894

Explain how the autonomic nervous system and the endocrine system interpret and respond to arousal, fear, and danger.

895

Explain, using a diagram, either the sympathetic nervous system or the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal pathway as it relates to the stress response. Describe the similarities and the differences between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder.

896

897

Imagine that a friend of yours has been a victim of sexual assault (rape). What is the short-term and long-term course of her stress response to being raped likely to be? Discuss in some detail the factors related to higher rates of posttraumatic stress disorder in some groups following the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks on New York City. Certain conditions make stress disorders more likely to occur. Briefly describe two factors from each of the following areas: biological/genetic, personality, childhood experiences, social support, and severity of the trauma that put people at greater risk for developing a stress disorder. Describe three different treatments that have been effective in treating combat veterans experiencing stress disorders. Be sure to be specific in what happens during these treatments. Imagine that there has been a dormitory fire on your campus that killed five people and injured 100 others. First, define what

898

899

900

901

debriefing is, then describe what you would do to help the victims, and lastly, discuss the research on the effectiveness of debriefing. 902 List four distinctly different psychophysiological disorders. For each, discuss in detail the interaction between psychological and physical causes. Describe any three of the following treatment techniques, and then identify the specific psychophysical disorder for which each has been found most helpful: relaxation training, biofeedback, cognitive interventions, meditation, support groups. The portion of the nervous system that is responsible for changes in response to fear and arousal is the ______. sympathetic nervous system or autonomic nervous system (True Answer ) * 905 Reactions to trauma that happen almost immediately and gradually disappear in a month or so are likely to be diagnosed as ______. acute stress disorder (True Answer ) * Reliving an event that happened months ago, avoidance of things associated with that event, and a generally reduced responsiveness, are symptoms of ______. posttraumatic stress disorder (True Answer ) * Clinicians eventually have come to realize that many soldiers also experienced serious psychological symptoms long after combat is over. The disorder that can follow combat is called ______. posttraumatic stress disorder (True Answer ) *

903

904

906

907

908

The mayor of Lockerbie, Scotland, still wakes up in a cold sweat thinking about a burning jetliner crashing into his town, although it happened decades ago. This is an example of a(n)______. posttraumatic stress disorder (True Answer ) * Forced sexual intercourse is called ______. rape, or sexual assault (True Answer ) *

909

910

A biological explanation for the stress disorders involves the activity of the neurotransmitter/hormone ______. norepinephrine (True Answer ) *

911

The aspect of the response to or recovery from posttraumatic stress disorder or acute stress disorder that involves friends and family is ______. social support (True Answer ) * The rap group was invented to treat the psychological disorder called ______. combat fatigue or posttraumatic stress disorder (True Answer ) *

912

913

A local psychologist accompanies APA and Red Cross personnel to help firefighters deal with the stress they experience shortly after a disastrous fire. The psychologist is providing ______. psychological debriefing or critical incident stress debriefing (True Answer ) * A disorder involving an apparent (but not actual) physical illness is called ______. somatoform or factitious (True Answer ) *

914

915

According to some theorists, wide-ranging stressors, chronic social circumstances, and transient stressors are types of sociocultural factors that may contribute to the development of _____ disorders. psychophysiological (True Answer ) * Lesions or holes that form in the lining of the stomach or duodenum and result in burning sensations or pain are called ______. ulcers (True Answer ) * Extremely severe and often immobilizing aches located on one side of the head, often preceded by an aura, are called ______ headaches. migraine (True Answer ) * High blood pressure is also called ______. hypertension (True Answer ) *

916

917

918

919

The personality type that is MOST likely to have heart disease is called the ______. Type A personality (True Answer ) *

920

Nadia never quits. She is always in quest of the deal. She is aggressive, hardworking, and not even a little fun loving. Her personality would be described as ______. Type A (True Answer ) * Albert is relaxed and in control. Nothing seems to faze him for long. He is about as laidback as they come. His personality would be described as ______. Type B (True Answer ) * Part of the point of the research conducted by Holmes and Rahe is that common daily adjustments can produce ______. stress (True Answer )

921

922

 * 923 People are at risk after an enormously stressful life event because of the effect of stress on the ______. immune system (True Answer ) * 924 Poor health is BEST described as a: 925 stress. Incorrect stressor. (True Answer )Correct stress response. Incorrect stress model. Incorrect

A person who copes well with a happy event in life is showing a positive: stress. Incorrect stressor. Incorrect stress response. (True Answer )Correct stress model. Incorrect

926

Having to walk the dog several times a day when it is raining is an example of a: stressor. (True Answer )Correct stress response. Incorrect stress disorder. Incorrect psychophysical disorder. Incorrect

927

Looking for rainbows while walking the dog in the rain is an example of a: stressor. Incorrect stress response. (True Answer )Correct social support system. Incorrect potential stressor. Incorrect

928

In the face of fear, a person is unable to concentrate and develops a distorted view of the world. This person is showing which of the following fear responses? physical Incorrect emotional Incorrect cognitive (True Answer )Correct The person is showing all three responses. Incorrect

929

A student who dreads being called on in class, and in fact panics at the thought of public speaking, is experiencing a(n) ______ response to stress. physical Incorrect cognitive Incorrect emotional (True Answer )Correct developmental Incorrect A student who turns pale and feels nauseated when called on to speak in class is experiencing a(n) ______ response to stress. emotional Incorrect cognitive Incorrect developmental Incorrect physical (True Answer )Correct

