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CHAPTER 4: BASIC MANEUVERS

SECTION 8: ESTABLISHED SPEED LAWS

There are three types of speed limits in California: Maximum, prima facie, and safe speed.

MAXIMUM SPEED: On the freeway, you will never see a maximum-posted speed higher than 65
mph, unless the highway is in a remote area, removed from the city, in which case you may
encounter a 70 mph speed limit. But keep in mind there are some older freeways with maximum-
posted speed of 55 mph.

PRIMA FACIE SPEED: It's easy to know the speed limit on a road with a posted sign. But some
streets do not have signs. It is your responsibility to know the speed limit wherever you drive – even
on a street with no posted signs! More on these speed limits in a moment.

SAFE SPEED: Speed limits are designed for optimum conditions: clean, dry road, good visibility and
no extraordinary traffic situations. But have you noticed that the driving environment is not always
"optimum?" The law allows for this; you may never drive at a speed that is unsafe for conditions,
regardless of what the speed limit sign says. In other words, drivers must always use their judgment;
if the road is wet or visibility is bad, you must reduce speed.

California Vehicle Code: Established Speed Laws

Excessive Speed and Designated Lane Use (22348 VC)

(a)…no person shall drive a vehicle upon a highway with a speed limit…at a speed
greater than that speed limit.

Maximum Speed Limit (22349 VC)

(a) no person may drive a vehicle upon a highway at a speed greater than 65 miles per
hour.

(b) Notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person may drive a vehicle upon a
two-lane, undivided highway at a speed greater than 55 miles per hour unless that
highway, or portion thereof, has been posted for a higher speed by the Department of
Transportation or appropriate local agency upon the basis of an engineering and traffic
survey.Before they invented the drawing board, what did they go back to?
A. Purpose of Basic Speed
Laws

Posted speed limits (the speed limits you


see on signs) are the speed limits for
posted areas. They have been set to
accommodate speeds for ideal
conditions: dry roads and daylight
driving.

However, driving conditions are not


always ideal. When they are not, the
Basic Speed Law is the rule of the road.
The Basic Speed Law says that you must
always drive at a speed that is safe for
current conditions. Current conditions
include (but are not limited to):
• The number and speed of
other cars on the road;
• The condition of the road
surface (smooth, rough,
graveled, wet, dry, wide, or Driving too slow can be as dangerous as driving too fast.
narrow); Particularly on the freeway, if your vehicle cannot maintain
• The presence of bicyclists at least the minimum speed limit, find a secondary road to your
or pedestrians in the
destination.
immediate area;
• Weather conditions (rain,
fog, snow, ice, wind, or
dust, etc.).

Basic Speed Law (22350 VC)

No person shall drive a vehicle upon a highway at a speed greater than is reasonable or prudent
having due regard for weather, visibility, the traffic on, and the surface and width of, the highway,
and in no event at a speed which endangers the safety of persons or property.

B. Purpose of Minimum Speed Law

As a matter of law, no person is allowed drive on a highway at a speed that blocks or impedes the
normal flow of traffic. Sometimes, of course, going below minimum posted speeds becomes
temporarily unavoidable. The law recognizes, for instance, that you must sometimes slow for safety
reasons (a hazard, or bad weather), or for reasons of difficult terrain or unexpected mechanical
problems. In these cases, it is expected that the slowing will be temporary. If a driver wishes to drive
slower than the rest of the traffic, it must be done in the right hand lane. Keep in mind that driving
too slow could constitute a hazard, in which case the driver would be in violation of the Basic Speed
Law. As the Minimum Speed Law states (see below) if your speed impedes the normal traffic flow,
you could be in violation.
Minimum Speed Law (22400 VC)

(a) No person shall drive upon a highway at such a slow speed as to impede or block the
normal and reasonable movement of traffic unless the reduced speed is necessary for
safe operation, because of a grade, or in compliance with law.
No person shall bring a vehicle to a complete stop upon a highway so as to impede or
block the normal and reasonable movement of traffic unless the stop is necessary for
safe operation or in compliance with law.
(b) Whenever the Department of Transportation determines on the basis of an
engineering and traffic survey that slow speeds on any part of a state highway
consistently impede the normal and reasonable movement of traffic, the department
may determine and declare a minimum speed limit below which no person shall drive a
vehicle, except when necessary for safe operation or in compliance with law, when
appropriate signs giving notice thereof are erected along the part of the highway for
which a minimum speed limit is established.

C. Speed Limits for Designated Areas

1. Freeways / Highways

As stated earlier, the maximum speed limit on divided freeways is usually 65 mph, although they can
range from a low of 55 mph to a high of 70 mph, depending on location. The speed limit on 2-lane
(one in each direction) undivided highways is 55 mph, unless posted otherwise. Freeways and
highways through urban areas generally have speed limits lower than for those roads found in more
outlying, rural areas. Some freeways and highways have different speeds posted for trucks than cars;
some are posted for daytime versus nighttime driving. Some freeway stretches – such as Interstate 5
near the Oregon border – require speeds below the normal freeway speed of 65 mph due to sharp
curves and steep downgrades. Once again, the Basic Speed Law must always be obeyed, regardless
of the posted speed limit – you may never drive faster than is safe for conditions.

2. Residential Areas

The speed limit in all residential areas are 25 mph. Local


governments may post higher speed limits in residential
areas, usually on wider thru-streets. If you do not see posted
speed limits in a residential area, assume the speed limit is
25 mph.

3. Business Districts

This sign means that within 500 ft. Each city posts its own speed limits – usually 35 mph in
of a school where the playgrounds business districts, although it can be higher on larger streets.
are not fenced, you must slow- If no signs are posted, the speed limit is 25 mph.
down to 25 mph if children are
present.

