APES Midterm 2008

Multiple Choice
Identify the choice that best completes the statement or answers the question.
____ 1. Ecology is the study of how
a. atoms make up the environment.
b. humans affect the environment.
c. organisms interact with each other and their nonliving environment.
d. societies pass laws to protect the environment.
____ 2. Biodiversity emerges from
a. mutations.
b. natural selection.
c. extinction.
d. all of these answers.
____ 3. here would a geologists collect rock and soil samples!
a. atmosphere
b. lithosphere
c. biosphere
d. hydrosphere
____ ". #he energy of the sun is primarily
a. nuclear fission.
b. nuclear fusion.
c. gravity.
d. magnetism.
____ $. hich of the following statements is false?
a. #he existence% abundance% and distribution of a species in an ecosystem are determined by
whether the levels of one or more physical or chemical factors fall within the range
tolerated by a species.
b. &rganisms can adapt to slowly changing new conditions by acclimation.
c. #oo much or too little of any abiotic factor can limit or prevent growth of a population of a
species in an ecosystem even if all other factors are at or near the optimum range of
tolerance.
d. #here is no such thing as too much fertili'er.
____ (. &rganisms that feed on both plants and animals are called
a. detritus feeders.
b. omnivores.
c. carnivores.
d. herbivores.
____ ). #he pyramid which best explains why there are typically only four to five links in a food chain is the pyramid
of
a. energy.
b. biomass.
c. numbers.
d. matter.
____ *. #he nitrogen cycle is an example of a+n,
a. hydrologic cycle.
b. sedimentary cycle.
c. carbohydrate cycle.
d. atmospheric cycle.
____ -. #he hydrologic cycle refers to the movement of
a. hydrogen.
b. oxygen.
c. water.
d. hydrocarbons.
____ 1.. &f the following processes of the water cycle% the one working against gravity is
a. percolation.
b. infiltration.
c. runoff.
d. transpiration.
____ 11. hich element could be called the /currency for energy exchange in living systems!/
a. nitrogen
b. oxygen
c. carbon
d. sulfur
____ 12. #ransfer of carbon between organisms depends primarily on
a. fuel combustion and decomposition.
b. photosynthesis and cellular respiration.
c. soil bacteria and precipitation.
d. volcanic activity and organic decay.
____ 13. 0norganic nitrogen1containing ions are converted into organic molecules through
a. nitrification.
b. nitrogen fixation.
c. denitrification.
d. assimilation.
____ 1". hich of the following statements about human alteration of the nitrogen cycle is false?
a. 2arge 3uantities of nitric oxide are released into the atmosphere when fuel is burned.
b. 4itric oxide can be converted in the atmosphere to nitric acid% which contributes to acid
deposition.
c. Eating protein puts /dead ends/ in the nitrogen cycle.
d. 5oil can be depleted of nitrate and ammonium ions by harvesting nitrogen1rich crops.
____ 1$. hich statement least characteri'es systems analysis as a research strategy!
a. 0t is usually carried out by an expert in the field.
b. 0t has developed over the last twenty1five years.
c. 0t can be applied to complex systems that cannot be ade3uately studied in the field or
laboratory.
d. 0t can simulate ecosystems.
____ 1(. 4atural ecosystems achieve sustainability through
a. recycling solar energy through biogeochemical cycles.
b. use of renewable solar energy and one1way flow of nutrients.
c. making life forms more complex by reversing the 5econd 2aw of #hermodynamics.
d. use of one1way solar energy flow and efficient recycling of nutrients.
____ 1). #he most likely se3uence for the biological evolution of life is
a. aerobic prokaryotes1photosynthetic prokaryotes1anaerobic prokaryotes1eukaryotes1
multicellular organisms.
b. photosynthetic prokaryotes1anaerobic prokaryotes1aerobic prokaryotes1eukaryotes1
multicellular organisms.
c. anaerobic prokaryotes1photosynthetic prokaryotes1aerobic prokaryotes1eukaryotes1
multicellular organisms.
d. eukaryotes1anaerobic prokaryotes1photosynthetic prokaryotes1aerobic prokaryotes1
multicellular organisms.
____ 1*. #he oxygen revolution was most likely brought about by
a. lightning creating o'one.
b. ultraviolet light breaking down o'one.
c. chemosynthetic bacteria.
d. cyanobacteria.
____ 1-. 6eographic isolation may result from
a. a volcanic eruption.
b. an earth3uake.
c. a mountain range.
d. all of these answers.
____ 2.. 7arwin8s description of macroevolution as an accumulation of steady% small evolutionary changes is best
described as
a. dynamic e3uilibrium.
b. a steady state hypothesis.
c. a punctuated e3uilibrium hypothesis.
d. a gradualist model of evolution.
____ 21. 6ould8s view of macroevolution as long periods of relatively little change interrupted by short periods of
relatively rapid change is best described as
a. dynamic e3uilibrium.
b. a steady state hypothesis.
c. a punctuated e3uilibrium hypothesis.
d. a gradualist model of evolution.
____ 22. Biodiversity is believed to be the result of
a. divergent and convergent evolution.
b. speciation and extinction.
c. speciation and coevolution.
d. extinction and coevolution.