930

931

The statement, This is awful, but I guess I can deal with it like I do everything else, MOST impacts one's: stress. Incorrect stressor. Incorrect stress response. (True Answer )Correct somatization. Incorrect

932

What do acute and posttraumatic stress disorder have in common with dissociative disorders? They are disorders of the twentieth century; that is, they were not diagnosed before 1900. Incorrect They are most successfully treated with the same sort of medicationantipsychotics. Incorrect They are triggered by traumatic events. (True Answer )Correct They are varieties of depression Incorrect

933

The part of the body that releases hormones into the bloodstream is the ______ system. nervous Incorrect exocrine Incorrect endocrine (True Answer )Correct autonomic Incorrect

934

In response to a threat, we perspire, breathe more quickly, get goose bumps, and feel nauseated. These responses are controlled by the: somatic nervous system. Incorrect

 peripheral nervous system. Incorrect sympathetic nervous system. (True Answer )Correct parasympathetic nervous system. Incorrect 935 The gland that produces a hormone that is involved in the reaction to fearful and stressful situations is the: 936 ganglion. Incorrect adrenal gland. (True Answer )Correct hippocampus. Incorrect medulla. Incorrect

Imagine that you just had a close call while driving, but now you feel your body returning to normal. Which part of your nervous system is controlling this return to normalcy? somatic nervous system Incorrect peripheral nervous system Incorrect sympathetic nervous system Incorrect parasympathetic nervous system (True Answer )Correct The group of hormones that appear to be MOST involved in arousal and the fear reaction are the: prolactins. Incorrect corticosteroids. (True Answer )Correct adrenalaltoids. Incorrect beta-blockers. Incorrect

937

938

Which of the following accurately describes the sympathetic nervous system pathway of the stress response? The hypothalamus excites the sympathetic nervous system, which then excites body organs to release hormones that serve as neurotransmitters, causing even more arousal. (True Answer )Correct The parasympathetic nervous system excites the sympathetic nervous system, which then excites body organs to release hormones that serve as neurotransmitters, producing even more arousal. Incorrect The hypothalamus excites the parasympathetic nervous system, which then excites body organs to release hormones that serve as neurotransmitters, causing even more arousal. Incorrect The hypothalamus inhibits the sympathetic nervous system, which then inhibits body organs to release hormones that serve as neurotransmitters, causing a reduction in arousal. Incorrect

939

Norepinephrine is to ______ as corticosteroid is to ______. acute stress; posttraumatic stress Incorrect fight response; flight response Incorrect sympathetic nervous system; parasympathetic nervous system Incorrect sympathetic pathway; hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal pathway (True Answer )Correct

940

Which of the following accurately describes the hypothalamicpituitary-adrenal pathway of the stress response? The hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary to produce a stress hormone that causes the adrenal gland to release corticosteroids. (True Answer )Correct The hypothalamus produces corticosteroids, which stimulate the pituitary to produce a stress hormone that causes the adrenal gland to release adrenocorticotropic hormone. Incorrect The hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary to produce corticosteroids that cause the adrenal gland to release adrenocorticotropic hormone. Incorrect The hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary to produce a stress hormone that causes the adrenal gland to release hypothalamic hormone in a feedback loop Incorrect

941

If a deer jumps out in front of you while you are driving, which part of the stress response is active? parasympathetic nervous system Incorrect cortisol system Incorrect conservation system Incorrect sympathetic nervous system (True Answer )Correct

942

A teammate of a basketball player says, Congratulations on making those game-winning free throws. Weren't you bothered by the fans waving their arms behind the basket? The basketball player replies, Thanks. I felt a little nervous, but to tell the truth, I didn't even notice the fans. MOST likely, the player who made the foul shots has: high situational and trait anxiety. Incorrect low trait anxiety, but high situational anxiety. Incorrect high trait anxiety, but low situational anxiety. Incorrect low situational and trait anxiety (True Answer )Correct

943

I am generally a calm, relaxed person. If you are generally a tense, excitable person, we differ in: trait anxiety. (True Answer )Correct state anxiety. Incorrect situation anxiety. Incorrect content anxiety. Incorrect

944

For me, crossing a bridge is terrifying. If you hardly notice crossing a bridge, we differ in: trait anxiety. Incorrect state anxiety. Incorrect situation anxiety. Incorrect physiological anxiety. (True Answer )Correct

945

Some people are stimulated by exciting, potentially dangerous activities that terrify others. These varying reactions represent differences in: trait anxiety. Incorrect state anxiety. (True Answer )Correct neurotic anxiety. Incorrect existential anxiety. Incorrect A person who witnessed a horrible accident and then became unusually anxious and depressed for three weeks is probably experiencing: posttraumatic stress disorder. Incorrect pretraumatic stress disorder. Incorrect combat fatigue. Incorrect acute stress disorder. (True Answer )Correct Posttraumatic stress disorders: begin immediately after the stress occurs. Incorrect last between one and three weeks. Incorrect don't begin until years after the traumatic event. Incorrect last longer than a month. (True Answer )Correct

