SCIENCEHIGHSCHOOL

COMPILATION
OF

ASSIGNMENTSANDREPORTS
INGRADE7

LISTOFCONTENTSOFTHECOMPILATION

1. AgendainEnvironmentalScience2
2. AnimalFarmBookReview
3. AnswertoAtmospherequestions
4. Artifacts
5. Aurora
6. BookReportsMinor
a. AngDagaatLeon
b. AngPagongatangGansa
c. AngKabayoatBuriko
d. AngUngoyatPagong
7. CleaningToolsandMaterials
8. ComparisonThesisandDepEdIntelFormat
9. CompilationofAssignmentsGrade7.pptx
10. ConstellationDefinition
11. Cooking
12. CoreComposition
13. Darangen
14. DataCollectionMethodsinStatistics
15. DepEdIntelResearchOutline
16. DepEdIntel
17. Dependent,Independent,MutualandNotMutual
18. DrawingLayout
19. Earthquake
20. EnviromentalScienc22Agenda
21. EthnicGroupsofthePhilippines
22. FoodPyramid
23. Forest
24. Galaxies
25. HistoricEarthquakes
26. ImpengNegro
27. IndigenousArts.ppt
28. IndigenousofPalawanandZamboanga
29. IndigenousePeopleofthePhilippines
30. Inventions
31. Kakanin
32. KitchenUtinsils
33. LayerofEarth
34. LupangHinirang
35. MajorOrganSystems
36. MakabagongPabula
37. MakatiBarangays
38. Matter
39. MgaEpiko
40. MgaGawainArtefacts
41. MicroscopeParts
42. MindanaoMusicalInstruments
43. MindanaoMusic
44. MountainsandVolcanoes
45. MoviewReviewTheDayAfterTommorrow
46. Nemo,angbatangpapel
47. NutritionalValuesofFish
48. Ocean
49. PambansangSimbolo
50. PDFReferences
51. PermutaitonandCombination
52. PrepositionsGrammar
53. SciDama
54. seafoodrecipe
55. SentenceStructure
56. Sentence
57. SetMath
58. SinaunangKulturangPilipino
59. SkewnessandKurtosis
60. Soil
61. SolarSystemandPlanets
62. solidliquidgas
63. SpaceTelescopes
64. StarClassification
65. Statistics
66. StepsinScientificMethod
67. SuggestedTopicsforScientificInvestigation
68. SurveyofCalamityResearch
69. SurveyofCalamityLetter
70. TechnicalWriting
71. Theatmosphere
72. TheMagneticFieldofEarth
73. TheScienceprocess
74. TheScientificMethod
75. TheSun
76. TranscriptforPhilindiginousart
77. TypesofEssay
78. TypesofRocks
79. Weathering
80. WeddingDance

HEREARE1
ST
PAGESOFALLTHE
ASSIGNMENTS/REPORTSINTHECOMPILATION

BOOKREVIEWS

ANIMALFARM:

