ABSTRACT

As technology advances and mid-high tech devices become more readily available to
engineering and technology students as well as hobbyists there is an increasing need for reliable,
cost effective test equipment. Digital AC wattmeters are one of these increasingly useful pieces
of equipment. There are currently many models of Digital AC Wattmeters available that have an
impressive amount of capability and functionality. These models are epensive, and often have
unnecessary capabilities considering the typical applications of undergraduate students and
hobbyists. This pro!ect arose from the need for an inepensive, functionally appropriate
alternative to currently available Digital AC Wattmeters. "t presents a detailed construction steps
followed to achieve this feat.
i
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title #age i
Certification ii
Dedication iii
Ac$nowledgement iv
Abstract v
Table of Content vi
C%A#T&' ()&
*.+ "ntroduction *
*.* ,ac$ground of -tudy *
*.. #roblem -tatement *
*./ (b!ectives of 'esearch .
*.0 1ustification of -tudy .
*.2 -cope of Wor$ /
C%A#T&' TW(
..+ 3iterature 'eview 0
..* Wattmeter 0
... Types of Wattmeters 0
....* #rofessional Wattmeters 0
..... Digital Wattmeters 2
ii
C%A#T&' T%'&&
/.+ 'esearch 4ethodology 5
/.* 6athering of the )eeded "nformation 5
/.. Designing the Circuit 7
/...* The ,loc$ Diagram of the -ystem 7
/.... 8low Chart and -chematic Circuit Diagram 9
/.../ Description of the 8low Chart **
/./ Description of the -ystem Components *2
/.0 Current and :oltage Transformers *5
/.2 #ower -upply ;nit *5
/.< #rogramming *7
/.<.* -ource Code .+
C%A#T&' 8(;'
0.+ Test 'esults and Discussion .<
0.* #roblems -olving .5
0.. Analysis of the #roblems .5
0./ 'emedies .7
C%A#T&' 8":&
2.+ Conclusion /+
2.* 'ecommendation /+
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'&8&'&)C&- /*
iv
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND OF STUDY
A wattmeter is a device which measures electrical power, a newer technologies have provided
the ability to produce digital= wattmeters, these meters usually have a digital display and are
portable, resulting in a more versatile and easy to use product. ,ecause these devices are digital,
the analog approach is replaced with digital circuits to read in and compute measurements.
Digital devices offer the ability to read measurement of any frequency, and also compute many
different quantities. Digital wattmeters provide versatile capabilities and accurate readings in a
very short period of time
.
As stated previously, digital wattmeters can be found commercially= however, the group>s device
will function on a smaller scale not accurately available and include additional functionality. The
available wattmeters on the mar$et do not provide the ability to measure and display power
factor within the same design.
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
4ost electrical?electronic department in some tertiary institutions in the country still use aged
analog wattmeter to satisfy laboratory needs for its circuit labs. This device ta$es a considerable
amount of time to set up and use to obtain the desired measurements. "n order to heighten the
load?stress on the students, there is need for a digital wattmeter which will allow measurement to
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be ta$en faster, easier and more accurately than they can with the current equipment in use
during their power factor eperiment, as part of the electronic circuits course.
1.3 OBJECTIVES OF RESEARCH
The ob!ective of this pro!ect is to design a small, cheap and easily to produce +-/+++watt Digital
Wattmeter. This Wattmeter will replace the analog labs today. The device will have input and
output terminals for connecting the device to the system under analysis, as well as a digital
display to more accurately convey the measurements. The user will be able to incomputerate this
device within a circuit between the paper source and the load, and the device will in turn digitally
display the voltage absorbed and power factor of the load. The meter will also display voltage
and current.
1.4 JUSTIFICATION OF STUDY
Digital Wattmeter is an instrument which is used to measure the power consumption of an
electric circuit or an appliance which is connected to the supply in terms of watts.
Digital Wattmeter provides versatile capabilities and accurate reading in a very short period of
time.