4. School Zones
You can be sure that if you are driving near a school, there will be children nearby. Always drive
carefully when in a school zone, which is usually within 500 feet of a school. Signs posted within a
school zone usually indicate a speed of 25 mph (although they may be as low as 20mph or 15mph,
depending on municipality) A reduced speed is required whenever children are present, usually
defined as morning arrival, afternoon departure, lunch hour and any time scheduled school activities
bring children to the premises.
Additionally, always anticipate the presence of children on bikes, skateboards and scooters when
driving in a school zone. Warning: fines are doubled for any moving violation committed while
passing through a school zone.

5. Senior Centers

When driving by a retirement home or any other facility used primarily by senior citizens, reduce
your speed to 25 mph. This speed limit only applies on surface streets (business or residential.) This
"senior citizen zone" speed limit will not apply if you are driving on a state highway adjacent to such
a senior center.

6. Uncontrolled / Blind Intersections

When within 100 feet of an intersection that is not protected by stop signs, yield signs or traffic
control signals, and your view of the cross street or highway is obstructed for a distance of 100 feet
in either direction, you must reduce speed to 15 mph, proceed with extreme caution and be
prepared to yield or stop.

7. Alleys and Blind Railroad Crossings

Alleys are rarely marked with speed limit signs, but the prima facie alley speed limit is 15 mph.
Additionally, when approaching within 100 feet of a railroad crossing that is not protected with
mechanical or electrical gates or devices and your view of the tracks in both directions is not clear
for 400 feet, you must reduce speed to 15 mph, proceed with extreme caution and be prepared to
stop.

Prima Facie Speed Limits (22352 VC)

(a) The prima facie limits are as follows…:


(1) Fifteen miles per hour:
(A) When traversing a railway grade crossing, if
during the last 100 feet of the approach to the
crossing the driver does not have a clear and
unobstructed view of the crossing and of any
traffic on the railway for a distance of 400 feet
in both directions along the railway. This
subdivision does not apply in the case of any
railway grade crossing where a human flagman
is on duty or a clearly visible electrical or
mechanical railway crossing signal device is
installed but does not then indicate the
immediate approach of a railway train or car.
(B) When traversing any intersection of highways if during the
last 100 feet of the driver's approach to the intersection the
driver does not have a clear and unobstructed view of the
intersection and of any traffic upon all of the highways
entering the intersection for a distance of 100 feet along all
those highways, except at an intersection protected by stop
signs or yield right-of-way signs or controlled by official traffic
control signals.
(C) On any alley.
(2) Twenty-five miles per hour:
(A) On any highway other than a state highway, in any
business or residence district unless a different speed is
determined by local authority under procedures set forth in
this code.
(B) When approaching or passing a school building or the
grounds thereof, contiguous to a highway and posted with a
standard "SCHOOL" warning sign, while children are going to
or leaving the school either during school hours or during the
noon recess period. The prima facie limit shall also apply
when approaching or passing any school grounds which are
not separated from the highway by a fence, gate, or other
physical barrier while the grounds are in use by children and
the highway is posted with a standard "SCHOOL" warning
sign. For purposes of this subparagraph, standard "SCHOOL"
warning signs may be placed at any distance up to 500 feet
away from school grounds.
(C) When passing a senior center or other facility primarily
used by senior citizens, contiguous to a street other than a
state highway and posted with a standard "SENIOR" warning
sign…

D. Speed Limits for Designated Vehicles

The following vehicles may not travel in 55 mph:


• A motor-truck or truck tractor having three or more axles
• A passenger vehicle or bus towing another vehicle
• A school bus transporting students
• A vehicle transporting explosives
• A farm vehicle carrying laborers
• A trailer bus

Maximum Speed for Designated Vehicles (22406 VC)

No person may drive any of the following vehicles on a highway at a speed in excess of 55 miles per
hour:
(a) A motor-truck or truck tractor having three or more axles or any motor-truck or truck
tractor drawing any other vehicle.
(b) A passenger vehicle or bus drawing any other vehicle.
(c) A school bus transporting any school pupil.
d) A farm labor vehicle when transporting passengers.
(e) A vehicle transporting explosives.
(f) A trailer bus

E. Speed and Stopping Distance

The faster a vehicle is traveling, the longer it takes to stop the vehicle. Below are the factors used in
calculating just how long it takes to stop your vehicle.

1. Perception Time and Distance

'Perception time' is defined as that period between seeing an object and recognizing what it is. While
usually only a split-second (although it may be much longer, depending on your vision and mental
awareness, local conditions, and the nature of the object), it adds car-lengths to stopping distance.

2. Reaction Time and Distance

Once you recognize a hazard, you must react to it. This is called 'reaction time.' If all the world is a
stage, where is the audience sitting?It takes a (statistically) normal driver 3/4 of a second to react to
an event after perceiving it as a hazard.

3. Braking Distance

'Braking distance' is the distance a vehicle travels from the instant the driver applies the brakes until
the vehicle stops moving. This distance is highly variable, depending on the condition of the vehicle's
tire and brakes, road condition, and weather conditions such as rain and snow.

4. Stopping Distance

The sum of the above factors – perception, reaction, and braking distances - is called the 'stopping
distance.' Stopping distance, of course, goes up exponentially as speed increases. A vehicle moving
at 30 mph can usually stop within 70 feet on dry pavement; a vehicle moving at 60 mph will take
almost four times longer (250 feet) to stop.

If the #2 pencil is the most popular, why is it still #2?


Statistics on Speeding

Speeding — exceeding the posted speed limit


or driving too fast for conditions — is one of the
most prevalent factors contributing to traffic
crashes. The economic cost to society of
speeding related crashes is estimated by
NHTSA to be $27.4 billion per year.

Speeding and Fatalities (NHSTA)

Motor vehicle crashes cost society an


estimated $4,800 per second. The total
economic cost of crashes is estimated at over
$150.5 billion. The costs of speeding-related
crashes are estimated to be $51,930 per
minute or $865 per second.

