AN UPDATE ON : DRUGS ACTING ON RESPIRATORY SYSTEM OF ANIMALS

Anomalies of the respiratory system may result in a number of clinical signs such as:
sneezing, reverse sneezing, coughing, gagging, nasal discharge, noisy breathing, increased , rate
of breathing, increased or decreased depth of breathing, lethargy and exercise intolerance. The
drugs acting on respiratory system discussed in this article , have been employed as supportive
remedies along with other agents: suitable antimicrobilas/ antiinflammatories as required..

BRONCHODILATORS: A bronchodilator is a drug used to relieve bronchospasm/bronchial
narrowing due to excessive bronchial secretion or bronchoconstriction associated with
respiratory disorders, such as bronchial asthma, chronic bronchitis, mild tracheobronchitis, mild
recurrent airway obstruction , bronchopneumonia and chronic pulmonary interstitial disease
and emphysema. They are often used, with or without concurrent corticosteroid therapy, for
the control of chronic bronchitis in dogs and asthma syndrome in cats. Hypoxaemia is a possible
complication of bronchodilator therapy caused by ventilation-perfusion mismatching; this may
be an important consideration in severe pneumonia especially in young animals such as calves
and foals.
Bronchodilator drugs can be classified as beta
2
-receptor adrenergic agonists,
Methylxanthine derivatives and anticholinergics

ADRENERGIC AGONISTS (Sympathomimetics) :Adrenoceptor stimulants cause bronchodilation
by stimulation of beta2-receptors in the large and small airways. Beta2- receptors are also found
in vascular beds and the uterus . Nonselective beta receptor agonists such as
isoprenaline(isoproterenol) or mixed alpha and beta receptor agonistssuch as adrenaline
(epinephrine) are more likely to produce cardiovascular side effects than similarly administered
selective beta -agonists. Consequently, drugs with preferential affinity for beta
2
-receptors: such
as clenbuterol, salbutamol, pirbuterol and fenoterol ,pirbuterol and terbutaline are direct-
acting sympathomimetic drugs. are likely to provide more effective bronchodilation with fewer
side effects.In addition to bronchodilation these drugs increase ciliary beating of the respiratory
mucosal cells and have a mucolytic action, which may contribute to their therapeutic effect.
The two principal beta
2
-agonists currently used in small animals: terbutaline sulfate and
salbutamol (albuterol) sulfate.
Terbutaline sulfate: produces relaxation of smooth muscle found principally in bronchial,
vascular and uterine tissues.Terbutaline is available as a tablet, an elixir and an injectable
preparation suitable for subcutaneous or intramuscular use. The dose rate has been
reported from as low as 0.01 mg/kg SC, IM; 0.10.2 mg/kg/8 h for the dog and cat, PO.
Salbutamol (albuterol) sulfate: available as a tablet, syrup, as well as various inhalants.The
oral dose rate in the dog is 0.02 mg/kg/12 h. This dose should be maintained for 5 days
and if there has been no improvement and no adverse effects, the dose may be
increased to 0.5 mg/kg/812 h. In animals that respond at this higher dose, the dose
should be reduced progressively until the lowest effective dose has been determined
Both drugs to be used with care in increased sensitivity to adrenergic agents in
particular, patients with pre-existing cardiac disease, diabetes mellitus, hyperthyroidism,
hypertension and seizure disorders. Or with other sympathomimetics which increases
the risk of adverse cardiovascular effects, as does its concurrent use with digoxin,
tricyclic antidepressants and monoamine oxidase inhibitors
All beta
2
-agonists may lower plasma potassium; patients receiving long-term therapy, it
may be prudent to monitor plasma potassium levels.



METHYL XANTHINES:They relax smoothmuscle, particularly bronchial smooth muscle, stimulate
the central nervous system and are weakly positive chronotropes and inotropes(cardiac
stimulanats), as well as mild diuretics. Eg: Theophylline, aminophylline , etamphylline,
diprophylline