1.5 SCOPE OF WORK
The scope of this wor$ will be concerned only on digital Wattmeter ranging for +-/++ watt, how
it wor$s the functions of digital Wattmeter, why is digital Wattmeter important in electrical labs,
the components use in building it and how they function.
This wor$ is limited to the component and accessories as obtained from the current diagram
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CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 WATTMETER
The wattmeter is an instrument for measuring the electric power @or the supply rate of electrical
energyA in watts of any given circuit. Watt is a derived unit of power in the "nternational -ystem
of ;nits @-"A, named after the -cottish engineer 1ames Watt @*5/<B*7*9A. The unit defined as
one !oule per second, measures the rate of energy conversion. &lectric power is the rate at which
electrical energy is transferred by an electric circuit.
2.2 TYPES OF WATTMETERS
A wattmeter is used to measure the voltage in an electronic circuit. (riginally only a tool of
professionals there are now many different types of the device available that are both cheap and
easy to use and available for home use. A wattmeter is generally used for chec$ing on the power
supply of a given power-outlet in a house and for estimating the electricity costs of different
appliances. 3i$e many technologies the device has gone digital.
2.2.1 PROFESSIONAL WATTMETERS
The power company still uses a basic wattmeter to measure the amount of power that your
house or apartment is consuming from the general power supply. The wattmeter measures both
the amount of energy consumed and records the time when it was consumed. 6enerally these
electric meters will be located somewhere outside a building so that a representative of the power
company can come by in person to see the readings of the device.
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2.2.2 DIGITAL WATTMETERS
According to #earson &ducation 3imited .++0, Wattmeter is an instrument for measuring the
electric power @or the supply rate of electrical energy in watts of any given circuit.
Digital Wattmeters have become available for home use and are capable of providing users with
information that is far superior to that which was provided by the Wattmeters of professionals
only twenty years ago. "nstead of a very imprecise needle display, a digital Wattmeter measures
the current which is passing through its cables at a thousand times a second, measuring every
small change, and providing an average which is the true power supply.
According to Aaron 8ogle and #at 'ice in (hio )orthern ;niversity .+*., a Wattmeter is a
device which measures electrical power, the meter can be analog or digital.
The Wattmeter is an instrument for measuring the electrical power @or the supply rate of
electrical energyA= by Dr -am Clay (hio )orthern ;niversity .++9.
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CHAPTER THREE
3.0 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
,elow is the flow diagram that illustrates the step-by-step processes that is been embar$ed on to
accomplish this pro!ect wor$. The flow diagram of the pro!ect includes= Articles and researches
related to the pro!ect study, bloc$ and schematic diagram of the pro!ect, flow chart and source
code and programmable prototype and functional prototype .The epected outputs of each
activity are also provided on the diagram as seen below.
8i
gure /.*C 8low chart diagram of the step-by-step process of the pro!ect wor$
3.1 GATHERING OF THE NEEDED INFORMATION
The research wor$ commenced by first gathering the needed information, which was useful in
understanding more about the pro!ect study. 3oo$ing for articles in the internet about the
microcontrollers and the ADC to be used in the pro!ect was a great help. ,asic understanding on
how to use the ADC was also an important thing to be considered. Aside from getting
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information from the internet, the research wor$ also involved reading other resources such as
reading related researches and publications. The research wor$ also involved consulting some
eperts in the field in order to get more information on the pro!ect wor$.
3.2 DESIGNING THE CIRCUIT
,ased on the acquired information, we were able to design the circuit. 8irstly, we constructed the
bloc$ and schematic diagrams of the entire system. #roteus simulator design suit is the software
used in the schematic circuit design since it provides a means of running the software in the
simulator before the real life circuit construction.
3.2.1 THE BLOCK DIAGRAM OF THE SYSTEM
The bloc$ diagram of this pro!ect construction comprises of the all the necessary components
that ma$es up the entire digital wattmeter. The bloc$ diagram comprises of the Atmel AT79C2.