Estimated Annual Economic Costs


of Speeding-Related Crashes
In California during 2003, unsafe speed was
the Primary Collision Factor in 28.3% of all fatal
and injury collisions. In California during 2003,
unsafe speed caused 58,173 injury collisions
(which injured 89,347 people) and 569 fatal
collisions (which killed 653.)
In California during 2003, when the motorcycle
driver was at fault in a fatal collision, speeding
was second only to DUI as the primary collision
factor. Of the 5,202 motorcycle at fault injury
collisions in California during 2003, 45% were
caused by unsafe speed. Of the 250
motorcycle at fault fatal collisions in California
during 2003, 38% were caused by unsafe
speed.

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SECTION 9: PROPER LANE USE

Traffic lanes separate vehicles on the roadway and channel traffic within the complex web of
California's roadways. For traffic lanes to work, however, you need to work with them. Choose a
lane…don't just drift in-and-out of open spaces. Plan lane changes. Check thoroughly for appropriate
space into which to merge; and stay in your lane as long as you are not being impeded, or impeding
someone else.

California Vehicle Code: Proper Lane Use

Right Side of Roadway (21650 VC)

Upon all highways, a vehicle shall be driven upon the right half of the roadway, except as follows:
(a) When overtaking and passing another vehicle proceeding in the same direction
under the rules governing that movement.
(b) When placing a vehicle in a lawful position for, and when the vehicle is lawfully
making, a left turn.
(c) When the right half of a roadway is closed to traffic under construction or repair.
(d) Upon a roadway restricted to one-way traffic.
(e) When the roadway is not of sufficient width.
(f) When the vehicle is necessarily traveling so slowly as to impede the normal
movement of traffic, that portion of the highway adjacent to the right edge of the
roadway may be utilized temporarily when in a condition permitting safe operation.
(g) This section does not prohibit the operation of bicycles on any shoulder of a
highway, where the operation is not otherwise prohibited by this code or local
ordinance.

A. Designated Lanes of Travel

1. Divided Highways

'Divided highways' separate two-way traffic with a barrier such as a guardrail, concrete wall, or a
median strip.

Divided Highway (21651 VC)

(a) Whenever a highway has been divided into two or more roadways by means of
intermittent barriers or by means of a dividing section of not less than two feet in width,
either unpaved or delineated by curbs, double-parallel lines, or other markings on the
roadway, it is unlawful to do either of the following:
(1) To drive any vehicle over, upon, or across the dividing section.
(2) To make any left, semicircular, or U-turn with the vehicle on the divided
highway, except through an opening in the barrier designated and
intended by public authorities for the use of vehicles or through a plainly
marked opening in the dividing section.
(b) It is unlawful to drive any vehicle upon a highway, except to the right of an
intermittent barrier or a dividing section which separates two or more opposing lanes of
traffic…

2. Laned Roadways

Urban and rural roadways with multiple lanes going in the same direction are called 'laned
highways.' Lanes are marked-out by painted lines. Additional messages or symbols painted on the
roadway may indicate the presence of 'turn' lanes, or other special-use lanes.
Laned Roadways (21658 VC)

Whenever any roadway has been divided into two or more clearly marked lanes for traffic in one
direction, the following rules apply:
(a) A vehicle shall be driven as nearly as practical entirely within a single lane and shall
not be moved from the lane until such movement can be made with reasonable safety.
(b) Official signs may be erected directing slow-moving traffic to use a designated lane
or allocating specified lanes to traffic moving in the same direction, and drivers of
vehicles shall obey the directions of the traffic device.

3. Three-laned Highways

On a three-laned highway, travel in the middle lane if you are driving a long way. Use the outside
lane to pass; and the inside lane to exit.

Three-lane Highways (21659 VC)

Upon a roadway which is divided into three lanes a vehicle shall not be driven in the extreme left
lane at any time, nor in the center lane except when overtaking and passing another vehicle where
the roadway ahead is clearly visible and the center lane is clear of traffic within a safe distance, or in
preparation for a left turn, or where the center lane is at the time allocated exclusively to traffic
moving in the direction the vehicle is proceeding and is signposted to give notice of such allocation.
This section does not apply upon a one-way roadway.
B. Position of Vehicle in Lane of Travel

1. Marked Lanes

Lanes separated by painted lines are 'marked lanes.' Always drive in the center of the marked lane.

2. Narrow Roadways

On a roadway that is too narrow for opposing vehicles to pass one another, the second driver to
arrive yields to the first. On a hill, the driver on the downhill slope must yield to vehicles traveling
uphill…even if it means backing uphill to do it.

Narrow Roadways (21661 VC)

Whenever upon any grade the width of the roadway is insufficient to permit the passing of vehicles
approaching from opposite directions at the point of meeting, the driver of the vehicle descending
the grade shall yield the right-of-way to the vehicle ascending the grade and shall, if necessary, back
his vehicle to a place in the highway where it is possible for the vehicles to pass.

3. Mountain Roadways

Should you be driving on a narrow, unlined roadway, position yourself as far to the right as possible.
Additionally, honk within 200 feet of a blind curve.

Mountain Driving (21662 VC)

The driver of a motor vehicle traveling through defiles or canyons or upon mountain highways shall
hold the motor vehicle under control at all times and shall do the following when applicable:
(a) If the roadway has no marked centerline, the driver shall drive as near the right-
hand edge of the roadway as is reasonably possible.
(b) If the roadway has insufficient width to permit a motor vehicle to be driven entirely
to the right of the center of the roadway, the driver shall give audible warning with the
horn of the motor vehicle upon approaching any curve where the view is obstructed
within a distance of 200 feet along the highway.

4. Other Vehicles Approaching

Position yourself as far to the right as possible if a vehicle is oncoming.

