv/nm
1957
50 mSv/nm
5 mSv/nm
1990
20 mSv/nm
1 mSv/nm
Nh vy, theo y ban quc t v an ton bc x, liu lng gii hn cho php
c tip nhim cc loi bc x trong mt nm l 1 mSv; iu c ngha l trong
vng mt nm, mi ngi dn bnh thng khng nn nhn mt liu lng bc x
nhn to qu 1 mSv. S d c mc gii hn cho php trn l y ban xuyn qua tnh
xc sut v a ra kt lun nh sau, nu c mt tru ngi b chiu x bi mt liu
phng x c cng 1 mSv th c 40 ngi c nguy c b ung th.
Mt khc, do cc cht phng x phn b khng ng u trong cc c quan v
m khc nhau ca ngi. Chnh v vy mc b bnh phng x ph thuc khng ch
vo liu lng do bc x m cn vo c quan ti hn, ni tch ly cht phng x nhiu
nht dn n tnh trng bnh tt ca ton c th ngi.
C th, liu lng c php trong cc c quan ti hn i vi cc i tng
khc nhau, n v mSv/ nm.

TRANG 28

AN TON BC X

ThS Nguyn Th Ngc Lam

Bng 7: LLDPGH ca s chiu trong v ngoi

Nhm c quan ti hn

Nhn vin phng x

Nhng c bit

Dn c ni chung

Ton thn,ty xng,

20

trong dn chng
5

1,7

cc tuyn sinh dc
C,m m, gan, thn,

60

lch
Xng,tuyn gip,da
Tay,chn

120
300

12
30

4
10

2. An Ton Bc X i Vi Chiu X Ngoi V Trong

Vic s dng cc ngun bc x ion ha (NBXIH) ng theo cc quy tc an ton
c th gip chng ta trnh c tc hi khng mong mun ca chng. Ngc li, vic
b qua cc quy tc an ton s dn n nhng hu qu nng n cho sc khe ca ngi
lm cng nh nhng ngi xung quanh. Mc an ton khi lm vic vi NBXIH
c xc nh bng nhng nhn t sau:

kn ca ngun:

- Khi s dng cc NBXIH kn cn thc hin cc bin php sau:

Trong chng mc c th.
t ngun cch nhn vin phc v khong cch ln nht.
Khi s dng ngun bc x cn hng n v pha khng c nhn vin lm
vic.
Khi sut liu lng vt qu mc cho php gii hn nht thit phi s dng
cc mn chn bo v.
- Khi lm vic vi cc ngun phng x h cn tr tnh cc bin php bo v trnh
s chiu ngoi v s thm nhp ca cc cht phng x vo bn trong c th, phi m
bo lng cc nuclit phng x ti ch lm vic phi l nh nht.

TRANG 29

AN TON BC X

ThS Nguyn Th Ngc Lam

Dng nng lng ca bc x ion ha

Hot tnh v chu k bn r ca cc nuclit phng x

a. An ton bc x i vi chiu x ngoi
Cc nguy c ca chiu x ngoi

Cc loi bc x nh ht alpha, beta, gamma, tia X v neutron u l cc bc x

ion ha v gy hiu ng khi chiu x ngoi. Tuy nhin mc nguy hi ca chng
khng ging nhau. Ht alpha ion ha rt mnh nhng qung ng i ngn, khong
vi cm trong khng kh v khng th xuyn qua c lp ngoi ca da nn khng c
nguy him i vi chiu x ngoi. Ht beta c kh nng xuyn su hn ht alpha, mc
xuyn su ph thuc vo nng lng ca ht. Cc ht beta c nng lng cao c th
mt vi mt trong khng kh v xuyn qua c lp ngoi da v vo su khong vi
mm. Tia gamma v tia X i xuyn su vo c th v gy nguy c chiu ngoi trm
trng . Ht neutron cng c kh nng m xuyn su v truyn nng lng ng k
cho c th, do cng rt nguy him.
Cc bin php qun l an ton bc x gim liu chiu ngoi
Khi nhn vin lm vic vi ngun bc x, m ch yu l ngun phng x kn v
my pht tia X, gim liu chiu x ngoi ti v tr ngi lm vic c th s dng ba
bin php sau:

