1. Finding Height Of Tide At Time Between High And Low Water
The table is based on assumption of a simple harmonic type for the tidal curve. This table will not be reliable for the places where the tide is diurnal or the shallow water effect is considerable. Finding the height of the tide at specified interval before and after the time of low water, by adding a correction to its predicted height at low water. Can be used for finding the height of the tide at a specified interval before or after the time of high water, by subtracting a correction from its predicted height at high water.
2. Conversion Table From Metres To Feet
3. The Depths on River Bars In Sarawak The tide predictions include the effects of normal variations in mean level. The depth of the bar below chart datum is almost impossible to predict and to give general warnings of such changes in time.
4. The Lists of Standard Port
Hourly Height Prediction Daily Prediction Pulau Lakei Kuala Mukah Pelabuhan Bintulu Miri Kuala Baram Victoria Harbor, Labuan Kuala Lundu Kuala Santubong Pulau Lakei Pending Sri Aman Kanowit National Hydrographic Centre, Royal Malaysian Navy 2
Muara Harbor, Brunei Kota Kinabalu Sibu Leba An Sarikei Tangjung Manis Kuala Paloh Muara Kut Kuala Igan Kuala Mukah Kuala Balingan Kuala Tatau Pelabuhan Bintulu Miri Kuala Baram Kuala Limbang Kuala Lawas Victoria Harbor, Labuan Muara Harbor, Brunei Kota Kinabalu Kadat Sandakan Lahad Datu Semporna Tawau
Figure 1: Location of The Standart Port
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5. Chart Datum At Standart Ports Gives information about the height of each port from Beach Mark (BM).
6. Predictions Hourly Height High And Low Water Example of predictions table
7. Extra Tides Give information about the tides in Sri Aman, Sarawak from January to August 2007.
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8. Time Differences For High And Low Water Give approximate times of high and low water at the Secondary Port. The variation is relatively small mean time differences are given, under the heading M.H.W and M.L.W. The high water as H.H.W and low water as L.L.W.
9. Tidal Levels At Standart Ports Shows the simplified formulae of tidal level used for semi-diurnal ports which are Mean High Water Spring (MHWS), Mean High Water Neap (MHWN), Mean Low Water Spring (MLWN), and Mean Low Water Spring (MLWS). Shows the simplified formulae of tidal used for diurnal ports which are Mean Higher High Water (MHHW), Mean Lower High Water (MLHW), Mean Higher Low Water (MHLW), and Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW).
10. Instruction for Use of Tables At Standart Ports Give the explanation for the prediction of times of high or low water at Secondary Ports. Average levels at Springs or Neaps or at Higher High Water.
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1. Introduction The tide table is made annually. Tidal predictions are prepared for 22 tide stations using 60 tidal constituents. The datum level that has been used for tidal predictions is the Indian Spring Low Water (ISLW). Provided the information on each Tide Station which are : - Harmonic Constant
Department of Survey and Mapping Malaysia 6
- Table of Hourly Height
- Table of Times and Height of High and Low Water
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- Tidal Marigram
2. The Explanation About The Content of Tide Tables The Malaysian Standard Time used for prediction is 8 hours east of Greenwich. All heights are in centimeters (cm) above Datum Level. The explanation about the meaning of Sping Rise, Neap Rise, Spring Range, Tropic Rise, Equatorial Rise, Tropic Range and Mean High Water Interval.
3. The Tide Stations Give the position of tide station in Latitude and Longitude. Datum Level. Type of Tide. Standard deviation of predicted time and predicted height. 8
Figure 2: Location of Tide Station
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1. Table Conversion from Metres to Feet.
2. Introduction Published by Sarawak Marine Department. Datum for all predictions is Chart Datum Accuracy of Prediction - Used the tidal constituents. - Basically the observations should be 18.6 years or more. - The user of these tables should use more caution with the predictions based less than one years observation. Mean Level - Observed levels at coastal ports can vary by 0.2 metres from the predicted values for a month or more.
3. Predicted Ports
Sarawak Sabah Sematan Pasar Luncu Kuala Santubong Pending Muara Tebas Pulau Lakei Sri Aman Kuala Rajang Tanjung Manis Sarikei Bintangor Kota Kinabalu Kudat Sandakan Lahad Datu Tawau
Marine Department, Sarawak 10
Figure 3: The Standart Ports
4. Chart and Tidal Datums at Predicted Ports. Gives information about the height of each port from Beach Mark (BM). Leba AN (Tanjung Ensurai) Sibu Kanowit Kuala Paloh Kuala Igan Kuala Mukah Kuala Balingian Kuala Tatau Kuala Kemena Bintulu Port Miri Kuala Baram Miri Port Kuala Limbang Kuala Lawas Labuan
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5. Tidal Levels at Standard Ports. Shows the height of water for Lowest Astronomical Tide (LAT), Mean Lower Water (MLM), Mean Higher Low Water (MHLW), Mean Sea Level (MSL), Mean Lower Height Water (MLHW), Mean Higher Height Water (MHHW), and Highest Astronomical Tide (HAT) for each port. Also show the period and year for observation.