Approaching Vehicles (21660 VC)

Drivers of vehicles proceeding in opposite directions shall pass each other to the right, and, except
when a roadway has been divided into traffic lanes, each driver shall give to the other at least one-
half of the main traveled portion of the roadway whenever possible. If work is so terrific, how come
they have to pay you for it?
5. Exceptions to Driving on the
Right Side of Roadway

• When
passing
another
vehicle
• When

preparing to make a left turn


• When the right lane is closed for repair or maintenance
• When the roadway is not of sufficient width for two vehicles

C. Required Lane Use and Use of Turnouts

'Turnouts' are generally short stretches of paved roadway to the right of the primary lane of travel.
They are sometimes marked 'Slow vehicle turnout,' but not always. On narrow roads, a slow-moving
vehicle trailed by five or more vehicles must pull to the side of the road or use a turnout to permit
the following vehicles to pass.

Turning Out of Slow-moving Vehicles (21656 VC)

On a two-lane highway where passing is unsafe because of traffic in the opposite direction or other
conditions, a slow-moving vehicle, including a passenger vehicle, behind which five or more vehicles
are formed in line, shall turn off the roadway at the nearest place designated as a turnout by signs
erected by the authority having jurisdiction over the highway, or wherever sufficient area for a safe
turnout exists, in order to permit the vehicles following it to proceed. As used in this section a slow-
moving vehicle is one which is proceeding at a rate of speed less than the normal flow of traffic at
the particular time and place.

1. Slow-moving Vehicles

Slow-moving vehicles such as heavily loaded trucks and farm tractors traveling on narrow two-way
roads should move as close to the right hand edge of the roadway as possible.
Slow-moving Vehicles (21654 VC)

(a) Notwithstanding the prima facie speed limits, any vehicle proceeding upon a
highway at a speed less than the normal speed of traffic moving in the same direction
at such time shall be driven in the right-hand lane for traffic or as close as practicable to
the right-hand edge or curb, except when overtaking and passing another vehicle
proceeding in the same direction or when preparing for a left turn at an intersection or
into a private road or driveway.
(b) If a vehicle is being driven at a speed less than the normal speed of traffic moving in
the same direction at such time, and is not being driven in the right-hand lane for traffic
or as close as practicable to the right-hand edge or curb, it shall constitute prima facie
evidence that the driver is operating the vehicle in violation of subdivision (a) of this
section.

2. Special Vehicles

You must utilize any special lanes designated by local jurisdictions that apply to your vehicle. Locally-
posted designations can include lanes for large trucks, school buses, farm tractors, etc. Additionally,
the Vehicle Code stipulates that the following vehicles may never drive at a speed on a highway in
excess of 55 mph:

• A passenger vehicle towing another vehicle


• A bus towing another vehicle
• A motor truck or truck tractor with 3 or more axles
• A school bus transporting any school pupil
• A farm labor vehicle, when transporting passengers
• Any vehicle transporting explosives
• A trailer bus

The above vehicles are required to drive in the lanes designated by any signs that may be posted to
that effect. In the absence of these signs, these vehicles are required to be driven in the right-hand
lane for traffic or as close as practicable to the right edge or curb. If, however, a specific lane or lanes
have not been designated on a divided highway having four or more clearly marked lanes for traffic
in one direction, any of those vehicles may also be driven in the lane to the immediate left of that
right-hand lane, unless otherwise prohibited. When overtaking and passing another vehicle
proceeding in the same direction, the driver shall use either the designated lane, the lane to the
immediate left of the right-hand lane, or the right-hand lane for traffic as permitted. (This does not
apply to a driver who is preparing for a left- or right-hand turn or who is entering into or exiting from
a highway or to a driver who must necessarily drive in a lane other than the right-hand lane to
continue on his or her intended route.)
Designated Lanes for Certain
Vehicles (21655 VC)

(a) Whenever the


Department of
Transportation or local
authorities with
respect to highways
under their respective
jurisdictions
determines upon the
basis of an engineering
and traffic
investigation that the
designation of a
specific lane or lanes
for the travel of vehicles required to travel at reduced speeds would facilitate the safe
and orderly movement of traffic, the department or local authority may designate a
specific lane or lanes for the travel of vehicles…
(b) Any trailer bus and any vehicle subject to the provisions of Section 22406 shall be
driven in the lane or lanes designated pursuant to subdivision (a) whenever signs have
been erected giving notice of that designation. Except as otherwise provided in this
subdivision, when a specific lane or lanes have not been so designated, any of those
vehicles shall be driven in the right-hand lane for traffic or as close as practicable to the
right edge or curb. If, however, a specific lane or lanes have not been designated on a
divided highway having four or more clearly marked lanes for traffic in one direction,
any of those vehicles may also be driven in the lane to the immediate left of that right-
hand lane, unless otherwise prohibited under this code. When overtaking and passing
another vehicle proceeding in the same direction, the driver shall use either the
designated lane, the lane to the immediate left of the right-hand lane, or the right-hand
lane for traffic as permitted under this code.
This subdivision does not apply to a driver who is preparing for a left- or right-hand turn or who is
entering into or exiting from a highway or to a driver who must necessarily drive in a lane other than
the right-hand lane to continue on his or her intended route.

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SECTION 10: BACKING UP SAFELY

You back your vehicle everyday, usually


without thinking of it as a risky
maneuver. But your driveway is the
single area that your vehicle regularly
shares with your children and pets, with
toys, garbage cans, tools, and other
inanimate objects. Backing out of it also
puts you in proximity to pedestrians,
bicyclists and other unprotected
individuals. Additionally, people around
a parked vehicle seldom pay attention
to it, making them less than alert to
potential danger. Finally, backing-up
itself is one of the few maneuvers that
must be executed with less than a clear
field of vision.

