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tdrw f iG f ESpfpOfjyKvkyaf vh&Sdaom tmZmenfae‹ tcrf;tem; csr;f omcGijhf zifh OD;xdev f if; vGwaf jrmufomG ;onfh ({+yD 25/ 1992)
paomae&mrsm;wGif tjcm; ocifEdik fiHa&;orm; }uD;rsm;ESifhwGJ txd uHwt l usK;d ay; aecJh=u&onf?
vsuf olŒudk jrifz;l cJjh cif;jzpfonf? rsm;aomtm;jzifh axmifxJ/ wku d x f w J iG f ae=u&onfh
em&D0ufr#t=umwGif axmufvrS ;f a&;wOD; xGuv f m tcsed rf sm;onf tv[\jzpf&onfu rsm;ayonf? okd‹aomf
onf? usaemfw‹dk tcsKyfum;ESifh ,SOfvsu&f yfxm;aom tcsKyf usaemft h zd‹k uHaumif;onf[k qk&d rnf? OD;xdefvif;ESifh twlae
um;rS olŒtazmftm; um;toifhjyifxm;zkd‹ ajymvkduo f nf? vdkuf&onfh tcsdefrsm;onf b0wuUokdvw f iG f q&maumif;
xkdaxmufvrS f;a&;uyif “tawmfuaH umif;wJhtzdk;}uD;uGm/ wa,mufESifh awGŒ& ouJhok‹d jzpfI uHaumif;onf[k qdkjcif;
ckH±kH;u q,fEpS favmuf cszkd‹ aumif;wJh tr_oH;k ESpfyJcsw,f/ jzpfonf? axmiftjyifrmS omqkyd gu OD;xdev f if;vkd 0g&ifo h wif;
enf;vkduw f m” [k ajymoHudk =um;vkdu&f onf? usaemfu pmq&m Ekid fiaH &;orm;}u;D wOD;ESihf ,ckuo hJ ‹kd at;at;aq;aq;
±kww f &uf a'goxGurf dum “awmfawmfuk, d cf sif;pmw&m; awGŒcGih&f zkd‹qko d nfrSm jzpfEkdifaomudprP [kwfyg? ,ckrl uHZmwf
acgif;yg;wJhaumif” [k a&&Gwfvkdufrdonf? r=umrD OD;xdef q&m. pDrHr_a=umifh usaemfw‹kd csif; aoG;&if; om;&if; ozG,f
vif;tm; axmufvSrf;a&;ESpfOD;u um;ay:vkdufykd‹onf? ae‹aygif;rsm;pGm em&Daygif;rsm;pGm qkH&ayonf? taetpm;
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 trSwfp Of-105 Edk0ifbm-2009
usyaf om tcef;usO;f uav;xJwiG f twlae=unfah wmhrS vnf; zqyvacwf/ rqvacwf tpk;d &rl0g'rsm;udk a0zefczJh ;l oltjzpf
wOD;oabmudk wOD; xJxJ0if0if odcGi&fh =uonf? pdwrf aem ‘bxdef’ tm; odxm;=uonfhtavsmuf bmom&yfrsKd;pkH/
ajzmifhjcif;/ aumufjcif;ukd uG,0f u S I f r&aomae&m[k qkv d #if acgif;pOf rsKd;pkjH zifh ar;vmonfrsm;udk ‘bxde’f 'kdifcaH jz=um;
rrSm;Ekid af omae&mrSm axmifhtjyifu wef;[kqd&k rnfh xkw d duk f cJh&onf? rdvm† ESifh a&csKd;udp+P yD;I wku d fcef;wHcg;rsm;tm;vk;H
cef;uav;rsm;yif jzpfonf? ig;yda=umfwZGef;twGuf/ aq;vdyf ydwfoGm;csed fwGifrl +yKH;csKu d wvSn/hf usaemfuwvSn/fh ‘bxde’f
wzGm twGu/f a&wcGuftwGuf pdw0f rf;uGrJ r_ sm; ay:wwfonfh tm; ar;=u aqG;aEG;=ujyefonf? wcgw&H Ekid fiHa&;ta=umif;/
ae&mrSmvnf; xkdwkdufcef;uav;rsm;yifjzpfonf? vlŒpdwf wcgw&H owif;pmta=umif; ajymjzpf=uovkd &Hzef&cH g olŒb0
oabm }u;D r_ao;r_ukd rSwfausmufwif&m xkdwku d fcef;rsm;wGif jzwfoef;r_rsm;udv k nf; ajymjywwfonf? Tod‹k jzifh ‘bxdef’
vl}uD;vli,ftm;vk;H u OD;xdefvif;tm; pdwfxm;}uD;jrihfo[ l k ESih f ae&onfh axmif.ae‹&ufrsm;rSm “igaxmifusaeygvm;/
todtrSwjf yKc=hJ u&onf? olŒwGif 0if0h grr_ &S/d olŒwGif rmefrmer&S/d wku d fyw d fcaH e&ygvm;” qkdonfudyk if arhavsmhaerdonf[k
olŒwGif avmbr&S?d olonf vlwzufom;ESifh qufq&H mwGif qkdEkdifavmufayonf? ‘bxde’f ESifh ae‹&ufrsm;pGm tae=um
ESrd fhcspGmqufqHonf? olonf vltrsm;ESifh qufqH&mwGif vmcsdew f Girf l olŒb0tpdwt f ydkif;wcsKdŒudkvnf; odcGih&f vm
ud, k uf sKd;udpPukd t+rJaemufrSmxm;onf? olonf olŒudpP onf?
olŒtusKd;xuf trsm;udpP trsm;tusKd;udk a&S›wef;rSmxm;avh 1942 ckESpf Zlvkdif (27) &ufwGif jrefrmhvGwfvyf
&Sdoljzpfonf? pm;aumif; aomufz, G f&dv
S #if wyg;oludk OD;pGm a&;wyfrawmf (bDtid k af t) udk zsuo f rd ;f I jrefrmh umuG,af &;
au|;onf? axmif0ifpmawGŒ+yD; jyefvmonfhtcgwdik f; rdom;pk wyfrawmf (bD'aD t) zGJŒpnf;csdeu f wnf;u ‘bxdef’ onf
uay;vku d o f nfh [if;vsm rke‹f yo J Gm;a&pmrsm;udk b0wl&aJ bmf wyfx0J if&ef }udK;pm; cJo h nf? ‘bxdef’ . Ekid if aH &;b0 pwifcsdef
rsm;tm; r#a0ay;wwfojl zpfonf? olonf touft&G,ft&/ onf 1943 jzpfonf? olŒtoufrmS (17) ESpf t&G,w f iG f bD'aD t
0gt&/ *k%o f u d mQ t& }u;D oljzpfaomfvnf; xkt d csuu f Akd ef;jyI wyfY pwifppfr_xrf;cGif&h cJhonf? 1945 ck zufqpfawmfvSef
tcGifhta&;r,l? Ekdiif aH &;tusOf;om;rsm;tcGifhta&;twGuf a&;pcsed w f iG f wyf=uyfjzpfae+yD? awmfveS fa&;wGif ‘bxde’f onf
axmif tm%mydik w f ‹dk EiS hf ajyma&;qkad &;&Sv d #if acgi;f rv#K/d aemuf wkid ;f (1) Akv d rf ;ª armifarmif uGyu f rJ +atmufY wm0efxrf;cJo h nf?
rqkwf/ &J&0J 0Hh h H oduQm&S&d d S ta&;qkw d wfonf? wkid ;f (1) onf yJE, G uf ek ;f wGif XmecsKypf u dk I f ppfawmif;jrpf ta&S›
xkpd Ofu (4) wku d fwiG f OD;cifarmifxeG f; (Akdvrf ª;}uD; bufjcrf;wGif r[mrdwf (17) wyfrESihf yl;wGJppfqifcJhonf[k
a[mif;)/ pDAif=uL; (Adv k rf ª;}u;D a[mif;)/ oD[ol&pk;d odrf; (Adkvrf ;ª qkdonf? awmfveS fa&;+yD;csed f 1945 ckESpf 'DZifbm (1) &ufwiG f
}u;D a[mif;)/ OD;wifat; (Akv d rf ;ª }u;D a[mif;)/ apmcspo f ef; (u&if t+rw J rf; Armhwyfrawmf. t&eftiftm;tjzpf ‘jynfoŒl &Jabmf
jynfe,f0ef}u;D a[mif;)/ OD;tke;f armif (anmifa&$)/ OD;armifarmif tzGŒJ ’ ukd Adv k cf sKyaf tmifqef;/ Adv k rf ;ª atmif/ Akv d xf eG ;f vif;/ Akvd zf ;dk
(a&=unf) tp&Sdonfh jynfolŒv$wfawmfukd,fpm;vS,frsm; uGe;f wkd‹u OD;aqmifzGJŒpnf;aomtcg ‘bxde’f onf jynfolŒ
&Sd=uonf? udw k ifhqef; (&uo)/ ukd+y;H csKd(&uo)/ ud&k ifaxG; &JabmftzGŒJ 0if jzpfvmonf?
(vl‹abmif)/ udk&efrsKd;odr;f (Auo) tp&Sdaom ausmif;om; vGwv f yfa&;twGuf ppfa&; Ekdiif Ha&;t& txl;tm;
acgi;f aqmifrsm; tygt0if vli,fEpS q f ,favmufvnf; &So d nf? arG;aecsdefjzpfI jynfolŒ&Jabmfwkd‹onf EkdifiHa&;avhvm&if;
wku d fxJwiG f OD;xdev f if;udk ausmif;om; vli,frsm;u ‘bxde’f ppf,leDazmif;0wfum ppfa&;avhusifhcJh=u&onf? xkdpOfu
[k cspfcifav;pm;or_jzifh ac: =uonf? jynfolŒ&JabmftzGJŒ. aqmify'k frmS ‘wkdif;jynfonf jynfolŒ&J
