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$01Y A23 1A4T5 62T0 Y07# 30$7852T T6TL53
20T5$A#34
Notecards
Complete the table below for each notecard.
Select, copy, and paste the table below for each
notecard.
Source #3
Notecard #1
Source APA Citation:
Crosta, P. (!!", Se#tem$er%. &hat are Stem Cells'.
(n Medical News Today. )etrie*ed +anuar, 1-, !1-, .rom
htt#://000.medicalne0stoda,.com/in.o/stem1cell/
2ain Point (&h, do ,ou need this in.ormation .or ,our
#a#er'% &hat are stem cells'
3irest 4uotation (co#, and #aste e5act 0ords .rom te5t o. the
source% Stem cells are a class o. undi..erentiated cells that are
a$le to di..erentiate into s#eciali6ed cell t,#es.
Para#hrase (#ut the 7uotation in ,our o0n 0ords, changing
the sentence structure and diction% 8nlike a heart or a muscle
cell, stem cells do not ha*e s#eci.ic .unctions .or certain areas
o. the $od,. (nstead, stem cells ha*e the a$ilit, to $ecome a
s#eci.ic cell .or a certain area o. the $od,.
Source #3
Notecard #
Source APA Citation: Crosta, P. (!!", Se#tem$er%. &hat are
Stem Cells'. (n Medical News Today. )etrie*ed +anuar, 1-,
!1-, .rom htt#://000.medicalne0stoda,.com/in.o/stem1cell/
#a#er'% The contro*ers, surrounding stem cells.
source% The main criti7ue o. this research is that it re7uired
the destruction o. a human $lastoc,st. That is, a .ertili6ed egg
0as not gi*en the chance to de*elo# into a .ull,9de*elo#ed
human.
the sentence structure and diction% The reason 0h, stem cell
research is .ro0ned u#on is $ecause the research in*ol*es
killing a human em$r,o.
Source #3
Notecard #3
Source APA Citation:
Crosta, P. (!!", Se#tem$er%. &hat are Stem Cells'.
(n Medical News Today. )etrie*ed +anuar, 1-, !1-, .rom
htt#://000.medicalne0stoda,.com/in.o/stem1cell/
#a#er'% &hat can $e e5#ected o. stem cells in the .uture'
source% There.ore, stem cells e5tracted .rom em$r,os can $e
induced to $ecome an, desired cell t,#e. This #ro#ert, makes
stem cells #o0er.ul enough to regenerate damaged tissue
under the right conditions.
the sentence structure and diction% Stem cells come .rom
either the em$r,o or adult tissue. Stem cells in adult tissue
ma, not di*ide to $ecome an, other cell in the $od,, $ut
em$r,os can.
Source # :
Notecard #1
Source APA Citation: ;aird, Ste#hen (!!", 2a, !1%.
)egenerati*e 2edicine: A <ro0ing =uture. Technology
Teacher, ("%, 1!, )etrie*ed .rom htt#://science.$igchalk.com
source% >ne #otential a##lication is the generation o. di..erent
t,#es o. neurons .or the treatment o. A+6heimer?s disease,
s#inal cord in@uries, or Parkinson?s disease. The #roduction o.
heart muscle cells .or heart attack sur*i*ors ma, also $e
#ossi$le. The generation o. insulin9#roducing cells .or the
treatment o. dia$etes, and e*en the generation o. hair .ollicle
stem cells .or the treatment o. certain t,#es o. $aldness might
$e achie*ed. Stem cells could also $e use.ul .or a num$er o.
tissue engineering a##lications such as the #roduction o.
com#lete organs including li*ers, kidne,s, e,es, hearts, or e*en
#arts o. the $rain.
the sentence structure and diction% (. the .ull #otential o. stem
cells can $e achie*ed, then man, treatments and cures can
arise to $ene.it humans.
Source #:
Notecard #
#a#er'% &hat can stem cells do'
source% All stem cells, regardless o. their source, ha*e three
general #ro#erties: the, are ca#a$le o. di*iding and rene0ing
themsel*es .or long #eriodsA the, are uns#eciali6edA and the,
can choose to $ecome one o. man, di..erent t,#es o. cells
#resent in the $od, $ased on signals (internal or e5ternal
.actors that control changes in cell structure and .unction%
.rom their en*ironments.
the sentence structure and diction% Stem cells ha*e three
de.ining characteristics that se#arate them .rom all the cells in
the $od,: stem cells can s#ilt themsel*es .or an e5tensi*e
amount o. timeA the, do not ha*e a certain .unction .or a
s#eci.ic #art o. the $od, like heart and $rain cells doA and
stem cells can $ecome other cells in the $od,.