A. Check Behind the Vehicle Before Getting In

Make a habit of walking around your vehicle to make certain that your backing path is safe. Only
then should you get into your vehicle.

1. Children

If you see children playing in the area – or even if you think children might be playing in the area –
check your vehicle and the driveway from every angle. If another adult is present, station them
outside the vehicle while you are backing. A quick honk also signals children and pets that your
vehicle is now occupied. When you are sure it is safe to back down the driveway, back very slowly
with your foot covering the brake. Keep your window rolled down and listen for the presence of
people around you.

2. Small Objects

In residential areas, children may leave bikes wagons, skateboards, and other toys on a driveway.
Always survey your backing path before you enter your vehicle.

B. Visibility and Body Posture


1. Body Posture While Steering

Your margin of error is small when you


are backing, because whatever happens
will happen in close quarters. Do not
back-up looking forward and guiding
yourself with your mirrors. Mirrors do
not give reliable information as to what
is directly behind you. When backing to
the left, look through the left side
windows (front and rear). However,
since most street traffic approaches
from your right, avoid looking over your
left shoulder for a long period of time.

Make sure that your last look is to your right.

2. Head Position While Steering

Backing in a straight line, turn your head enough so that both eyes are aimed out the back window.
Your left-hand should be placed on top of the steering wheel. If you intend to back to the left, turn
your head and look through the left rear window and left side window placing your right hand on the
top of the steering wheel. You may have to twist your head and body to look over and around the
vehicle headrest.

C. Speed Control

1. Release of Brake Pedal

After you have checked for traffic and other hazards, release the brake pressure and allow your
vehicle to move slowly, with your foot poised over the brake pedal. When the way is clear, accelerate
gently.

2. Backing Speed

Begin by backing your vehicle at about the same speed that you would walk (three to five mph). This
also happens to be near idle speed, give or take. However, if you intend to use idle speed, keep in
mind that your vehicle idles faster when it is first started.

D. Steering

1. Sharp Turns

When backing out of a spot that requires a sharp turn, such as out of a parking lot space, the front of
your vehicle will swing sharply in the opposite direction. Be careful, because you risk striking the
vehicle next to you with your front fender.
2. Backing Around a Corner

When you are backing and turning around


obstacles – such as backing around a blind corner
– as much as half of your vehicle will be exposed
in the line of traffic before you can see clearly in
either direction. A magician was driving down the
road...and then he turned into a driveway.... Back
very slowly; give a quick honk. Back a short
distance, and then pause for unseen traffic and/or
pedestrians to clear. Continue this practice until
you have a clear field of vision to complete the
maneuver.

E. When Movement is Constricted

1. Use Mirrors and Passengers to Help


Navigate

In areas with lots of traffic such as busy shopping


centers, parking lots, ask passengers to assist
you. Position them outside your vehicle so that they are visible to you in your mirrors. Remind them
that if they look into your mirrors from outside your vehicle and cannot see you, then you cannot see
them either. Again, backing with only your mirrors for guidance is a bad idea. The line of sight
through your rearview mirror is particularly limited, so don't forget to use your side view mirrors in
tandem with your rearview.

2. Whenever Possible, Avoid Backing

Particularly for larger vehicles backing is a persistent cause of collisions and mishaps. Drivers of
large vehicles are instructed never to back-up unless they are bringing their vehicles in for
unloading. You should follow that advice. If you miss a turn, go around the block (in the city) or the
next exit (freeway).

3. Find Parking Spaces that Do Not Require Backing

In less busy parking areas, you may find enough open spaces so that you can drive through a
parking space into an open space directly forward, thus allowing you to pull forward out of the space
when you leave. Also, available end spaces allow for forward exit. However, since most lots are
configured for one-way traffic down alternate rows, in either of the above cases you will usually be
pulling out into the opposite direction of the flow of traffic. This requires you to be alert to vehicles
coming from odd directions. Do not pull out until you have a clear path, particularly since you will
often have to make a sharp turn – sometimes even a three-cornered turn – to get into the proper
direction of traffic flow.
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Intersections are full of activity and potential problems to look out for
...they fracture your attention and require special focus.

SECTION 11: INTERACTING AT INTERSECTIONS

racting at intersections forces you to split your focus in several directions, and to look and listen for a variety of
ty cues. It can be very confusing...and when you are confused, that is the time to slow down and clear your hea
tever decisions you make, remember to clearly signal your intentions to other drivers. A few other things to kee
ind:
• Plan your trip ahead of time, particularly if you are on a deadline, and particularly if you are
driving in a strange area;
• Consult a map before you set out. Mark
it up if necessary, and even write-out
directions. Note one-way and/or two-way
streets around your destination, so that
you do not get turned around;
• Use passengers as navigators
whenever possible. Make sure they
inform you of your turns well before you
arrive at them.
• If you find yourself approaching an
intersection, and you are three lanes
away from the lane you need to be in,
don't panic. Drive to the next
intersection and back-track. If you must
make the turn, do it calmly. Merge
deliberately and slowly, and always
signal your intentions.