They induce bronchodilation of the smaller airways, have little effect on larger airways.
These drugs may also increase tidal volume by stimulating the respiratory centre in the
medulla oblongata.
Their ability to induce bronchodilation is severely impaired by pathological changes in
both the airway walls and pulmonary interstitium. This accounts for the wide variability
of response seen with these drugs and individual animal treatment is often determined
on a trial-and-error basis.
They are also CNS and myocardial stimulants and diuretics. The therapeutic index is low
and they are erratically absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract; they are difficult to use
effectively in practice.
At therapeutic doses they cause increased alertness and activity. Signs of toxicity
include restlessness, tachycardia, tachypnoea, and convulsions.
Inhibit calcium mobilization in smooth muscle, inhibit prostaglandin production, augment
the release of catecholamines from storage granules, and increase the availability of
calcium to contractile proteins of the heart and diaphragm.
Decrease the release of inflammatory mediators from mast cells and increase mucociliary
transport. However, in small animal practice the methylxanthines have been used
primarily as bronchodilators Fo
Undergo enterohepatic recirculation, activated charcoal is recommended if toxicity
clinical signs are present Their metabolism is inhibited by erythromycin, cimetidine,
propranolol, and fluoroquinolones; concomitant therapy can result in toxicity .
Their use for the treatment of both cardiac and respiratory diseases in dogs and cats has
been replaced by -agonist bronchodilators.The use of theophylline in cattle; suggested
that it is a poor bronchodilator in this species
Administered together with sympathomimetic drugs- additive CNS and cardiovascular
effects may occur. Certain foods contain xanthine (eg, coffee, colas, or chocolate) and may
increase the risk of cardiac and CNS adverse reactions.
A chronopharmacokineticstudy in cats showed that evening administration is associated
with better bioavailability and fewer fluctuations in plasma drug levels.
Dosage: Aminophylline: By PO/IM or slow IV .Dogs, cats: 10 mg/kg bid/tid
Etamiphylline camsylate: respiratory stimulation of neonates, myocardial stimulation. Dogs, cats:
by PO, (310 kg body-weight) 100 mg; (11 20 kg body-weight) 200 mg; (2130 kg body-weight)
300 mg; (3140 kg body-weight) 400 mg. May be repeated up to 3 times daily if required.
Reduce to lowest effective dose after 2 weeks; by SC,IM : (35 kg bodyweight) 70 mg; (610 kg
body-weight) 140 mg; (1120 kg body-weight) 280 mg; (2130 kg body-weight) 420 mg; (3140
kg body-weight) 700 mg. Dose may be repeated up to 3 times daily if required
Propentofylline : Contra-indications. Pregnant,breeding animals;dogs-25 mg/5 kg body-weight
twice daily,PO, on an empty stomach 30 minutes before feeding :
Theophylline: Indications: Bronchitis; congestive heart failure; care with concurrent macrolides,
fluoroquinolones, phenobarbital, phenytoin, ketamine, halothane; Dose. Dogs: by 20 mg/kg
once daily,PO, given in the morning
Theophylline : Dogs: 10 mg/kg, IV (slow) or IM Horses: 15 mg/kg, IV (slow); 5-7 mg/kg, PO, TID
Cats: 3 mg/kg, PO, BID Horses: 10-15 mg/kg, PO, BID; Aminophylline : Dogs: 10 mg/kg, IV (slow)
Cats, horses: 5 mg/kg, IV (slow); Dogs: 10 mg/kg, PO, TID Cats: 5 mg/kg, PO, BID .

Antimuscarinic bronchodilators


The antimuscarinic drug atropine may be used for bronchodilation in recurrent airway
obstruction. However it causes significant side-effects including decreased mucociliary
clearance, tachycardia, mydriasis, ileus, and excitement that limit its routine use. Although
atropine may be administered by aerosol, it is rapidly absorbed and has systemic effects. The
antimuscarinic bronchodilator ipratropium has a quaternary ammonium structure, and does not
inhibit mucociliary clearance. Dose. Horses: by inhalation, (75 micrograms/mL solution) 23
micrograms/kg up to 4 times daily