7-bit microcontroller unit which is the brain base of the system, the +7+0 ADC is used to convert
the AC voltage and current source to digital wave forms, the *<. 3CD screen module which is
used as a form of visual display unit used in the pro!ect to display load power rating in watts, the
auto reset unit resets the microcontroller after every micro-seconds eecution of tas$, the crystal
oscillator unit which plays a ma!or role in cloc$ing function of the microcontroller unit, the pull-
up resistor is used to provide Dve 2volt power supply to #('T + of the microcontroller where
the 3CD display screen is interfaced, two transformers which are responsible for voltage and
current waves sampling, 50* (p-Amp "C used as comparator to compare the magnitude of the
AC voltage and current signals. ,elow is the bloc$ diagram of the digital wattmeter.
x

8igure /..C ,loc$ Diagram of the Digital Wattmeter
3.2.2 FLOW CHART AND SCHEMATIC CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
As shown in the above bloc$ diagram, the Digital AC Watt 4eter consists of three main
sections= analog signal conditioning section made up of the 50* (p-Amp chip, embedded signal
processing section made up of the +7+0 ADC chip and the 79C2. microcontroller chip and
visual display section which is the *<. 3CD screen used to display power output in watts.
8igure /.* visually details the operation of the Digital AC Watt 4eter :oltage and current
representative wave forms are induced from the AC circuit then conditioned and digitally read by
the 79C2. microcontroller. The 79C2. microcontroller is programmed to interpret the digital
wave forms then calculate and output power of the input load in Watts on the *<. 3CD screen.
The visual output module for the wattmeter is a 2 volt *<. 3CD, based on the %D0057+ series.
,elow is the flow chart diagram of the digital wattmeter.
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8igure /./C 8low chart diagram of the digital wattmeter
3.2.3 DESCRIPTION OF THE FLOW CHART
ANALOG SIGNAL CONDITIONING
The front end of the Digital AC Wattmeter accomplishes two tas$s= induce voltage and current
representative wave forms from the AC circuit and condition those signals to an acceptable
voltage level in order to be read by the ADC interfaced to the 79C2. microcontroller.
INDUCING SIGNAL WAVEFORMS
Two iron core transformers were are used to induce the current and voltage waveforms. ,oth
transformers primary windings are rated at ..+: and secondary windings are <: providing a
step gain of approimately /5. The current waveform inducing transformer circuit is connected
to the AC circuit via its secondary <: coil across an inline *?*+ ohm power resistor @see figure
/.0A. The power resistor
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induces the current wave form @*m: E *+mAmpA. The transformer then provides the current
wave signal a gain of /5. The signal is then conditioned by a precision rectifying circuit in figure
/.0 below. The voltage waveform inducing transformer is connected with its primary coil across
the source voltage creating a /5 to *: scale wave form of the voltage signal as shown in figure /
.0. The signal is then conditioned by a precision rectifying circuit. ,elow is the schematic circuit
diagram of the digital watt meter.
8igure /.0C -chematic circuit diagram of Digital wattmeter
SIGNAL PROCESSING
The properly conditioned signals are read via the +7+0 ADC>s output interfaced to the 79C2.
microcontroller chip and the digital wave forms are stored in the controller>s memory. (nce the
voltage and current signals have been converted to digital waveforms, software determines
magnitude and phase difference. #ower is them calculated and displayed via the 3CD display
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screen. 8igure /.< shows the flow chart diagram of the Digital Watt 4eter software. The 79C2.
microcontroller is programmed to eecute these tas$s using assembly language.
ANALOG TO DIGITAL CONVERTERS AND SIGNAL READING
The +7+0 ADC have an input range of + B 2 :olts and 7 bits of resolution @0.77 milli :olts per
stepA. Two +7+0 ADCs are used to sample the waveforms. &very other sample is current?voltage.
The sample rate is approimately .0+ microseconds per two samples @one voltage wave sample
and one current wave sampleA. The time difference between consecutive samples is negligible.