Animal Farm Major Characters

Mr. Jones: The farmer. In previous years, while he worked the animals hard, he used to be a capable farmer. Recently, though, he lost
money in a lawsuit, became depressed, and started drinking heavily. He no longer gets much done and he spends a lot of time drinking
and reading the newspapers in the kitchen.
Old Major: The prize Middle White boar, always called Old Major although at pig shows he was exhibited under the name
Willingdon Beauty. At the time of his death he was twelve years old, quite stout and majestic-looking with a wise and benevolent
appearance
Boxer: The male cart-horse, is very large and as strong as any two ordinary horses put together. He has a white stripe down his nose,
which makes him look slightly stupid, and in fact he isn't highly intelligent, but he is steady, very hard-working and respected by all.
Clover: the female cart-horse, is very kind and motherly. She is stout, never having gotten her figure back after her fourth foal. She is
devoted to Boxer.
Benjamin: The donkey is the oldest and worst-tempered animal on the farm. He doesn't seemto care who is in charge of the farm
since he says it makes no difference in his life. He is very cynical, he seldomtalks and never laughs. He is also very intelligent and
insightful. He is devoted to Boxer in his own way, and the two of themusually spend their Sundays together grazing side by side.
Snowball: A boar. Vivacious, creative and quick in speech, but not considered as 'deep' as Napoleon. After he is expelled fromthe
farm, Napoleon and Squealer identify himas the 'enemy' and blame him for everything that goes wrong.
Napoleon: A Berkshire boar (Berkshires are large, black pigs). He is rather fierce-looking. He doesn't talk much, but has a reputation
for getting his own way. Later he becomes the Leader of Animal Farm and is hero-worshipped by the other animals.
Squealer: A porker, small and fat with round cheeks, twinkling eyes, nimble movements and a shrill voice. He is very persuasive, can
convince anyone of anything, and when arguing a difficult point he has an almost hypnotic way of skipping from side to side and
whisking his tail.
Minor Characters
The Dogs: Become the 'police' for Napoleon. Originally there are three dogs on the farm, Bluebell, J essie, and Pincher. When
Bluebell and J essie give birth to nine puppies between them, Napoleon says he will educate the young puppies and secludes themin a
loft in which he trains them to be his personal guard. The dogs become his weapon of terror, tearing out the throats of his political
opponents.
The Pigs: The cleverest animals on the farm, find it easiest to learn to read and write and understand Animalism, and so they teach the
other animals. They do not produce food by their own labor, but say they are the 'brain-workers' and become the leaders of the farm.
Of the male pigs, only Snowball and Napoleon are boars (kept for breeding) and the others are porkers (i.e. have been castrated so as
to be raised for meat).
Muriel: The white goat. She learns to read even better than the dogs can, and sometimes reads to the others in the evenings from
scraps of newspaper which she finds on the rubbish heap.
Mollie: The white mare is very pretty and shallow. She loves sugar and plaiting her mane with ribbons, and she doesn't understand or
care about political ideas.
The Cat: She is always looking for the most comfortable place to sleep and disappears whenever there is work or danger around.
Moses: The tame raven. He is Mr. J ones's special pet, is a spy and does no work - the other animals don't like him. He tells the
animals about a special place called Sugarcandy Mountain where all animals go when they die. Moses likes beer - Mr. J ones
sometimes feeds himon beer-soaked crusts of bread.
Mrs. Jones: The farmer's wife.
Pilkington: An easygoing upper-class farmer who lets his farmrun down and get neglected, spending most of his time hunting or
fishing.
Frederick: A tough, shrewd farmer. He is money-minded, drives hard bargains and is always taking people to court.
Minimus: A pig with a special talent for composing songs and poems, who becomes the official poet.
Mr. Whymper: The solicitor. He is a sly-looking little man with side whiskers, a solicitor with a very small business, but clever
enough to realize before anyone else that Animal Farmwill need a broker and the commissions will be worth having.
The Sheep: Probably the stupidest animals on the farm. They become Napoleon's most brainlessly devoted followers.
Animal Farm Objects/Places

BOOKREPORTSAFILIPINO

Pamagatngkwento:AngLeonatangDaga
Sumulatngkwento:Aesop(FromtheAesopsFables)

BOOKREPORTSAFILIPINO

Pamagatngkwento:AngMadaldalngPagong
Sumulatngkwento:Aragon,AngelitaL.MgaAlamatatibapangmgaKuwento(Legendsandother
Stories).QuezonCity:TruCopyPrintingPress,1986,pp.4849

Tauhan:
1. Pagong
2. DalawangGanzaAbuhinatPuti
3. Mgabata

BOOKREPORTSAFILIPINO

Pamagatngkwento:AngBurikoatangkabayo
Sumulatngkwento:BootsAgbayaniPastor

BOOKREPORTSAFILIPINO

Pamagatngkwento:AngPagongatUnggoy
Sumulatngkwento:EutiquianoGarcia

MOVIEREVIEW
THEDAYAFTERTOMORROW

Plot
JackHallisapaleoclimatologistonanexpeditioninAntarcticawithcolleaguesFrankandJason.
They are drilling for ice core samples on the Larsen Ice Shelf for the NOAA when the shelf
breaksoffandJackalmostfallstohisdeath.
Lateron,inNewDelhi,India,JackpresentshisfindingsonglobalwarmingataUnitedNations
conference, where diplomats and Vice President of the United States Raymond Becker are
unconvinced by Jack's findings. However, Professor Terry Rapson of the Hedland Climate
Research Centre in Scotland believes in Jack's theories. Several buoys in the North Atlantic
simultaneously show a massive drop in the ocean temperature, and Rapson concludes that
melting polar ice is disrupting the North Atlantic current. He contacts Jack, whose
paleoclimatological weather model shows how climate changes caused the first Ice Age. His
team, along with NASA's meteorologist Janet Tokada, builds a forecast model with their
combineddata.
Acrosstheworld,violentweathercausesmassdestruction.U.S.PresidentBlakeauthorizesthe
FAAtosuspendallairtrafficduetosevereturbulence.AttheInternationalSpaceStation(ISS)
three astronauts see a huge storm system spanning the northern hemisphere, delaying their
returnhome.Thesituationworsenswhenthelatterdevelopsintothreemassivehurricanelike