ANTITUSSIVES
The agents directly suppress the cough center in the medulla oblongata to reduce the
incidence/ frequency of coughing. Coughing as a result of bronchoconstriction may be relieved
by bronchodilators acting simply to dilate airways, while other antitussive agents act primarily on
the peripheral or central nervous system components of the cough reflex.
Coughing should normally be viewed as a protective physiological process resulting in
clearance of thick and tenacious secretions produced by chronic airway inflammation.
Thus, cough suppression as a single therapeutic agent is relatively contraindicated when
cough is associated with mucus production. However, once mucus production is
diminished or resolved, cough suppression may be desirable.
Chronic coughing tends to increase airway inflammation, increasing the risk of a vicious
cycle in which the cough causes mucosal irritation. This can result in further coughing.
Consequently, cough suppression may be particularly helpful for patients, with
tracheobronchial collapse or dogs recovering from acute phase ofkennel-cough complex.
Cough suppressants are only beneficial where coughing is persistent and unproductive,
interferes with the animals sleep and rest, or causes muscular fatigue and exhaustion.
They should not be used where there are excess secretions in the tracheobronchial tree,
as in chronic bronchitis or bronchopneumonia. In general, the use of antitussives is
restricted to dogs.
Drugs used to suppress coughing are categorized as i) Peripherally acting antitussives
including mucosal anesthetics, mucolytics, demulcents, and bronchodilators. And ii)
Centrally acting antitussives: Narcotic (opioid) such as morphine, codeine, hydrocodone,
butorphanol and non-narcotic drugs: dextromethorphan.
Morphine though an effective antitussive at doses lower than the doses that produce analgesia
and sedation is not commonly used for antitussive activity due to adverse effects.
Dextromethorphan is the a semisynthetic nonopioid antitussive; safest antitussive for use in
cats and is reported to be more efficacious in cats than codeine; It does not have
addictive,analgesic or sedative action and in usual doses does not produce respiratory
depression or inhibit ciliary activity.
It is generally marketed in over-the-counter formulations (usually syrups or lozenges) combined
with various antihistamines, bronchodilators and mucolytics. A dose of approximately 2 mg/kg
PO has been suggested, although, as with most of the antitussive agents, higher doses are often
required. It is used for relief of non-productive cough; it has a central action on the cough
centre in the medulla. It is structually similar to opioids but has no analgesic and limited sedative
properties.
Codeine: Codeine phosphate and codeine sulfate are found in many preparations, including
tablets, liquids, and syrups as well as being present in many mixed analgesic preparations.
Codeine has analgesic effects that are about one-tenth that of morphine, but its
antitussive potency is about equal to that of morphine. The side effects of codeine are
significantly less than those seen with morphine at antitussive doses.
Toxicity (especially in cats) is exhibited as excitement, muscular spasms, convulsions,
respiratory depression, sedation, and constipation. Codeine should not be used after GI
tract surgery.


Dose. Dogs: 0.52.0 mg/kg twice daily, PO; The starting antitussive dose has been as low
as 0.10.3 mg/kg/812 h and as high as 12 mg/kg/612 h. Generally well tolerated,
although adverse effects are possible especially at higher dose rates. Sedation is the
most common side effect in the dog. CNS stimulation may be seen in cats. Constipation
is common if given more than few weeks.
Hydrocodone-used with caution in cats, increased antitussive properties compared to codeine.
eThe starting dose rate in dogs is 0.22 mg/kg/612 h PO. For dogs with intractable cough
(tracheal collapse, left mainstem bronchial collapse due to enlarged left atrium) the dose of
hydrocodone often needs to be increased to 0.450.9 mg/kg/612 h..

Butorphanol, an opioid agonist-antagonist, is used as an analgesic and antitussive in dogs. It is
more potent than morphine as an analgesic and more potent than codeine or
dextromethorphan as an antitussive , but with sedation. Because butorphanol has poor
bioavailability, the oral dose in dogs is 10 times the SC dose. Its use in cats is controversial It is
most helpful as an antitussive given parenterally to treat acute intractable cough.Fns and dose
Dose. Dogs: by mouth, 500 micrograms/kg 24 times daily for up to 14 days.
MUCOLYTICS
Mucolytics alter the structure of mucus ( a normal protective coating of the respiratory
system from the nasal cavity through to the larger bronchioles, is produced by submucosal
glands and goblet cells within the surface epithelium of airways and acts as a barrier to
infectious and irritating particles) to decrease its viscosity and therefore facilitate its removal by
ciliary action and expectoration. Expectorants increase the volume of secretions in the
respiratory tract and therefore assist in removal by ciliary action and coughing
They reduce mucus viscosity in the tracheobronchial tree and are often prescribed for
chronic bronchitis in dogs, bronchopneumonia in cattle, and chronic coughing in horses.
Therationale for their use is that mucus of lower viscosity is more easily carried up the
tracheobronchial tree by themucociliary clearance mechanism and expectorated during
coughing.
theoretical value in facilitating resolution of the infl ammatory airway disease. It is also
worth remembering that normal saline, directly administered to the airways by
nebulization, is an effective mucolytic and expectorant.