Source # :
Notecard #3
#a#er'% Bo0 are stem cells used in medicine'
source% >n A#ril -, !!: the .irst human reci#ients o.
la$orator,gro0n organs 0ere re#orted $, Anthon, Atala,
2.3., director o. the (nstitute o. )egenerati*e 2edicine at
&ake =orest 8ni*ersit, School o. 2edicine. Atala descri$ed
the long9term success in children and teenagers 0ho recei*ed
$ladders gro0n .rom their o0n cells. The #rocess
.or gro0ing each #atient?s organ $egan 0ith a $io#s, to get
sam#les o. muscle cells and the cells that line the $ladder
0alls. These cells 0ere gro0n in a culture in the la$orator,
until there 0ere enough cells to #lace onto a s#eciall,
constructed $iodegrada$le sca..old sha#ed like a $ladder. The
cells continued to gro0. Then, se*en or eight 0eeks a.ter the
$io#s,, the engineered $ladders 0ere sutured to the #atient?s
original $ladder during surger,. The sca..old 0as designed to
degrade as the $ladder tissue integrated 0ith the $od,. Testing
sho0ed that the engineered $ladders .unctioned as 0ell as
$ladders that are re#aired 0ith intestine tissue, $ut 0ith none
o. the ill e..ects.
the sentence structure and diction% Cids and teenagers that
had, #resuma$l, an in.ected or damage $ladder, recei*ed the
.irst human organs culti*ated in a la$ .rom the kidsD and
teenagersD o0n cells. The organs 0ere gi*en to the humans,
and the gro0n organs #ro*ed to $e a success.
Source # 1
Notecard #1
Source APA Citation: Gavaghan, Helen (2001, January 01).
The promise of stem cells. World Health Organization,
(12), 800, etrieve! from http"##science.$igchal%.com
#a#er'% &hat can stem cells do'
source%. The most $asic de.inition is that it is a cell that can
di*ide to gi*e $oth another stem cell and a more
s#eciali6ed cell. (t can $e toti#otent (a$le to .orm an
entire organism%, #luri#otent (a$le to de*elo# into most tissues
o. an organism% or multi#otent (s#eciali6ed .or s#eci.ic tissues,
such as $lood, skin, etc.%. The three t,#es are .ound at
di..erent stages o. an organism?s de*elo#ment and in di..erent
#laces in the $od, (see $o5%.
the sentence structure and diction% Stem cells ha*e three .orms
o. regeneration, toti#otent, #luri#otent, and multi#otnet.
2ulti#otent is more s#eci.ic than the other t0o .orms, $ut
toti#otent stem cells can create a .ull human $eing or other
$eing.
Source # 1
Notecard #
Source APA Citation: <a*aghan, Belen (!!1, +anuar, !1%.
The #romise o. stem cells. World Health Organization, (1%,
"!!, )etrie*ed .rom htt#://science.$igchalk.com
source% =urther #otential a##lications are in the #i#eline.
)esearchers in $oth Eesco*i?s la$orator, and 2cCa,?s, .or
e5am#le, can coa5 .etal $rain stem cells into making
do#amine9#roducing neurons 0hich might $e used to treat
#atients 0ith Parkinson disease.
the sentence structure and diction% )esearchers ha*e $een a$le
to mani#ulate 0hat stem cells di*ide and $ecome. The
mani#ulation o. these stem cells can #ossi$l, treat humans
0ith *arious diseases and or illnesses.
Source # 1
Notecard #3
Source APA Citation: <a*aghan, Belen (!!1, +anuar, !1%.