ASSIGNMENTS

CLASSIFICATIONOFVOLCANOES
A popular way of classifying magmatic volcanoes is by their frequency of eruption, with those
thateruptregularlycalledactive,thosethathaveeruptedinhistoricaltimesbutarenowquiet
called dormant or inactive, and those that have not erupted in historical times called extinct.
However, these popular classificationsextinct in particularare practically meaningless to
scientists. They use classifications which refer to a particular volcano's formative and eruptive
processesandresultingshapes,whichwasexplainedabove.
ACTIVE

MT.MAYONANACTIVEVOLCANO
MayonVolcano,AlbayProvince,2,462metres,Eruption:1616to2010
Thereisnoconsensusamongvolcanologistsonhowtodefinean"active"volcano.Thelifespan
of a volcano can vary from months to several million years, making such a distinction
sometimes meaningless when compared to the lifespans of humans or even civilizations. For
example, many of Earth's volcanoes have erupted dozens of times in the past few thousand
yearsbutarenotcurrentlyshowingsignsoferuption.Giventhelonglifespanofsuchvolcanoes,
theyareveryactive.Byhumanlifespans,however,theyarenot.
Scientistsusuallyconsideravolcanotobeeruptingorlikelytoeruptifitiscurrentlyerupting,
orshowingsignsofunrestsuchasunusualearthquakeactivityorsignificantnewgasemissions.
MOUNTAINSANDVOLCANOES

Essentiallyavolcanoisatypeofmountain.

Mountain:

Mountains can be formed in a couple of different ways. Different kinds of mountains are
formed different ways. There are four different kinds of mountains: Volcanic, erosional, fault
block,andfolded.

A mountain is usually produced by the movement of lithospheric plates, either orogenic

movement or epeirogenic movement. Compressional forces, isostatic uplift and intrusion of
igneous matter forces surface rock upward, creating a landform higher than the surrounding
features.Theheightofthefeaturemakesiteitherahillor,ifhigherandsteeper,amountain.
Theabsoluteheightsoffeaturestermedmountainsandhillsvarygreatlyaccordingtoanarea's
terrain. The major mountains tend to occur in long linear arcs, indicating tectonic plate
boundariesandactivity.Twotypesofmountainareformedinthiswaydependingonhowthe
rockreactstothetectonicforces,foldmountainsorfaultblockmountains.Othermountain
buildingprocessesincludevolcanoesandseafloorspreading.

Volcanoes:

Volcanicmountains,alsoknownasvolcanoes,canbestandingaloneorbepartofonebigchain
of volcanoes. Volcanoes are areas in which lava and magma move to the surface and burst
through the crust. Igneous rocks are formed here. Sometimes, hot molten rock spews out of
volcanoes. This is earth's way of releasing its internal heat. Many people have died and cities
havebeenburiedfromvolcaniceruptions.AnareawithachainofvolcanoesisHawaii.Mauna
Kea(4,205m/13,796ft)isanexampleofavolcanicmountain.

Volcanoestypicallyoccurduetothecollisionofacontinentalplateandanoceanicplate,where
the denser oceanic plate undergoes 'subduction' and slips under the less dense continental
plate.

Volcanoes can also form where there is stretching and thinning of the Earth's crust in the
interiorsofplates,e.g.,intheEastAfricanRift,theWellsGrayClearwatervolcanicfieldandthe
Rio Grande Rift in North America. This type of volcanism falls under the umbrella of "Plate
hypothesis" volcanism. Volcanism away from plate boundaries has also been explained as
mantle plumes. These socalled "hotspots", for example Hawaii, are postulated to arise from
upwellingdiapirswithmagmafromthecoremantleboundary,3,000kmdeepintheEarth.

