2

4.........The Montgomery Bus Boycott

5....Cartoons Abroad! 1
6The SCLC
7CRM Crossword Puzzle
8.........Cartoons Abroad! 2
9..Civil Rights Cases: The Timeline
11.........Cartoons Abroad! 3
12......Interview Questions
13.The SNCC
14........Cartoons Abroad! 4
15.CRM Word Search
16.Segregation
17Cartoons Abroad! 5
18..Meet the Authors!
20.Dedication
21..Bibliography




3
THE MONTGOMERY BUS BOYCOTT
The Montgomery Bus Boycott was one of the major events of the
Civil Rights Movement. It showed that a nonviolent protest could result in
the changing of laws to protect the equal rights of all people regardless of
race.
This day, December 1, 1955, was the changing point of the boycott.
Rosa Parks was taking the bus home from work in Montgomery, Alabama.
She was already sitting down and was in the row closest to the front for
black people. When the bus began to fill up, the driver told the people in
Rosa's row to move back in order to make room for a white passenger. Rosa
had explained she had a long day at work and refused to move. Rosa was
then arrested and fined $10. Although other people had been arrested for
similar altercations, Rosa's arrest sparked the protest.








said "If we are wrong, the Supreme Court is wrong, the Constitution is
wrong. God Almighty is wrong. Martin Luther King Jr. was ordered to pay
a $500 fine. He was later arrested and spent two weeks in jail. Some whites
responded by doing violent things. They firebombed Martin Luther King
Jr.'s home as well as several black churches. The boycotters were even
attacked while walking, but through it all Martin Luther King was firm to
the fact that the protests remain non-violent. In a speech he stated, "We
must love our white brothers, no matter what they do to us."
The Montgomery Bus Boycott addressed racial segregation to the
forefront of American politics. A lawsuit was filed against the racial
segregation laws. On June 4, 1956 the laws were determined
unconstitutional. The boycott had worked in that black people were now
allowed to sit wherever they wanted to on the bus.

4
BY CIARA UNDERWOOD
The boycott was
planned at a meeting in
Martin Luther King, Jr.'s
church. They formed a
group called the
Montgomery Improvement
Association with Martin
Luther King, Jr. as the
leader. King made a speech
about the boycott where he
Montgomery Bus Boycott
5
The Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) is an African-
American civil rights group that conducted several nonviolent protests in the
South. It was established in 1957 under the leadership of the one and only Dr.
Martin Luther King, Jr. until his assassination on 1968. Because of him, the civil
rights group extracted on the independent power of African-American
churches to maintain its activities.
What sparked the idea of the SCLC was the Montgomery Bus Boycott
in 1956; after the accomplishment of the boycott, a guy named Bayard Rustin
wrote a collection of effective papers to discuss enlarging the efforts in
Montgomery to other Southern cities. The papers generally inquired whether a
group was necessary to conduct these activities. Dr. King invited African-
American ministers to the SCLC (at that time, the Southern Negro Leaders
Conference on Transportation and Nonviolent Integration) at Ebenezer Baptist
Church in Georgia after several conversations with his mentors. They
distributed a statement to Caucasian Southerners to understand that their
negative treatment towards African-Americans is a spiritual problem. The
ministers also stimulated blacks to dedicate themselves to nonviolence no
matter what.
This organization was different from other similar organizations;
instead of looking for individuals to join, the SCLC cooperated with local
organizations and their activities. Andrew Young and Dorothy Cotton trained
various neighborhoods in Christian nonviolence by coordinating leadership
programs and opening citizenship schools. The organization also joined local
movements to conduct huge protest campaigns all over the South. They also
played a massive role in the March on Washington, where the former leader
himself (Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.) presented his I Have a Dream speech on
the Lincoln Memorial.
Today, the SCLC is a nationwide association with a huge number of
colleagues throughout the US. They are still pushing forward with their
commitment to nonviolence to attain economic, political and social
righteousness; the SCLC today is also focused on situations such as police
brutality, stereotyping and discrimination.


6
BY NIHJUR YARBROUGH
THE SCLC
7
ACROSS
6. the political stance that promotes
free-markets and the right for people to
vote.
7. unfair treatment of a person or group
on the basis of prejudice.
9. the lawful separation between two or
more races.
10. US laws created in the early 1900s to
legally segregate blacks from whites.
11. a civil rights group that conducted
"sit-ins" and "freedom rides" to protest
segregation.