rdv†mcscsdef/ a&csKd;csdefwGif tcef;tjyif xGufcGifh& abmftwGuf rjzpfap&/ &Jabmfonf wkid ;f jynftwGuf jzpfap&
aomolrsm;u usaemfw‹kd tcef;a&Sw › iG f t+rJvmI ‘bxde’f ESihf rnf’ [k ‘bxde’f u ajymjycJo h nf? Akdvcf sKyaf tmifqef; usq;kH
pum;ajym=uonf? vGwv f yfa&;acwf/ zqyvacwf/ rqv +y;D onfah emuf OD;Ek. vuf0n J ! D wG af &;rl (15) csuf tay: jynf
acwf Ek d i f i H a &;a&S ; a[mif ; aES m if ; jzpf r sm;ud k ar;=u olŒ&JabmfwyfzJŒG twGi;f oabmxm;uGJ=u&mrS &JabmfjzLESifh &J
aqG;aEG;=uonfhtcgrsm;&Sdovkd/ rsufarSmufjzwfoef;ae abmf0g[u k GJ&yk/H &JabmfjzLudk Adv k fxeG ;f vif;/ Adv k zf ;kd uGef; wkd‹u
=u&aom Ekdiif aH &;c&D;. a&St › vm;tvmrsm;udk ar;=u jref;=u OD;aqmifI &Jabmf0gukd Akv d fr;ª atmif/ Adv k frif;acgi/f Adkvpf def
okH;oyfcdik f;=uonfrsKd;vnf; &Sdonf? wcsed u f =oZm}uD; aom rSew f k‹d u OD;aqmifcJhyH/k 1948 ckESpfwiG f &JabmfjzLwyfzGJŒ awmckd
Akdvw f axmifowif;pm. t,f'DwmcsKyfwm0ef xrf;aqmifcJh aomtcg ‘bxde’f vnf; awmwGif;ok‹d vdu k yf goGm;cJyh rkH sm;udk
zl;ol/ owif;pmacgi;f }uD;ESifh a&mifpHo k wif;aqmif;yg;rsm;jzifh ajymjycJzh l;onf? Tod‹k jynfoŒl &JabmfEiS fh twl awmwGi;f vuf
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trSwfpOf-105 Edk0ifbm-2009
eufudkif b0=urf;udk ig;ESpfwmjzwfoef;&if; Akdvfxdefvif; oGi;f ay;oGm;rnf[k ajymyk/H vufeufuidk yf u H k efru _ kd tm;ay;wm
jzpfvmcJhonf? odk‹jzifh Ekid if Ha&;uH=urRm tvSnt hf ajymif;[k rsK;d r[kwv f #if owif;pmtaejzifh tpk;d &ukd a0zefEkdif onf[k
qkd&rnfvm;rod/ 1953 ckESpf awmwGi;f wku d yf Jw
G ae&mwGif Adv k fr;ª csKyfatmif}uD;u ajymcJyh rkH sm;udk ‘bxdef’ u jyefajymif;
‘bxdef’ zrf;qD;cH&um ajrmif;jraxmifY usco Jh nf? ajymjycJo h nf?
aemifwGif &efukefaxmifokd‹ ajymif;a&$ŒcJh&onf? odk‹aomf 1964 ckESpfwGif owif;pmrsm; EkdifiHykdif
1955- 56- 57 umv &efuek faxmifwiG f vlxOk D;vS/ Aef;armf todr;f cH&ykH/ 64 pufwifbmvwGif AkdvfwaxmifESifh *g;'D;,ef;
wifatmif/ ocifjroef;/ jroef;wif/h armifae0if;/ ‘*kefwm&m owif;pmwk‹d udk pwkd;qkdifrsm;/ opfpuf/ opfqdik frsm;/ um;ESihf
tp&Sdaom pma&;q&mrsm;ESifhvnf;aumif;/ Akv d t f kef;armif pufypPn;f rsm;ESifhtwl EkdifiyH ikd fodr;f ,lcH&ykHwkd‹udk ‘bxdef’ u
(avxD;)/ ocifazaX;/ Akdvfrª;cspfaumif;/ ociftkef;jrifh ajymjy&if; xdt k csdefrpS Iowif;pmvGwv f yfciG fh qkH;±_H;oGm;&
(ausmfvif;)/ ocifausmfped f (jynfoŒl pmay) wk‹d uJhok‹d aom ykHrsm;udv k nf; &Si;f jy zl;onf? ‘bxdef’ u xkdESpftwGif; jyKvyk f
xif&Sm;aom Ekid if Ha&;orm;rsm;ESifv h nf;aumif; awGŒqkHcJh=u cJhaom yky`m; awmifolv,form; ES;D aESmzvS,yf GJESifh caygi;f
ykrH sm; udk ‘bxde’f u =unf=unfE;l El;ajymjywwfonf? xkpd Ofu awmifolv,f orm;ESD;aESmzvS,fyJw G ‹kd Y Adv k af e0if;ajymcJhonfh
axmiftajctaeESihf Ekid if Ha&;tusO;f om;wk‹d b0udk ,ck etz rde‹f ceG ;f rsm;onf vGwv f yfrt _ m;vk;H qk;H ±H;_ awmhrnfukd jyoaom
acwf E S i f h Ed _ i f ; ,S O f = unf h a omtcg ppf t m%m&S i f w k d ‹ . a&S›ajy;edrw d f rsm;tjzpf owif;pmorm;wOD;taeESifh jrifcJh
vlpw d uf if;aysmufaeykHrsm;ukd r,kEH kdif atmif jzpf&onf[k onf[kvnf; qkdonf? Akv d af e0if;u awmfvSefa&; aumifpDudk
‘bxde’f uqdo k nf? xkdacwfu &efukeaf xmifwGi;f Y Ekid fiHa&; qef ‹ usif o l rsm;tm; jywf j ywf o m;om; ES d r f e if ; rnf /
tusOf;om;rsm;tm; ae‹pOf tom;tygt0if &duQmtpkd paw;oifo h lukd paw; rnf[k ,if;rde‹f ceG f;rsm;Y ajymcJo h nf[k
tajcmufrsm;xkwfay;+yD; ud, k wf dik f csujf yKwf pm;aomufciG &hf yk/H od&onf? aemif 1971 ckEpS w f iG f ‘bxde’f ud, k w f id k f Advk af e0if;.
Ekdiif Ha&;pmtkyfrsm;tygt0if ESpfouf&mpmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;udk tusOf ; om; jzpf c J h &onf ? owif ; pmq&mb0
vGwv f yfpGm zwfcGifh&±krH #ru pma&;cGihfvnf;&Syd kH/ vlxOk ;D vS/ wcef;&yfchJ&onf?
Aef;armfwifatmif/ ocifjroef;wkd‹. xif&Sm;aom pmtkyf ‘bxde’f onf &Spfav;vkH; vlxk'rD u kd a&pD ta&;
tcsKdŒrSm &efuek af xmifwiG ;f Y a&;cJ=h uyk/H ae‹}uD;&uf}uD;rsm;wGif awmfy}kH uD; jzpfymG ;csed fY wm0ef auspGm vlxkbufrS &yfcho J nf?
pkaygi;f I tcrf;tem;rsm; usi;f y=uyk/H Ekid if aH &;a[majymyGrJ sm;yif vli,fn! D w G af &; wyfaygi;f pkukd tm;ay;yHhy;dk cJo h nf? rsuaf rSmuf
vkycf iG h&f yk/H axmifwiG ;f okd‹ &[ef;oHCmrsm;udk yihfzdwfI vSLEkid f jrefrmEdik if . H Ekid if aH &;OD;aqmiftzGŒJ tpnf;tjzpf a':atmifqef;pk
wef;Ekdif w&m;em OykofapmifhEikd yf H/k use;f rma&;twGuf tm;u =unf. trsKd;om; 'Dru dk a&pDtzGJŒcsKyfukd axmufcHcho J nf? xkd‹
pm;vkycf iG ahf y;xm;I jcif;vk;H / abmvDabm ponfjzifh upm;Ekid yf Hk a=umifh etzppftkypf ku ‘bxdef’ tm; &efopl m&if;oGi;f um
ponfwk‹d ukd A[kokwjzpfzG,f ‘bxdef’ u ajymjywwfonf? 1989 wGif zrf;qD;tusO;f cscJh onf? xkpd Ofu OD;0if;wif/ armif
axmifrSjyefvGwaf omtcg Akv d fw axmifowif;pm aomfu/ armifrd;k ol/ armif0o H / pdefvSO;D / atmif0ifh/ OD;ombef;/
wGif0ifvyk &f if; ‘bxde’f owif; pmq&m jzpfvmcJo h nf? 1964 a'gufwmarmifarmifausmf/ om,m0wD pef;pef;EGJŒ tp&Sdaom
ckEpS f owif;pmrsm; Ekid if yH dik f todr;f cH&+y;D aemuf ‘bxde’f onf pma&;q&m owif;pmq&mrsm;ESiht f wl ‘bxdef’ onfvnf;
Adv k wf axmifowif;pm. t,f'DwmcsKyf jzpfvmcJo h nf? zqy tif;pdefaxmifwiG f wkdufyw d f tusO;f csccH h&J onf? pma&;q&m
vacwfEiS hf Adv k af e0if;. rqvacwf owif;pmq&mvky&f ykcH si;f uAsmq&m owif;pmq&mrsm;udk tm%m&Sifw‹dk u t+rJyif
rwljcm;em;csurf sm;ESihf wpwp owif;pm vGwv f yfciG rhf sm; xde;f ouFmruif; apmih=f unhw f wfay&m ‘bxdef’ wk‹d uo hJ ‹dk Ekid if aH &;
csKyfcHc&Jh onfwd‹k udv k nf; tvsO;f oifhovdk ‘bxdef’ ajymjy aemufcb H 0 &SdcJhzl;olrsm;ukdrl wpkw H &m jypfrr_ usL;vGef aomf