Bromhexine hydrochloride: is a synthetic derivative of the alkaloid vasicine.; decreases mucus
viscosity by increasing lysosomal activity, which over time (23 d) results in a signifi cant
increase in immunoglobulin concentrations and a decline in albumin and globulin oncentrations
in respiratory secretions. The increased immunoglobulins are IgA and IgG; IgM levels remain
unchanged. It has been hypothesized that because of these effects concurrent administration of
bromhexine and an antimicrobial agent will facilitate treatment of infectious tracheobronchitis.
Dose.: Horses: 200400 micrograms/kg once daily, PO; Cattle: 500 micrograms/kg once daily,
PO.IM; Pigs: 200500 micrograms/kg once daily, PO.IM; Dogs: 2 mg/kg, PO,bid; Cats: 1
mg/kg, PO, sid. Ambroxol, a metabolite of bromhexine and Dembrexine has similar actions.
Acetylcysteine: Aerosolization of acetylcysteine can cause reflex bronchoconstriction due to
irritant receptor stimulation, so its use should be preceded by bronchodilator therapy. It is also
used to detoxify an intermediate paracetamol metabolite that is present in paracetamol
overdosageFormulatis and dose rates
For effective mucolytic activity, an acetylcysteine solution should be nebulized and
administered directly to the respiratory mucosa as an aerosol. The dose rate in dogs and
cats is 510 mg/kg for 30 min every 12hr.
10% and 20% solutions of the sodium salt in various sized vials, solution can be readily
used in a nebulizer undiluted, although dilution with sterile saline will reduce the risk of
reactive bronchospasm.an


As it appears to irritate respiratory tract epithelium and many dogs and cats develop
cough and/or bronchoconstriction If administered directly into the respiratory tract.
Consequently,its use in animals with bronchoconstrictive airway disease must be
carefully monitored. Solutions of acetylcysteine are incompatible with :ampicillin
sodium, tetracycline and Oxytetracycline.

EXPECTORANTS : drugs used to produce an increased volume of respiratory secretions that can
theoretically be coughed out more easily. Expectorants and mucolytic drugs are used to increase
the output of bronchial secretions, enhance the clearance of bronchial exudate, and promote a
productive cough.
Saline expectorants : stimulate bronchial mucous secretions via a vagally mediated reflex
action on the gastric mucosa.Eg: ammonium chloride, ammonium carbonate, potassium
iodide, calcium iodide, and ethylenediamine dihydroiodide. Iodine-containing products
should not be administered to pregnant, hyperthyroid, or milk-producing animals
Direct stimulants of respiratory secretions include the volatile oils, such as eucalyptus oil
and oil of lemon. Their efficacy in animals is unknown
Guaiphenesin (Gllycerol guaiacolate): is a centrally acting muscle relaxant with
expectorant,mucolytic , antitussive effect. It is a common component of human cold
remedies in combination with dextromethorphan.

Dose:





Expectorants containing small doses of ipecacuanha, squill, and ammoniumn salts are
claimed to aid removal of mucus from the airways by a mild irritant effect on the
mucous membrane; their efficacy is unproven.
Decongestants: commonly used in allergic rhinitis, rarely used in animals. The -adrenergic
agonist drugs cause local vasoconstriction in mucous membranes, which reduces swelling and
edema; used topically as nasal decongestants in allergic and viral rhinitis, or systemically in
combination with antihistamines as respiratory tract decongestants. Eg: oxymetazoline,
xylometazoline, pseudoephedrine, phenyl ephrine etc.
DRUGS FOR ALLERGIC AND INFLAMMATORY DISORDERS

ANTIHISTAMINES: acting on respiratory system are H
1
-receptor antagonists- used to counteract
the effects of histamine on body organs and structures . They provide symptomatic relief of allergic
signs caused by histamine release, including pruritus and anaphylactic reactions. The release of
histamine produces an inflammatory response. Histamine is also released in allergic reactions or
hypersensitivity reactions, such as anaphylactic shock.
H
1
RECEPTORANTAGONISTS:Firstgeneration(Sedative,withanticholinergiceffects:Eg:clemastine,
dimenhydrinate,diphenhydramine,doxylamine,pheneramine,chlorpheneramine,pyril
amine,tripelennamine,cyproheptadine,promethazine,alimemazine,hydroxyzine,br
omopheniramine and the behavior-modifying tricyclic antidepressants:
amitriptyline,clomipramine, doxepin) and Second generation (Nonsedative,with non
anticholinergic, lesser antiprutitic action; Eg:oxatomide terfenadine, azatadine
cetirizine, loratadine, astemizole) antihistamines.