INTERPRETING DIGITAL WAVE FORMS
The digital wave forms are stored in two memories. These memories contain the ADC step
values of the wave forms. The memories are indeed to find the ADCFs pea$ steps value of
voltage and current. These values are converted to their equivalent real current and real voltage
value from the AC circuit.
This is accomplished by multiplying the ADC step level by the equivalent AC current or voltage
level @i.e. by 2 A and one current ADC step E .++.*Amps, one voltage ADC step E .*55/ volts.
,y trac$ing the number of samples between AC voltage and current signals by the ADC, there
are 5/./0 samples ta$en per <+%G cycle. To calculate for the input active power in watts, the
following formula is used # E :" cos. Active power consist of active component which is in
phase with the applied voltage : i.e. I cos. "t is also $nown as wattful component.
M!"#$!%&''(
P ) VI &*+,
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where=
: E A.C :oltage
" E A.C current
Cos E cosine of the angle of lead or lag
Then active power of the input A.C source is given as=
:A E cos E W.
8rom the above mathematical epressions, to get the actual power of any applied load to the
digital wattmeter, the microcontroller is programmed in such a way that current magnitude and
voltage magnitude of the applied load are compared, and arithmetic operation is then carried out
in memories A and , of the microcontroller by multiplying :oltage @:A and Current @"A
magnitude and their product is then programmed to displayed as power in Watts on the 3CD.
3.3 DESCRIPTION OF THE SYSTEM COMPONENTS
THE MICROCONTROLLER UNIT
This unit is responsible for receiving and storing of the converted AC signal by the ADC chip.
Themicrocontroller then carries out arithmetic and logical operations on this signal and
determines the magnitude of the AC signals @i.e. the magnitude of the voltage signals and current
signalsA, then the microcontroller sends the corresponding result to the 3CD display screen in
order for the inputed load power rating to be displayed on the 3CD screen.
THE FRE-UENCY OSCILLATOR UNIT
The frequency oscillator circuit unit in the above bloc$ diagram is made up of a *.4%H crystal
oscillator and two /+pf ceramic capacitors each connected in parallel with one terminal of the
xv
crystal oscillator. "t is responsible for proper frequency timing operation of the Atmel AT79C2.
microcontroller unit.
THE AUTOMATIC RESET CIRCUIT
The automatic reset circuit in the above bloc$ diagram is responsible for resetting the
microcontroller unit automatically after every micro-second eecution of tas$. This unit is made
up of a *+uf electrolytic capacitor and a *+$ resistor.
THE PULL.UP RESISTOR UNIT
This unit is made up of 7 pieces of *+$ resistors connected in parallel to each pin of port + of the
microcontroller unit and also in parallel to each other to a Dve 2volts power supply. The pull up
resistors in the above bloc$ diagram is used to supply a boost voltage of D2volts to the port +
pins of the microcontroller because port + has high impedance.
LCD DISPLAY UNIT
The 3CD @i.e. 3iquid Crystal DisplayA unit is the output module of the Digital Watt 4eter. The
3CD used for the construction of this Digital wattmeter is a *<. character display 3CD module
based on the %itachi %D0057+. 8igure /.< below shows the 3CD output module of the Digital
wattmeter.
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8igure /.2C A typical picture of *<. 3CD module
3.4 CURRENT AND VOLTAGE TRANSFORMERS
Two iron core transformers were are used to induce the current and voltage waveforms to the
system. ,oth transformers primary windings are rated at ..+: and secondary windings are <v
which provides a step gain of approimately /5.
THE /41 OP.AMP CHIPS
The 50* (p-Amp Chips is responsible for getting analog signals induced by the current and
voltage transformers. The 50* (p-Amp chips is used here as a comparator to compare the
magnitude of the input AC signals and rectified it to an acceptable level for the ADC chips
ADC +7+0 C%"#-
The ADC +7+0 chips gets rectified analog signals @i.e. current and voltage signalsA from 50* (p-
Amp chips and converts these signals to digital waveforms which is required by the
microcontroller unit.