wwfonf? 1962 ckEpS f rwfv (2) &ufae‹ tm%modrf;yGt J +y;D vnf; xpfceJqkdv#if csKyfaESmifxm;wwfonfrmS tpOf tvm
&ufykdif;twGi;f jyKvyk faom awmfvSefa&; aumifpD . EkdifijH cm; jzpfaeav+y?D
owif ; axmuf rsm; owif ;pmuGe f z &if h w Gi f Adk v f rª ; csKyf tif;pdeaf xmif (4) wku d t f wkd tcef; (22) wGif 0g&ifEh id k if H
atmif}u;D u awmfveS af &;tpd;k &onf owif;pmvGwv f yfciG uhf kd a&;orm; owif;pmq&m}u;D Akv d wf axmif OD;xdev f if;ESih f twl
tm;ay;oGm;rnf[k ajymcJyh /kH owif;pm udk qifqmvk;H 0rvky[ f k aecJh&pOf jrefrmjynf 'Dru kd a&pD&&Sad &;wGif rnfonfhtcsufudk
tmrcHcyhJ /Hk OD;Ek. yxptpk;d &u wpdww f ykid ;f vufcx H m;+y;D aom ta&;ygonfxifygovJ [k ar;=unfhzl;ygonf? xkdpOfu
owif;pmOya'udk txl;trde‹f jyefwrf;jzifh twnf+yK touf ‘bxdef’ ajymcJhz;l onfrsm; xJrS usaemfrSwrf daeonfh tcsuf
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 trSwfp Of-105 Edk0ifbm-2009
wckrmS Ekid if aH &;wm0efudk xrf;aqmifvo dk nfh vli,frsm;taeESihf EkdifiHa&;avS}uKH p;D vkdolursm;+yD; ±kd;±k;d om;om; tepf
AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;tm; twk,lI ±kd;±kd;om;om; EdkifiHa&; emcH Ekid if aH &;vkyv f odk l enf;yg;aev#if tcsi;f csi;f t=um; nD!w G f
vky=f uzk‹d vko d nfqakd om tcsujf zpfonf? Ekid if Ha&;avS}uKH p;D vkd a&; tm;enf;ae wwfonfqakd om ‘bxdef’ . tawGŒt}uKH
olursm;+y;D ±d;k ±kd;om;om; tepfemcH Ekid if aH &; vkyv f okd l enf;yg; oifcef;pm/ Ekid fiaH &;tiftm;pkrsm; rnDr!Gwf pdw0f rf;uGaJ ev#if
aev#if tcsi;f csi;f t=um; yËdyuQrsm;I nD!Gwfa&;tm; enf; vlxu k pdwyf suw f wf onf [laom ‘bxde’f . owday;csu/f
aewwfonf? Ekid fiaH &;tiftm;pkrsm; rnDr!Gwf pdw0f rf;uGJ ta&;t}u;D qkH; tqkH;tjzwfumvrsm;wGif nD!Gwaf &;wnf
aev#if vlxu k pdwyf suw f wfonf? vlxkaxmufcrH _r&v#if aqmufEkdifrS Ekid fiaH &;udk taumif; bufod‹k tvSnfhtajymif;
'Drdkua&pDatmifyGJESifh tvSrf;a0;aeOD;rnf[k ‘bxdef’ u jzpfatmif vkyfEikd frnfqdak om ‘bxdef’ .tjrif ponfw‹dk ukd
ajymjyzl;onf? usaemfw‹dk qufvufo,faqmifrnf?
wkid ;f jynftwGuf ta&;t}uD;qk;H tqk;H tjzwfumv 'Drudk &ufwpfjrefrmhtoHrw S qifh ‘bxde’f u usaemf
rsm;wGif nD!Gwfa&; rwnfaqmufEkdifojzifh EkdifiHa&;ukd wkd‹udk ajymcJh rSmcJhzl;wmwcsuf&Sdonf? “'DyJ,if;tjzpftysuf
taumif;bufo‹kd tvSnhf tajymif;jzpfatmif rvkyfEdik cf =Jh u[k [m olu bmac:rvJ aphpyfajz&Sif ;a&;vrf;pOfu ae cGJ
‘bxdef’ olŒtawGŒt}uKHrsm;t& ok;H oyfjyzl;onf? Adv k fcsKyf xGuw f myJ? wenf;tm;jzifh aphpyfajz&Sif;a&;vkyif ef;ukd acsr_ef;
atmifqef;u wkid f;jynf vGwfvyfa&; twGuf vli,fEikd fiaH &; ypfvu kd w
f myJ? tJ'aD wmh aphpyfajz&Si;f a&;udk acsre_ ;f awmh bmvJ
orm;rsm; nD!w G zf ‹dkvo
dk nf? tacsmiform; pm;zm;rsm; nD!w G f qkw d thJ cgusawmh olwd‹k u xdyfwdu k faygAh sm? xdyw f u kd v f yk fr,f?
onfudk rvkdcsif[k olŒacwfwkef;u ajymzl;ouJhodk‹ ,ae‹ aemufwcg acsre_ ;f wJv h rf;opfaygh? twkdut f cHukd 'Dru dk a&pDa&;
acwfwGiv f nf; ausmif;om;vli,f rsm; nD!w G af &; udpPrmS tiftm;pkawGukd acsre_ ;f r,f? wkduf±du k fajym&&if 'g ppftm%m
ppftm%m&SifatmufrS vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf jy\eus &Sipf epf qufvufxal xmifz‹kd 'Dvrf;udk olwd‹k a&G;vku d w f m yJ”?
aeqJjzpfonf[k ‘bxdef’u olŒtjrifuk d ajymzl;onf? qkdvkdonfrmS ppftm%m&Sifbufu olŒvrf;pOfudk
2001 ckESpf Zefe0g&DvwGif usaemf c&D;rxGufrD tjywfajymI tjywfvyk fae+yDqkdonft h csut f m; 'Drku d a&
‘bxde’f udk oGm;a&mufawGŒqku H mE_wq f ufjzpfonf? xkpd Ofu pDbufu ykid f;ykdif;jzwfjzwf =unfh =u jrif=uzkd‹ ‘bxdef’ u
,ae‹Eidk if aH &;udk r±yf ±yfatmif vkyaf eolrmS ppftyk pf jk zpfa=umif; Ekid fiaH &;orm;wOD;taeESiafh &m owif;pmq&mwOD;taeESihyf g
oabmaygufz k d ‹vd ko nf / rsuf p dr vnfz k d‹ vk do nf/ 1990 &J&JaxmufjycJhjcif;jzpfonf? wqifhwufI pOf;pm;v#if 'Drkdu
a&G;aumufyGJ&v'fudk qkyfukid x f m;zkd‹/ a&G;aumufyGJ&v'fudk a&pDbufu bmvky=f urnfenf;/ bmawGjyifqifxm;=u+yeD nf;/
zsuo f dr;f a&; &nf&G,fcsufEiS hfvyk faom trsKd;om; nDvmcHudk vlxu k kd OD;aqmifra_ y;Ekdifz‹dk vrf;pOfwpkw H &m vuf0,f toifh
vufrcHrzd ‹dk ta&;}u;D onf[k ‘bxde’f u olŒ tuJjzwfcsuu f dk &Sd+yDvm;? ppftm%m&Sifwd‹k . tjywfacsre_ ;f a&;vrf;pOftm;
ajymjyonf? rnfonfhvrf;pOfjzifh ,SOf+ydKif &ifqkdif=urnfenf;[k owday;
1990 a&G;aumufyGJ&v'fudk ab;z,facsmifxkd;/ Ed_;aqmf vkdufjcif;jzpfrnf[k usaemfxifygonf? ‘bxdef’ um;
Ekid if Ha&;tusO;f om;rsm;udk v$wfay;&ef jiif;qdak eor# 'Dru d k a&pD aemufq;Hk tcsed t f xd wm0efausaom 'Dru d k a&pDbufawmfom;
jyKjyifajymif;vJa&; vkyfrnfqjdk cif;rSm vdrfvnfro _ mjzpfonfudk Ekid fiaH &;orm; aumif; owif;pmorm;aumif;yDoygayonf?
owdrvpf&efvkdonf[k ‘bxdef’ u tus,fw0ifh aqG;aEG;
jycJhonf? Todk‹ ‘bxde’f ESihu f saemf awGŒqkHpum; ajymjzpf Taqmif;yg;jzifh (Ek0d ifbm 4/ 2004) &ufae‹wiG f
cJhonfrmS aemufqkH;awGŒqkHjcif; jzpfvrd hrf nf[k usaemf rxif uG ,f v G e f oG m;ch J a om 0g&if h owif ; pmq&m
rSwcf ?hJ jyefvnfawGŒqkcH iG hf &Sad eOD;rnf[k xifaeqJrmS yif ‘bxde’f EkdifiHa&; orm;}uD; OD;xdefvif; (1926 -2004)
u usaemfw‹kd tm; cGcJ mG oGm;cJhav+y?D ok‹d aomf vlaoaomfvnf; tm; OD;!Gwf *k%fðytyfygonf?
emrnfraoaom ‘bxde’f tm; usaemfw‹dk xm0pOf owd&ae
rnfjzpfonf? xm0pOf twk,l tm;usaernfjzpfonf? vli,f
rsm;taeESifh Adv k fcsKyfatmifqef;tm; twk,lI ±k;d ±kd;om;om;
EkdifiHa&;vkyf=uzkd‹vdkonfqkdaom ‘bxdef’,kH=unfcJhonfh
tcsufukd rsKd;qufopfvil ,fwd‹k tm; usaemfwd‹k qufvufI Æ·ºª·ºå
vufqifu h rf;&rnfjzpfonf?
18
trSwfpOf-105 Edk0ifbm-2009