Identifying an Intersection

Intersections are where roadways cross one another. By definit


these crossings can be primary and secondary roadways, or an
combination of primary and secondary roadways. Intersections
e up of a minimum of two crossing roadways, although three or more roadways may cross at an intersection.
fic may flow at a minimum in two directions (intersecting one-way streets, with no turns allowed) up to 16
ctions (intersecting two-way streets with right and left turns allowed from all directions). Intersections can be
roved or unimproved, or a combination; marked or unmarked; controlled or uncontrolled (by traffic signs or ligh
k for the following seven clues to upcoming intersections.
• Traffic signals
• Stop signs
• Cross traffic
• Vehicles stopped ahead or on cross streets
• Vehicles making right and left turns
• Pedestrians waiting at intersections
• Absences of parked vehicles

ifornia Vehicle Code: Intersections – Proceeding Straight, Turning, and Signaling

rsection Defined (365 VC)

intersection" is the area embraced within the prolongation of the lateral curb lines, or, if none, then the lateral
ndary lines of the roadways, of two highways which join one another at approximately right angles or the area
in which vehicles traveling upon different highways joining at any other angle may come in conflict.

ulation of Turns at Intersections (22101 VC)

(b) When turning movements are required at an intersection notice of such requirement shall be given by
erection of a sign, unless an additional clearly marked traffic lane is provided for the approach to the
turning movement, in which event notice as applicable to such additional traffic lane shall be given by any
official traffic control device.
(c) When right- or left-hand turns are prohibited at an intersection notice of such prohibition shall be given
by erection of a sign.
(d) When official traffic control devices are placed as required in subdivisions (b) or (c), it shall be unlawful
for any driver of a vehicle to disobey the directions of such official traffic control devices.

ontrolled

icularly in cities, most intersections are 'controlled.' Stop signs, yield signs, traffic signals, or any conventional
hod (even a traffic officer) qualify as traffic control.

ncontrolled

ome residential areas within the city or on secondary or rural roads, you will find intersections without traffic
rol. These 'uncontrolled' intersections are dangerous. Right-of-way decisions are left to approaching drivers. Wh
ou call a fish with no eyes? A fsh. Sometimes, the most destructive collisions occur at uncontrolled intersection
n negligent drivers enter them without even bothering to slow.

Skills Required for Crossing and Turning

Good judgment, patience, keen observation, and courtesy will increase your
margin of safety when crossing and turning at intersections.
udging Time to Make a Maneuver

ending on the size of the intersection, you may take five-to-six seconds to cross from
mplete stop. A left turn may take four-to-five seconds to complete. To make a right
on a red light against traffic, it may take as long as five-to-six seconds to move into
flow of traffic.

udging Speed and Distance of Other Vehicles

ing the speed and/or distance of moving vehicles when you are at a stop is a matter
xperience. However, there are things you can do to reduce risk. At busy hours, seek
streets controlled by traffic signals, rather than risking a left turn onto a busy street
m a stop sign. Remember to judge the speed of traffic coming from the left and right
n you pull across a two-way street.

hoosing a Gap or Space in Traffic

re is no hard rule for picking a gap in traffic, since vehicles approach at varying
eds. Generally, if you are stopped at a stop sign, it will take approximately a five-to-
en second gap in traffic in both directions to safely clear an intersection. If a vehicle
e approaching at 45 mph, you would need a block in each direction to safely cross the
rsection.
This intersection
Left Turns – Protected and Unprotected provides a protecte
intersection, as
indicated by the
rsections with traffic lights that include green, yellow, and red arrows in the light array
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SECTION 12: PASSING

The act of passing requires you to exercise good judgment. Good judgment comes from using your
senses, and then applying common sense to what you see and hear…and don't second-guess
yourself! If the gap ahead seems a little short for passing, it probably is.

California Vehicle Code: Overtaking and Passing

Overtake and Pass to the Left (21750 VC)

The driver of a vehicle overtaking another vehicle or a bicycle proceeding in the same direction shall
pass to the left at a safe distance without interfering with the safe operation of the overtaken vehicle
or bicycle, subject to the limitations and exceptions hereinafter stated.

A. Passing and Being Passed

1. Demands of Proper Passing


• Good judgment: Good judgment is the
foundation of rapid decision making (see
below). If you cannot trust your own
judgment, you will either hesitate making
decisions, or hesitate executing them.
Practice observing the driving
environment closely until you are
confident that you are correctly
identifying times/distances/objects/and
the intentions of other drivers; observe
your own responses, learn from your
responses, and learn to trust your
responses.

• Rapid decision-making: Get used to


making the following decisions in a split-
second:
• Is the road ahead clear of
traffic?
• Is there any problem such
as a hill, curve, or
intersection? Use it or lose it.
• Is an oncoming vehicle too
close or moving too fast or?
• Do I have the speed to
rapidly pass?
The answer to these questions must be: 'Yes, I'd bet my life on it.' Once you pull out and pass, the
following decisions must be made in a split-second.
• Is the passing lane clear from behind, or are vehicles approaching?
• Is the vehicle I am passing remaining in line?
• Is my
vehicle
continuing
to perform
as I
expected?
(Sometimes
a pass is
started on
a low
grade, but
finished on
a steeper
grade,
which can
affect the
vehicle's

performance.)
• Are the traffic and road conditions the same as I thought them to be
when I decided to pass?

B. When Passing is Authorized

Passing is always allowed under the following conditions:

• On multi-lane roadways with traffic moving in the same direction;


• When broken or dashed white lines separate traffic moving in the same
direction on roads with two or more lanes;
• On multi-lane roadways with a solid yellow line adjacent to a broken
broken yellow line, when the broken yellow line is on your side of the
roadway;

1. Designated Lane Markings

• Freeways: Freeway lanes are delineated by broken white lines. You can change lanes
or pass in lanes to the right or left of another vehicle. Diamond lanes can be entered
when they are delineated by broken or dashed lines. Drivers can not cross a yellow line
into a diamond lane.
• Two-lane Roadways: Two-lane roadways have one lane in each direction for
converging traffic. Converging traffic are separated by painted lines:
Broken white lines Conditions are proper for passing
Two solid yellow lines Passing is prohibited
Passing (with caution) allowed on the
Solid yellow line beside a broken yellow
side of the road with the broken yellow
line
line

Passing on the Right (21754 VC)

The driver of a motor vehicle may overtake and pass to the right of another vehicle only under the
following conditions:

(a) When the vehicle overtaken is making or about to make a left turn.
(b) Upon a highway within a business or residence district with unobstructed pavement
of sufficient width for two or more lines of moving vehicles in the direction of travel.
(c) Upon any highway outside of a business or residence district with unobstructed
pavement of sufficient width and clearly marked for two or more lines of moving traffic
in the direction of travel.
(d) Upon a one-way street.
(e) Upon a highway divided into two roadways where traffic is restricted to one direction
upon each of such roadways.