____ 23. Biologists estimate that over ____9 of the species that have ever lived are now extinct.
a. (-
b. )-
c. *-
d. --
____ 2". hich of the following statements about extinctions is false?
a. Biologists estimate that --9 of all the species that have ever existed are now extinct.
b. :ass extinctions raise the extinction rate above the background extinction rate.
c. :ost mass extinctions are believed to be due to global climatic changes.
d. Earth has experienced over a do'en great mass extinctions.
____ 2$. 0t takes on the order of _____ years for adaptive radiations to rebuild biological diversity after a mass
extinction.
a. 1..
b. 1.. thousand
c. 1 million
d. 1. million
____ 2(. ;eatures of weather include all of the following except
a. temperature.
b. barometric pressure.
c. wind direction.
d. o'one concentration.
____ 2). #here are ______ separate belts of moving air or prevailing winds.
a. two
b. four
c. six
d. eight
____ 2*. hich of the following microclimate effects is incorrectly described!
a. #he leeward sides of high mountains tend to show relatively dry conditions.
b. &ceans and lakes modify temperature extremes.
c. ;orests have fewer temperature extremes and lower wind speeds than nearby open land.
d. <ities tend to have lower temperatures and higher wind speeds than the surrounding
countryside.
____ 2-. #rees of wet tropical rain forests tend to be
a. succulent plants.
b. broad1leaf evergreen plants.
c. broadleaf deciduous plants.
d. coniferous evergreen plants.
____ 3.. = tropical grassland with scattered shrubs and stunted trees would be called a
a. veld.
b. steppes.
c. savanna.
d. pampas.
____ 31. 0f you were a National Geographic reporter assigned to cover large herds of gra'ing% hoofed animals% where
would you most likely >ourney!
a. =rctic tundra
b. tropical forest
c. deciduous forest
d. savanna
____ 32. :any species of hoofed animals can live together in the =frican tropical savannas because they have ____
eating habits that ____ competition for resources.
a. speciali'ed? maximi'e
b. speciali'ed? minimi'e
c. generali'ed? maximi'e
d. generali'ed? minimi'e
____ 33. #he ____ is located in Europe.
a. veld
b. steppes
c. savanna
d. pampas
____ 3". @ermafrost is characteristic of the
a. tropical savanna.
b. =rctic tundra.
c. coniferous forest.
d. savanna.
____ 3$. hich of the following describes where a natural grassland would most likely be found!
a. where annual precipitation exceeds "$ inches
b. where drought and fire are very rare
c. in places that are suitable for forests
d. in the 'one lying between forest and desert
____ 3(. Aumans affect grasslands by
a. planting crops.
b. gra'ing domestic herds.
c. drilling wells for water.
d. all of these answers.
____ 3). = mature ____ has the greatest species diversity of all terrestrial biomes.
a. tundra
b. tropical rain forest
c. taiga
d. temperate deciduous forest
____ 3*. :ature temperate deciduous forests _____ than tropical rain forests.
a. have more different tree species
b. have more different animal species
c. have more plant life at ground level
d. have less sunlight penetrating to lower levels
____ 3-. <one1bearing trees are characteristic of the
a. taiga.
b. tropical rain forest.
c. temperate deciduous forest.
d. savanna.
____ ".. &ceans cover about _____ of the earth8s surface.
a. $.9
b. (.9
c. ).9
d. *.9
____ "1. :ost photosynthesis in the open sea occurs in the
a. euphotic 'one.
b. abyssal 'one.
c. bathyal 'one.
d. coastal 'one.
____ "2. Aydrothermal vents with chemosynthetic1based communities are characteristic of the
a. abyssal 'one.
b. euphotic 'one.
c. estuary 'one.
d. bathyal 'one.
____ "3. 7epressions in the land that can be filled with water to form lakes may be formed by
a. glaciation.
b. earth3uakes.
c. volcanic activity.
d. all of these answers.
____ "". 0n lakes% the nutrient1rich water near the shore is part of the
a. limnetic 'one.
b. benthic 'one.
c. littoral 'one.
d. profundal 'one.
____ "$. = temperate lake is most likely to show thermal stratification and restriction on mixing of surface and deeper
waters during the
a. winter.
b. spring.
c. summer.
d. fall.
____ "(. 0n which 'one of a river would an ecologist look for a deep meandering stream!
a. first
b. second
c. third
d. benthic
____ "). hat does richness refer to!
a. the number of individuals of each species
b. the number of different species
c. the number of edge effects
d. the number of ecotones in an area
____ "*. here is most of the world8s biodiversity!
a. high1latitude forests
b. middle1latitude grasslands
c. low1latitude forests
d. polar grasslands
____ "-. 5pecies that serve as early warnings of environmental damage are called
a. nonnative species.
b. native species.
c. specialist species.
d. indicator species.
____ $.. 5pecies whose roles in an ecosystem are much more important than their abundance would suggest are called
a. nonnative species.
b. native species.
c. keystone species.
d. specialist species.
____ $1. 5ea otters% dung beetles% and gopher tortoises are generally considered to be
a. nonnative species.
b. native species.
c. keystone species.
d. specialist species.