The extreme heat and pressure exerted on this subducting oceanic plate, causing uplifting of
magmafromtheearth'smantle,whichrisesandbreachesthesurface,creatingavolcano.
Theremustbesomefissureorcrackinthecrustinorderforavolcanotoformandthemagma
torisethrough.
EARTHQUAKE
Anearthquake(alsoknownasaquake,tremorortemblor)istheresultofasuddenreleaseofenergyin
theEarth'scrustthatcreatesseismicwaves.Theseismicity,seismismorseismicactivityofanarearefers
tothefrequency,typeandsizeofearthquakesexperiencedoveraperiodoftime.Earthquakesare
measuredusingobservationsfromseismometers.
Measuringandlocatingearthquakes
Earthquakescanberecordedbyseismometersuptogreatdistances,becauseseismicwavestravel
throughthewholeEarth'sinterior.Theabsolutemagnitudeofaquakeisconventionallyreportedby
numbersontheMomentmagnitudescale(formerlyRichterscale,magnitude7causingseriousdamage
overlargeareas),whereasthefeltmagnitudeisreportedusingthemodifiedMercalliintensityscale
(intensityIIXII).
Everytremorproducesdifferenttypesofseismicwaves,whichtravelthroughrockwithdifferent
velocities:
LongitudinalPwaves(shockorpressurewaves)
TransverseSwaves(bothbodywaves)
Surfacewaves(RayleighandLovewaves)
Propagationvelocityoftheseismicwavesrangesfromapprox.3km/supto13km/s,dependingonthe
densityandelasticityofthemedium.IntheEarth'sinteriortheshockorPwavestravelmuchfaster
thantheSwaves(approx.relation1.7:1).Thedifferencesintraveltimefromtheepicentretothe
observatoryareameasureofthedistanceandcanbeusedtoimagebothsourcesofquakesand
structureswithintheEarth.Alsothedepthofthehypocentercanbecomputedroughly.
InsolidrockPwavestravelatabout6to7kmpersecond;thevelocityincreaseswithinthedeepmantle
to~13km/s.ThevelocityofSwavesrangesfrom23km/sinlightsedimentsand45km/sinthe
Earth'scrustupto7km/sinthedeepmantle.Asaconsequence,thefirstwavesofadistantearthquake
arriveatanobservatoryviatheEarth'smantle.
Ruleofthumb:Ontheaverage,thekilometerdistancetotheearthquakeisthenumberofseconds
betweenthePandSwavetimes8.[44]Slightdeviationsarecausedbyinhomogeneitiesofsubsurface
structure.BysuchanalysesofseismogramstheEarth'scorewaslocatedin1913byBenoGutenberg.
Earthquakesarenotonlycategorizedbytheirmagnitudebutalsobytheplacewheretheyoccur.The
worldisdividedinto754FlinnEngdahlregions(FEregions),whicharebasedonpoliticaland
geographicalboundariesaswellasseismicactivity.MoreactivezonesaredividedintosmallerFE
regionswhereaslessactivezonesbelongtolargerFEregions.

22 AGENDA IN ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE

1. PollutionandHumanHealth
2. PopulationandEffectstoNaturalResourcesandHumanHealth
3. NaturalResourcesLand,WaterandAirResources
4. EnvironmentalProtectionLawsandPoliciesInternationalandLocalLawsandPolicies
5. EnvironmentProtectionandConservation
6. RenewableEnergyandNonrenewableenergyanditseffectinenvironment
7. RenewableandNonrenewablenaturalresources
8. WasteManagementLawsandPolicies
9. TypesofWaste(BiodegradableandNonbiodegradable)
10. Recycling
11. WeathersandClimatesanditseffectsintheenvironment
12. ComponentsandpartsofEarthMineralsRocks,waterandearthresources,andtectonics
13. Naturalandmanmadedisasters,iteffectsonecosystem,environment,andpeople
14. SpaceScienceanditsrelationshiptolifeandenvironmentinearthAtmosphereandouter
space,solarsystem,galaxiesandtheuniverse
15. SpeciesinEarth
EndangeredSpecies
ExtinctSpecies
16. Habitatsisanecologicalorenvironmentalareathatisinhabitedbyaparticularspeciesof
animal,plant,orothertypeoforganism.
17. Plants,trees,animals
Theirrelationshipwithconservationandprotectionofenvironment
Theirrelationshipwithmedicinesanddrugsasitsrawmaterialsources
Foodandasrawmaterials
18. Ecosystemisacommunityoflivingorganisms(plants,animalsandmicrobes)inconjunction
withthenonlivingcomponentsoftheirenvironment(thingslikeair,waterandmineralsoil),
interactingasasystem.
EARTHSCIENCEASSIGNMENT

1. Describethemovementoftheairmoleculesduringtransferofheatbyconductionand
convection.

Answer:

Movementofairmolecules:

Themovementofairmoleculesfromoneplacetoanotherisduetodifferencesin
energyoftheairineacharea.Moreenergeticairmoleculesarewarmer,fasterandless
densethanlessenergeticairmolecules.Inresponsetochangesintemperature,air
moleculesmovefasterandspreadapart,ormoveslowerandgetclosertogether.