The Indications are :
adjunct therapy for the management of systemic anaphylaxis ( allergens, insect stings,
drug induced), with adrenaline and fluids.
management of pruritus, given in conjunction with glucocorticoid, and when pruritus
is controlled (generally within 5 days) the glucocorticoid is withdrawn
synergistically with NSAID,glucocorticoids, -6/-3 (omega-6/3) fatty acid
supplements and may allow dosages of these agents to be reduced in some cases
Used in acute septic gangrenous mastitis, septic metritis, retained placenta,
myoglobinuria, ruminal atony conditions in ruminants.
Some ( eg: promethazine,meclizine,cyclizine, diphenhydramine) are used as
antiemetic during travelling (motion sickenss) cyproheptadine, an antihistamine with
serotonin-antagonist and calcium-channel blocking properties, used for prophylaxis in feline
asthma and as the appetite stimulant in dogs and cats. Dose: Cats: asthma, 300500
micrograms/kg 3 times daily
anxiety disorders in dogs and cats :inappropriate urination associated with anxiety, excessive
nocturnal activity such as pacing,vocalization and pruritus associated with anxiety.Doxepin,
topically has proved more useful than others for the treatment of anxiety-related pruritus.
Adverse effects: CNS depression (lethargy, depression, drowsiness,somnolence); Anticholinergic
effects (dry mouth, throat, noseand eyes; urinary retention or dysuria; intestinalatony) An
increase in pruritus occasionally with higher dosages of the drugs . Overdosage-Excitement
(restlessness, nervousness, tremors,hyperactivity),;Gastrointestinal effects (anorexia, vomiting,
diarrhea,constipation); Cardiovascular effects (tachycardia, arrhythmia,hypertension).
Contraindications and Precautions: Avoiding the concurrent administration of : monoamine
oxidase inhibitors (e.g.selegiline,amitraz), or CNS depressans.; Astemizole or terfenadine with
ketoconazole, itraconazole, fluconazole,clarithromycin; phenothiazine antihistamines,
diphenhydramine with antidiarrheal mixtures (e.g.kaolin/pectin),antacids, adrenaline. Not
recommended in animals with hepatic, cardiovascular disease, glaucoma, hyperthyroidism ,
history of seizures,urinary retention , intestinal atony. No detailed information on safety of
administration during pregnancy except buclizine and cyclizine which are teratogenic.
Treatment of toxicosis:Induction of Emesis, Activated charcoal, useful for recent ingestion.
Diazepam to control seizures Physostigmine to counteract the CNS anticholinergic effect .

Dose: Amitriptyline:12 q.12 h (dog); 510 q.1224 h (cat); Astemizole : 1mg/kg q.1224 h
(dog); Azatadine- 1 mg/dog q.24 h (dog); Brompheniramine- 0.52, q.12 h (dog); Cetirizine-
0.51, q.24 h(dog);Chlorpheniramine-0.22 q.812 h (dog)24,q.1224h(cat); Clemastine-0.05
1.5 q.12 h(dog);0.68 q.12 h (cat);Clomipramine 13, q.24 h; Cyproheptadine- 0.12, q.812
h(dog) 2q.12 h (cat); Dimenhydrinate-8,q.8 h (dog);Diphenhydramine- 14q.8 h (dog)2
4,q.12h(cat); Horses, cattle: 60 mL as necessary; foals, calves: 1020 mL 23 times daily; Dogs: 1520 mL every 23 hours.Doxepin-
0.51 ,q.812 h(dog); Doxylamine-12, q.8 h(dog); Hydroxyzine 27 q.8 h (dog); 510 q.812 h;
Ketotifen- 24 mg/dog q.12 h; Loratadine -0.5 q.24 h(dog);
Oxatomide 0.52 q.12 h (dog) ,1530 q.12 h (cat); Promethazine 12.5 q.12 h(dog)5 q.24 h
(cat); Pyrilamine 12 q.812 h(dog); Terfenadine 0.2510 q.1224 h (dog); Trimeprazine 0.55
q.812 h(dog); tripelennamine 1 q.12 h (dog).