____ $2. = relationship in which both species benefit is best labeled
a. competition.
b. predation.
c. mutualism.
d. parasitism.
____ $3. hich of the following would undergo secondary succession!
a. cooled volcanic lava
b. an abandoned parking lot
c. a heavily polluted stream that has been cleaned up
d. a bare rock outcrop
____ $". 0n mature ecosystems
a. most plants are annuals.
b. species diversity is low.
c. the efficiency of energy use is high.
d. the efficiency of nutrient recycling is low.
____ $$. :ost terrestrial ecosystems are a dynamic patchworks of vegetation providing
a. great biodiversity and sites for early successional species to gain a foothold.
b. great biodiversity and sites that favor late successional species.
c. moderate biodiversity and sites for all successional species.
d. moderate biodiversity and sites for early successional species to gain a foothold.
____ $(. 0n forests maintained by intermittent fires%
a. the large trees are fire proof.
b. fires leave the low1lying vegetation and burn the tree crowns.
c. some species release seeds only after exposure to intense heat.
d. it takes up to a decade for new vegetation to grow.
____ $). hich of the following is not one of the age structure categories!
a. prereproductive
b. reproductive
c. postreproductive
d. elderly
____ $*. =n exponential growth curve depicting an ever1growing population is shaped like the letter ____.
a. B
b. 2
c. :
d. 5
____ $-. hich of the following is an r1strategist!
a. human
b. insect
c. rhinoceros
d. saguaro cactus
____ (.. hich of the following is not one of the Earth8s interior concentric 'ones!
a. the asthenosphere.
b. the crust.
c. the mantle.
d. the core.
____ (1. #he movement of lithospheric plates is significant because it
a. explains the formation of waterfalls and river canyons.
b. predicts where certain natural ha'ards are likely to be found.
c. explains formation of ocean currents.
d. predicts where endangered species might be found.
____ (2. hich of the following is not a characteristic of a mineral!
a. crystal structure
b. organic
c. naturally occurring
d. solid
____ (3. &f the following% the approach least likely to reduce earth3uake ha'ards is
a. better prediction of location and timing of earth3uakes.
b. location of active fault 'ones.
c. establishment of building codes regulating placement and design of buildings in high1risk
areas.
d. filling of fault 'ones with rubberi'ed cement.
____ (". #he topsoil hori'on is described by the letter
a. =.
b. B.
c. <.
d. &.
____ ($. hich of the following types of soils has the least pore space!
a. silt
b. loam
c. clay
d. sand
____ ((. =bout _____ 9 of the world8s agricultural lands have been degraded by erosion.
a. 2.
b. 3.
c. ".
d. $.
____ (). <onservation tillage
a. increases labor costs.
b. decreases erosion.
c. increases energy consumption.
d. accelerates water loss from the soil.
____ (*. =nimal manure is normally not used as a crop fertili'er on large farms because it
a. is low in fertility.
b. lacks soil microorganisms.
c. degrades soil structure.
d. is often unavailable or too costly to transport.
____ (-. Evaluating the potential harm to humans of a particular chemical re3uires determining
a. the sources and amounts of exposure.
b. the amounts absorbed and distributed throughout the body.
c. the amount excreted.
d. all of these answers.
____ ).. = person experiencing di''iness after using a strong household cleaner is showing
a. a chronic effect.
b. a subchronic effect.
c. an acute effect.
d. a subacute effect.
____ )1. &f the following% the least likely to be used in laboratory investigations of toxicity are
a. <alifornia condors.
b. mice.
c. bacteria.
d. rats.
____ )2. 7ose1response curves
a. show the effects of various doses of toxic agents on a group of test organisms.
b. are extrapolated using mathematical models to pro>ect possible effects of high doses.
c. are extrapolated from humans to other primates.
d. all of these answers.
____ )3. #he problem with using animal testing to determine dose levels for humans is
a. uncertainty about the accuracy of a threshold dose1response model.
b. uncertainty about the accuracy of a linear dose1response model.
c. that human metabolic processes differ from those of test animals.
d. all of these answers.
____ )". #he principal types of chemical ha'ards include all of the following except
a. toxic and ha'ardous substances.
b. mutagens.
c. teratogens.
d. 'ymogens.
____ )$. #wo lines of defense in the human body8s immune system are
a. antibodies and neurohumors.
b. antibodies and cellular defenses.
c. hormones and antibodies.
d. hormones and cellular defenses.
____ )(. #he immune system can be made vulnerable to allergens% bacteria% and viruses through the action of
a. some synthetic chemicals.
b. ioni'ing radiation.
c. viruses like A0C.
d. all of these answers.
____ )). =ll of the following are synthetic neurotoxins that have been released into the environment except
a. estrogen.
b. industrial solvents.
c. chlorinated hydrocarbons.
d. arsenic and mercury.
____ )*. Dou would predict that a hormone disrupter would most effect a+n,
a. producer.
b. primary consumer.
c. secondary consumer.
d. tertiary consumer.
____ )-. Cectors are
a. dose levels.
b. agents of infection.
c. agents of disease transmission.
d. parasitic organisms.
____ *.. :alaria is spread by
a. Anopheles mos3uitoes.
b. flies.
c. worms.
d. snails.
