Appendix B Analysis formulae (1/8)

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APPENDIX B ANALYSIS FORMULAE
B.1 Elastic bending formulae
Bending about a principle axis:

E
I
M
y
= = ; curvature-change
0
1 1
R R
=
In general, bending moment is section modulus Z times maximum bending stress.
Longitudinal shear force S on material of area A
s
, due to transverse shear force F on the
beam.

= =
S
A
S
I
y A F
dA y
I
F
S per unit length of beam.
B.2 Elastic torsion formulae
Round shafts:

G
J
T
r
= = where is the angle of twist per unit length
and

= dA r J
2
is the polar moment of area.
Circular area, radius R:
2
4
R
J

=
Thin circular tube, radius R thickness t: t R J
3
2 =
Thin walled tube of arbitrary cross-section:

t A
T
e
2
= :

=
t
ds
A
G T
e
2
4
where A
e
is the enclosed area to mid thickness, t is
the wall thickness. and s is the distance round the
permiter.
Appendix B Analysis formulae (2/8)
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B.3 Taut wires, cables or chains
Uniformly loaded cables with horizontal chords
s = span length
f = cable sag
n = f/s = sag ratio
L = length of cable curve
L
s
= cable elongation due to axial stress
L
t
= cable elongation due to
temperature change, t
A = area of cable
E = modulus of elasticity of cable
= thermal coefficient of linear expansion
t = temperature change in F
p = load per unit length
Uniformly loaded cables Triangular loading on cables
With inclined chords with horizontal chords
B.4 Vibration
Typically for most structures Where: f is in cycles per second
y is the static deflection in mm

Simply supported
Mass concentrated in centre
Simply Supported
Mass and stiffness distributed
Cantilever
Mass concentrated at end
Cantilever
Mass and stiffness distributed
( )

+ =
+
+ + =
+ =
=
=
2
2
4 2
2
2
2
2
3
8
1
3
16
1
5
32
3
8
1
16 1
8
4
n ts tL L . f
n
AE
Hs
L . e
... n n s L . d
n H
max
T . c
f
ps
H . b
x sx
s
f
y . a
t
s
( )
2
.
sec
sec 3
8
1 .
sec
sec 3
16
1 .
sec
sec 3
8
1 .
4 1 .
8 / .
4
.
4
2
4
2
4
2
2
max
2
2
2
ps
s
Hh
V g
n
ts L f
n
AE
Hs
L e
n
s L d
n
s
h
H T c
f ps H b
x sx
s
f
y a
s
t
s
+ =

+ + =
=
=

+ + =
+ =
=

=
2
2
4 2
2
max
2
3
3
5
18
1 .
5
36
1 .
... 18
5
18
1 .
36 1 .
24 / .
8 1 .
n ts L f
n
AE
Hs
L e
n n s L d
n T c
f ps H b
s
x
f y a
t
s

y
f
18
=
y
f
8 . 15
=
y
f
18
=
y
f
8 . 15
=
y
f
7 . 19
=
Appendix B Analysis formulae (3/8)
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B.5 Design formulae for beams - cantilever
Appendix B Analysis formulae (4/8)
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B.6 Design formulae for beams - fixed both ends
Appendix B Analysis formulae (5/8)
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B.7 Design formulae for beams - simply supported
Appendix B Analysis formulae (6/8)
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[B.7 Design formulae for beams - simply supported (cont..)]
Appendix B Analysis formulae (7/8)
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B.8 Design formulae for beams - propped cantilever
Appendix B Analysis formulae (8/8)
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Ver 3.0 / Aug 98
[B.8 Design formulae for beams - propped cantilever (cont..)]