946

947

948

A pattern of anxiety, insomnia, depression, and flashbacks that begins shortly after a horrible event and persists for less than a month is called: hysteria. Incorrect acute stress disorder. (True Answer )Correct generalized anxiety disorder. Incorrect

 posttraumatic stress disorder. Incorrect 949 One distinction that DSM-5 makes between acute stress disorder and posttraumatic stress disorder is based on: how intense the anxiety-linked symptoms are. Incorrect what the cause of the anxiety-linked symptoms was. Incorrect how long the anxiety symptoms last. (True Answer )Correct what sort of treatment is contemplated for the anxiety-linked symptoms. Incorrect 950 Dorian was only 10 miles away when Mt. St. Helens exploded with one of the largest blasts in history. There was ash and lava everywhere, and he was terrified and sure he was going to die. He was terrified to the core of his being. When rescue teams found him a week later, he was cold, hungry, and scared. More than a year later he still has nightmares and wakes up in a cold sweat. This description BEST fits a(n): phobia. Incorrect acute stress disorder. Incorrect generalized anxiety disorder. Incorrect posttraumatic stress disorder. (True Answer )Correct Salina was terrified during the San Francisco earthquake of 1989 (who wouldn't be!). For a couple of weeks after, she did not sleep well or feel comfortable inside a building. However, the fears gradually diminished, disappearing within a month. Her reaction to the earthquake would MOST likely be diagnosed as a(n): panic attack. Incorrect phobic reaction. Incorrect acute stress disorder. (True Answer )Correct posttraumatic stress disorder. Incorrect Almost every night, Cara wakes up terrified and screaming for the boys to get off her. Two years later she still can't get the gang rape out of her mind. The fear, anxiety, and depression are ruining her life. This is an example of a(n): phobia. Incorrect panic reaction. Incorrect acute stress reaction. Incorrect posttraumatic stress reaction. (True Answer )Correct

951

952

953

A pattern of anxiety, insomnia, depression, and flashbacks that persists for years after a horrible event is called: hysteria. Incorrect acute stress disorder. Incorrect generalized anxiety disorder. Incorrect posttraumatic stress disorder. (True Answer )Correct

954

Which of the following is the BEST example of reduced responsiveness as it relates to posttraumatic stress disorder? feeling detached or estranged from others and loss of interest in activities (True Answer )Correct feelings of extreme guilt for surviving the traumatic event Incorrect reliving the event through daydreams and night dreams Incorrect excessive talking about the event in inappropriate settings Incorrect

955

Which of the following does NOT characterize stress disorders? recurring memories, dreams, or nightmares about the event Incorrect a compulsive need to engage in activities that remind one of the event (True Answer )Correct reduced responsiveness to the world around one Incorrect signs of increased arousal, such as poor sleep and exaggerated startle reactions Incorrect

956

Which of the following is typical of posttraumatic stress disorder? increased arousal, anxiety, and guilt (True Answer )Correct inability to remember the event that led to the stress Incorrect increased responsiveness and emotion right after the event Incorrect a tendency to want to go back to see the site of the stress Incorrect

957

A person with posttraumatic stress disorder who is upset by what she or he had to do to survive and perhaps even feels unworthy of surviving is: reexperiencing the traumatic event. Incorrect experiencing avoidance. Incorrect

 experiencing reduced responsiveness. Incorrect experiencing increased anger, anxiety, and guilt. (True Answer )Correct 958 A person with posttraumatic stress disorder who is having flashbacks is: 959 reexperiencing the traumatic event. (True Answer )Correct experiencing avoidance. Incorrect experiencing reduced responsiveness. Incorrect experiencing increased arousal, anxiety, and guilt. Incorrect

A person with posttraumatic stress disorder who refuses to talk about it is: reexperiencing the traumatic event. Incorrect experiencing avoidance. (True Answer )Correct experiencing reduced responsiveness. Incorrect experiencing increased arousal, anxiety, and guilt. Incorrect

960

A person with posttraumatic stress disorder who has symptoms of derealization is: reexperiencing the traumatic event. Incorrect experiencing avoidance. Incorrect experiencing reduced responsiveness. (True Answer )Correct experiencing increased arousal, anxiety, and guilt. Incorrect

961

Women are ______ as likely as men to develop stress disorders. just Incorrect twice (True Answer )Correct three times Incorrect four times Incorrect

962

People with low incomes are ______ as likely as people with higher incomes to experience one of the stress disorders. just Incorrect twice (True Answer )Correct three times Incorrect four times Incorrect

963

When was acute stress disorder as a result of combat (called shell shock) first recognized? after World War I (True Answer )Correct

 after World War II Incorrect after the Vietnam War Incorrect during the Iraqi War Incorrect 964 Those who are MOST likely to experience a psychological stress disorder are: 965 female, or low-income individuals. (True Answer )Correct male, or low-income individuals. Incorrect female, or high-income individuals. Incorrect male, or high-income individuals. Incorrect

Years after the U.S. Civil War was over, many veterans diagnosed with melancholia or soldier's heart still experienced vivid flashbacks of their combat experiences, as well as nightmares and guilt about what they had done. Today, their MOST likely diagnosis would be: factitious disorder, or somatoform disorder. Incorrect posttraumatic stress disorder. (True Answer )Correct acute distress disorder. Incorrect psychophysiological disorder. Incorrect Based on recent research, it can be concluded that the impact of repeated combat deployments: significantly increases one's risk of developing PTSD. (True Answer )Correct doesn't impact troops much at all. Incorrect actually decreases the risk of a soldier experiencing PTSD. Incorrect increases PTSD risk, but only by a small amount. Incorrect