____ *1. 0ncidence of malaria has increased since 1-). because
a. organisms causing malaria developed resistance to drugs.
b. the vectors developed resistance to insecticides.
c. reservoirs from hydropower have increased.
d. all of these answers.
____ *2. #he leading causes of death in the developed countries are
a. bacteria.
b. viruses.
c. vectors.
d. environmental and lifestyle factors.
____ *3. @esticides are considered by E@= science advisors to be
a. high1risk ecological problems.
b. medium1risk ecological problems.
c. low1risk ecological problems.
d. medium1risk health problems.
____ *". Eisk assessment and risk1benefit analyses are useful for all of the following except they
a. focus on areas that need more research.
b. help regulators decide how money for reducing risks should be allocated.
c. organi'e available information.
d. eliminate uncertainties about planning the future.
____ *$. #he population change in a particular year can be calculated by
a. +deaths F emigration, 1 +births F immigration,
b. +births F immigration, 1 +deaths F emigration,
c. +deaths F immigration, 1 +births F emigration,
d. +births F emigration, 1 +deaths F immigration,
____ *(. #he crude birth rate is the number of live births per _____ persons in a given year.
a. $.
b. 1..
c. $..
d. 1%...
____ *). #he highest crude birth rate and crude death rate are in
a. =frica.
b. 2atin =merica.
c. =sia.
d. Europe.
____ **. hich of the following statements about the world8s population is false?
a. #ogether% <hina and 0ndia make up 3*9 of the world8s population.
b. #he most rapid population growth is taking place in the developing countries.
c. =frica has the highest population growth rate.
d. hen the total fertility rate drops below the replacement1level fertility% the population is
balanced and stops growing.
____ *-. #he industriali'ed country with the highest teenage pregnancy rate is
a. Bapan.
b. 6ermany.
c. the Gnited 5tates.
d. ;rance.
____ -.. hich of the following statements about G.5. teenage pregnancy is false!
a. #he Gnited 5tates has the highest teenage pregnancy rate of any industriali'ed country.
b. #he birth rate for G.5. teens age 1$11- dropped to its lowest since 1-"..
c. :ore than *..%... G.5. teens become pregnant annually.
d. Babies born to teenagers are more likely to be high1weight babies than those born to other
women.
____ -1. =ll of the following countries accept large numbers of immigrants except
a. the Gnited 5tates.
b. :exico.
c. <anada.
d. =ustralia.
____ -2. 0n 2..2% legal and illegal immigration accounted for _____ of G.5. population growth.
a. 1.9
b. 2.9
c. 3.9
d. ".9
____ -3. hich of the following statements least characteri'es conse3uences of G.5. immigration!
a. ;ederal and state governments are coordinating their responses to immigration.
b. 0n the long run% legal immigrants pay more in taxes than they use in public services.
c. 0mmigrants are often willing to take low1paying >obs that many native1born =mericans
refuse to do.
d. 0n times of high unemployment% immigrants willing to work for low wages may take >obs
from or lower wages of native1born workers.
____ -". #he demographic transition model helps to explain why
a. death rates rise in industriali'ing nations.
b. industriali'ation leads to population growth.
c. development re3uires large populations.
d. death rates fall before birth rates.
____ -$. 0n the demographic transition model% birth and death rates are high during
a. the preindustrial stage.
b. the industrial stage.
c. the postindustrial stage.
d. the transitional stage.
____ -(. 6overnment attempts to reduce population growth have included all of the following except
a. paying couples who agree to use contraceptives.
b. paying couples who agree to be sterili'ed.
c. penali'ing couples who have more than a certain number of children +usually one or two,.
d. providing needed health care and food allotments to those who have more than a certain
number of children.
____ -). omen tend to have fewer and healthier children when they
a. live in societies in which their individual rights are protected.
b. have access to paying >obs outside the home.
c. have access to education.
d. all of these answers.
____ -*. @erhaps the most important feature of <hina8s population control program that could be transferred to other
countries is
a. focusing control efforts on males.
b. locali'ing the program rather than forcing people to travel to distant centers.
c. re3uiring one of the parents to be sterili'ed when a couple has two children.
d. encouraging couples to postpone marriage.
____ --. =ll of the following countries achieved replacement1level fertility within 1$13. years except
a. Bapan.
b. #hailand.
c. 0ndia.
d. #aiwan.
____ 1... = single type of crop is generally grown in
a. plantation agriculture.
b. traditional intensive agriculture.
c. traditional subsistence agriculture.
d. industriali'ed agriculture.
____ 1.1. 5ince 1-$.% the ma>ority of the increase in food production is a result of the ____ revolution.
a. red
b. blue
c. green
d. yellow
____ 1.2. =ll of the following factors contributed to a doubling of G.5. food productivity since 1-". except
a. increased use of fossil fuels.
b. increased amount of cultivated land.
c. increased use of pesticides.
d. increased use of inorganic fertili'ers.
____ 1.3. 0n the Gnited 5tates% agriculture generates about _____ of all >obs in the private sector.
a. 1H2.
b. 1H1.
c. 1H$
d. 1H"
____ 1.". 0n the last half century% global meat production
a. decreased by tenfold.
b. decreased by fourfold.
c. increased by fourfold.
d. increased by tenfold.