jynfow
l @kd . pum;jyef
(1)

1872 ckESpf =o*kwf 30 &ufxkwf ‘jrefrmowif;’owif;pmwGif ‘wkdif;oljynfom;rsm;u tpdk;&rif;rsm;udk owif;

pmxJuaeI pum;ajymp&mr&Sd+yD[k ajymqdkae=uonfhtwGif;/ cifAsm;wdk@ jrefrmowif;pmay:vmonfudk 0rf;ajrmuf
=uygonf’ [lI rEœav;jrdK@rS a&$A[dkqdkolu a&;om;cJhonf?
‘wdkif;oljynfom;rsm;u tpdk;&rif;rsm;udk pum;ajymp&m’[laom t,ltqudk usaemfwdk@ tvGefoabm
usonf? owif;pmonf jynfolwdk@. xifjrif,lqcsuf/ qENoabmxm;rsm;udk xif[yf azmfxkwfonfh ae&mjzpfonf
qdkaom acwfopf t,ltqESifhvnf; 'ufxd/ uGufwd/ udkufnDonf[k usaemf wdk@ ,lqonf?
ya'o&mZfacwfu owif;pmonf a&$A[dkajymonfhtwdkif; ‘wdkif;oljynfom;rsm;u tpdk;& rif;rsm;udk pum;ajym
p&m’ ae&mXmejzpfcJhonf? xdkacwfu owif;pmrsm;wGif owif; pmudk ‘rif;=um;pnf}uD;’/ ‘[pfwdik f}uD;’yrm wif pm;cJh=u
onf? ,ae@rsufarSmufacwfwGifvnf; owif;pmonf wdkif;ol jynfom;wdk@u tpdk;&udk pum;ajymp&m ae&mÏmetjzpf
qufvuf wm0efxrf;aqmifjrJ xrf;aom tpdk;&csif;csif; pum;aygufatmif bmomjyefay;onfh jynfolwdk@. pum;
jyefvnf;jzpfonf[lI usaemfwdk@ ,lqowfrSwfjcif; jzpfavonf?

