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MORALE

Morale

A mental condition or attitudes of


individuals and groups which determines their
willingness to cooperate.
Importance of Morale
Factors influencing Morale
 Nature of work
 Working Conditions

 Supervision

 Interpersonal relations

 Management policies

 Personal factors
Measurement of Morale

 Observation

 Attitude or Morale surveys


 Interview Method
 Questionnaire Method
 Company Records and Reports
Measures for Building high
Morale
 Proper work environment
 Job security
 Sound compensation system
 Sound promotion Policy
 Creation of whole jobs
 Job enrichment
 Grievance procedure
 Suggestion schemes
 Employee counseling
 Worker’s participation in management
Impact of Morale on
Productivity

High Productivity

High Morale Low Morale


High productivity High Productivity

High Morale Low Morale

High morale Low Morale


Low Productivity Low Productivity

Low Productivity
Job Satisfaction
Job Satisfaction

Job Satisfaction is the end feeling of a


person after performing a task.
Determinants of job
Satisfaction
 Environmental Factors
 Job content
 Occupational level
 Pay and promotion
 Work group
 Supervision
 Personal factors
 Age
 Gender
 Education level
 Marital Status
 Experience
Theories of Job satisfaction
 Need fulfillment theory
 Equity theory

 Two factor theory

 Discrepancy theory

 Equity-discrepancy theory

 Social reference group theory


Measurement of job
satisfaction

 Job Satisfaction Index (Hoppock)


 S-D (Satisfaction - Dissatisfaction) by
Pestonjee
 Job
 Management
 Social Relations
 Personal Adjustment
Counseling
Counseling
 Counselingis the mean by which one person
helps another through purposeful
conversation.

 Counseling is a method of identifying


practical solutions to life or work related
problem.
Essential Elements
 An empathic relationship
 The counselor and client relate well

 The counselor sticks closely to the client’s


problem
 The client feels free to say what they like

 An atmosphere of mutual trust and


confidence exist
Types of Counseling

 Directive

 Non-directive

 Co-operative
Employee Health
Working conditions affecting
health
 Cleanliness

 Lighting

 Temperature and ventilation


 Freedom from noise

 Dust control

 Working space and seating arrangement


Occupational hazards

 Chemical substance
 Biological hazards

 Environmental hazards

 Atmospheric conditions
Protection against health
hazards

 Preventivemeasures
 Curative measures
Statutory provisions concerning
Health
 Cleanliness

 Disposal of waste
 Ventilation and temperature

 Dust and fumes

 Artificial humidification

 Overcrowding(14.2 cubic meters)

 Lighting

 Drinking water
Employee Safety
Employee Safety

An Industrial Accident is “an occurrence in


an industrial establishment causing bodily
injury to a person which makes him unfit to
resume his duties in the next 48 hours.”
- the factories act 1948
Records and measurement of
accidents

No of injuries x 10,00,000
Accidents frequency rate =
Total no of men hours worked
No of men day lost x 10,00,000
Accidents Severity rate =
Total no of men hours worked
Causes of industrial accidents
 Unsafe Conditions
 The job itself
 Work schedules
 Psychological conditions
 Machinery and equipments
 Unsafe acts
 Miscellaneous causes
Measures to ensure Industrial
safety
 Safety policy
 Safety committee
 Safety engineering
 Guarding of machines
 Material handling equipment
 Safety devices
 Plan maintenance
 Safety education and training
 Role of government (Safety and Health Accidents
reduction Plans)
Safety provisions under the
Factories Act
 Fencing of machinery
 Work on or near machinery in motion
 Employment of young persons on dangerous Machines
 Striking gears and devices for cutting off power
 Self-acting machines
 Casing of new machinery
 Prohibition of employment of women and children near cotton
openers
 Hoists and lifts
 Lifting machines, chains, ropes and lifting Tackles
 Revolving machinery
 Pressure plant
 Floors, Stairs and means of access
 Excessive weights
 Protection of eyes
 Precautions against dangerous fumes
 Precautions regarding the use of portable electric
lights
 Precautions against explosive or inflammable dust,
gas etc
 Precautions in case of fire
 Safety officers
Employee welfare
“The efforts to make life worth living for
workmen.”
- Oxford Dictionary

“ Labor welfare means anything done


for the comfort and improvement,
intellectual or social, of the employees
over and above the wages paid which is
not a necessity of the industry.”
- Arthur James Todd
Importance of Employee
Welfare
Agencies of Employee Welfare

 Central Government (Acts like Factories Act, Mines Act etc)


 State Government

 Employers (Like TISCO, SAHARA etc)

 Trade Unions (Ahmedabad Textile Labor Association, Mazdoor


Sabha etc)
 Other agencies (Social Service League, Seva sadan Society, the
Depressed classes Mission Society)
Types of Welfare Services
 Intramural

 Extra-mural
 Hosing
 Education
 Transportation
 Recreation
 Consumer cooperative stores
Statutory provisions
concerning employee welfare
 The Factories Act,1948 (First Aid Box, rest room, Lunch room on 150 workers,
Ambulance & Welfare Officer on 500 workers, canteen on 250 workers, Crèche on 30 women
workers)

 The Plantation Labor Act,1951 (canteen for 150 workers, Crèche for
50 women workers, educational Facilities for 25 children between 6 to 12, Housing Facilities,
sickness allowances, Welfare Officers for 300 workers )

 The Mines Act,1952 ( crèche for 50 workers, rest room, Lunch room on 150
workers, canteen on 250 workers)

 The Contract Labor (Regulation and Abolition)


Act,1970
Quality Circles
A Quality Circle is a small group of
employees from the same work area which
meets the regularly to identify, analyze and
solve Quality and other work related
problems.
How to make Quality Circles
effective
 Top management support
 Education and training of managers &
workers
 Timely implementation of ideas generated by
Quality circles
 Sharing gain in productivity with workers
 Facilities for meetings & discussions
 Regular monitoring of working of Quality
circles.
Composition of Quality Circle

Members
Executive Committee

Leader

Facilitator & Steering committee


Coordinator
Quality Circle Operations

 Problem collection
 Problem selection

 Problem analysis

 Problem solution

 Management Presentation

 Implementation and Review & follow-up

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