Enter Title Here

Adam Jo J. Elatico
Institute of Chemistry, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City
Date Performed:
Date Submitted:


Abstract
<insert Abstract here>


I. Introduction

<insert Intro here>

II. Methodology

<insert Methodology here>

III. Results and Discussion

//Gawin mo na lang na (Author, year) ang format ng
citation pre para mas maganda tingnan. Mas
professional din kasi ganyan talaga dapat ang citation
para sa scientific papers (ASA).

In the experiment done, benzophenone was made to
react with isopropyl alcohol under ultraviolet radiation
in order to synthesize benzopinacolone. The overall
reaction for this synthesis is given by (Narain, 2011;
Sethi, 2006):

2
hv
(1)

The proposed mechanism involved in this reaction is a
free radical system as a result of electron excitation due
to the presence of high-frequency radiation (ultraviolet)
(Narain, 2011). There are four (4) possible transitions
depending on the orbitals involved as shown in Figure 1
(Sethi, 2006) but the transition to be considered in this
reaction is the n * because the * needs more
energy which occurs at 250 m (Narain, 2011). Although
that may be the case for this reaction, it doesnt always
follow that all ketones follow the n * transition as
there are ketones that follow the * transition.

*
E
*
*
n
*

* n n
*

Figure 1. Electron transitions between molecular
orbitals

As benzophenone absorbs the high-energy radiation, it
transitions from its ground state to its first excited
singlet state (S
1
) (Narain, 2011; Sethi, 2006).

ground state, S
o
first excited singlet
state, S
1
hv
n *
(2)

A singlet is defined to be the energy states associated
with a pair of electrons which spin at opposite
directions (Sethi, 2006). Sethi (2006) adds that during
this excitation, the spin of the electrons are not affected
but one of the electrons are promoted to a higher
energy orbital in this case the n * transition. This
transition is shown in Figure 2.

.
ground state, S
o
, n
first excited singlet
state, S
1
E
overlap
unshared
electrons in
n orbital
.
hv
*
.
one node
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
excitation
.
.
.
.
*
, n
overlap
.
.
Figure 2. Ground state, S
o
, to the First excited singlet
state, S
1
, transition.

Then, Narain (2011) states that the singlet S
1
then
rapidly converts to the triplet excited state, T
1
, through
an intersystem crossing. Sethi (2006) defines a triplet as
an electronic state where the spin of one electron is
reversed which results to the two unpaired electrons
have the same spin.

inter-system
triplet excited
state, T
1
first excited singlet
state, S
1
crossing
(3)

Accodring to Narain (2011), this is because, with some
evidence, the triplet T
1
is the one which attacks the
isopropanol. The inter-system crossing to triplet T
1
is
shown in Figure 3.

inter-system
crossing
.
first excited singlet
state, S
1
triplet excited
state, T
1
.
, n
.
unshared
electrons in
n orbital
one node
.
.
.
.
.
.
one node
.
.
.
*
.
.
, n
.
.
.
.
.
*

Figure 3. Inter-system crossing from singlet S
1
to triplet
T
1
.

The odd electron in the oxygen of triplet T
1
resembles
that of a free radical which then removes the -
hydrogen of isopropanol (Narain, 2011).

.
triplet excited
state, T
1
.
. .

(4)

The following reaction mechanism then follows as
suggested by Narain (2011) and Sethi (2006):

.
.
. .
(5)
dimerization
. .
(6)
. .
(7)

In (4), the hydroxyisopropyl radical can disproportionate
to form acetone and isopropyl alcohol. But according to
Narain (2011), the eventual formation of acetone is
more favored because the delocalization of the odd
electron in the benzhydrol radical is greater than that of
hydroxyisopropyl radical thus the former is more
resonance stabilized than the latter. This agrees with
the mechanism suggested by Sethi (2006).

The synthesized benzopinacol was then converted to
benzopinacolone by acid catalysis. The reaction
mechanism for this rearrangement as given by
Williamson et al (2011) is as follows:

H
+
(8)
..
- H
2
O
(9)
H
+
(1)

IV. Conclusion

<insert Conclusion here>

V. References

<insert other references>

[ ] Narain, P. Fundamentals of Reaction
Mechanisms in Organic Chemistry, Eastern Economy
ed.; PHI Learning: New Delhi, 2011; pp 249 251

[ ] Sethi, A. Systematic Lab Experiments in Organic
Chemistry, Revised ed.; New Age International: New
Delhi, 2006; pp 730 732

[ ] Williamson, K.; Masters, K. Macroscale and
Microscale Organic Experiments, 6
th
ed.; Brooks/Cole,
Cengage Learning: Belmont, 2011; pp 716


VI. Appendices

<insert calculations here>