(2)

jynfolwdk@. pum;jyef owif;pmonf vlESpfOD;t=um;Y bmomjyefay;onfh pum;jyefuJhodk@ puf&kyftvm; v_yf

&Sm;onfh t&mr[kwf? a0zefjcif;/ qef;ppfjcif;/ owœKcsjcif;/ aumufcsufcsjcif;/ rSwfcsufay;jcif; paom wnf;jzwfr_ jzifh
bmomjyefay;onfh tod^m%f ,Eœ&m;jzpfonf? odk@jzpfI eufeJ&_yfaxG;aom pdwfydkif;&kyfydkif;qdkif&m jy\emrsm;pGmudk
&ifqdkif&onf? t=urf;tm;jzifh pdwfydkif;qdkif&m jy\emw&yf/ &kyfydkif;qdkif&mjy\emw&yf &Sdonf[k ,lqonf?
pdwyf dkif;qdki&f mjy\emrSm owif;pmqdw
k m bmvJqdkonfukd owif;pmorm;bufu cH,, l H=k unf&yfwnfcsuEf Sifh
owif;pm qdkwmbmvJqdkonfudk owif;pmorm;r[kwfolwdk@bufu xifjrifowfrSwf,lqcsufwdk@. uGJvGJjcm;em;r_rS
aygufzGm;aomjy\em jzpfonf?