____ 1.$. =griculture contributes ____9 to the 64@ of the Gnited 5tates.
a. *
b. 1*
c. 2*
d. 3*
____ 1.(. 0n your garden plot you plant corn next to nitrogen1restoring alfalfa. #he local extension agent comes out and
says% /4ice work on your _____./
a. polyculture
b. agroforestry
c. intercropping
d. polyvarietal cultivation.
____ 1.). &ut in your wheat fields in &klahoma% you decide to plant several different varieties of wheat. = student from
&klahoma 5tate Gniversity studying sustainable agriculture observes that you are practicing _____.
a. polyculture
b. agroforestry
c. intercropping
d. polyvarietal cultivation
____ 1.*. #he term malnutrition refers to people who
a. eat less than the basic minimum number of daily calories.
b. eat balanced meals.
c. eat too much.
d. suffer from poor food 3uality.
____ 1.-. =nemia can be the result of a deficiency in
a. cobalt.
b. iodine.
c. iron.
d. calcium.
____ 11.. 2iving organisms can be affected by agriculture through
a. loss of habitat from clearing land for agriculture.
b. use of monoculture.
c. killing predators to protect livestock.
d. all of these answers.
____ 111. =gricultural experts hope to increase food production by using all of the following plants except plants that
a. grow in salty soil.
b. make their own nitrogen fertili'er.
c. do not re3uire light to produce their food.
d. are resistant to drought.
____ 112. 5toring the world8s varieties of seeds in seed banks% agricultural centers% and botanical gardens is least likely
to be constrained by
a. power failures and fires.
b. space and money.
c. lack of knowledge about how to store seeds.
d. varieties that do not store well.
____ 113. hich of the following is the most energy efficient to produce!
a. pigs
b. chicken
c. catfish
d. cattle
____ 11". :ost overgra'ing is caused by
a. drought.
b. climate changes.
c. large populations of wild herbivores.
d. too many gra'ing animals for too long a time.
____ 11$. =ccording to the G.5. 4ational ;ish and ildlife ;oundation% about ____ of G.5. commercial fishing stocks
are so depleted that even if all fishing stopped immediately% it would take 2. years for these species to
recover.
a. 3H"
b. 2H3
c. 1H2
d. 1H3
____ 11(. ;ish species cultivated in a3uaculture include all of the following except
a. trout.
b. carp.
c. clams.
d. tilapia.
____ 11). 6overnments often provide assistance to farmers because farmers have little control over
a. weather.
b. crop pests.
c. interest rates and the global market.
d. all of these answers.
____ 11*. =fter the public response to an announcement from a 4ational &rganic 5tandards Board% the G. 5.
7epartment of =griculture declared that the label /organic/ could not be put on food that had been
a. 'apped with radiation.
b. genetically engineered.
c. fertili'ed with municipal sludge.
d. all of these answers.
____ 11-. #hroughout the world% the most water is used for
a. irrigation.
b. industrial processes.
c. needs of animals and humans.
d. transportation.
____ 12.. hich of the following uses tends to consume the smallest amount of water!
a. irrigation
b. public use
c. industry
d. energy production.
____ 121. hich of the following statements about fresh water in the Gnited 5tates is false?
a. #he a3uifer supplying 2ong 0sland is becoming severely contaminated.
b. ater tables in the western Gnited 5tates are dropping rapidly.
c. :any urban areas do not have enough water to meet their needs.
d. #he western Gnited 5tates has worked out amiable water use among farmers and urban
dwellers.
____ 122. :a>or water problems of the western Gnited 5tates include
a. flooding.
b. insufficient water for some urban areas.
c. chronic drought and insufficient runoff.
d. pollution of rivers% lakes% and groundwater.
____ 123. Egypt8s =swan Aigh 7am
a. does not generate electricity.
b. saved rice and cotton crops during two droughts in the 1-).s.
c. increased fertility of downstream farmland by holding back choking sediments.
d. decreased the incidence salini'ation.
____ 12". hich of the following statements about desalination is true?
a. #he common methods of desalination are reverse1osmosis and evaporation.
b. 7esalination is expensive.
c. #he greatest amount of desalination occurs in the Gnited 5tates.
d. 7esalination is the best approach to solving irrigation problems.
____ 12$. 0n the est% most water use is based on
a. prior appropriation.
b. private property rights.
c. common property rights.
d. the rights of downstream dwellers.
____ 12(. #he monsoon season can
a. leach soil nutrients.
b. cause water to overflow its channels.
c. wash away topsoil and crops.
d. all of these answers.
____ 12). 5ustainable use of water
a. re3uires integrated governance of water use% sewage treatment% and water pollution among
all users of a watershed.
b. might be encouraged by water marketing.
c. is discouraged by government subsidies of water.
d. all of these answers.
____ 12*. <hernobyl
a. was the worst nuclear disaster ever.
b. resulted in "$ direct human deaths and about 32%... since.
c. flung radioactive debris and dust into the atmosphere% where they circled the globe.
d. all of these answers.