966

967

A friend says, If we could just eliminate combat traumas, we could eliminate a great deal of posttraumatic stress disorder. Of the following choices, your MOST accurate answer would be: Yesin fact, combat trauma is the leading source of PTSD worldwide. Incorrect Yescombat trauma produces as many cases of PTSD worldwide as civilian trauma does. Incorrect Yesalthough civilian trauma causes many more cases of PTSD than combat trauma does. (True Answer )Correct Maybehowever, many researchers think that combat trauma is significantly overrated as a source of PTSD. Incorrect

968

Which of the following is the MOST common experience for a veteran of the Iraq/Afghanistan wars? seeing dead or gravely wounded civilians Incorrect seeing friends seriously wounded or killed (True Answer )Correct being injured or hospitalized themselves Incorrect being treated for a combat-related stress disorder Incorrect

969

How concerned should we be about victims of sexual assault and terror? Is there a very great risk that they will experience PTSD? Yes, the risk is great; over a third of sexual assault victims and about half of terror victims experience PTSD. (True Answer )Correct Yes, the risk is great; virtually everyone who experiences sexual assault or terror eventually experiences PTSD. Incorrect No, the risk isn't great; only about 10 percent of sexual assault and terror victims experience PTSD. Incorrect No, the risk isn't great; the number of people in these groups who experience PTSD is probably overestimated. Incorrect Which one of the following statements about rape is MOST accurate? Most rape victims do not know their attackers. Incorrect Most rape victims are young. (True Answer )Correct About equal numbers of men and women are raped. Incorrect About 1 in 10 women are raped in their lifetime. Incorrect

970

971

In which of the following racial groups is a woman's risk of being raped the greatest, relative to the group's percentage of the population? white Americans Incorrect African Americans (True Answer )Correct Hispanic Americans Incorrect The risk is virtually the same. Incorrect Which of the following statements about the long-term effects of rape on women is MOST accurate? Rape impacts a woman's psychological well-being but not her physical well-being. Incorrect Rape impacts a woman's psychological and physical

972

health. (True Answer )Correct For the vast majority of women, the impact of rape does not persist beyond about four months. Incorrect The greatest stress is experienced many months after the rape rather than immediately after the rape. Incorrect 973 What proportion of women are the victims of rape at some point during their lives? 974 1/2 1/4 1/6 1/8 Incorrect Incorrect (True Answer )Correct Incorrect

Surveys suggest that about what percent of female rape victims in the United States are teenagers, or younger? 20 percent Incorrect 40 percent Incorrect 60 percent Incorrect over 70 percent (True Answer )Correct

975

What percentage of rape victims qualified for the diagnosis of acute stress disorder in Rothbaum, et. al.'s (1992) study? 12 percent 43 percent 76 percent 94 percent Incorrect Incorrect Incorrect (True Answer )Correct

976

Those MOST likely to experience substantial stress symptoms after the terrorist attacks in the United States on September 11, 2001: lived near New York City. (True Answer )Correct lived near Washington, DC. Incorrect lived far away from New York City. Incorrect lived on the West Coast of the United States. Incorrect These days, many people experience disasters secondhand through the media. For example, online and TV sources recently aired graphic coverage of severe earthquakes, which killed hundreds and made thousands homeless in Turkey. Studies show that watching coverage of disasters: actually decreases the likelihood of watchers developing stress disorders (the insulation effect). Incorrect does not increase the likelihood of watchers developing stress

977

disorders. Incorrect increases the likelihood of watchers thinking they will develop stress disorders, but does not increase the likelihood of them developing stress disorders. Incorrect increases the likelihood of watchers developing stress disorders. (True Answer )Correct 978 A torture victim who is subjected to threats of death, mock executions, and degradation is experiencing what type of torture? psychological (True Answer )Correct physical Incorrect deprivation Incorrect sexual Incorrect Investigators have shown that traumatic events are related to abnormal activity of the neurotransmitter: 980 GABA. Incorrect serotonin. Incorrect epinephrine. Incorrect norepinephrine. (True Answer )Correct

979

Current research suggests that those who experience severe stress: have abnormal levels of norepinephrine and cortisol following the trauma. (True Answer )Correct are less anxious than the average person before the trauma. Incorrect were likely to be wealthy as children. Incorrect were not directly exposed to the trauma, but experienced it second-hand. Incorrect

981

A person's levels of cortisol and norepinephrine are in the normal range. MOST likely, that person is experiencing: posttraumatic stress disorder. Incorrect the flight-or-fight syndrome. Incorrect severe stress response. Incorrect no stress disorder. (True Answer )Correct

982

According to DSM-5, the most common diagnosis for those receiving outpatient therapy is: posttraumatic stress disorder. Incorrect insomnia. Incorrect

 acute stress disorder. Incorrect adjustment disorder. (True Answer )Correct 983 About 30 percent of those receiving outpatient therapy are diagnosed with an adjustment disorder. Some experts say adjustment disorders are: overdiagnosed, because they are easy to apply to many problems and are less stigmatizing than other diagnoses. (True Answer )Correct overdiagnosed, because clinicians often fail to see that what they label adjustment disorders are in fact stress disorders. Incorrect underdiagnosed, because many clinicians suspect malingering is the problem, not an adjustment disorder. Incorrect underdiagnosed, because many clinicians are unwilling to give a diagnosis when a person might not really have a disorder. Incorrect Someone you know has just been diagnosed with an adjustment disorder. You can be reasonably sure that this person's disorder is: actually within the range of normal functioning, so it is not really a DSM-5 disorder. Incorrect not normal, but less severe than acute distress disorder or posttraumatic stress disorder. (True Answer )Correct not normal, and more severe than acute distress disorder, but less severe than posttraumatic stress disorder. Incorrect not normal, and more severe than either acute distress disorder or posttraumatic stress disorder. Incorrect What do we know about the inheritance of PTSD? The tendency to develop PTSD cannot be passed on from one generation to the next. Incorrect The tendency to develop PTSD is a characteristics located on the Y chromosome. Incorrect Both men and women appear to be able to pass on their tendency to develop PTSD. Incorrect Women who have high cortisol levels tend to have children with high cortisol levels. (True Answer )Correct 986 Based on current research, what is the BEST conclusion about the cause of acute and posttraumatic stress disorders? Is nature or nurture more responsible for these disorders?