Pass on the Right Safely (21755 VC)

The driver of a motor vehicle may overtake and pass


another vehicle upon the right only under conditions
permitting such movement in safety. In no event shall
such movement be made by driving off the paved or
main-traveled portion of the roadway.

C. When Passing is Prohibited

It is illegal to drive to the left of center on a two lane


(one lane in each direction) roadway:

• When approaching the crest


of a hill where your view of a
vehicle approaching from the
opposite direction is
obstructed.
• When approaching a curve in
the highway where your view
of a vehicle approaching from
the opposite direction is
obstructed. (blind curve)
• When your view is
obstructed upon approaching within 100 feet of any bridge, viaduct, or
tunnel.
• When approaching within 100 feet or crossing an intersection or railroad
crossing.

The above does not apply to a one-way roadway.


When Driving on the Left Prohibited (21752 VC)

No vehicle shall be driven to the left side of the roadway under the following conditions:

(a) When approaching or upon the crest of a grade or a curve in the highway where the
driver's view is obstructed within such distance as to create a hazard in the event
another vehicle might approach from the opposite direction.
(b) When the view is obstructed upon approaching within 100 feet of any bridge,
viaduct, or tunnel.
(c) When approaching within 100 feet of or when traversing any railroad grade crossing.
(d) When approaching within 100 feet of or when traversing any intersection.

This section shall not apply upon a one-way roadway.

1. Designated Lane Use and Markings

Double yellow line separating


Passing
oncoming
prohibited.
traffic
Double yellow lines with the solid
Passing
line
prohibited.
nearest the driver
Lanes with turning arrows in Passing
them prohibited.
• Freeways: Most freeways in California have car pool lanes that are strictly for the use
of vehicles carrying two or more passengers. Car pool lane markings tend to vary
slightly. Some have diamonds painted on the lane. You might see a pair of solid double
yellow lines or a pair of double solid yellow lines with a single solid white line directly to
the left and inside the lane. Other variations include 2 pairs of solid double yellow lines
("double-double") or a double-double with a solid white line inside. Remember that it is
illegal to enter or exit a car pool lane over any of the above lane markings. You may
only enter or exit over a broken white line. The only exception would be if an
emergency vehicle displaying siren and lights were approaching from the rear. In this
situation, after signaling and determining it is safe, a driver must exit the car pool lane
over the double lines and allow the emergency vehicle to proceed ahead. Additionally, it
is illegal to use the entrance/exit area of a car pool lane for passing.
• Two-lane Roadways: You are prohibited from passing over solid yellow lines on two-
lane roadways.

D. Special Situations

Many areas on two-lane roadways are not marked 'no passing,' but common sense dictates that
passing can be dangerous.
1. Without Sufficient Clearance

Never attempt to pass when you can't identify sufficient clearance, such
as on a curvy road.

Passing Without Sufficient Clearance (21751 VC)

Atheism is a non-prophet organization. On a two-lane highway, no


vehicle shall be driven to the left side of the center of the roadway in
overtaking and passing another vehicle proceeding in the same direction
unless the left side is clearly visible and free of oncoming traffic for a
sufficient distance ahead to permit such overtaking and passing to be
completely made without interfering with the safe operation of any
vehicle approaching from the opposite direction.

2. On a Hill

It is illegal to drive on the left side of the road (as in attempting to pass
another vehicle) when driving on the crest of a grade where the driver's
view of the possible approach of another vehicle from the opposite
direction is obstructed. If you are passing a slow-moving vehicle traveling
20 mph miles or less on a grade or hill, you should ideally pass at a
speed of at least 10 mph faster than the vehicle you are overtaking –
without exceeding the speed limit. In other words, if the grade is so steep
that you can not coax another 10 mph out of your vehicle, you should not
attempt to pass.

Passing on Grades (21758 VC)

In the event any vehicle is being operated on any grade outside of a


business or residence district at a speed of less than 20 miles per hour,
no person operating any other motor vehicle shall attempt to overtake You cannot enter a
and pass such slow moving vehicle unless the overtaking vehicle is diamond lane to pass.
operated at a speed of at least 10 miles per hour in excess of the speed
of the overtaken vehicle, nor unless the passing movement is completed
within a total distance not greater than one-quarter of a mile.

3. Intersections or Railroad Crossing

It is illegal to drive on the left side of the road (as in attempting to pass
another vehicle) when approaching within 100 feet or traversing an
intersection or railroad crossing. A doctor gave a man six months to live.
He couldn't pay his bill, so the doctor gave him another six months.
4. School Bus

When approaching from either


direction a school bus that is stopped
for the purpose of loading or
unloading children (the bus will be
displaying flashing red lights and a
stop signal arm) drivers must stop
their vehicles before passing the bus
and remain stopped until the flashing
red lights and stop signal arm have
been deactivated.

The exception to the above rule would


be when driving on a divided or multi-
laned highway. In this situation, a
driver need not stop upon
approaching a school bus that is
stopped on the other roadway in the
opposite lanes. But a driver would still
be required to stop if driving on the
same roadway as the school bus,
approaching the school bus from
behind.
You cannot pass within 100 ft of a bridge or a railroad
crossing.
5. Bridges or Abutments

It is illegal to drive on the left side of


the road (as in attempting to pass
another vehicle) when your view is
obstructed upon approaching within
100 feet of a bridge, viaduct or
tunnel.