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The ADC +7+0 chips is an intermediate unit between the analog signal processing unit made up
of the 50* (p-Amp chips and the digital signal manipulation unit made up of the microcontroller
chip.
3.5 POWER SUPPLY UNIT
The power supply unit that is used to provide a 2volts regulated DC source for the Digital
wattmeter. This power supply unit is made up of some descrete electronics components and a
..+: <-+-<: step down centre tapped transformer. The descrete component used for the power
unit includes ")0++5 rectifier diodes arranged in a bridge form to convert the <: AC output
from the transformerFs secondary to <: DC, a ..I8?<./v electrolytic capacitor used to filter any
AC ripple left behind, and a 57+2 voltage regulator "C which is used to regulate the <: DC to 2:
DC which is required by the microcontroller unit for its proper operation. 8igure /.< below
shows the schematic circuit diagram of the power supply unit.
8igure /.<C ,asic bloc$ diagram of power supply
3.0 PROGRAMMING
#rogramming of the system follows an orderly and systematic steps in order to arrive at a
successful program source code by first drafting out the program flow chart which shows each
xviii
lines of code and their functions, how program commands code flows in the internal memory of
the microcontroller unit. "n actualiGing the whole process, 4"D&-2* development environment is
used to type the program source code, and after the source code have been successfully typed, a
folder is created and the typed assemble language source is then assembled inside the created
folder. This is done in order to convert the typed assemble language code to he file which is to
be load to the microcontroller unit with the aid of a device called programmer $it.
8igure /.5C #rogram flow chart of the digital watt meter
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3.0.1 SOURCE CODE
The source code as eplained above is typed and assembled in the 4"D&-2* development
environment which converts the assemble code to he file which is needed by the
microcontroller unit. -ee program source code belowC
('6 ++++% =-tarting tas$ from memory location ++++% in he
4(: #*,J********, =Configuring #* as input port
====3CD C(44A)D -&T ;#====
4(: '+,J/7% = ;se two lines and 2K5 4atri
ACA33 C(4)D = Call command routine
ACA33 D&3AL = Call delay routine
4(: '+,J+C% = Display () Cursor (88
ACA33 C(4)D = Call command routine
ACA33 D&3AL = Call delay routine

-TA'TC =-tarting the main program subroutine
C3' #../ =ma$ing C- @i.e. pin * of the ADCA low
C3' #..2 =-ending 3ow-to-%igh signal to 'W of the ADC
-&T, #..2 =-ending 3ow-to-%igh signal to 'W i.e. pin / of the ADC

")T'C 1, #..5,")T' =Chec$ing if conversion is finished, if yes ")T' pinE+ if not poll till *
C3' #../ =ma$ing C- @i.e. pin * of the ADCA low
-&T, #..0 =-ending %igh-to-3ow signal to 'D to read data from AD
C3' #..0 =-ending %igh-to-3ow signal to 'D to read data from ADC
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4(: A,#* =Copying current output from current converting ADC
4(: ,,#/ =Copying voltage output from voltage converting ADC at #/
C#3 A =Complementing the ADCFs 3(W output to %"6% output
C#3 , =Complementing the ADCFs 3(W output to %"6% output
4;3 A, =4ultiplying AC signal @i.e. Current and :oltage signalsA
4;3 A,J+2 =4ultiplying the product of A, by 2 to give wattage in power

xxi
====(;T#;T")6 ADCFs '&-;3T====
(;T*C C1)& A,J*,(;T.