DOWN
1. the act of stopping the separation
between two or more races.
2. the act of protesting against
something that seems
unconstitutional.
3. a negative belief about individual
characteristics generalized to all
people within that group.
4. the act of threatening and treating
a group of people badly because of
their different race.
5. another word for "unity".
8. the refusal to obey certain laws.

8
CIVIL RIGHTS CASES: THE TIMELINE
1857: In the Dred Scott v. Sanford case, Dred Scott, a slave in
Missouri, sued for his freedom. The Court ruled against him saying that
under the Constitution he was his master's property. At the same time, the
Court also ruled that the Missouri Compromise (1821) -- under which
Missouri was admitted to the union as a slave state, Maine as a free state
and slavery prohibited in the territory that later became Kansas and
Nebraska -- was unconstitutional because it deprived slaveowners of their
property.








1978: In Regents of the University of California v. Bakke case, the
Supreme Court ruled that the medical school's special admission was
violating the 14
th
amendment and the Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of
1964. University of California was admitting students based on their race
and poverty level. They were only accepting minorities and low income
individuals.







1954: The Court ruled that "separate but equal" public schools for
blacks and whites were unconstitutional. The Brown case served as a factor
of the civil rights movement, inspiring education reform everywhere and
challenging segregation in all areas of society. After Brown, the nation
made great strides toward opening the doors of education to all students.

9
BY CIARA UNDERWOOD
1896: In Plessy
v. Ferguson case is when
the Supreme Court
required that all passenger
railways provide separate
cars for blacks and whites.
It banned whites from
sitting in black cars and
whites from sitting in
white cars.
10
11
Jim Crow Cars
INTERVIEW QUESTIONS YOU
CAN ASK YOUR ELDERS ABOUT!
1. Did you ever witness or were you involved in any protest
over civil rights issues? If so, explain.
2. How did the civil rights movement affect your life?
3. How much contact did you have with other races?
4. Growing up during segregation, can you remember any
incident where you recognized a difference of
treatment on account of color?
5. How were interactions amongst your culture/ race
different from what you witness now?
6. What were your personal thoughts about civil rights?
Would you say you were more towards Malcolm Xs
views and ways of protest or Martin Luther King ways?
7. What was the most memorable event during civil rights
that affects you today?
8. What do you think still needs to be done in regards to
civil rights?
9. Do you think the relationships between races are where
they should be today?
10. What piece of advice would you give younger
generations based on your experiences?

12
The Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC) was a very
important and supporting group of the Civil Rights era. Generally, the
members of the SNCC conducted freedom rides to protest against
transportation segregation, sit-ins to protest the prohibition of blacks voting,
field work and other nonviolent protesting activities. Since they gained a lot of
supporters from the North, it also allowed workers of the SNCC to earn
$10/week. It started in the 1960s and eventually ended in the 1970s.
The SNCC played a leading role in the 1963 March on Washington, as
well as the SCLC which was stated in my previous article. Later in its time, the
SNCC started to focus more on black power and the protesting of the Vietnam
War. One of their members during that time (James Forman) stated that they
dont know how much longer they can take being nonviolent and all; because
of that, the SNCC officially changed its name to the Student National
Coordinating Committee so they can use various tactics.








The SNCC is also known for its cause of second-wave feminism in the
United States; participation of women grew since this organization consisted
of college-age activists. Thats why the well-known Womens Liberation
Movement was one of the several movements born out of the SNCC.
Afterwards, African-American women werent the only ones that were
members of this group; young white women became a part of the SNCC as
well, especially after the Freedom Summer of 1964.
Recently, their 50
th
anniversary passed on April 15-18, 2010 at Shaw
University. Today, because of them, African-Americans around the nation can
have the same amount of possibilities and achievable dreams as Caucasians.
Even though this organization existed and ended in the past, civil rights
leaders are still pushing on with their visions of a United States of America.