Gim thi gian lm vic

Tng khong cch t ngi ti ngun

Tng chiu dy vt che chn bc x

Ngoi ra nhn vin khng b liu chiu cao, cn s dng c bin php hnh
chnh ln bin php k thut.
Bin php hnh chnh l xy dng cc quy trnh thao tc v ni quy lm vic.
V mt k thut, cc thit b c ngun t bn trong cn phi bn vng v mt c
hc, ha hc ly ngun phng x ra ngoi phi dng cc dng c thao tc t xa
hoc cc thit b c bit, cm dung tay cm trc tip ngun phng x. Khi dng cc

TRANG 30

AN TON BC X

ThS Nguyn Th Ngc Lam

my mc thit b vi ngun kn bn ngoi phng lm vic phi tr liu nhng bin

php nh hng tia phng x xung t hoc pha khng c ngi, ngun phng x
xa ti a ni ngi lm vic, hn ch thi gian gn ngun, dng ro chn di ng v
tng che bo v, treo bin bo nguy him bc x c th d nhn thy t xa trn 3m.
Ngoi ra cng cn dng cc thit b t ng nh dng kha t ng hn ch v ngn
chn ngi vo vng nguy him, dng thit b iu khin t xa trnh cc thao tc
trc tip, dng my t thi gian kim sot thi gian chiu x
b. An ton bc x i vi chiu x trong
Cc nguy c ca chiu x trong
Chiu x trong l chiu x ca cht phng x khi thm nhp vo c th. Ngun
chiu x trong ch yu t cc ngun phng x h hay cc cht phng x nhim x trn
b mt hay trong mi trng nc, khng kh.
Mt lng rt b cht phng x c th gy nn hiu ng chiu x trong nguy
him. Chng hn ht alpha khi chiu x trong n s lm tn thng cc c quan trong
c th do tip xc trc tip ca ngun phng x vi cc t bo v do qung chy ca
n rt ngn. Nh vy, ngun alpha truyn mt lng ln nng lng cho mt th tch
rt ln cc t bo v ph hng t chc hay cc m xung quanh ngun phng x. Ht
beta cng gy s chiu x tp trung nhng vi quy m thp hn ht alpha. Ht beta c
qung chy di hn ht alpha, do n truyn nng lng cho mt th tch ln hn v
gy hiu ng c hi thp hn ht alpha. Cc tia gamma v tia X c kh nng m
xuyn ln hn nn gy t tc hi khi chiu trong do ngun neutron c ch to c
bit, n c t kh nng thm nhp vo c th v nguy c chiu trong t.
Cc bin php qun l an ton bc x gim liu chiu trong
Nguy c chiu trong thng xy ra khi lm vic vi cht phng x h. V vy
gim liu chiu trong cn c cc bin php k thut v hnh chnh i ci cc phng
th nghim c cht phng x h.
Sau y l mt s bin php nu trong quy phm an ton bc x ion ha
TCVN 4397-87:

TRANG 31

AN TON BC X

ThS Nguyn Th Ngc Lam

Thng gi, lc sch bi kh ca c s bc x phi bo m ngn nga c s

nhim x khng kh ni lm vic v mi trng, to lung khng kh i t vng t bn
n vng c kh nng bn nhiu. Khng kh t cc hm, t bc, camera, t ht hoc
cc thit b khc trc khi thi vo khng kh phi lc sch bng cc b lc c hiu
sut cao.
Cc c s lm vic vi cht phng x h cn phi c ng cp v thot nc.
H thng thot nc c bit cn tr liu vic ty x cho nc thi c th s dng
li vo cc mc ch cng ngh. Cc thit b cha dung dch trong h thng thot nc
phng x cn lm t vt liu khng b n mn.
i vi nhn vin khi lm vic vi cht phng x h cn ch nhng quy nh
sau:

Cm n ung, ht thuc v dng m phm trong cc vng phn loi.