6. Predictions by Ports. Give the information for tide station which are: Position of the station: Latitude and Longitude. Height in Metres. Hourly Heights Prediction - This tide table shows the level of the tides for every hour in one day and every month in that year. - From that, it shows the movement of the tide. Times and Heights of High and Low Water. - Only show the time and height of high and low water for every tidal station during that year.
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7. Tidal Level at Standard and Secondary Ports. Example of tidal level
8. Hydrography Note and Hydrography Note for Port Information.
9. Speed-Time- Distance Table
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1. Introduction These tables provide daily predictions of the times and heights of tide at major ports, naval bases and fishing harbor within Sultanate of Oman. Predictions are derived using up to 64 tidal constituents. All heights are shown in meters (m) and decimeters (dm) above local Chart Datum. Times are referred to local time is GMT +4 hours. Chart Datum at each site is fixed. Distance Table in Nautical Mile.
2. The description of tides Nature of the tide in Sultanate Oman - The nature of the tide in Oman is best treated as being diurnal in nature. - Predictions are derived from up to 64 harmonic constants. Tidal range and shallow water effects - The predicted ranges from Lowest to Highest Astronomical Tide vary from 2 meters in the south and 3.5 meters in the north. Seasonal changes in Mean Sea Level Meteorological effects on Tidal Levels Tidal Datum and Reference Benchmarks - Vertical datum for all tides is Chart Datum (Lowest Astronomical Tide) - Chart Datum has been established at over 40 sites along Omans Coast. Permanent Tidal Station and the National Hydrographic Datum (Wudam)
Royal Navy Oman 14
Classification of Standard, Secondary and Minor Tidal Station
Standard Stations Secondary Stations Minor Stations
Port of Salalah Masirah Qalhat LNG Terminal Port Sultan Qaboos SBSNB Wudam Port Sohar Port Khasab
Dhalkut Marbat Al Hallaniyah Lakbi Ras Madrakah Ad Duqm Al Ashkharah Sur Qurrayat Bandar al Khayran Sidab Khawr Muscat Mina al Fahl Shinas Daba al Bayah Lima Khawr al Quway Bukha
Ash Shuwaymiyah Sarab Mahawt Rounders Bay Khawr al Hajar Barr AL Mukalla Ras ash Shajar Bimmah Dibab Daghmar Bandar Jissah Marsa al Murjan Bait al Barakah As Suwadi Al Khaburah Saham Ras Dillah Khawr Habalayn Didamar Khawr ash Shamm
Secondary ports - Hourly height only - Minor station : to apply Mean Higher High Water (MHHW), Mean Lower High Water (MLHW), Mean Higher Low Water (MHLW) and Mean Lower Low Water (MLLW). New and Full Moon Prediction of Tides between existing Tidal Station
3. The description of Tidal Streams and Currrents Tidal flow is generally less than 1 knot. Tidal streams are more dominant. 15
4. Mean Ranges and Height and Time Differences The information for every Reference Ports. All heights in meters.
5. Principal Tidal Constituents Harmonic constants can be used in tidal prediction. Seasonal correction to Mean Sea Level is listed for the Standart Ports, secondary and minor ports.
6. List of Radio Signals Give all the information about the coast radio station and their services. Radio aid to navigation. Global maritime distress and safety system (GMDSS). Vessel traffic services port operation and pilot station.
7. List of Light The information on each light
8. National List of Wreck Historic and protected wreck. Information on each wreck.
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Figure 4: The Location of Oman Ports.
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Tide tables are used for tidal prediction and show the daily times and heights of high water and low water that usually for a particular location that is the uniform tidal system (semi and diurnal). In a mixed system, it refers to higher high and lower high water and higher low and lower low waters. Tidal observations made over a period of time are used to calculate the average or mean tide levels. Besides, the depth of coastal waters is important for navigation, therefore, an average low-water reference is established. Water depths are measured from this level and recorded on navigational charts. The low water reference point is usually established at the mean low-water level, and a zero reference or tidal datum is established at this point. In mixed tidal areas, mean low water is used as the tidal datum. Sometimes, the low-tide level may fall below the mean value used as the tidal datum, producing a minus tide. First and foremost, the need of the information shown in the Tide Tables is very important for the navigation and hydrographic survey (Chart Datum). Navigating ships safely through shallow water ports, intracoastal waterways, and estuaries requires knowledge of the time and height of the tides as well as the speed and direction of the tidal currents. Besides, Mariners need accurate data because the depths and widths of the channels along with increased marine traffic leave very little room for error. Last but not least, the Engineers also need data to monitor fluctuating tide levels for harbor engineering projects such as the construction of bridges and docks. Projects involving the construction, demolition, or movement of large structures must be scheduled far in advance if an area experiences wide fluctuations in water levels during its tidal cycle. Habitat restoration projects also require accurate knowledge of tide and current conditions. In addition, the information of the tide tables such as tidal data and tidal currents are used for the fisherman in order to help them improve their catches. Discussion