____ 12-. 4onmetallic mineral resources includes all of the following except
a. phosphate.
b. iron.
c. gypsum.
d. salt.
____ 13.. =round very hot volcanic springs and vents in the deep ocean% explorers have found
a. copper.
b. 'inc.
c. gold.
d. all of these answers.
____ 131. =ll of the following are types of surface mining except
a. mountaintop removal.
b. dredging.
c. longwall mining.
d. strip mining.
____ 132. &ne example of subsurface mining is
a. dredging.
b. contour strip mining.
c. longwall mining.
d. area strip mining.
____ 133. 5melters of ore minerals may give off
a. soot.
b. lead.
c. sulfur dioxide.
d. all of these answers.
____ 13". hen a resource has been economically depleted% we can
a. recycle or reuse what has already been extracted.
b. cut down on unnecessary waste of the resource.
c. find a substitute.
d. all of these answers.
____ 13$. =ll of the following are minerals for which the Gnited 5tates has no reserves and depends on imports except
a. chromium.
b. platinum.
c. potash.
d. cobalt.
____ 13(. #he concept of net energy most closely reinforces the
a. first and second laws of energy.
b. principle of resource partitioning.
c. law of conservation of matter and energy.
d. principle that everything is connected to everything else.
____ 13). #he net energy ratio is
a. the ratio of the energy it took to produce it to the new useful energy produced.
b. the ratio of the useful energy produced to the useful energy used to produce it.
c. high when the net energy yield is high.
d. high when the net energy yield is low.
____ 13*. #he energy source with the highest net energy ratio for high1temperature industrial heat is
a. coal gasification.
b. coal.
c. oil.
d. direct solar.
____ 13-. #he energy source with the highest net energy ratio for transportation is
a. gasoline.
b. coal li3uefaction.
c. natural gas.
d. oil shale.
____ 1".. @etroleum is a gooey li3uid consisting primarily of
a. hydrocarbon compounds.
b. nitrogen.
c. sulfur.
d. oxygen.
____ 1"1. orld oil supplies and prices are expected to be controlled over the long term by
a. Eussia.
b. the Gnited 5tates.
c. :exico.
d. &@E<.
____ 1"2. Bitumen is
a. a type of coal.
b. a deep shale oil deposit.
c. high1sulfur heavy oil found in tar sand.
d. an octane1raising gasoline additive.
____ 1"3. <ompared to oil1burning% coal1burning% and nuclear plants% production of electricity with combined1cycle
natural gas systems
a. is more expensive.
b. contributes more to global warming.
c. is more energy efficient.
d. contributes more air pollution.
____ 1"". = key option during the switch from oil to other new energy sources is
a. coal.
b. nuclear.
c. biomass.
d. natural gas.
____ 1"$. <urrently coal provides about _____ of the world8s commercial energy.
a. 119
b. 219
c. 319
d. "19
____ 1"(. 2and sinking +subsidence, can result from
a. surface mining.
b. higher ocean levels.
c. underground coal mining.
d. natural gas extraction.
____ 1"). hich of the following statements about synfuels is false?
a. 5ynfuels can be transported by pipeline.
b. 5ynfuels are more expensive than coal.
c. 5ynfuel combustion% by itself% produces more air pollution than coal.
d. 5ynfuels are more versatile than coal.
____ 1"*. <ontrol rods in a reactor
a. contain uranium.
b. absorb neutrons.
c. contain plutonium.
d. reduce heat.
____ 1"-. hich of the following statements is true?
a. <ombined nuclear industry and government insurance covers only )9 of the estimated
damage from a worst1case nuclear accident.
b. #he 4uclear Eegulatory <ommission estimated that there is less than a $9 chance of a
complete core meltdown at a G.5. reactor during the next 2. years.
c. <ommercial nuclear power plants in the Gnited 5tates have few safety features.
d. 5cientists in 6ermany and 5weden claim that Eussia has the best nuclear plant design.
____ 1$.. hich one of the following statements about G.5. low1level radioactive waste disposal is false?
a. ;rom the 1-".s to 1-).% low1level waste was dumped into the ocean in steel drums.
b. 5ince 1-).% low1level waste has been buried at government1run landfills.
c. @rior to 1-).% low1level waste was sealed in glass in stable salt deposits.
d. 0n 1--.% the 4uclear Eegulatory <ommission proposed that most of the country8s low1
level radioactive waste be removed from federal regulation.
____ 1$1. #he useful operating life of today8s nuclear power plants is supposed to be ______ years.
a. 2.
b. 3.
c. ".
d. $.
____ 1$2. =ll of the following are methods of decommissioning nuclear power plants except
a. immediate dismantling.
b. entombment.
c. decomposition.
d. mothballing.
____ 1$3. #he coolant employed in a breeder reactor is li3uid
a. sodium.
b. plutonium.
c. nitrogen.
d. lithium.
____ 1$". #he energy efficiency of buildings can be improved by all of the following strategies except
a. use of energy1efficient appliances.
b. use of energy1efficient compact fluorescent light bulbs.
c. plugging leaks.
d. building big windows into the northern side of new housing.