Tun th ni quy phng th nghim.

S dng o qun bo h, khu trang, gang tay

Kim tra mc nhim x b mt dng c v phng lm vic.

Thit b o li vo ra vng phn loi.

C cc quy nh khi vo v ra vng phn loi.

TRANG 32

AN TON BC X

ThS Nguyn Th Ngc Lam

CHNG V. NHNG V TAI NN NH HNG NGHIM

TRNG N CON NGI
1. V N Nh My in Ht Nhn Chernobyl (Ucraina)
Ngy 26/4/1986, xy ra tai nn ti t my s 4
nh my in ht nhn Chernobyl cch th Kiev
(thuc nc cng ho Ucraina thuc Lin X c)
khong 130 mt v pha bc.
Tai nn xy ra vo ngy 26 thng 04 nm 1986
vo lc 1 gi sng, nh my thuc th h th I, khng
c nh chn bo v l, nu xy ra tai nn cht phng
x lp tc pht tn ra mi trng trc tip. Nh my
xy dng phc v cho sn xut in v cng lc lm
giu nguyn liu phc v quc phng. Tai nn xy ra khi nhn vin ang thc hin
cc nhim v kim tra cc tiu chun vn hnh ca nh my. c s sai st khi thc
hin cc bc kim tra dn n phn ng ht nhn khng cn kim sot c v dn
n chy l lm cht ngi v bi phng x lm nh hng rt ln v ngi v vt
cht: 2 ngi cht ti ch v sau c 56 ngi cht do bi phng x, c khong
4.000 ngi mang bnh do nhim phng x.
Theo cc nh chc trch, c 31 ngi cht trong tai nn ny (trong , mt ngi
cht do bng khi ang dp la v mt ngi khc b mt tch) v 203 ngi nhp vin
do b nhim phng x cp tnh. Do l phn ng v khu nh b ph hng, nn cc cht
phng x bn trong l phn ng b thot ra ngoi. Ngay khi tai nn xy ra, khong
135.000 c dn trong vng bn knh 30 km t nh my phi i lnh nn.
Ngi ta nh gi lng tia phng x m nhng c dn ny phi nhn l 16.000
Sievert, nu tnh bnh qun, th mi ngi nhn l 120 mSv v cao hn khong 50 ln
so vi lng tia phng x nhn t t nhin (khong 2,4 mSv). Cht phng x vt qua

TRANG 33

AN TON BC X

ThS Nguyn Th Ngc Lam

bin gii lm nhim mt phm vi rng ln, sang cc nc chu u tip gip vi
Lin X c.
a. nh hng n con ngi.
Ngay sau v n, ngi ta lo s v tc
hi sc khe ca cht phng x It, vi chu
k bn r l 8 ngy. Hin nay th c lo ngi
v cht Stronti-90 v Xedi-137 nhim
trong t, vi chu k bn r l 30 nm.
Xedi-137 qua t thm vo cy c, su b,
cc ging nm, ln vo thc phm a
phng. Nhiu khoa hc gia tin on rng
nh hng phng x s c tc hi n nhiu
th h trong tng lai.
Vng chu nh hng phng x sau
v n Chernobyl (Ucraina)

b. Nhng c tnh thng vong

Theo bn tho bo co vn tt ca din n
Chernobyl (9/2005) do mt s c quan Lin hip quc
nh c quan nng lng nguyn t quc t (IAEA), t
chc Y t th gii (WHO), chng trnh pht trin Lin
hip quc (UNDP), cc t chc Lin hip quc khc v
cc chnh ph Belarus, Lin Bang Nga v Ukraina a
ra con s d on tng s ngi cht v v tai nn l
Nhiu tr em sinh ra b d
dng sau v n Chernobyl
(Ucraina)

4000.