owif ;pmqd kwm bmvJ

1? 0g'jzef@pm&Gufvm;? ‘rSefyghbk&m;’ oHawmfOD;wifv$mvm;?’aAmif;awmfndwf/ pdwfawmfod’ bkef;awmfbJG

hpmwef;vm;? ‘tm;vkH;aumif;ygonfcifAsm;’ tpD&ifcHpmvm;? ckdif;&ma&;/ ay;&mxkwfjyefonfh jyef=um;a&; pmpOfvm;?
vufndSK;!$ef&m a&jzpfcsifolwdk@. azmifawmfpD; vufrSwfvm;?
2? tm%mESifh aiGudk a&vdkokH;um udk,fusKd;&Smol/ EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;/ 0g'azmufjyefol/ tm%mESifh
tcGifhta&; tvJGokH;olwkd@. todysufr_/ tusifhysufr_/ wm0efysufr_/ pnf;urf;ysufr_/ ,kH=unfcsuf/ cH,lcsuf/ &yfwnf
csufysufr_rsm;udk zkH;uG,fay;onfh puULuef@vef@umvm;?
3? trSefw&m;/ t&Sdw&m;/ tjzpf w&m;rsm;udk ydw[ f Jh/ qdk@[Jh/ wm;[Jh/ qD;[Jh /v#K@d [Jh/ 0Su[
f JhESifh owif;axmufu
waumufaumuf vdkufjcif;/ owif;pmu wpmpma&;jcif;udk rcHr&yfEdkif jzpfum jynfolw kd@. em; rsufp dydwfjcif;/
t=uH^m%fwkH; evydef;wkH;rsm;jzpfatmifjyKvkyf&mY tokH;jyKonfh puUL rsufESmzkH;vm;?
4? jrefrmhqdk&S,fvpfvrf;pOf ygwDu t"dy`m,fzGiho
f nfhtwdkif; trJukd tjzL rvky/f trSefw&m;udk rzk;H tky/f jynfo@l
xifjrif,lqcsufrsm;udk raESmifcsKyfbJ jynfoludk tod ynmay;/ jynfoludkpnf;&kH;/ jynfoludk v_H@aqmf/ jynfolESifh
tpdk;&=um; aygif;ul;ay;onfh jynfol@qufoG,fa&;,E œ&m;}uD;/ jynfol@r¾dKif}uD;/ jynfol@tmabmf}uD;vm;?
19
trSwfp Of-105 Edk0ifbm-2009
owif;pmorm; r[kwfolrsm;teufrS vufwqkyf pmvlenf;pkonf xdkar;cGef;. trSwfpOf 1/ 2/ 3 wdk@udk
acgif;ndwfoabmwlonf? trSwpf Of 4 udk acgif;cgjiif;qefonf? owif;pmorm;url xdv k lenf;pk.oabmxm;ESifh ajymif;
jyefjzpfaomoabmxm;udk pGJjrJpGm ESvkH;oGif;onf?
jynfou l dk em;rsufpyd dwjf cif; (0g) owif;tarSmifusjcif;udk xdkvel nf;pkonf bma=umifh vdkvm;=uoenf;? ck;d om;
"m;jyonf arSmifrdkufwdwfqdwfaom tumv ntcgudk bma=umifh ESpf+cdKufoenf;[laomar;cGef;. Ttajzonf
txufygar;cGef;. tajzESifh xyfwlyifjzpfonf? ckd;om;"m;jyonf tumv ^mOfhtrdkufudk tumtuG,f,lum cdk;qdk;
vk,ufouJhodk@ azmufjyefol/ tusifhysufol/ EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;wm0ef pnf;urf;ysufolwdk@onf jynfolydkif
qdkifaom tm%m/ tcGifhta&;ESifh "eypPnf;wdk@udk udk,fusKd;pD;yGm;twGuf rw&m;aomenf;jzifh xifovdk }udK;udkifcs,f
vS,fokH;pGJEdkif&ef jynfoludk em;rsufpd uef;aeapvdkonf? wenf;qdkv#if owif;tarSmifusaeapvdkonf? yg;pyfydwfaeap
vdkonf? wenf;qdkv#if qENoabmxm; xifjrif,lqcsuftoH wdwfaeapvdkonf?
owif;pmorm;onf ,if;odk@aom EdkifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;/ w&m;vGef w&m;rJh azmufjyef vGefusK;ysufuGuf
r_rsm;uif;qdwfapvdkonf? owif;ESifh jynfolwkd@. xifjrif,lqcsufrsm;wnf;[laom tvif;a&mifukd tpOfojzifhyiG fv h if;
0if;xdefapvdkonf?
owif;tarSmifudk }udKufaomxkdvlenf;pkonf ppfrSefaomowif;ESifh xifjrif,lqcsufrsm;udk [ef@wm;ydwfqdk@&ef
tcgtcGifhroifhonfhtcg rSm;,Gif;wdrf;,drf;aom owif;ESifh xifjrif,lqcsufrsm;udk tpm;xdk;oGyfoGif;&ef }udK;pm;
wwfonf? trJudktrJ[k rajymatmif ydwfyifzkH;zdI r&aomtcg trJudk tjzL[k xifa,mifjrifrSm;atmif owif;vdrf/
owif;nm/ xifj rifcsufrSm;/ xifjrifcsuf ,Gif;rsm;udktrdef@ tm%mok H;I vnf;aumif;/ t=urf;zuf tusyfudkifI
vnf;aumif;/ tcGifhta&; vmbfyoumjzifh aoG;aqmifjrLqG,fIvnf;aumif; azmfjycdkif;wwfonf?
owif;pmorm;ESifh jynfoltrsm;onf xdk tavhtx/ xdktjyKtrlrsm;udk vufrcH? ypfy,fonf? jiif;qefonf?
wGe;f vSefonf? xdu k JjG ym;jcm;em;r_/ xd0k da&m"d/ xdyk ÉdyuQonf owif;pmvGwv f yfcGihq
f dkaom jy\emyGm;wckukd ay:aponf?
owif;pmvGwfvyfcGifh[lonf xdkvGwfvyfcGifhudk rnfolwdk@.tusKd;twGuf/ rnfonfhenf;jzifh/ rnfodk@aom
twdkif;twmtxd usifhokH;oenf;[laom OD;wnfcsuf/ pnf;urf;ESifh wm0ef ‘abmif’ &Sdonf?
odk@jzifh owif;pmordkif;wav#mufvkH;wGif owif;pmorm;rsm;pGm/ xifjrif,lqcsuf azmfxkwfolrsm;pGm tjypf
&SmcH&/ w&m;pGJcH&/ tzrf;tqD; t!SOf;tyef; t&dkuftESufcH&onfrSm }udrfzefrsm;pGm jzpfonf?