984

985

 It's probably an interaction. Both nature and nurture are important. (True Answer )Correct Stress disorders are due to situational factors, not to inheritance. Incorrect Stress disorders are inherited; situational factors have no impact. Incorrect To date, there is almost no research on this question. Incorrect 987 Based on current research, what is the relationship between personality and stress disorders? Certain personality characteristics are related to the development of stress disorders, but not to recovery from these disorders. Incorrect Personality characteristics are related to both the development of stress disorders and recovery from them. (True Answer )Correct Certain personality characteristics are related to recovery from stress disorders, but not to their development. Incorrect Personality characteristics are related to neither the development of nor recovery from stress disorders. Incorrect 988 Those people MOST likely to develop stress disorders are: anxious, and think they can control negative things that happen to them. Incorrect not anxious, and think they can control negative things that happen to them. Incorrect anxious, and think they cannot control negative things that happen to them. (True Answer )Correct not anxious, and think they cannot control negative things that happen to them. Incorrect 989 The people MOST likely to develop stress disorders lived their childhood in: well-to-do families, and had parents who divorced when the people were in their teens. Incorrect well-to-do families, and had parents who divorced when the people were younger than 10 years old. Incorrect poverty, and had parents who divorced when the people were in their teens. Incorrect poverty, and had parents who divorced when the people were younger than 10 years old. (True Answer )Correct

990

Research suggests that which of the following people would be most likely NOT to develop a stress disorder following trauma? someone who believes that events are generally under his or her control (True Answer )Correct someone who has a poor level of psychological adjustment prior to the trauma Incorrect someone who is unable to find anything positive about a horrible situation Incorrect someone who could be described as not very handy Incorrect

991

After Marie's plane crashed, her mother came to stay. Her friends visited often and went to lunch and dinner with her occasionally. This situation, which probably contributed to Marie's coping ability after the accident, relates to stress as a factor in her response to the accident. personality Incorrect social support (True Answer )Correct severity of the trauma Incorrect the nature of her childhood experiences Incorrect Kelly was in a passenger plane that had engine trouble. She watched as all four engines quit, one at a time. Then the plane exploded and she was thrown free 5,000 feet in the air. It was a miracle that she survived, although severely injured. She had landed in a thick pine forest covered with 10 feet or more of snow. When she regained consciousness several weeks later, she had a stress reaction that lasted for years, and she could never fly again. The factor that probably MOST contributed to her extreme posttraumatic stress reaction was: her personality. Incorrect her social support. Incorrect the severity of the trauma. (True Answer )Correct the nature of her childhood experiences. Incorrect Several studies have demonstrated that Hispanic American combat veterans and police officers have higher rates of PTSD than other veterans or officers. Research into the causes of this difference have MOST often focused on possible: genetic and neurotransmitter causes. Incorrect cultural belief system and social support factors. (True Answer )Correct prejudice within military and police forces. Incorrect early childhood differences in educational experiences. Incorrect

992

993

994

A friend says to you, I know someone who is a combat veteran who was just diagnosed with PTSD. Do you think therapy will help this person? Which of the following is the BEST answer you can give based on current research? Probablyabout two-thirds of those receiving therapy for PTSD eventually show improvement. (True Answer )Correct Probablyover 90 percent of those receiving therapy for PTSD eventually show improvement. Incorrect Almost certainlyabout 80 percent of those receiving therapy for PTSD show almost immediate improvement, and most of the rest show improvement within two years of starting therapy. Incorrect Yesalmost everyone receiving treatment for PTSD shows improvement within a few months. Incorrect A combat veteran receiving the best treatment for a stress disorder would be likely to experience all of the following EXCEPT: antipsychotic medication. (True Answer )Correct family therapy. Incorrect rap groups. Incorrect exposure therapy. Incorrect A combat veteran undergoing eye movement desensitization and reprocessing is experiencing: exposure therapy. (True Answer )Correct group therapy. Incorrect insight therapy. Incorrect drug therapy. Incorrect

995

996

997

A returning combat veteran with a stress disorder would MOST likely be in ______ to help change dysfunctional attitudes and styles of interpretation that resulted from the trauma. cognitive therapy (True Answer )Correct family therapy Incorrect EMDR Incorrect a rap group Incorrect The therapist wants me to imagine scenes where I was in combat and imagine them like I was there. I don't want to do that! How can this possibly help me? Which of the following is the BEST answer you can give to a combat veteran who says this? That really can't help you. The best thing to do is suppress