ACA33 +2WATT- =Displaying load wattage on *<. 3CD screen
(;T.C C1)& A,J.,(;T/
ACA33 *+WATT- =Displaying load wattage on *<. 3CD screen
(;T/C C1)& A,J/,(;T0
ACA33 *2WATT- =Displaying load wattage on *<. 3CD screen
(;T0C C1)& A,J0,(;T2
ACA33 .+WATT- =Displaying load wattage on *<. 3CD screen
(;T2C C1)& A,J2,(;T<
ACA33 .2WATT- =Displaying load wattage on *<. 3CD screen
(;T<C C1)& A,J<,(;T5
ACA33 /+WATT- =Displaying load wattage on *<. 3CD screen
(;T5C C1)& A,J5,(;T7
ACA33 /2WATT- =Displaying load wattage on *<. 3CD screen
(;T7C C1)& A,J7,(;T9
ACA33 0+WATT- =Displaying load wattage on *<. 3CD screen
(;T9C C1)& A,J9,(;T*+
ACA33 02WATT- =Displaying load wattage on *<. 3CD screen
(;T*+CC1)& A,J*+,(;T**
ACA33 2+WATT- =Displaying load wattage on *<. 3CD screen
(;T**CC1)& A,J**,(;T*.
xxii
ACA33 22WATT- =Displaying load wattage on *<. 3CD screen
(;T*.CC1)& A,J*.,(;T*/
ACA33 <+WATT- =Displaying load wattage on *<. 3CD screen
(;T*/CC1)& A,J*/,(;T*0
ACA33 <2WATT- =Displaying load wattage on *<. 3CD screen
(;T*0CC1)& A,J*0,(;T*2
ACA33 5+WATT- =Displaying load wattage on *<. 3CD screen
(;T*2CC1)& A,J*2,(;T*<
ACA33 52WATT- =Displaying load wattage on *<. 3CD screen
(;T*<CC1)& A,J*<,(;T*5
ACA33 7+WATT- =Displaying load wattage on *<. 3CD screen
(;T*5CC1)& A,J*5,(;T*7
ACA33 72WATT- =Displaying load wattage on *<. 3CD screen
(;T*7CC1)& A,J*7,(;T*9
ACA33 9+WATT- =Displaying load wattage on *<. 3CD screen
(;T*9CC1)& A,J*9,(;T.+
ACA33 92WATT- =Displaying load wattage on *<. 3CD screen
xxiii
(;T.+CC1)& A,J.+,(;T.*
ACA33 *++WATT- =Displaying load wattage on *<. 3CD screen
(;T.*CC1)& A,J.*,(;T..
ACA33 *+2WATT- =Displaying load wattage on *<. 3CD screen
(;T..CC1)& A,J..,(;T./
ACA33 **+WATT- =Displaying load wattage on *<. 3CD screen
(;T./CC1)& A,J./,(;T.0
ACA33 **2WATT- =Displaying load wattage on *<. 3CD screen
(;T.0CC1)& A,J.0,(;T.2
ACA33 *.+WATT- =Displaying load wattage on *<. 3CD screen
(;T.2CC1)& A,J.2,(;T.<
ACA33 *.2WATT- =Displaying load wattage on *<. 3CD screen
(;T.<CC1)& A,J.<,(;T.5
ACA33 */+WATT- =Displaying load wattage on *<. 3CD screen
(;T.5CC1)& A,J.5,(;T.7
ACA33 */2WATT- =Displaying load wattage on *<. 3CD screen
(;T.7CC1)& A,J.7,(;T.9
ACA33 *0+WATT- =Displaying load wattage on *<. 3CD screen
(;T.9CC1)& A,J.9,(;T/+
ACA33 *02WATT- =Displaying load wattage on *<. 3CD screen
(;T/+CC1)& A,J.+,(;T/*
ACA33 *2+WATT- =Displaying load wattage on *<. 3CD screen
xxiv
(;T/*CC1)& A,J/*,(;T/.
ACA33 *22WATT- =Displaying load wattage on *<. 3CD screen
(;T/.CC1)& A,J/.,(;T//
ACA33 *<+WATT- =Displaying load wattage on *<. 3CD screen
(;T//CC1)& A,J//,(;T/0
ACA33 *<2WATT- =Displaying load wattage on *<. 3CD screen
(;T/0CC1)& A,J/0,(;T/2
ACA33 *5+WATT- =Displaying load wattage on *<. 3CD screen
(;T/2CC1)& A,J/2,(;T/<
ACA33 *52WATT- =Displaying load wattage on *<. 3CD screen
(;T/<C 14# -TA'T
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM
D&3AL '(;T")&
MMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMMM
D&3ALC 4(: '/,J+2
D&3LAC 4(: '.,J+/
D&3L,C 4(: '*,J+.