____ 1$$. Biogas digesters are
a. very efficient% slow% and unpredictable.
b. very efficient% fast% and predictable.
c. very inefficient% slow% and unpredictable.
d. very inefficient% fast% and predictable.
____ 1$(. 6asohol is gasoline mixed with
a. ethanol.
b. methane.
c. methanol.
d. butane.
____ 1$). Aydrogen gas can be used to
a. heat buildings.
b. fuel cars% trucks% and planes.
c. power factories.
d. all of these answers.
____ 1$*. hich of the following statements is false?
a. hen burned% hydrogen produces virtually no air pollutants.
b. 5ome metals can store and release hydrogen.
c. ;uel tanks of metal1hydrogen compounds would tend to explode in an accident.
d. Experimental cars have been running on hydrogen for years.
____ 1$-. hich of the following statements is false?
a. #he costs of using solar energy to produce electricity are coming down.
b. Aydrogen gas could be stored at high pressures and distributed by pipeline.
c. Burning hydrogen releases low amounts of carbon dioxide.
d. Aydrogen gas is easier to store than electricity.
____ 1(.. hich of the following disadvantages of the development of geothermal power is false?
a. Gse of geothermal energy is limited by scarcity of sites and economics.
b. 0t sometimes causes land subsidence.
c. 0t releases more carbon dioxide than fossil fuels.
d. 0t sometimes causes ecosystem degradation.
____ 1(1. =n advantage associated with the development and use of geothermal energy systems is that
a. carbon dioxide is the only air pollutant produced.
b. geothermal power plants do not re3uire cooling water.
c. geothermal energy sources are vast% reliable% and potentially renewable for areas near
reservoir sites.
d. there is no risk of harmful environmental impact.
____ 1(2. hich of the following approaches emphasi'es today8s prices for short1term economic gain and inhibits long1
term development of new energy resources!
a. free1market competition
b. energy prices kept artificially high
c. energy prices kept artificially low
d. government command and control
____ 1(3. 2ichens can track air pollution to its source because they
a. live a long time.
b. stay in one place.
c. widespread.
d. all of these answers.
____ 1(". #he correct se3uence of layers of the atmosphere from innermost to outermost is
a. mesosphere1stratosphere1thermosphere1troposphere.
b. troposphere1stratosphere1mesosphere1thermosphere.
c. stratosphere1thermosphere1troposphere1mesosphere.
d. thermosphere1stratosphere1mesosphere1troposphere.
____ 1($. #he atmospheric layer containing )$9 of the mass of Earth8s air is the
a. thermosphere.
b. mesosphere.
c. stratosphere.
d. troposphere.
____ 1((. Dou send up a weather balloon that monitors temperature changes in the atmosphere. 0nitially% the
temperature drops as the balloon rises. 5uddenly% there is a reversal and the temperature starts to rise. #his
boundary would be the
a. the tropopause.
b. the stratopause.
c. the minipause.
d. the mesopause.
____ 1(). #here is evidence that humans are _____ o'one in the troposphere and _____ o'one in the stratosphere.
a. increasing? increasing
b. increasing? decreasing
c. decreasing? decreasing
d. decreasing? increasing
____ 1(*. Each of the following is one of the ma>or classes of outdoor pollutants except
a. carbon oxides.
b. smog.
c. nitrogen oxides.
d. sulfur oxides.
____ 1(-. =ll of the following are photochemical oxidants except
a. dioxin.
b. hydrogen peroxide.
c. peroxyacyl nitrates +@=4s,.
d. aldehydes% such as formaldehyde.
e. o'one.
____ 1).. =ll of the following are on E@=8s /four most dangerous indoor air pollutants list/ except
a. asbestos
b. radon1222
c. sulfur dioxide
d. cigarette smoke
____ 1)1. 0n 1-**% the E@= and the G.5. 5urgeon 6eneral recommended that everyone living in a detached house or the
first three floors of an apartment building test for radon. By 2...% ______9 of all households had tested for
radon.
a. (
b. 12
c. 2"
d. "*
____ 1)2. Aumans are protected from air pollution by
a. snee'ing and coughing.
b. mucus capturing small particles.
c. nasal hairs filtering out large particles.
d. all of these answers.
____ 1)3. #he greatest pollution damage to forests in Europe has occurred in
a. 6ermany.
b. 5weden.
c. @oland.
d. the <'ech republic.
____ 1)". =ir pollution% mostly o'one% has reduced crop production by $9 to 1.9 especially in
a. corn.
b. wheat.
c. soybeans.
d. alfalfa.
____ 1)$. hich of the following would you expect to show the least damage from air pollution!
a. clothing
b. plastic swimming pool
c. marble statue
d. exterior paint on a car
____ 1)(. :ethods to prevent pollution from motor vehicle emissions include all of the following except
a. improving fuel efficiency and modifying the internal combustion engine to reduce
emissions.
b. raising annual registration fees on older% more polluting cars.
c. using pollution control devices.
d. giving subsidies to car makers for each low1polluting% energy1efficient car they sell.
____ 1)). &f the following motor vehicle fuels% the greatest polluter is
a. gasoline.
b. hydrogen gas.
c. alcohol.
d. natural gas.