Con s do WHO a ra gm 47 cng nhn cht v hi chng phng x cp

tnh l nguyn nhn trc tip ca phng x t v thm ha v 9 tr em cht v ung th

TRANG 34

AN TON BC X

ThS Nguyn Th Ngc Lam

tuyn gip, trong tng s 4.000 trng hp ung th c xy ra vi tng s 600.000

ngi b phi nhim mc cao nht. Bn bo co y v cc hiu ng vi sc
khe ngi dn ca WHO c Lin hip quc chp nhn v c xut bn thng 4
nm 2006, gm c c vic d on thm 5.000 trng hp nh hng thm t nhng
vng b nhim ti Belarus, Nga v Ukraina v cho rng, tng s 9.000 s cht v ung
th trong 6,8 triu ngi X Vit b nhim c nng nht.
Nm 2006, b y t Ukraina cho rng hn 2,4 triu ngi Ukraina, trong c
428.000 tr em, gp phi cc vn sc khe lin quan ti thm ho Chernobyl. nh
hng tm l hu thm ho, nh bn bo co nm 2006 ca Lin hip quc ch ra,
cng nh hng ti nhng ngi ri ch ni b.

2. V M nm bom nguyn t xung Hiroshima v

Nagasaki
V nm bom nguyn t Hiroshima v
Nagasaki l s kin hai qu bom nguyn t c
qun i Hoa K, theo lnh ca tng thng Harry
Struman, s dng trong chin tranh th gii ln
th hai vo nhng ngy gn cui ca nh th
chin ti Nht Bn. Ngy 6 thng 8 nm 1945,
qu bom nguyn t th nht mang tn "Little
Boy" c th xung thnh ph Hiroshima,
Nht Bn. Sau 3 hm, ngy 9 thng 8 nm
1945, qu bom th hai mang tn "Fat Man"
pht n trn bu tri thnh ph Nagasaki.

TRANG 35

V tr b th bom nguyn t
ti Nht.

AN TON BC X

ThS Nguyn Th Ngc Lam

a. Nhng c tnh thng vong

Ngi ph n ngoi tm v
n 4 Km.

Thy tinh th mt ca mt ngi n ng

sau v n (b chiu x).

C nhiu nguyn nhn khin con s chnh xc ngi thit mng khng thng
nht. Cc s liu khc nhau bi c thng k vo cc thi im khc nhau. Rt nhiu
nn nhn cht sau nhiu thng, thm ch nhiu nm bi hu qu ca phng x. Cng c
nhng p lc lm con s b phng i hoc gim thiu v l do tuyn truyn chnh tr.
Theo c tnh, 140.000 ngi dn Hiroshima cht bi v n cng nh bi hu qu
ca n. S ngi thit mng Nagasaki l 74.000.

3. Nhng V Tai Nn Mt Ngun Vit Nam

a. S c kt ngun phng x trong chp nh phng x cng
nghip ti Khnh Ho.
Din bin.
Ngy 31/10/2002 trong khu vc Cng ty TNHH Nh my Tu bin Hyundai Vinashin (HVS), tnh Khnh Ho, mt nhm 03 nhn vin chp nh phng x cng
nghip ca Cng ty TNHH Alpha trong khi tin hnh chp nh phng x cng nghip
bng thit b s dng ngun phng x gamma Ir-192, hot 42,45 Ci gp s c
kt ngun. Ca chp bt u t khong 11h30 trn sn mt gin khoan ang c ch
to ti HVS. n khong 12h55 khi chp xong phim cui, k thut vin (KTV) ph