E. Dangerous Passing
Situations

1. Long Line of Cars Ahead

Never pass more than one vehicle at


a time. Wait your turn, pulling out into
the passing lane only after those in
front of you have had a chance. If you
pull out to pass someone who seems
to be a 'reluctant' passer, be very
alert that they do not reconsider at
the last instant and pull into your
vehicle.
2. Intention to Stop or Turn

The location of crossroads on two-lane highways can be unpredictable, and the crossroads
themselves may be difficult to spot. Furthermore, much of the traffic on two-lane roads is local. Prior
to passing, be alert for drivers ahead who are turning left, or drivers pulling out of the side roads into
traffic. Signal your own intention to turn early.

3. Oncoming Vehicle Too Close

Don't even think about it...you're risking a head-on collision.

4. Car Ahead Is At or Near The Speed Limit

It is illegal to exceed that speed limit even briefly while passing. If you are keeping-up with the
vehicle in front of you, and you both are at or near the speed limit, you are prohibited from passing
by the speed laws.

5.Sight Distance Ahead is Limited

When you decide to pass, you need time and distance to pull out, accelerate, and travel well beyond
the vehicle you are passing before pulling back into line. The doctor says: "You'll live to be 60!" I
said: "I am 60." "See, what did I tell you?" he says. This can be a long or short distance, but if you
can't see clear passing ahead for at least that distance, don't pass.

6. Maneuver Cannot be Completed before Reaching a 'No Passing' Zone

'No Passing' zones are sometimes marked with a sign prior to reaching them. Even if they are not,
they are always marked with yellow lines. Do not pass if you cannot complete the pass before
entering a 'No Passing' zone.

F. Passing Potential

Consider the following when assessing the potential for safe passing:

• The distance and speed of the oncoming vehicles


• Speed of the vehicle that will be passed
• Time it will take to pass
• Your speed
• Type of road and conditions – hill, curves, grave, wet, and fog
1. Identify Passing Situations

• Passing maneuver times: Ideally you


should pass at a minimum of 10 mph
faster than the vehicle you are passing,
while staying within the legal speed
limit.
• Identifying a safe distance ahead:
Do not consider passing if there are hills,
curves, or dips within your intended
path. Any oncoming vehicle should be at
least one half mile-to-one mile away.
(Figure that at approximately eight city
blocks to a mile, an oncoming vehicle
must be at least four blocks away at
normal highway speeds).
• Identify an end-of-pass gap to pull
back into lane: Identify the gap into
which you intend to merge after passing
before you pull out to pass. Never
assume that a gap will miraculously
open for you.
• Establish a safe response for hazards: On two-lane roads, you want to have an
escape route in mind, should an oncoming vehicle suddenly appear in your lane. Often
this will be the shoulder opposite the line of travel.
• Checking for road traction: If you must pass in uncertain road conditions, test the
road surface by accelerating briefly within your lane.

G. Steps for Successful Passing

1. Scan for Hazards

• Oncoming vehicle: You should be able to


complete a pass without sudden acceleration to beat
an oncoming vehicle. Give yourself plenty of room.
• Vehicles approaching from rear: Often in
passing situations, vehicles behind you will pull out to
pass before you get the chance. Don't become so
intent on passing that you fail to use the rear-view
mirror.
• Merging vehicles: On a freeway, vehicles often
merge into the lanes of traffic from the right – or
slower - lanes. Avoid passing vehicles in these slower
lanes, especially near an on ramp.

2. Check for Blind Spots

Before the attempt to pass is made, check the side-view mirror and glance over your left shoulder to
make sure there is no vehicle in the blind spot.

3. Signal Intent

Signal with your turn indicator to communicate that you are


starting the passing maneuver.

4. Warn the Driver Ahead

Tap on the horn or flashing your lights as safety measures


warning the driver ahead of your intention to pass.

5. Obtain a Speed Advantage

In your own lane, begin speeding-up toward the vehicle you are
passing as soon as you've committed.

6. Re-check Conditions Ahead

Before pulling out, check conditions ahead again to ensure that the passing lane is clear. You
definitely do not want to be wrong about this.

7. Create Return Space

Do not complete your pass too soon…you should be able to see both headlights of the vehicle you
have just passed in your rear-view mirror before merging back into the driving lane.

8. Signal Return

Signal your intention to return into the driving lane.

9. Check For Blind Spots

As a final check, glance over your right shoulder to make sure that the driving lane is clear.

10. Create Space For Vehicle Passed

The driver being passed should not be forced to slow down or take evasive action. Leave plenty of
space for him or her when returning to the lane.

H. When Being Passed

1. Safety When Being Passed

• Yielding required: If you are being passed, you must do whatever necessary to
assist the passer in completing the maneuver. Your actions can include slowing and
moving to the right if the passer has mistimed the pass.
• Maintaining speed: Still, the passing driver generally expects the driver ahead to
maintain consistent speed. An intoxicated person puts a quarter in the parking meter
and the dial goes to 60. "Huh!" he says, "I lost 100 lbs.!" When you are being passed, if
there is no danger apparent, maintain your speed and lane placement. Definitely do not
speed-up.

Yielding for

Passing (21753 VC)

Except when passing on the right is permitted, the driver of an overtaken vehicle shall safely move
to the right-hand side of the highway in favor of the overtaking vehicle after an audible signal or a
momentary flash of headlights by the overtaking vehicle, and shall not increase the speed of his or
her vehicle until completely passed by the overtaking vehicle. This section does not require the
driver of an overtaken vehicle to drive on the shoulder of the highway in order to allow the
overtaking vehicle to pass.
IMPORTANT
We appreciate you choosing our course and wanted to take a
moment for an important message. Many students need to contact us
after the course for one reason or another but they forget to write
down our phone number or bookmark our web address.
Please take this moment to write down our phone number (800)
457-3559. Keep it in a secure place in the event you ever need a
duplicate of your certificate, want to refer us to a friend, or come back
again to take our fun course again.
Trust us, you'll be glad you did. Please bookmark our course
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