998

your fear, control it. Incorrect Your therapist is suggesting something called 'virtual exposure,' but no one knows if it helps. Incorrect Your therapist is suggesting an effective form of exposure called 'flooding.' (True Answer )Correct You should try drug therapy; that usually works, even without additional therapy. Incorrect 999 Combat veterans in a therapy group express a great deal of guilt and rage. MOST likely, the veterans are in a(n): 1000 desensitization and reprocessing group. Incorrect rap group. (True Answer )Correct experience writing group. Incorrect exposure group. Incorrect Ideally, critical incident stress debriefing occurs: 1001 immediately, and is long-term. Incorrect immediately, and is short-term. (True Answer )Correct after a recovery period, and is long-term. Incorrect after a recovery period, and is short-term. Incorrect

A flash flood hits a small Appalachian community. Those providing critical incident stress debriefing intervention would: provide long-term psychological therapy for flood survivors. Incorrect provide short-term counseling services. (True Answer )Correct keep their efforts separate from those of disaster relief agencies such as the Red Cross. Incorrect focus first on the high-income, resilient residents. Incorrect If someone asked you about the effectiveness of psychological debriefing following a disaster, you would be MOST correct (based on the research) in saying that: there have been no controlled research studies on the topic of debriefing. Incorrect there is little evidence that debriefing works. (True Answer )Correct there is strong, convincing evidence that debriefing works well. Incorrect there is evidence that debriefing works only if conducted by community members themselves. Incorrect

1002

1003

The MOST accurate of the following statements about the effectiveness of psychological debriefing in the aftermath of a disaster (based on research studies) is: Debriefing helps both rescuers and victims. Incorrect Debriefing by victims is more effective than debriefing by professionals. Incorrect Debriefing doesn't work too well; it might even make victims worse. (True Answer )Correct Debriefing is so ineffective that it is no longer done. Incorrect Disorders that are thought to have both biological and psychosocial causes are: factitious. Incorrect somatoform. Incorrect psychogenic. Incorrect psychological disorders affecting medical conditions. (True Answer )Correct

1004

1005

Ren Descartes' mind-body dualism is: inconsistent with modern views of the relationship between the mind and bodily illnesses. (True Answer )Correct supported in diagnoses such as factitious and somatoform disorders. Incorrect reflected in current research on the psychophysical disorders. Incorrect supported by the idea that one's emotions can have an impact on physical health. Incorrect

1006

If a physician believes that a patient's disorder is due to hidden needs, repression, or reinforcement, then the patient may receive a diagnosis of: malingering. Incorrect factitious disorder. (True Answer )Correct psychosomatic disorder. Incorrect psychophysiological disorder. Incorrect A woman complains of an assortment of physiological ailments. You think that she is intentionally producing the physical symptoms in order to gain attention. You also think that the ailment fills some psychological need. You would diagnose:

1007

 1008

factitious disorder. (True Answer )Correct conversion disorder. Incorrect generalized anxiety disorder. Incorrect psychophysical disorder. Incorrect

An example of evidence for psychophysiological disorders is that: ulcers, asthma, insomnia, and chronic headaches probably have physical and psychological causes. (True Answer )Correct disorders such as bacterial and viral infections have only physical causes. Incorrect disorders such as hypertension and coronary heart disease have only psychosocial causes. Incorrect cancer has been found to have a significant psychological cause. Incorrect

1009

Surveys show that people are LEAST likely to do which of the following in order to relieve stress? drink alcoholic beverages (True Answer )Correct talk to someone Incorrect exercise Incorrect pray or meditate Incorrect

1010

If you are similar to most other people, which of the following are you MOST likely to do to relieve stress? drink alcohol Incorrect exercise Incorrect use a cell phone to call, text, etc. Incorrect watch TV, read, or listen to music (True Answer )Correct

1011

All of the following are considered traditional psychophysiological disorders EXCEPT: asthma. Incorrect insomnia. Incorrect cancer. (True Answer )Correct chronic headaches. Incorrect

1012

The MOST common of the following psychophysiological disorders is: ulcers. Incorrect chronic headaches. Incorrect

 asthma. Incorrect hypertension. (True Answer )Correct 1013 Which of the following BEST illustrates the interaction of psychosocial and physical factors in the development of a medical condition? ulcers caused by H. pylori bacteria. Incorrect asthma caused by a weakened respiratory system and allergies. Incorrect hypertension caused by obesity and constant stress. (True Answer )Correct chronic headaches caused by feelings of depression and anxiety. Incorrect About what proportion of the U.S. population experiences insomnia in a given year? 1015 1/2 Incorrect 1/4 (True Answer )Correct 1/5 Incorrect 1/10 Incorrect

1014

A person feels well rested during the day, does not have burning sensations in the stomach, and appears to have normal breathing function. If you are told this person has a psychophysiological disorder, your BEST guess about what the disorder is would be: insomnia. Incorrect asthma. Incorrect ulcers. Incorrect hypertension. (True Answer )Correct If your parent has just been diagnosed with essential hypertension, you know that the physician thinks your parent's hypertension: is caused by purely physical factors. Incorrect has both physical and psychological causes. (True Answer )Correct is caused by purely psychological factors. Incorrect is likely to lead to other disorders such as diabetes and ulcers. Incorrect A graph that shows a spike in deaths due to heart attacks on the day in which a community experienced a significant disaster demonstrates that: the disaster caused the heart attacks. Incorrect

1016

1017

 the community was an unhealthy place to live prior to the disaster. Incorrect medical care is not adequate in times of disaster. Incorrect stress plays an important role in coronary heart disease and death. (True Answer )Correct 1018 Obesity and lack of exercise have been linked MOST closely to which of the following psychophysiological disorders? 1019 coronary heart disease (True Answer )Correct ulcers Incorrect muscle contraction headaches Incorrect hypertension Incorrect