D1)H '*,D&3LA
D1)H '*,D&3L,
'&T
&)D =Denotes the end of assembly language source code
xxv
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 TEST RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
After the constructed of the digital wattmeter we run a test with the meter @digital wattmeterA to
chec$ if it will give us an accurate result. -ome load were plug in the meter and the following
results were gotten.
3oad @#lug inA 'esult @Displayed in 3CDA
<+ watt bulb 22.2 watt
52 watt television set 5+ watt
7+ watt refrigerator 52.2 watt

We did not get the eact voltage of the load due to some factors to be discussed.
There was a power loss in the transformer inside the wattmeter due to heat and vibration in the
transformer.
Also the voltage generated by &nugu &lectricity Distribution Company @&&DCA is not up to the
amount they should generate and distribute, &&DC generate and distribute *2+: B *7+: instead
of ..+: B .0+:, this also contributed to us not getting the eact load @wattsA in our results.
xxvi
4.1 PROBLEMS SOLVING
When constructing the pro!ective discover or encounter some difficulties which draw us
bac$ when constructing our pro!ect, most of them were=
#ower failure
,urning of components
Components failure
4.2 ANALYSIS OF THE PROBLEMS
#(W&' 8A"3;'&C This was a huge setbac$ for us during the construction of this
pro!ect, we had serious pro!ect, and because of there were no power for us to do our !ob
or the construction, it help in delaying us, and it was a setbac$ on our own side.
,;')")6 (8 C(4#()&)TC While constructing our pro!ect we discovered that most
of our components got burnt due to high voltage, components li$e the capacitors, etc and
most of the components when they are not in good condition and we use them, it got
burnt too when we use them.
C(4#()&)T 8A"3;'&C Components failure is another problem we encountered
during the construction of this pro!ect, most of the component we got after construction,
we never discover that the components are not wor$ing again= most times the cause of
this may be from the way we pac$ed the components.
4.3 REMEDIES
The remedies of the problems we encountered include=
xxvii
8or power failure, what we did was to get generator, to produce our own power so that
we can do and complete our pro!ect.
,urning of component= what we did was to find out why our components was burning
and solved it, after which we replaced the component bac$ and go on with our
construction.
Component failure= in order not to waste time when we had component was sample, we
last changed all the component that burnt bad and continue with our wor$.
xxviii
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 CONCLUSION
"n conclusion Digital Wattmeter is a device which measures electrical power, Digital Wattmeter
provides versatile capabilities and accurate readings in a very short period of time.
Digital Wattmeter is an instrument which is used to measure the power consumption of an
electric circuit or an appliance which is connected to the supply in terms of watts. Digital devices
offer the ability to record measurement at any frequency, and also compute many different
quantities.
Digital Wattmeter have become available for home use and are capable of providing users with
information that is far superior to that which was provided by the Wattmeters of professionals
only twenty years ago.
5.1 RECOMMENDATION
We will recommend Digital Wattmeter in most electrical?electronics department in some tertiary
institution in the country, to help them satisfy laboratory needs for its circuits labs because it
provides versatile capabilities and accurate reading in a very short period of time.
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REFERENCES
Aaron 8ogle and #ot 6ilas, .+*., (hio )orthern ;niversity.
,lac$out of .++/C Description and 'esponses. Available onC
httpC??www.persc.huise.edu
httpC??www.persc.huise.edu?wattmeter
C.A CaniGares, 8.C., Acvarado, C.3 Demarco, ". Dobson, and W?8 3ong, @4ay *0, .++2A
NWattmeter AnalysisO. :ersion *./.0 -oftware and Document.
Dr. -am Clay, .++9, (hio )orthern ;niversity.
#earson &ducation 3imited, .++0 NWattmeter as an "nstrumentO.

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