The #romise o. stem cells. World Health Organization, (1%,
"!!, )etrie*ed .rom htt#://science.$igchalk.com
source% Though such 0ork kee#s ali*e the e5citement o*er the
#otential o. human em$r,onic stem cells, interest in
adult stemcells is also mounting. )esearchers ha*e disco*ered
that stem cells associated 0ith s#eci.ic tissue t,#es, sa, $rain,
can $e Fre#rogrammedF to make muscle. This o#ens the
#ossi$ilit, 99 still distant 99 that one could take stem cells .rom
one #art o. a #atient?s $od, and re#rogramme them to
#roduce tissue gra.ts .or damaged or degenerating tissue
else0here, thus reducing the risk o. re@ection.
the sentence structure and diction% )esearchers ha*e $een
e5#erimenting on creating a s#eciali6ed cell .rom an adult
stem cell and another s#eciali6ed cell in the $od,. This creation
o. other cells can lead to su##l,ing in@ured tissue 0ith cells to
heal at a normal rate, as o##osed to them recei*ing tissue
gra.ts .rom another #erson and healing 0ith com#lications.
OTHERS
Source # 1
Notecard #1
Source APA Citation: &hat diseases and conditions can $e
treated 0ith stem cells' G Euro#e?s stem cell hu$ G
EuroStemCell. (n.d.%. EuroStemCell . )etrie*ed +anuar, 1,
!1-, .rom htt#://000.eurostemcell.org/.a7/0hat9diseases9
and9conditions9can9$e9treated9stem9cells
#a#er?) How are stem cells used in medicine?
source% Some other applications of stem cells are being
investigated in clinical trials, including the use of stem
cells to regenerate damaged tissues- such as heart, skin,
bone, spinal cord, liver, pancreas and cornea- or to treat
blood or solid-organ cancers.
the sentence structure and diction% Stem cells are $eing a##lied
to other diseases and damaged #arts o. the $od,.
Source # H
Notecard #1
Source APA Citation: American Medical Association.
(n.d.). Basics of Stem Cell Research. Retrieved January 16,
!1", #rom $tt%&''(((.ama)assn.or*'ama'%u+'%$ysician)
resources'medical)science'*enetics)molecular)
medicine'related)%olicy)to%ics'stem)cell)researc$'+asics)
stem)cell)researc$.%a*e,
#a#er?) Bo0 are stem cells used in medicine'
source% Adult stem cell trans#lant: $one marro0 stem cells
Stem cell technolog, has $een used .or more than ! ,ears in
$one marro0 trans#lants, 0here the #atient?s $one marro0
stem cells are re#laced 0ith those .rom a health,, matching
donor. (. the trans#lant is success.ul, the stem cells 0ill migrate
into the #atient?s $one marro0 and $egin #roducing ne0,
health, leukoc,tes to re#lace the a$normal cells.
Adult stem cell trans#lant: #eri#heral $lood stem cells
(P;SCs%
&hile most $lood stem cells reside in the $one marro0, a small
num$er are #resent in the $loodstream. P;SCs can $e
o$tained .rom dra0n $lood, making them easier to collect than
$one marro0 stem cells. Bo0e*er, P;SCs are s#arse in the
$loodstream, so collecting enough to #er.orm a trans#lant can
#ose a challenge.
8m$ilical cord $lood stem cell trans#lant
8m$ilical cords traditionall, ha*e $een discarded as a $,9
#roduct o. the $irth #rocess. (n recent ,ears, ho0e*er, the
stem9cell9rich $lood .ound in the um$ilical cord has #ro*en
use.ul in treating the same t,#es o. health #ro$lems as those
treated using $one marro0 stem cells and P;SCs.

the sentence structure and diction% There are three #rocedures
that in*ol*e the use o. stem cells: $one marro0 trans#lant,
#eri#heral $lood trans#lant, and um$ilical cord $lood
trans#lant. T0o o. the three #rocedures s#eci.icall, use adult
stem cells.
Source # H
Notecard #
Source APA Citation: &merican 'e!ical &ssociation.
(n.!.). Basics of Stem Cell Research. etrieve! January
1(, 201), from http"##***.ama+
assn.org#ama#pu$#physician+resources#me!ical+
science#genetics+molecular+me!icine#relate!+policy+
topics#stem+cell+research#$asics+stem+cell+
research.page,
#a#er?) &hat are stem cells'
source% Adult stem cells somewhat of a misnomer
because they can also be found in infants and children
are stem cells that reside in already developed tissue.
the sentence structure and diction% Adult stem cells are also
.ound in children and $a$ies.
Source # I
Notecard #1
Source APA Citation: Stem Cells in the S#otlight. (!!:,
No*em$er "%. (n Prouest Editorial Science We!sites ".