____ 1)*. hich of the following strategies would help protect the atmosphere!
a. Gse a city1by1city rather than regional approach to air 3uality control.
b. 5hift from renewable to more efficient nonrenewable energy resources.
c. 0ntegrate air pollution% water pollution% energy% land1use% and population regulation
policies.
d. Exclude social costs of air pollution from pricing strategies.
____ 1)-. 5ince 1*(1% mean global temperature has risen _____ degree+s, <entigrade.
a. ..11..3
b. ..(1..)
c. ..*11.1
d. 1..11.$
____ 1*.. e are uncertain about how
a. carbon dioxide will affect the rate of photosynthesis.
b. increased temperatures will affect insect populations.
c. gas trapped in the permafrost will affect global warming.
d. all of these answers.
____ 1*1. hich of the following statements about the potential effects of global warming on human health is false?
a. ;ood and freshwater supplies are likely to be disrupted.
b. @eople are likely to be displaced.
c. 0nsect1borne diseases are likely to decrease in today8s temperate 'ones.
d. 5anitation systems in coastal cities may be flooded.
____ 1*2. 0n a warmer world% increasing numbers of environmental refugees would likely cause
a. political instability.
b. more good will among people.
c. the 3uicker emergence of the fourth world order.
d. 3uicker evolutionary adaptation among humans.
____ 1*3. #he boiled frog syndrome least exemplifies which of the following positions on global warming!
a. no1problem
b. waiting
c. precautionary
d. ;rogs don8t have anything to do with us or global climate change.
____ 1*". <urrently developing countries contribute _____ of global carbon dioxide emissions with a doubling time of
_____ years.
a. ".9? 1"
b. ".9? 2*
c. $.9? $.
d. (.9? 1"
____ 1*$. <hlorofluorocarbons are
a. nontoxic.
b. corrosive.
c. odorous.
d. flammable.
____ 1*(. <;<s take _____ years to reach the stratosphere.
a. 112
b. $11.
c. 1.12.
d. 2.13.
____ 1*). = body of water can be depleted of its oxygen by
a. viruses and parasitic worms.
b. organic wastes.
c. sediments and suspended matter.
d. organic compounds such as oil% plastics% solvents% and detergents.
____ 1**. hich of the following statements is false?
a. Aeat can lower dissolved oxygen and make fish vulnerable to disease.
b. &rganic wastes reduce the amount of oxygen in the water supply.
c. Eadioactive wastes and toxins can be concentrated by biological amplification.
d. 0norganic nutrients such as fertili'ers have no adverse effects on a3uatic ecosystems.
____ 1*-. aste heat can
a. cause algae blooms.
b. deplete water of oxygen.
c. decrease water 3uality.
d. all of these answers.
____ 1-.. Aeat% organic wastes% and inorganic plant nutrients may all deplete dissolved _____ from water.
a. nitrogen
b. oxygen
c. particulate matter
d. minerals
____ 1-1. #he greatest source of water pollution in terms of total mass is
a. fertili'ers.
b. sediments.
c. oxygen1demanding wastes.
d. water1soluble inorganic chemicals.
____ 1-2. hich of the following statements is false?
a. Because of their flow% most streams recover rapidly from pollution by heat and
biodegradable waste.
b. 0n rapidly flowing rivers% dissolved oxygen is replaced 3uickly.
c. #he amount of oxygen in rivers declines in dry seasons.
d. #he amount of oxygen in rivers increases as the water8s temperature rises.
____ 1-3. hich of the following statements about lakes is true?
a. 5tratified layers of lakes are characteri'ed by vertical mixing.
b. 5tratification increases levels of dissolved oxygen% especially in the bottom layer.
c. 2akes are more vulnerable than streams to contamination by plant nutrients% oil%
pesticides% and toxic substances that can destroy bottom life.
d. 2akes have more flushing than streams.
____ 1-". hich of the following stages of cultural eutrophication occurs last!
a. fish kills
b. blooms of algae
c. increase in aerobic bacteria
d. increase in anaerobic bacteria
____ 1-$. 0n cultural eutrophication% game fish die from
a. acid deposition.
b. suffocation from lack of oxygen.
c. toxic substances in the water.
d. salt.
____ 1-(. #he 6reat 2akes possess ____9 of all the surface fresh water in the Gnited 5tates.
a. 3$
b. $$
c. )$
d. -$
____ 1-). 0n <hesapeake Bay% (.9 by weight of phosphates come from _________ and (.9 by weight of nitrates come
from ________.
a. point sources? nonpoint sources
b. point sources? nitrate rocks
c. nonpoint sources? point sources
d. phosphate rocks? nonpoint sources
____ 1-*. #he ma>ority of the oil pollution of the ocean comes from
a. blowouts +rupture of a borehole of an oil rig in the ocean,.
b. tanker accidents.
c. environmental terrorism.
d. runoff from land.
____ 1--. <oastal waters can be protected from excess water pollution by
a. eliminating discharge of toxic pollutants.
b. promoting water conservation in homes and industries.
c. regulating types and density of coastal development.
d. all of these answers.
____ 2... ;armers can reduce pesticide runoff by
a. applying pesticides only when needed.
b. using biological methods of pest control.
c. using integrated pest management.
d. all of these answers.