A friend of yours has been diagnosed as having a high risk for coronary heart disease. His high risk is MOST likely due to: an interaction of psychosocial and physiological factors. (True Answer )Correct psychosocial factors alone. Incorrect physiological factors alone. Incorrect psychoneuroimmunological factors alone. Incorrect

1020

A friend of yours has just been diagnosed with a dyssomnia. Your friend's particular diagnosis could be any of the following EXCEPT: narcolepsy. Incorrect nightmare disorder. (True Answer )Correct insomnia. Incorrect sleep apnea. Incorrect A person diagnosed with sleep apnea is MOST likely to be someone who: snores, and is significantly underweight. Incorrect does not snore, and is significantly underweight. Incorrect snores, and is overweight. (True Answer )Correct does not snore, and is overweight. Incorrect

1021

1022

Narcolepsy is a: psychological disorder often triggered by biological factors. Incorrect psychological disorder often triggered by strong emotions. Incorrect biological disorder often triggered by biological

factors. Incorrect biological disorder often triggered by strong emotions. (True Answer )Correct 1023 Of the following, the individual with the MOST risk of developing heart disease is: 1024 Type A, with little concern about time. Incorrect Type B, with little concern about time. Incorrect Type A, hostile. (True Answer )Correct Type B, hostile. Incorrect

A person who has difficulty expressing unpleasant emotions such as anger or hostility is displaying a ______ and is at greater risk for heart disease/asthma. sociocultural stressor Incorrect type A personality Incorrect type B personality Incorrect repressive coping style (True Answer )Correct People who are consistently angry, impatient, competitive, driven, and ambitious are displaying a ______ and are at greater risk for heart disease. sociocultural stressor Incorrect type A personality (True Answer )Correct type B personality Incorrect repressive coping style Incorrect Which of the following aspects of Type A personality make a person MOST vulnerable to heart disease? hostility and time urgency (True Answer )Correct ambition and competition Incorrect impatience and anger Incorrect cynicism and tension Incorrect

1025

1026

1027

Researchers have found at least a small link between Type A personality and: lack of aggressiveness. Incorrect somatoform disorder. Incorrect coronary heart disease. (True Answer )Correct generalized anxiety disorder. Incorrect

1028

Hypertension is more common among African Americans than among white Americans. Psychosocial stressors that can explain this difference include all of the following EXCEPT:

 evolutionary factors, making African Americans more susceptible to hypertension. (True Answer )Correct higher rates of poverty among African Americans. Incorrect higher levels of crime in African American communities. Incorrect racial discrimination. Incorrect 1029 Hypertension is more common among African Americans than among white Americans. If someone believes this is because African Americans are more likely to live in dangerous areas, work at unsatisfying jobs, and suffer discrimination, one is emphasizing the role of ______ factors in the development of the disorder. sociocultural (True Answer )Correct psychological Incorrect biological Incorrect interactive Incorrect Compared to white Americans and African Americans, Hispanic Americans have: lower rates of high blood pressure and lower rates of high cholesterol. (True Answer )Correct lower rates of high blood pressure and higher rates of high cholesterol. Incorrect higher rates of high blood pressure and lower rates of high cholesterol. Incorrect higher rates of high blood pressure and higher rates of high cholesterol. Incorrect 1031 Recent research shows that high levels of anxiety and other emotional problems among those living in poverty may be caused by: psychological factors such as Type A behavior patterns. Incorrect dietary deficiencies. Incorrect physiological changes resulting from stress. (True Answer )Correct sleep deprivation. Incorrect If someone were to correlate scores on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale with the numbers of physical (health) complaints, one would MOST likely find: a significant positive correlation. (True Answer )Correct a significant negative correlation. Incorrect

1030

1032

 no correlation. Incorrect the most illness for people experiencing very low and very high stress. Incorrect 1033 Of the following, the MOST serious limitation of the Social Readjustment Rating Scale is that it: does not show a significant predictable relationship with physical illness. Incorrect has not been revised and is thus outdated. Incorrect does not take into account the stresses of diverse populations. (True Answer )Correct was normed only on college students. Incorrect 1034 Research using the Social Readjustment Rating Scale indicates that: low but not high levels of stress are associated with physical illness. Incorrect the greater the life stress, the greater the chance of illness. (True Answer )Correct physical but not psychological stressors are related to illness. Incorrect serious illnesses like cancer are related to stress. Incorrect 1035 African Americans rate all of the following more stressful than white Americans do, EXCEPT for: 1036 major personal injury or illness. Incorrect major change in work responsibilities. Incorrect death of a spouse. (True Answer )Correct major change in living conditions. Incorrect

If you were working in the field of psychoneuroimmunology, you would be studying: the relationship between brain functioning and illness. Incorrect the links between stress and illness. (True Answer )Correct the correlation between immune functioning and health. Incorrect the development of the neurological system when one is ill. Incorrect

1037

Which of the following would you NOT find on the Social Readjustment Rating Scale? death of spouse Incorrect

 jail term Incorrect pregnancy Incorrect exercise (True Answer )Correct 1038 Which of the following people is experiencing the MOST stress as measured by the Social Readjustment Rating Scale? 1039 one who has just won the lottery Incorrect one whose spouse has just died (True Answer )Correct one who has just retired Incorrect one whose child is seriously ill Incorrect