Thus:

Forconduction:sincethemoleculeofairhasdirectcontactwithotherfastmoving
molecules(heatedmolecules),thentheairmoleculeswillmovefasterandlessdense.

Forconvection:sincetheairmoleculehasnodirectcontactwiththesourceofheat,
thentheairmoleculeswillmoveslowerthenconductionandmoredenser.Butitwillbe
fasterthanwhenitisinnormaltemperature.

2. Thedensityofairdecreasesasyouclimbamountain.Whathappenstotheairpressure
asyouclimbhigher?Why?

Answer:

TheAirPressureasyouclimbhigherwillalsodecreasethesameasthedensity.

Thisisbecause,intermsofagas,densityandpressurehaveaproportionalrelationship.
Thehigherthepressureofthegas,thehigherthedensity.Thelowerthepressureofthe
gas,thelowerthedensity.

3. Startingatthesurfaceoftheearth,listeachlayeroftheatmospherebyincreasing
altitude.

Refertotheattachedpage.

ARTIFACTS
1. Primaryaatsekundaryangsanggunian

a. PrimaryangsanggunianOrihinalnalibro,artikuloatibapangbagaynanagbibigaykaisipan
atimpormasyonnasinulatatginawangisangindibidwaloisanggrupongmgatao.

Sulat,MaiklingKwento,Pelikula,Tula,Akto,Yugto,Talumpatiatmgalarawan.

Panulat PelikulaatTeatro

b. SekundaryangSanggunian:
Pagsusulatngreaksyon,pagsusuriopagbibigaykahulugansamgaprimaryang
sanggunian.

AURORA

Aglowingstreamerofthenorthernlights(AuroraBorealis)appearsintheskyabovealakenearKautokeino,
Norway.
Amateurastronomerscanobserveauroraswithoutanyspecialequipment.
Anauroraisadisplayofcoloredlightinthenightskythatoccursprimarilyinhigh
latitudesofbothhemispheres.AurorasintheNorthernHemispherearecalledthe
northern lights, or aurora borealis. In the United States they are most frequent
andspectacularinAlaskaandotherNorthernstates.Theyareseenapproximately
25 times a year. In the Southern Hemisphere auroras are called the southern
lights,orauroraaustralis.
The aurora is usually white with a greenish tinge but may take on a yellowish or
reddish cast. Vertical rays, like searchlight beams, are common. In the beautiful
corona form of aurora, rays seem to meet overhead in a starlike shape. In the
spectacular flame type, tonguelike rays ripple upward. Vertical rays rising from
curvingbandsarecalleddraperies.
Auroras appear when highly charged particles from sunspots and solar flares
excitethethingasesoftheupperatmosphereandmakethemglow.Displaysare
mostfrequentinspringandfallbecausetheEarthisthenmostnearlyinlinewith
zones of the sun where sunspots are large and frequent. However, auroras may
bemostfrequentduringwinterincertainareas.

CLEANINGTOOLS,EQUIPMENTANDMATERIALS
CLASSIFICATION NAME DRAWING USE
CleaningTool Broom

Useforsweepingdust,
dirtandsmallgarbage
CleaningTool Dustpan

Topickupdust,dirt
andgarbageafter
sweeping
CleaningTool Mop
Usetocleanwetfloors
orfordryingwetfloors
GENERALTHESISFORMATANDDEPEDINTELRESEARCHFORMATCOMPARISON

GENERALFORMATFORATHESIS
THEDEPEDINTEL
FORMAT
DEFINITION COMPARISON

ODUCTORYPAGES

rPage Withspecificlayoutforcoverpageandtitlepage Bothhavespecificlayoutforcover
pageandtitlepage
Page TitlePage

