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Definitions:
Federal: The term specific learning disability means a
disorder in one or more of the basic psychological processes involved in understanding language, spoken or written. National Joint Committee on Learning Disabilities: The general term that refers to a heterogeneous group of disorders manifested by significant difficulties in the acquisition and use of learning, speaking, reading, writing, reasoning or in math.
respond to and communicate information. LDs are actually a group of disorders, not a single disorder. LDs can affect
with learning disabilities face are assumed to be the underlying causes of the following characteristics
Reading Problems Deficits in Written Language Underachievement in Math Poor Social Skills Hyperactivity Behavior Problems Low Self-Esteem
Reading Problems
Reading is by far the most common characteristics
with learning disabilities. About 80% of students with learning disabilities are referred to special education because of reading problems. The most severe reading problems of children with learning disabilities lie at the word level of processing
-Phonological awareness- knowledge that language is made up of sound. -Phonemic awareness- Knowledge that words consist of separate sounds and the ability to manipulate these sounds.
Writing Deficits
Problems writing and spelling. Difficulties planning what they are going to write. Often write what comes to their head first.
Math Underachievement
Numerical reasoning and calculation pose major
problems for many students with learning disabilities. As with reading and writing, research shows that explicit, systematic instruction of thoughtfully sequenced skills can improve math performances.
deficits in social skills. Lead to rejection, low social status, less positive interactions with teachers, difficulty making new friends, and feelings of loneliness. Sometimes caused by the students inability to perceive the nonverbal affective expressions of others.
Hyperactivity
Difficulty attending to a task.
Behavioral Problems
Higher frequency of risk-taking behaviors among
Low Self-Esteem
More likely to report lower levels of self-esteem,
mood, effort, and hope than their peers without learning disabilities. Notice what they are expected to do and what they actually can do.
sounds into words, slow rate of reading, trouble remembering after reading text
Video on Dyslexia
Dyslexia: A Hidden Disability
difficulty learning to count by 2s, 3s, 4s, poor mental math skills, problems with spatial directions
People with ADHD have trouble sitting still, lose interest quickly, and
daydream.
nearly 2.5 million students ages 6-21 received special education under the specific learning disabilities category.
Across grade levels, males with learning disabilities
disability is unknown. Just like there are many different learning disabilities there are many different causes.
Identification
One of the common forms of Identification is the
Response To Intervention.
This is a systematic prereferral and early
intervention process
It consists of universal screening and several tiers of
intensive trials of research-based interventions before referral for assessment for special education eligibility.
and growth on the CBM are well below those of their classmates.
If students are struggling during Tier I instruction
Secondary Intervention
In Tier II students who are struggling receive an
Tertiary Intervention
Tier III in most RTI models is considered to be
Special Education.
Some special educators believe that students should
receive intensive individualized intervention before the determination of special education eligibility.
Assessment
There are a variety of assessments that can be used
with students who have learning disabilities. Examples of these assessments are the following:
Standardized Intelligence and Achievement Tests Criterion-Referenced Tests Curriculum-Based Measurement Direct and Daily Measurement
score can be compared with the scores of other students who have taken the same test. Examples of these tests are as follows:
Iowa Test of Basic Skills The Peabody Individual Achievement Test The Woodcock-Johnson III Tests of Achievement Wide Range Achievement Test
Criterion-Referenced Tests
These tests are different from the Intelligence and
Achievement Tests because the students score is compared to a predetermined criterion, or mastery level. One example of a Criterion-Referenced Test is:
Curriculum-Based Measurement
is also commonly referred to as progress monitoring. this form of assessment measures the growth of
students proficiency in the core skills that contribute to success in school. (Deno, Lembke, & Anderson, n.d.) The assessment measures a childs performance over time and instructional decision making based on visual inspection of graphs of those data.
Curriculum-Based Measurement
is also commonly referred to as progress monitoring. this form of assessment measures the growth of
students proficiency in the core skills that contribute to success in school (Deno, Lembke, & Anderson, n.d.).
CBMs should be easy to administer, cost-and time-
efficient, and sensitive to small incremental changes in student performance over time.
DIEBLS
One example of a CBM measurement is the DIBELS Dynamic
Indicators
Of Basic Early Literacy Skills
DIBELS
This test consists of six individual measures and a
First Sound Fluency Letter Naming Fluency Phoneme Segmentation Fluency Nonsense Word Fluency DIBELS Oral Reading Fluency Daze Composite Score
the student must say the first sound for each word.
The benchmark for this measure is 30 or more first
list of VC and CVC nonsense words and then are asked to read the words.
This measure assesses a childs letter-sound
just read.
The number of words read correctly in 1 minute is
grade are 47, 87, and 100 words read correctly per minute.
The benchmark for the amount of retell point is 15,
Daze
In this measure students are presented with a
reading passage in it there are multiple-choice boxes that include the original word and two distractors.
The student receives 1 point for each correct word
Composite Score
The composite score for the entire assessment is a
combination of the multiple DIBELS scores and it provides the best overall estimate of a students reading proficiency.
The scores used to calculate the composite vary by
Related Services
The related services for students with learning
Speech and Language Pathology Services Occupational Therapy Physical Therapy Social Work Services in the Schools Counseling Services
placement because part of the IDEA requires that students with disabilities must be educated to the maximum extent possible. Students with disabilities can only be taken out of the general education classroom if their disability necessitates. There are many studies that show both the positives and negatives of having students with learning disabilities in the general education classroom.
Consultant Teacher
This teacher is there to provide support to the
Resource Room
Is a specially staffed and equipped classroom where
students with learning disabilities come for one or several periods during the day.
The resource teacher is certified in special education
and teach students needed academic skills, social skills, and learning strategies.
The students goes to their general education classroom
and then the students will go to the resource room for one or more periods during the day.
hierarchical, comparative, and sequential relationships. Visual displays help to instruct students with disabilities when they are learning abstract concepts. Strategic note taking is when you have special paper that has cues on it guiding the note taking process. Guided notes are teacher-prepared handouts that provide an outline of the lecture and students must fill in the outline with key facts, concepts, or relations
mnemonics.
These mnemonics can help students with learning
Materials
iPad apps for students with learning disabilities Educational Games for the computer Website with Education Material for Students with
Learning Disabilities
Post-Vocational
Many students with learning disabilities are able to
Disabilities
Learning Disabilities Association of America
Council for Learning Disabilities International Dyslexia Association
Recreational Programs/Facilities
Camp Ramapo
http://www.ramapoforchildren.org
PROJECT CHILD
Social Skills Group Special Needs Activity Center
Childrens Literature
Special People, Special Ways
Childrens Literature
A Rainbow of Friends
Childrens Literature
Dont Call Me Special
Professional Literature
Exceptional Children: An Introduction to Special
Education
The Journal of Special Education TEACHING Exceptional Children
Webliography
http://www.ncld.org/types-learning