TRANG 36

AN TON BC X

ThS Nguyn Th Ngc Lam

vic chp nh phng x cng nghip (CAPXCN) iu khin thit b a ngun tr

v cngten cha ngun th ngun b kt, khng a tr v cngten c.
Do sut liu bc x cn cao, Ngi Ph trch ATBX cho nhn vin CAPXCN v
mt KTV ph vic CAPXCN a tip ngun v cngten cha ngun, cp iu khin
ti Nh CAPXCN c nh m bo an ton. Hai nhn vin ny di chuyn c
khong 40 -50 m th pht hin tn hiu m thanh (tng ng vi mc sut liu) t my
o liu bc x gim mnh. Nhn vin CAPXCN bo cho Ngi ph trch ATBX, v
quay tr li tm ngun.
Hu qu.
7 nhn vin ca Cng ty Alpha b chiu x cao nht, bao gm c 03 chuyn gia
khc phc s c phi tip xc vi ngun khong cch nh hn 1 m. Theo nh gi
qua liu k c nhn ca Vin Nghin cu ht nhn Lt hai nhn vin Cng ty
Alpha b chiu x cao nht c mc l 131 mSv v 93 mSv. Mc liu bc x cho php
trong trng hp tham gia khc phc s c bc x l 200 mSv. Ngng liu xy ra
hiu ng tt nhin l khong 500 mSv (c nhng thay i v cng thc mu). 03
chuyn gia khc phc s c ca Cng ty Alpha nhn cc mc liu: 2,28 mSv; 1,15
mSv; v 0,98 mSv.
Tip n l 7 nhn vin ca Cng ty Alpha ngh trong cc cngten vn chuyn
kh ln dng lm vn phng cng trng (cngten vn phng) cch ngun t 1,5
4 m; 9 nhn vin ca cng ty APAVE ngh trong cc cngten vn phng cch
ngun t 4 7 m trong khong thi gian t 13h05 13h20, nu tnh n c cc s
chm tr trong thng bo v ri khi khu vc c ngun th thi gian chiu vo khong
20 pht. c tnh mc liu ti khong cch 5 m ti ngun trong 20 pht vo khong 2
- 3 mSv. Gii hn liu cho nhn vin bc x trong mt nm l 20 mSv, cho dn chng
l 1 mSv. Mt php chp X quang y t vng bng hoc khung chu c mc liu
khong 1,5 mSv.

TRANG 37

AN TON BC X

ThS Nguyn Th Ngc Lam

b. S c mt ngun phng x Cs-137 ti Cng ty c phn Xi

mng Vit Trung
Din bin.
Cng ty c phn Xi mng Vit Trung (thn C ng, x Thanh Hi, huyn
Thanh Lim, tnh H Nam) l mt n v sn xut xi mng theo cng ngh l ng,
dy chuyn sn xut ng b c nhp khu t Trung Quc. Dy chuyn sn xut
ny c s dng ngun phng x Cs-137 o mc phc v vic x t ng Clinke.
Cng ty i vo sn xut t thng 9/1999. Ngy 23/12/2003 ngun phng x ni trn
ca Cng ty b mt, cho n nay vn cha tm li c.
Ngun Cs-137 l ngun kn chng s r thot cht phng x vo mi trng.
Ngun c bo v, che chn bc x trong mt hp bo v.
n thng 5/2004 S KHCN tnh H Nam n thanh tra an ton bc x ti Cng
ty mi c bo co vic mt ngun (cch thi im mt ngun 05 thng). Sau khi b
mt ngun Cng ty ch t t chc tm kim v bo co Cng an huyn Thanh Lim,
Cng an tnh H Nam.
Khi ngun b mt, nu ngun b tho ra khi hp bo v v che chn bc x th s
gy chiu x cho nhng ngi khong cch gn ngun vi sut liu ln, nguy him
cho sc kho. Hn na, nu ngun b p v th cht phng x s tht thot vo mi
trng gy nhim bn phng x. Nu ngun b ln vo ph liu kim loi lm nguyn
liu cho cc nh my, c s luyn, nu thp, ngun s b nung chy lm l luyn thp
v lng thp sn xut ra b nhim bn phng x, gy nh hng n sc kho con
ngi. Ngun Cs-137 c chu k bn r 30 nm. Do vy, n c th tn ti trong mi
trng rt lu, lm tng cc nguy c chiu x n dn chng.

TRANG 38

AN TON BC X

ThS Nguyn Th Ngc Lam

TRANG 39