isCommittee None Alistcontainingthenames,title,andaffiliationsofthe
committeemembers,withspacefortheirsignaturesand
date
Nocommitteeisnecessaryforthe
DepEdIntelFormat
isExaminingCommittee None Alistcontainingthenames,titles,andaffiliationsofthe
ThesisExaminingCommitteemembers,withspacefor
theirsignaturesanddate
Noexaminingcommitteeisnecessary
fortheDepEdIntelFormat
cation(Optional) Dedication(Optional) Itshouldbebriefandneednotincludethework
dedicated;forexample,ToKhalfanissufficient.
Same
owledgement(Optional) Acknowledgments Intheacknowledgement,thestudentthanksmentorsand
colleagueswhosupportedtheresearch.The
acknowledgementsshouldnotexceedonepage.
Same
ract Abstract Anabstractbrieflysummarizesthecontentsofthepaper.
Itshouldbeapproximatelyonepagesinglespaced.
Same
raph(Optional) None Anepigraphisabrief,pertinentquotation.Thenameof
theauthoroftheepigraph(sometimesonlythelastname
ofawellknownauthor)appearsbelowtheepigraph,
rightjustified.
NoepigraphisneededfortheDepEd
Intelformat.
eofContents TableofContents Thetableofcontentslistsallthepartsofthepaper Same
ofTables(Optional) ListofFiguresand
Tables
Thisisalistofallthetabletitlesinnumericalorderwith
theirpagenumbers.
Listoffiguresandtableareplacedon
thesamepartintheDepEdIntel
Format
ofFigures(Optional) Thisisalistofallfigurestitlesinnumericalorderwith
theirpagenumbers.

ofSymbolsandAbbreviations
ional)
None Thisisanalphabeticallistoftheconventionalsignsand
shortenedformsofwordsorphrasesusedinthetext.
NonefortheDepEdIntelFormat

sary(Optional) None Athesiswhichcontainsmanyforeignortechnicalterms

shouldincludealistofthem,followedbytheirtranslation
ordefinition.Thesetermsshouldbearranged
alphabetically.
NonefortheDepEdIntelFormat
CONSTELLATIONS

The constellationOrionis one

ofthemostrecognizableinthe
nightsky.

In modernastronomy,
aconstellationis an
internationally defined area of
the celestial sphere. These
areas are grouped
aroundasterisms, patterns
formed by prominent stars
within apparent proximity to
one another on Earth'snight
sky.

There are88 standard

constellationsrecognized by
theInternationalAstronomicalUnion(IAU)since1922.Themajorityofthesegobacktothe48
constellations defined byPtolemyin hisAlmagest(2nd century). The remaining ones were
defined in the 17th and 18th century; the most recent ones are found on the southern sky,
definedinCoelumaustralestelliferumbyNicolasLouisdeLacaille(1763).

There are also numeroushistorical constellationsnot recognized by the IAU, or constellations

recognized in regional traditions of astronomy orastrology, such as
Chinese,HinduorAustralianAboriginal.

CONSTELLATIONSARENOTPHYSICALGROUPINGS:

Theapparentgroupingsofstarsintoconstellationsthatweseeonthecelestialspherearenot
physicalgroupings.Inmostcasesthestarsinconstellationsareeachatverydifferentdistances
fromus,andonlyappeartobegroupedbecausetheylieinapproximatelythesamedirection.
This is illustrated in the following figure for the stars of the Big Dipper, where their physical
CORECOMPOSITION

ThemostsimplisticviewoftheEarth'scoreisthatitiscomposedmostlyofmetalliciron,
theinnercorebeingpureironinahexagonalclosepacked(hcp)crystallineform,andtheouter
core being molten iron with approximately 10 per cent by weight of a light element such as
oxygen or sulphur. This view is satisfactory from a geophysical perspective in that it accounts
for the core density estimated from the mean density and moment of inertia of the Earth, as
well as from seismic body wave velocities. If, however, we use the crust and the mantle as a
guide,theEarth'scoreisprobablyanythingbutnearlypureorofsimplecomposition.Themain
problemwithdeterminingtheactualcorecompositioniscausedbyitsremoteness,theabsence
of core xenoliths, and the difficulty of replicating the extreme pressures and temperatures of
thecoreinthelaboratory.
IRONNICKELCOMPOSITION:
Mostcurrentideasonthecompositionofthecorehavebeenstronglyinfluencedbythe
ironnickel meteorite analogy. In the earlier part of the twentieth century, the idea was
developed that meteorites were remnants of a single, disrupted planet. As a result, the
meteoriticEarthhypothesiswasformulatedtogiveinsightontheEarth'sinternalcomposition.
Thehypothesisheldthatthestonymeteoritesrepresentedthedisruptedplanet'smantle,and
ironnickel meteorites the core. It followed then that the Earth's core must also be similar in
composition to iron or ironnickel meteorites. By the 1960s the meteoritic Earth hypothesis
hadfallenoutoffavourbecauseithadbeendiscoveredthatmeteoritesdidnotoriginatefrom
a single parent planet. In particular, oxygen isotope studies showed that many parent bodies
must have existed. Moreover, petrological investigations revealed that some meteorites
experienced igneous processing while others have remained relatively unaltered since the
DARANGEN-MINDANAO EPIC POETRIES
DARANGEN-MINDANAO EPIC POETRY