(3)

jrefrmowif;pmrsm;onf ya'o&mZfacwf/ t&if;&Sifacwfwdk@udk jzwfoef; ausmfv$m;cJh&onf? ‘bkef;awmf}uD;

bk&m;ESifh ycef;rif;}uD;xkwfvdkufwdkif; =unfh±_ygap[k bk&m;ocifrSm qkawmif;ygonf’ qdkaom a&$em;awmfoGif;pum;rsKd;
(jrefrmowif;pm 1872 =o *kwfv 30)? ‘owif;pmqdkonfum; a&mif;pm;aomt&mjzpfonf’qdkaom t&if;&SifvufokH;
pum;rsKd; (jrefrmowif;pm 1872 pufwifbm 20) udk xyfrem;ajymcJh=uonf?
ya'o&mZfowif;pmrsm;yDyD rif;vdkvdkuf rif;}udKufa&;cJh=uonfvnf;&Sdonf? t&if;&Sif owif;pmrsm;yDyD owif;
pm a&mif;yef;vSatmif !DSapmfeHaomowif;rsm;/ ,rf;apmfeHaomowif;rsm;/ a&SmarG;Am&m%oDcsJ@aomowif;rsm;/
jynfoludk r_dif;wdkufaomowif;rsm;/ vl+ydef;}udKufowif;rsm;udk a&;cJhonfvnf;&Sdonf?
xdkacwfowif;pmrsm;onf acwftavsmuf owif;ESifh xifjrifcsufrsm;udk a&G;cs,f&mY ol@acwfol@tcg. vlwef;
pm;bufu &yfwnfa&;cJhonf? xdkvlwef;pm;wdk@onf azmufjyefaom vlwef;pm;rsm;jzpfI xdkowif;pmwdk@onfvnf;
azmufjyefaom toGifudk aqmifcJh=uonf?
odk@aomf trSefw&m;udk ajymrnf[laom rlv blwopPm"rRudkrl azmufzsufjcif;rjyKcJhacs?
‘jyKusifhrdaomolESifh ruGmjcm;/ odoor#vltrsm;wdk@ &GH&SmI aemiftcg rusifh}uHbJ y,f&Sm;=uatmif raumif;
aomowif;udk r¹cif;rcsef trSefowif;pm&dkufv$ifhygrnf? jyKusifh&if;olESifhwuG vltrsm;wdk@ ESpfvdk0rf;om +rJ+rHpGm
usifhaqmif=u&atmif aumif;rGefaom owif;udkvnf; r¹cif;rcsef trSef&dkufv$ifhygrnf? raumif;aomtr_udk zkH;uG,fI
jyKusifhaomfvnf; olwyg;rod[k ratmufarhom? tu,fI odv#ifvnf; owif;pmrxnfh[kratmufarhom? {uef
20
trSwfpOf-105 Edk0ifbm-2009
owif;pmxnfh &dkufygvdrfhrnf? xdk@a=umifh aumif;rGefaomowif;udkom =um;vdkIar#mfvifhygonf’ (jrefrma*Zuf 1871
pufwifbm 22) pojzifh trSefw&m;/ t&Sdw&m;/ tjzpfw&m;wdk@udk rzkH;rzd ruG,fraxmuf a&;rnf[laom oHEdMÏmef udk
&if0,fydkufcJh=uonfcsnf; jzpfonf?
raumif;qdk;0g; tiftm;pkrsm;&SdaeoI owif ;pm. pmrsuEf Smrsm;ay: Y raumif;qdk;0g; vkyf&yf/ jzpf&yfowif;rsm;/
raumif;qdk;0g;vkyf&yf jzpf&yfowif;rsm;udk xdk;ESuw f ku
d cf dkuaf om xifjrif,q
l csufrsm; }u;D pkd;aeOD;rnfom jzpfonf? aumif;
aomtawG;/ aumif;aomtajym/ aumif;aomtvkyfrsm; xkESifhxnfESifh ay:xGufvmcsdefwGif aumif;aomowif;rsm;/
aumif;aomowif;rsm;/ aumif;aomowif;udk axmufcHpHwifonfh xifjrif,q l csufrsm;onf owif;pmpmrsuEf Smrsm;ay:
Y v$rf;rdk;vmrnfomjzpfonf?
owif;pmonf acwf. a=u;rkHjyifyrmjzpfI acwf.t&Sd/ tjzpf/ trSefrsm;udk &if;pGJtwkdif; xif[yfjyrnfomjzpf
onf? odk@&mwGif owif;pmonf acwf. a=u;rkHjyifr#om r[kwfI raumif;qdk;0g;owif;rsm;udk xdk;ESufwdkufcdkufaom
xifjrifcsufrsm;udkwifjy&if; raumif;qdk;0g; a&pD;a=umif;wGif a&pkHar#mvkdufaernf r[kwfacs?
owif;pmonf jynfolwdk@.awmfvSefa&;vufeufjzpfonfESifhtnD acwf}uD;udk twif;ajymif;rnf[laom
aºu;a=umfoHtwdkif; raumif;qdk;0g;acwf. tºuif;tusefrsm;udk uavmifvufeufjzifh xdk;ESufacsr_ef;&if; acwfajymif;
awmfvSefa&;}uD;udk wGef;wif o,faqmifoGm;rnfomjzpfonf?
awmf veS fa&;atmifjrifcsdef/ raumif ;qdk;0g; tiftm;pkrsm; +ydKuGJqdwof Ok f;csdef/ aumif;aom vkyf&yfjzpf&yf tiftm;
rsm;om wnfxGef;jzpfay:csdefY owif;pmrsm;onf aumif;aomowif;rsm;/ aumif;aomxifjrifcsufrsm;jzifhom jynfhv#rf;
vmayvdrfhrnf? owif;pmonf acwf. a=u;rkHjyifyrm acwf.t&Sd/ tjzpftrSefrsm;udk &if;pGJtwkdif; xif[yfjy rnfom
jzpfonf/ vuf&Sdtcsdefum; owif;pmrsm;tzdk@ xdkcvkwfuefoif;wdk@udk z,f&Sm;ae&onfh umvyifjzpfacsonf[k usaemf
wdk@,kHrSwfonf?