)etrie*ed .rom
htt#://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/stemcells/scintro/

#a#er?) Why are stem cells im#ortant?
source% A few weeks later, the cells of the outer layer (or
ectoderm) have become skin, nervous system, and parts
of the face and neck. he middle layer (or mesoderm)
has become muscle, blood, blood vessels, and the
beginnings of bones and connective tissue. he inner
layer (or endoderm) has begun to form the digestive and
respiratory tracts and the glands that feed into them,
including the pancreas and the liver.
the sentence structure and diction% Stem cells in the em$r,onic
#hase $egin to construct the human $od,, so the, are
constantl, at 0ork.
Source # I
Notecard #
)etrie*ed .rom
#a#er?) Why are stem cells im#ortant?
source% As we grow from fertili!ed eggs into fully formed
human beings, stem cells give rise to all of our
differentiated tissues and organs. Stem cells continue to
play an important role throughout our lives as they help
to heal and maintain our bodies.
the sentence structure and diction% Stem cells hel# the
de*elo#ing and de*elo#ed human $od, .unction correctl,.
Source # I
Notecard #3
)etrie*ed .rom
#a#er?) Why can stem cells do?
source% Some stem cells sit "uietly, waiting for a signal to
tell then to divide, others are constantly at work,
replacing cells that are lost through daily wear and tear.
the sentence structure and diction% (n de*elo#ing human
$odies, some stem cells are dormant 0hile others are acti*e.
Source #"
Notecard #1
Source APA Citation: &eissman, J, (. (!!, 2a, 1:%. Stem
cells99scienti.ic, medical, and #olitical issues.New England
$ournal o% Medicine, (!%, 1IK:, )etrie*ed .rom
htt#://science.$igchalk.com
#a#er?) The contro&ersy surrounding stem cells'
source% he new "uestion of whether to permit nuclear
transplantation for the production of human embryonic
stem-cell lines of defined genotype now faces #ongress,
state legislatures, and the e$ecutive branch, which is
advised by the recently appointed %resident&s #ouncil on
'ioethics. he debate has been complicated by the fear
that nuclear transplantation into enucleated eggs might
be used to clone a human being. his past year, two
panels appointed by the (ational Academies published
reports on these "uestions. )ne of these reports, *Stem
#ells and the +uture of ,egenerative -edicine,* includes
the deliberations and testimony of scientists, physicians,
ethicists, and those who, for religious reasons, moral
reasons, or both, oppose research involving human
embryonic stem cells../ he main recommendations in
that report are to allow the continuation of research on
both adult and embryonic human stem cells0 to permit
the e$pansion of the number of embryonic stem-cell
lines for research purposes0 and to encourage research
into ways of preventing the immune re1ection of stem
cells and tissues derived from them, including those
obtained through therapeutic cloning../
he second panel considered the scientific, medical, and
ethical aspects of reproductive cloning and nuclear
transplantation for the production of pluripotent human
stem-cell lines..2 3t did not focus on moral issues. he
intention of the report, *Scientific and -edical Aspects of
4uman ,eproductive #loning,* was to provide
information to broad segments of society, including
government and private agencies. he panel
recommended the prohibition of human reproductive
cloning and suggested enacting a legally enforceable ban
on the procedure and scheduling a review of this
recommendation within five years. 3t concluded that the
scientific and medical considerations that 1ustify a ban
on human reproductive cloning were not applicable to
nuclear transplantation for the production of stem cells.
he legally enforceable ban would protect against rogue
groups that sought to implant intermediary blastocysts
for reproductive cloning. he panel also encouraged a
broad national dialogue on the societal, religious, and
ethical "uestions raised by the new technology..2
the sentence structure and diction% The National AcademiesD
.irst #anel *oted in .a*or o. continuing research on em$r,onic
stem cells e*en i. the research includes human cloning. The
second #anel *oted against an, human cloning that ma, occur
in the research o. em$r,onic stem cells $ecause o. the
#ossi$ilit, that rogue grou#s might a$use the a$ilit,.
