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1, 2013 : 23-29
23
EFEKTIVITAS EKSTRAK BUAH Beta vulgaris L. (BUAH BIT)
DENGAN BERBAGAI FRAKSI PELARUT TERHADAP
MORTALITAS LARVA Aedes aegypti
Effectivity of Beta vulgaris L. Extract with Various Solvent Fractions to
Aedes aegypti Larval Mortality
Mutiara Widawati
1
dan Heni Prasetyowati
1
Loka Penelitian dan Pengembangan Penyakit Bersumber Binatang (P2B2) Ciamis
Abstract. Dengue vector control is mostly done by using plant-based insecticides. Insecticides from
the vegetable and fruit extracts of the leaves of plants that contain compounds alkaloids, saponins,
flavonoids, tannins, triterpenoids, and polyphenols can be used as an alternative to naturally control
Ae. aegypti. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of the B. vulgaris L. extract
larvacide against larvae of Ae. aegypti. The materials that been used was B. vulgaris L. fruit parts
which was milled and dried to become a powder form. 800 g of dry powder was extracted by 70%
methanol by percolation method with occasional stirring for 3 days. The extract was concentrated
using an evaporator. 60 g remaining residue was dissolved in distilled water and re-extracted with
diethyl ether, chloroform, and ethyl acetate. Each fraction extract was dried with anhydrous sodium
sulfate and the solvent was distilled. The extract was tested qualitatively to determine the content of
secondary metabolites. Larvacide test performed by dissolving each extracts in dimetilsulphoxide
(DMSO) at concentrations of 0.1, 0.5 and 1%. The larvae used was larval of Ae. aegypti age of seven
days. Death larvae counted every day for seven days to determine the effect of the contact. Tests
carried out at a temperature of 271 C by immersing 25 larvae at each concentration of the extract
with 50 mL volume and three replications was performed. The data obtained were analyzed further
with different test. The results showed that fruit extract contains flavonoids, alkoloid, sterols,
triterpenes, saponins and tannins. Highest mortality happened which was 82.5% and the lowest
mortality happened with a concentration of 0.1% diethyl ether extract fraction. The extracts that are
dissolved in various solvent fractions have not been effective as a larvacide until the highest
concentration which was 1%. Methanol and polar solvent extracts of the fruit has a larvacide potency
a bit higher than other solvents.
Keywords: B. vulgaris L., Aedes aegypti, larvacide
Abstrak. Pengendalian vektor DBD banyak dilakukan dengan menggunakan insektisida nabati.
Insektisida nabati dari ekstrak daun maupun buah tanaman yang mengandung senyawa alkaloid,
saponin, flavonoid, tanin, triterpenoid, dan polifenol dapat digunakan sebagai alternatif pengendalian
Ae. aegypti secara hayati. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah mengetahui efektivitas larvasida dari
ekstrak buah bit (Beta vulgaris L.) terhadap larva Ae. aegypti. Bahan yang digunakan buah bit (Beta
vulgaris L.) yang bagian buah digiling dan dikeringkan hingga berbentuk serbuk. Serbuk kering
sebanyak 800 g diekstraksi oleh 70% methanol dengan metoda perkolasi dengan sesekali pengadukan
selama 3 hari. Ekstrak dipekatkan dengan menggunakan evaporator. Residu yang tersisa sebanyak
60g dilarutkan dengan aquades dan diekstraksi kembali dengan dietil eter, kloroform, dan etil asetat.
Tiap fraksi ekstrak dikeringkan dengan natrium sulfat anhidrat dan pelarutnya didestilasi. Ekstrak
tersebut diuji kualitatif untuk mengetahui kandungan metabolit sekundernya. Uji larvasida dilakukan
dengan melarutkan tiap ekstrak dalam dimetilsulphoxide (DMSO) pada konsentrasi 0,1; 0,5 dan 1%.
Larva yang digunakan yaitu larva Ae. aegypti umur tujuh hari. Kematian larva dihitung setiap hari
selama tujuh hari untuk menentukan efek kontak. Pengujian dilakukan pada suhu 27 1C dengan
merendam 25 larva di tiap konsentrasi ekstrak dengan volume 50 mL dan dilakukan tiga kali ulangan.