The Darangan tells of the sentimental and romantic adventures of noble warriors, one
of them, is about a warrior-prince called Bantugan.. Prince Bantugan was the brother of
the chieftain of a village called Bumbaran. Bantugan owned a magic shield, was
protected by divine spirits called "Tonongs" and was capable of rising from the dead.
Once his enemies attacked Bembaran, thinking he was dead. In the nick of time,
Bantugans soul was recovered and he saved the village.

There is also an episode, where Prince Bantugan was on a quest and fought his
enemies with his magic Kampilan (Native sword). Soon, he got tired and fell on to the
water. A crocodile delivered him to his enemies, but he regained his strength, escaped
his captors, and commands an oar less ship and won the battle.

There were also Darangen epic poetries that relates stories of wars about abducted
princesses. Just like the chronicles of the Trojan War.

The Darangen is one of the oldest and longest Philippine Epic poetries. Several nights
were needed to recite the twenty five beautiful chapters. The Darangan, sung in its
original, possessed a sustained beauty and dignity, it might be studied for its esthetic
values alone.

The darangen is an epic chant associated with the Maranao people, with the core area
of habitation being the province of Lanao del Sur in the island of Mindanao. Although
other variations exist among the Maranao ethnic communities living in other areas,
among the Maguindanao ethnic group, and Manobo groups to the Pacific Coast. The one
in Lanao del Sur is considered the most definitive.

It is a pre-Islamic form of primarily oral literature, presently existing in an Islamic
context. Implications contained in the epic point to influences reaching as far west as
India. The epic is the culmination of all these influences and the core culture of the
Maranao.

The traditional Maranao belief and value systems are founded on the truisms of the
darangen. The mythologies contained therein constitute the foundation of indigenous
beliefs and value system. It is a body of traditions and functions as a societal lynchpin
DataCollectionMethods inStatistics

Aswehaveseeninthedefinitionofstatistics,datacollectionisafundamentalaspectandasa
consequence,therearedifferentmethodsofcollectingdatawhichwhenusedononeparticular
set will result in different kinds of data. Let's move on to look at these individual methods of
collectioninordertobetterunderstandthetypesofdatathatwillresult.

NationwideCensusofPopulation,USA

1. CensusDataCollection

Censusdatacollectionisamethodofcollectingdatawherebyallthedatafromeachand
everymemberofthepopulationiscollected.

Characteristics:

Covers very expanded data collection thus requires a lot of resources. For example,
when you collectthe ages of all the students ina given class, you areusing the census
datacollectionmethodsinceyouareincludingallthemembersofthepopulation(which
istheclassinthiscase).

Limitations:

Thismethodofdatacollectionisveryexpensive(tedious,timeconsumingandcostly)if
thenumberofelements(populationsize)isverylarge.Tounderstandthescopeofhow
expensive it is, think of trying to count all the ten year old boys in the country. That
wouldtakealotoftimeandresources,whichyoumaynothave.
THEDEPEDINTELFORMAT(Part1)
Title
TableofContents
ListofFiguresandTables
Abstract
ResearchPlan
MaterialsandMethods
Treatments/Generalprocedures
Introduction
BackgroundoftheStudy
StatementoftheProblem
Significance
ScopeandLimitations
ReviewofRelatedLiterature
ResultsandDiscussion
Conclusions
Recommendations
Bibliography
Acknowledgments

THEDEPEDINTELFORMAT(Part1)
Title
TableofContents
ListofFiguresandTables
Abstract
ResearchPlan
MaterialsandMethods
Treatments/Generalprocedures
Introduction
BackgroundoftheStudy
StatementoftheProblem
Significance
ScopeandLimitations
ReviewofRelatedLiterature
ResultsandDiscussion
Conclusions
Recommendations
Bibliography
Acknowledgments

MUTUALLYEXCLUSIVEEVENTS

MutuallyExclusive:can'thappenatthesametime.

Examples:

TurningleftandturningrightareMutuallyExclusive(youcan'tdobothatthesame
time)
Tossingacoin:HeadsandTailsareMutuallyExclusive
Cards:KingsandAcesareMutuallyExclusive

NotMutuallyExclusive:Canhappenatthesametime.