Source # 13
Notecard #1
Source APA Citation: ;lendon, )., Cim, 2., ;enson, +. (!11,
No*em$er 1K%. The Pu$lic, Political Parties, and Stem9Cell
)esearch. New England $ournal o% Medicine, (!%, 1"I3,
)etrie*ed .rom htt#://science.$igchalk.com
source% 5uropean and American Attitudes about
+orbidding ,esearch 3nvolving 4uman 5mbryos, 5ven if 3t
-eans hat %ossible reatments Are (ot -ade Available
to 3ll %eople.
Among the 67 countries we e$amined, those where the
largest proportion of residents say that such research
should not be forbidden are 3celand (/.8), (orway
(9:8), Sweden (9/8), and 'ritain (9;8). 3n four
countries, the ma1ority of the public believe that such
research should be forbidden< Austria (9=8),
>u$embourg (;78), ?reece (;78), and Slovenia (;78). 3n
four other countries (?ermany, Slovakia, >atvia, and
urkey) a plurality were of this same opinion (4S%4
@=..0 5urobarometer @=.=).
the sentence structure and diction% A stud, 0as done in Euro#e
to see 0hich countries did or did not su##ort em$r,onic stem
cell research.
Source # 11
Notecard #1
Source APA Citation: Co5, C. (n.d.%. Stem cell research L
thera#,: t,#es o. stem cells and their current uses G Euro#e?s
stem cell hu$ G EuroStemCell. EuroStemCell . )etrie*ed
+anuar, 1, !1-, .rom
htt#://000.eurostemcell.org/.actsheet/stem9cell9research9
thera#,9t,#es9stem9cells9and9their9current9uses
#a#er?) What are stem cells?
source% (ot all stem cells come from an early embryo. 3n
fact, we have stem cells in our bodies all our lives. )ne
way to think about stem cells is to divide them into
three categories<
.. 5mbryonic stem cells< grown in the laboratory from
cells found in the early embryo
@. issue stem cells< found in our bodies all our lives
6. 3nduced pluripotent stem cells, or AreprogrammedB
stem cells< similar to embryonic stem cells but made
from adult specialised cells using a laboratory techni"ue
discovered in @==9

the sentence structure and diction% Stem cells can come in
three .ormsA em$r,onic, adult, and induced #luri#otent stem
cells. The .irst is .ound in the earl, stages o. em$r,onic
de*elo#ment. The second is .ound in de*elo#ed tissue. The
third is not .ound directl, in the $od,, .or it is re#rogrammed
.rom adult stem cells in la$oratories,
Source # 13
Notecard #
Source APA Citation: ;lendon, )., Cim, 2., ;enson, +. (!11,
No*em$er 1K%. The Pu$lic, Political Parties, and Stem9Cell
)esearch. New England $ournal o% Medicine, (!%, 1"I3,
)etrie*ed .rom htt#://science.$igchalk.com
source% Attitudes of 5uropeans and Americans, According
to heir ,eligiosity, about +orbidding ,esearch 3nvolving
4uman 5mbryos, 5ven if 3t -eans hat %ossible
reatments Are (ot -ade Available to 3ll %eople.
we e$amine the role of religiosity with regard to this
issue. 3n both the Cnited States and 5urope as a whole,
people with the least religious involvement are less
likely than their compatriots to believe that embryonic
stem-cell research should be forbidden. hose who are
more involved religiously are more likely to support
restrictions. 3n the Cnited States, the proportion of
people who believe such research should be forbidden
rises from .28 among those who say they have *no
religion* or attend religious services less than once a
year or never to 7=8 among those who say they attend
religious services weekly or more fre"uently (4S%4
@=..0 5urobarometer @=.=). his finding is important for
the Cnited States because ,epublicans (range, 77 to
7/8) are more likely than Democrats (range, 6@ to 698)
to say they attend religious services at least weekly (%ew
,esearch #enter @=.=0 4S%4 @=..). 3n addition, those
who attend religious services regularly are more likely to
vote for ,epublican candidates than for Democratic
candidates. +or instance, in the @=.= congressional
elections, ;28 of Americans who said they attended
religious services at least weekly voted for ,epublican
candidates, whereas 7=8 voted for Democratic
candidates (5dison @=.=).
the sentence structure and diction% (n a stud, in America and
Euro#e, researchers .ound out that religious #eo#le are more
likel, to .a*or the discontinuation o. human em$r,onic stem
cell research, and #eo#le 0ho 0ere not religious 0ere more
likel, to su##ort the continuation o. human em$r,onic stem
cell research.

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