ANTILEUKOTRIENES: Leukotrienes belong to a family of inflammatory mediators that are
derived from arachidonic acid, which is metabolized to various prostaglandins and
thromboxanes through the action of cyclo-oxygenase as well as various leukotrienes (LTA4,
LTB4, LTC4,LTE4)through the action of the lipoxygenase systems. LTs play an important role in


airway inflammation,producing mucus hypersecretion, increased vascular permeability,mucosal
edema, potent bronchoconstriction and act as chemoattractants to inflammatory cells,
particularly eosinophils and neutrophils.
Zafirlukast, montelukast, zileuton: are competitive, highly selective and potent oral
inhibitors of production or function of LTC4, LTD4 and LTE4. Absorbed orally, although the
presence of food can reduce absorption by up to 60%..aFeline asthma has been treated with
zafirlukast (12 mg/kg BID) and montelukast (0.51.0 mg/kg SID).s In cats, current advice is that
they should be used to complement glucocorticoid or bronchodilator therapy, but should not be
used singly.
CORTICOSTEROIDS: counteract the symptoms of respiratory disease by: reducing airway
inflammation due to histamine and prostaglandin release, prevent inflammatory mediator-
induced bronchoconstriction.In emergency situations intravenous corticosteroids such as
dexamethasone or betamethasone should be used, followed by oral prednisolone for long-term
maintenance
To reduce the risk of side effects, administered by mouth or nebulisation. Oral
prednisolone on an alternate day regime. An initial dose of 1 to 2 mg/kg is administered
every morning. After two weeks of therapy, response to treatment should be assessed
and the dosage reduced until the minimum effective dose is reached.
Cats in respiratory distress, Reversal of severe bronchoconstriction can be achieved with
intravenous aminophylline (2 to 5 mg/kg), intravenous atropine (20 to 40
micrograms/kg), or epinephrine 20 micrograms/ kg by subcutaneous, intramuscular, or
intravenous injection using epinephrine 100 micrograms/mL. The intravenous injection
should be given with extreme caution.
Fluticasone is the most potent of the commercially available aerosolised Inhaled
corticosteroid preparations. It is highly lipophilic, and consequently has the longest
pulmonary residence time. Flunisolide is the least potent of the synthetic, topically
active corticosteroids.
NSAIDs: The NSAIDs : flunixin meglumine, meloxicam and ketoprofen, may be used in the
adjuvant treatment of acute bovine pulmonary emphysema and oedema with antimicrobials.

RESPIRATORY STIMULANTS
The drugs used (analeptics) are central nervous system stimulants and the therapeutic
dose is close to that which causes convulsions. Their use must therefore be carefully
monitored. They are administered, at doses below the convulsive threshold, to
stimulate respiration.
Their main uses are to promote respiration in apnoeic newborn, neonates, and preterm
animals and to reverse respiratory depression associated with general anaesthetic,
sedative, or hypnotic drugs. These drugs should not be used as an alternative to patient
management because CNS stimulation my be followed by a subsequent exacerbation of
the depression.
Doxapram is selective as a respiratory stimulant. The principal mechanism of action of
doxapram involves stimulation of the peripheral aortic and carotid body
chemoreceptorsrather than a central action. Dose: Foals, calves: 40100 mg , SC,IM,IV;
Lambs: 510 mg SC,IM,IV; Puppies: 15 mg SC,IM,IV; Kittens: 12 mg SC,IM,IV; Post-
anaesthetic use.Horses: 0.51.0 mg/kg, IV; Dogs, cats: 12 mg/kgIV, following
inhalational anaesthetic; 25 mg/kg IV, following intravenous anaesthetic
The methylxanthines such as aminophylline, diprophylline and etamiphylline, in addition
to bronchodilatory action, increase respiratory drive and non-specific CNS
stimulants.Etamiphylline camsylate: . Calves: 700 mg PO, q 34 hrs if required; Lambs:
(<2.5 kg body-weight) 140 mg; (>2.5 kg bodyweight) up to 280 mg. Dose may be
repeated after 34 hours if required




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