Foreign invaders of the body that stimulate a response from the immune system are called: antigens. (True Answer )Correct lymphocytes. Incorrect killer T-cells. Incorrect helper T-cells. Incorrect

1040

The generic term for the white blood cells that react to foreign invaders in the body is: antigens. Incorrect lymphocytes. (True Answer )Correct killer T-cells. Incorrect helper T-cells. Incorrect

1041

Recent research suggests that stress interferes with human immune system functioning by: slowing lymphocyte reproduction. (True Answer )Correct reducing lymphocyte effectiveness against antigens. Incorrect triggering the production of immune cells. Incorrect destroying antigens. Incorrect

1042

The white blood cells that destroy infected body cells are called: B-cells. Incorrect antigens. Incorrect natural killer T-cells. (True Answer )Correct helper T-cells. Incorrect

1043

The reduction in activity of the immune system when a person is under stress is related to the activity of the

neurotransmitter: 1044 GABA. Incorrect dopamine. Incorrect acetylcholine. Incorrect norepinephrine. (True Answer )Correct

The effect of norepinephrine and corticosteroids on a body experiencing stress is: to keep the body's immune system functioning at a high level throughout the stress. Incorrect to keep the body's immune system functioning at a low level throughout the stress. Incorrect initially to stimulate the immune system, then to inhibit it. (True Answer )Correct initially to inhibit the immune system, then to stimulate it. Incorrect

1045

If you have a high level of cytokines, we know that: you have developed antibodies to protect you from infection. Incorrect you are at greater risk for heart disease, stroke, and other illnesses. (True Answer )Correct your liver is not producing bile. Incorrect your immune system is unusually healthy. Incorrect

1046

A friend says, I feel like I'm stressed out and sick all the time. What kind of person is least likely to have an immune system messed up like mine? Your BEST answer is: an optimist who is highly spiritual (True Answer )Correct an optimist who is not highly spiritual Incorrect a pessimist who is highly spiritual Incorrect a pessimist who is not highly spiritual Incorrect Based on the research to date, a cancer patient has the BEST shot at overcoming the disease by: trying to remain cool, calm, and collected, and not getting angry about having cancer. Incorrect letting control of medical treatment rest solely in the hands of those who are most knowledgeable about the disease. Incorrect accepting that his or her thoughts about the disease don't

1047

matter, since only medical procedures have a bearing on cancer recovery. Incorrect raging against the unfairness of this happening in the first place. (True Answer )Correct 1048 Which of the following is BEST supported by current research? Angry cancer patients have worse outcomes than those who do not express anger. Incorrect No studies show any relationship between personality characteristics and cancer outcome. Incorrect Social support seems to aid recovery in cancer patients. (True Answer )Correct The chief cause of cancer is uncontrolled stress. Incorrect 1049 If a friend of yours was suffering from hypertension, the BEST advice you could give from the following alternatives is to: combine relaxation training with biofeedback. Incorrect combine biofeedback with medication. Incorrect combine meditation with biofeedback. Incorrect combine medication with relaxation training. (True Answer )Correct Relaxation training, biofeedback, meditation, and hypnosis all illustrate the use of: psychological treatments for physical illnesses. (True Answer )Correct physical treatments for psychological illnesses. Incorrect combinations of physical and psychological treatments. Incorrect insight and social support therapies. Incorrect 1051 Maureen is learning to warm her hands. She looks at a dial that reflects the output from a heat-sensitive device on her fingers. She simply tries to make the dial go up. This is a form of: meditation. Incorrect relaxation training. Incorrect biofeedback training. (True Answer )Correct cognitive intervention. Incorrect A patient who treats severe pain by meditating, paying attention to her thoughts and sensations, but remaining

1050

1052

nonjudgmental is engaging in: 1053 biofeedback. Incorrect cognitive therapy. Incorrect hypnosis. Incorrect mindfulness meditation. (True Answer )Correct

According to your text, meditation, hypnosis, and cognitive interventions are all useful in: treating infection. Incorrect controlling pain. (True Answer )Correct treating asthma. Incorrect reducing mindfulness. Incorrect

1054

People who are coping with severe pain by telling themselves that they can get through it by focusing on the end of the pain, and by remembering that they have gotten through it before, are MOST likely to have received which of the following therapies? insight therapy Incorrect cognitive intervention (True Answer )Correct behavioral medicine Incorrect psychotropic medication Incorrect One study showed that playing with a Game Boy prior to surgery was ______ in relaxing young patients. less effective than holding their parents' hands Incorrect more effective than antianxiety drugs (True Answer )Correct effective in girls but not boys Incorrect not effective at all Incorrect

1055

1056

A friend says, I'm going to get some therapy to help reduce my headaches. What do you suggest? Based on current research on the effectiveness of treatments for stress-related physical disorders, your BEST answer would be: Forget it; only the passage of time is really very helpful. Incorrect Just take your medicine; drugs alone work as well as anything. Incorrect Try any of the psychotherapies like relaxation training or support groups; you don't need drugs. Incorrect A combination of psychotherapy and drug therapy works

better than any therapy by itself. (True Answer )Correct 1057 Which of the following BEST sums up the author's views of the latest trends in understanding stress disorders? We tend to underestimate the significance of psychological factors in physical illness. Incorrect There are too few creative prevention programs being developed. Incorrect The line between enlightenment and overenthusiasm is often thin. (True Answer )Correct Psychoneuroimmunology is a thing of the past and not likely to be used much in the future. Incorrect