13
BY NIHJUR YARBROUGH
THE SNCC
14
Police Brutality
S O O B V W F R X L J T B C J C N D H X V I B L V V N E L A
Z E V M K Q T F U U R R A M P U O E D E S C E Y Z W C J T N
M A D N O I T A G E R G E S E D I M L V V L N P N N G V F J
X N I I V R F Z D C Y R L D G U T O H L C C G H E M D T C P
N T Q I R N J M G R R Q Q B C N A C S B O S Y L C Z Y X I E
V A W L S M N C P A Q W E U W A G R T C J Q O I Y L N R I I
C J Z L T U O U B C J O K B P V E A X A C I O M P K M Y Z F
O N A A H W M D I S Z H T C C K R C Z T V N F W O K L Z E H
B U B X L Z T C E K W Z W W O Z G Y Y N O O S U N H M A W A
D Y U P S L T P J E R Q I Z R S E G O A H Q K D N W L G T J
M T R M P F D A K S R I T S L F S N Y V L K F T N W X T R H
E G L O X V U I I R C F B K A L C D C C Z O B C X I J O J O
Z Z S U T P C E K N C J F W X I O F Q M J P K A P H F Y V Y
H Q I C H W I I G H S K E R V F G Y V Q O S K I J Y G Q H X
L B J T R H C O V O J O R I T B F M L S I G G G A M N O Z I
U M F V T I O H K S Q S L K I P V K N Q A B A Z T X U Z A P
I M H O C M Q Q D D V D B I C Q D W O V C J E W O U S W Z N
U G D C D F U Z B A I Y E D D G Y E F U G N M G G B Z D M E
M W R Q E Y K A O S I Y N B G A B Y X U S H W W O L F X O N
X H I T B R W F O J X D Q W M J R M B W P W T Y J M H N E B
V F N D N T H B P Z J V D H U T H I G T K P C P C J Z U P C
Q U I B R H E I X Q Z L B W K G N A T Q P O S H O X X M C I
R J C O Q D P Z J I M C R O W L A W S Y T H P O A U P M S P
Q A J W I H Z C K V B U L L J T J T P T A V N W P D U R I R
D B L E Y Z B C J Q K J Y D N H N P S H W Q P X P G U M M S
Y O N F A U A B E U X X D R H U R O H I W X O N K H Z Y J U
K C A K F X O V B E Q G D C Q G G Q Q M B C S N I T I S Z V
E J I Y A O O C K H C J V L S V B H S I F B W S P M E E O Y
Y Q Z M I V P I W E X R K F B M F E G W K U D K P I Q V R Z
Y D E M W Q K U C M H I J I C E D H T U Y G B R A C M P Y R

BOYCOTT
CIVIL DISOBEDIENCE
DEMOCRACY
DESEGREGATION
FREEDOM RIDES
JIM CROW LAWS
NON-VIOLENCE
SCLC
SEGREGATION
SITINS
SNCC
SOLIDARITY

15
SEGREGATION






Africans Americans use to walk around in a world where
Africans Americans and whites were separated, White Use Only or
Colored Use Only. Separate bathrooms, separate restaurants,
separate trains and buses. If your skin wasnt white, you were
treated like dirt. You were beat or sent to jail. African Americans
werent even wanted in public. Police always found a way to torment
them. Could they do anything about it? The answer is absolutely not.
African Americans saw that the world was against them and no one
cared which was true until a brave man by the name of Martin
Luther King Jr. came along.
Martin Luther King Jr. was an African American civil rights
activist that decided to address the issue of segregation. On August
28, 1963 at Lincoln Memorial in Washington D.C, Martin Luther King
Jr. gave the I Have a Dream speech. Beginning the speech King
made a reference to the Emancipation Proclamation saying that: one
hundred years later, the Negro still is not free. Later on
throughout the speech king described his dreams of freedom and
equality arising from a land of slavery and hatred.
Today segregation have definitely not have been a problem
African Americans today have faced. Everything is desegregated
because of the many brave individuals that stood up and made a
change. Schools, public places and transit are all desegregated.
Instead of being looked at differently, everyone is looked at the
same and is given equal opportunities.
We have now reached the point to where there has been an
African American president has been voted into office. Without the
extra effort civil rights activist put forward, we wouldnt be where
we are today. A road is paved for children in future generations to
succeed. The dream was set and we are living it today!