(4)

txufwGif wifjycJhonfh jy\emrsm;onf owif;pmqdkwmbmvJ qdkonfhtcsufudk vkyfom; jynfolwdk@ tod

t=um;enf;yg;r_udk ta=umif;jyKI ay:aygufae&jcif;jzpfonf? Tonfvnf;wa=umif;? owif;pmorm;rsm;udk,fwdkifu
‘owif;pmorm;onf owif;r[kw’f qdkaom tqdktrdef@twdkif; udk,hu f kd ukd,af zmf rolawmfv kyfvkad om qENacgif ;yg;r_ukd
ta=umif;jyKIvnf; ay:aygufae&jcif;jzpfonf? Tonfvnf;wa=umif;?
‘owif;pmorm;onf owif;r[kwf’ qdkonfh cH,lcsufESifhtnD owif;pmorm;onf trsm;jynfolydkifqdkifaom
owif;pmY owif;pmr[kwfbJ udk,fhta=umif;udk udk,fa&;cJonf? owif;r[kwfbJ udk,hf"mwfykHudk udk,fazmfjycJonf?
owif;r[kwb f J udk,hb
f 0udk ud,
k f aqG;aEG;cJonf? Tonfyifpnf;urf;/ Tonfyif udk,u f sihf ou
d mQ / Tonfyif +cdK;+cHr_[k
owif;pmorm;wdk h ,lq=uonf?
xk d@ a=umif hv nf ; owif; pmorm;wdk @ .b0/ owif ; pmorm;wd k @. vky f i ef ; tjrif / owif ;pmorm;wdk @ .
wm0eft,ltqudk jynfolwdk@=um;&enf; od&enf;onf? xdk@a=umifh vkyfom;jynfolwdk@onf owif;pmudk rdwfaqG&if;
csmyrm eHeufwdkif; awG@qkHae&aomfvnf;/ owif;pmudk jyKpkxkwfvkyf=uonfh owif;pmorm;wdk@. vufawG@b0 tcuf
tcJ/ vkyfief;ESifhwm0ef jy\emrsm;udk rodusKd;u|Hjzpfae=ujcif; jzpfonf?

(pmayESifh,Ofaus;r_tzGJ@i,f/ tajccH jynfolŒtvkyform;aumifpD/ [Hom0wDowif;pmwdkuf/ 1974 'DZifbm

1 rEœav;+rdK@? OD;0if;wif trnfrcHbJ a&;onfh trSmpm)
aqmif; yg;tjynfhtpkH r[kwfyg? aumuf Ekwf azmf jyjcif; om
®¼µå®½®Í

OD;0if;wif
21
trSwfp Of-105 Edk0ifbm-2009

“'kw,d urBmppfrwdkicf ifvrsm;twGif; “&kpbuf'f”u'DvdkajymcJhbl;w,f? “usm;waumifukad usmoyf acsmhjrL+yD;/

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22
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24
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awGu'DavmufygyJ? ,ef;awGu 0Dvfqif[m udk&D;,m;EdkifiHvGwfa+rmufatmif
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+ynfol@orRwEdkifiHta}umif;udkwif+yoGm;ygr,f? ol@pmtkyf tar&dueforRwu udk&D;,m;EdkifiHvGwfa+rmufzdk@twGuf
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puf wifb mv(24) txd / 0ef}uD; csKyft+zpf/“,mqltd kzl uawmh-'kwd,urBmppft+yD;/ awmifeJ@a+rmuf udk&D;,m;
ul'g” u wm0ef,lcJhw,f? 'gayrJh 2008 pufwifbmvrS Edki fiH ES pfEdki fiHudkc GJxkwf ypfvdk ufwJh tar&duef-qdkA D,uf
awmh Taro Aso tm%m&cJhw,f? qHk;+zwfcsufudk axmuf+yw,f? 0g&Sifwefudkt+ypf wifcJh
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aA;wpftawG;tac:aw+Gzpf+yD;/ w&kwfe@J a+rmufudk&D;,m; rSmawmh-
EdkifiHtay:rSm oabmxm;wif;rmol+zpfw,f? awmifu dk& D;,m;Ed kifi Hom;awGu- “tar&du ef
2009 pufwifbmrSmawmh 'Drdku&ufwpfygwD&JŒ +ynfaxmifpk[m“+yHK,rf;”xuf +idrf;csrf;a&;udk tEœ&m,f
acgif;aqmif Yukio Hatoyama u a&G;aumufyGJrSm tEdkif ay;+cdrf;a+cmufEdkifwJhEdkifiH+zpfw,f”vdk@rSwfcsufcscJh}uw,f?
&cJh+yD; 0ef}uD;csKyf+zpfvmcJhw,f? ol@&JŒtrsdK;tEG,f awGudk
25
trSwfp Of-105 Edk0ifbm-2009
ruf'vif;atmb&dkuf ( pm- 194) qGJolawG[m &nf&G,fcsufeJ@vkyfEdkifpGrf;&nf qdkwJh or&dk;us
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ppfyGJumvwHk;u a+rmufudk&D;,m;EdkifiHtay: tEk+rLAHk;}uJ bl;qdkwmygyJ?
cszdk@ tar&dueforRw x&l;rif; qDu trdef@udkawmif;cHcJhbl;
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dent udkqufvufaz:+yvdkufygw,f? 19 &mpkrSm tar&duefawG&JŒudk&D;,m;EdkifiHtay:
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(2) t+zpfpGwfpGJcJh}uw,f? tar&dueforRw oDtdk'dk&kpbuf'f
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26
trSwfpOf-105
a+rmufzdk@twGufr}udK;pm;chJygbl;? *syef&JΠudk&D;,m;EdkifiH
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27
Edk0ifbm-2009
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28
trSwfpOf-105 Edk0ifbm-2009
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29
trSwfp Of-105
aeqJ+zpfw,f? a+rmufudk&D;,m; EdkifiHe@JywfoufqufqH&rhJ
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30
Edk0ifbm-2009
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pmtkyftrnf --- urBmhta=umif;waphwapmif;

jrefrmjyefqdkol --- yg&*l
rl&if;pmtkyftrnf --- GLIMPSE OF WORLD HISTORY
rl&if;pma&;q&m --- JAWAHARLAL NEHRU
2004 }o*kwfvwGif avmuopfpmayrS yxrt}udrf xkwfa0onf?

ae±l;onf urBmhEdkifiHa&;acgif;aqmiftjzpfvnf;aumif;/ urBmh+idrf;csrf;a&; Adokum wOD;tjzpfvnf;aumif; vlod

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1 LETTER FROM A FATHER TO HIS DAUGHTER

2 GLIMPSES OF WORLD HISTORY
3 MY AUTOBIOGRAPHY
4 THE DISCOVERY OF INDIA
5 CHINA SPAINN AND THE WAR
6 THE UNITY OF INDIA wdk@xJrSwtkyfjzpfonf?

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ordkif;a=umif;udk odvdkolwdkif; zwf±_oifhaom pmtkyfwtkyfjzpfyga=umif; æ

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36
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40
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41
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