16
BY CIARA UNDERWOOD

17
Alabama Immigration
18
Hello, my name is Ciara Underwood. I attend
Frederick Douglass High School as a junior. I currently
involved in the Frederick Douglass Concert Band. We
are a musical group that performs for the school as well
as compete in LGPE (Large Group Performance
Evaluation) against other high school ensembles in the
district. I am an honor student, making all As and
ranked number four of my graduating class. I am also
the 11
th
grade Vice President.
Working on this project has been a great
experience. I enjoyed researching the moments and
events that changed the lives of African Americans. I am
now grateful for everything I have and every opportunity
I get I take it because I was born in a nation where I am
fortunate to have those opportunities. I want to thank
those brave ones that sacrificed and endured wrongful
so that I can live in a nation of equality. I will continue to
live the dream as well as contribute to it.

MEET THE AUTHORS!
19
Well, as of now, I am an eleventh grade student attending
Frederick Douglass High School in Atlanta, GA. I was born on February 7,
1997 in the Cobb Wellstar Hospital. I live with my mother, father, three
brothers and one sister. Currently, my eldest brother is in South Korea
with the US Army. On my off time, I like to surf the Web, play computer
games, ride my bike, and do other stuff. Out of all of things I like to do, my
major hobbies are playing and/or creating music with my instruments and
computer. I play eleven instruments (the trumpet, tuba, alto saxophone,
electric guitar, bass guitar, acoustic guitar, piano, xylophone, French horn,
[the next two I can barely play] trombone and mellophone), but the one
Im mastering now and in the future is the trumpet since it was the very
first instrument I ever played. As of now, I am the salutatorian of my
graduating class, earning all As in my courses. My favorite subjects in
school are math and science. Im also in the Technology Student
Association (TSA) since Ive always liked to play and deal with computers.
Ive learned a lot of things in my US History course, even
some things I never recognized before (well, I probably did but BARELY
paid attention to it in my past social studies classes). I have to thank my
teacher, Ms. Wheeler, for all of the US topics she went over with me and
my classmates in class. Because of her (and the approximately 250
questions she gave us for homework and EOCT review during the
Thanksgiving Break [-_-]), I have gotten significantly better in my least
favorite subject compared to the work Ive accomplished in the past.

MEET THE AUTHORS!
20
We would like to dedicate this magazine to the African-
Americans who suffered through the Civil Rights era. Even
today, we as African-Americans are still pushing to succeed
in this nation. From the entire U-NO! Team, we wish only
the best for you!
BIBLIOGRAPHY
http://www.yourcover.com/
http://www.toocool2betrue.com/retro-magazine-advertisements-for-today-
companies/ - YouTube Ad
http://www.coloribus.com/adsarchive/prints/snickers-baseball-cap-15182155/ -
Snickers Ad
http://www.cars101.com/subaru/ads_2012_impreza3.JPG - Subaru Ad
http://www.thecrisismagazine.com/images/Crisis.BRC-insert-card.jpg - Crisis Card-Ad
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f0/Star_Ouro.gif - Star in my
created card-ad

1
st
cartoon from: http://politicalgraffiti.wordpress.com/2008/11/07/civil-rights-leaders/
2
nd
cartoon from: http://massmediaandthecivilrights.blogspot.com/
3
rd
cartoon from: http://otherwords.org/alabama-immigration-law-cartoon/
4
th
cartoon from: http://aryanism.net/politics/white-nationalists/why-race-matters/
5
th
cartoon from: http://www.taosfriction.com/wp-content/uploads/2010/11/police-
brutality-cartoon-.jpg

http://thelsheriealert.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/02/SCLC.jpg - SCLC Logo
http://ellabakercenter.org/sites/default/files/blog/wp-
content/uploads/2010/12/EllaBakerin-SNCC.jpg - Sit-in Picture
http://tomhayden.com/storage/SNCC2.jpg?__SQUARESPACE_CACHEVERSION=13561
19954463 SNCC Logo
http://www.historyonthenet.com/Slave_Trade/images/theatre.jpg - Rex Theatre
Picture
http://www.gvpt.umd.edu/uslaner/Black%20and%20White%20Segregation.jpg
Drinking Fountain Picture
http://kids.laws.com/regents-of-the-university-of-california-v-bakke
http://civilrights.findlaw.com/civil-rights-overview/civil-rights-u-s-supreme-court-
decisions.html
http://mlk-
kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_montgomery_bus_boy
cott_1955_1956/
http://mlk-
kpp01.stanford.edu/index.php/encyclopedia/encyclopedia/enc_southern_christian_lea
dership_conference_sclc/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Student_Nonviolent_Coordinating_Committee



21
Nihjur Yarbrough &
Ciara Underwood
US History P4
December 17, 2013