Example:

Turningleftandscratchingyourheadcanhappenatthesametime
KingsandHearts,becauseyoucanhaveaKingofHearts!

Likehere:

AcesandKingsare
MutuallyExclusive
(can'tbeboth)

HeartsandKingsare
notMutuallyExclusive
(canbeboth)

Probability

Let'slookattheprobabilitiesofMutuallyExclusiveevents.Butfirst,adefinition:
Probabilityofaneventhappening=
Numberofwaysitcanhappen
Totalnumberofoutcomes

22AGENDAS INENVIRONMENTALSCIENCE

1. PollutionandHumanHealth
Itseffectstohumanhealth
Itseffectstoenvironment
Itseffectstoweatherandclimate
PollutionLawsandPoliciesInternationalandLocal(i.e.CleanAirAct)

2. Population
Itseffectstoenvironment
Itseffectstonaturalhabitat
ItseffecttoNaturalResources
ItseffecttoHumanHealth
PopulationLawsandPoliciesForeignandLocallaws(i.e.RHBill)

3. NaturalResources
LandResources
WaterResources
AirResources

4. EnvironmentProtectionandConservation
Concepts
LawsandPoliciesInternationalandLocalLawsandPolicies

5. RenewableEnergyandNonrenewableenergyanditseffectinenvironment

6. RenewableandNonrenewablenaturalresources

7. WasteManagementLawsandPolicies
TypesofWaste(BiodegradableandNonbiodegradable)
Recycling
EffectsofWasteintheenvirnment
WasteManagementLawsandPolicies

8. WeathersandClimatesanditseffectsintheenvironment

9. ComponentsandPartsofEarth
MineralsRocks
WaterandSoilResources
Tectonicsplatesandsurfaceoftheearth

10. Naturalandmanmadedisasters,iteffectsonecosystem,environment,andpeople

ETHNICGROUPSANDINDIGENOUSPEOPLEOFTHEPHILIPPINES

ThehumanresourcesofthePhilippinesisitspeople.Filipinoscallthem.Butdiversegroupsthey
include.Diversalsocallthem.TheAetasisoneoftheancestors.TheyalsocalledNegritos,Aytaor
Baluga.BasicallytheyliveintheCentralLuzon.ItisinthemountainsofZambales,Quezon,Lagunaand
Cagayan.ManyalsoresideinthemountainsofPanayandNegros.

Aetas,IfugaoandKalinga:

Aetas,theIfugaoandKalingaresidesinLuzon.TheyarelocatedintheMountainProvince.Theyarethe
foundersofthefamousIfugaoriceterracesoftwothousandyearsago.

Ilocanos:

AnothergroupofFilipinosinLuzonaretheIlocanos.TheyusuallyliveinnorthernLuzon.Butthereare
IlocanosalsoinotherpartsofVisayasandMindanao.Theyliveinthatareatowork,trade,ormarry.
Theyareindustriousandhardworking.TheyarealsolocatedinthemiddleandsouthernLuzonthe
Tagalog.TheyarethesecondlargestgroupofChristiansinthePhilippines.

Mangyan:

KnownastheMangyaninLuzon.TheyarefoundtheislandofMindoro.Mostofthemhaveexternal
appearancethewaytheirsimpleancestorsare.

Cebuano,IlongoandWaray:

AdiversegroupinthePhilippineislandofVisayas.OneoftheseistheCebuanowiththegreatestgroup
intheregion.TheynotedfolksongMatudNilaanddancetoRosasPandan.

MeetingalsoVisayasIlonggo.TheyrecognizenativesonganddanceDandansoyandCariosa.

TurntheWaraygroupofFilipinosinMindanao.SomeofthemaretheBadjaos,Maranao,Tausug,
Tiboli,andManobo.

LivesintheseasideBadjaos.TheyfoundfromZamboangatoSulu.Fishingistheirmainoccupation.

TheteamofTiboliresideinCotabato.Farmingisthemainikinaraisethem.

Theirmainlivelihoodisfishingandfarming.
FOOD,NUTRITIONANDCOOKING

FOOD

Foodisanysubstanceconsumedtoprovidenutritionalsupportforthebody.Itisusuallyof
plant or animal origin, and contains essential nutrients, such as carbohydrates, fats, proteins,
vitamins,orminerals.Thesubstanceisingestedbyanorganismandassimilatedbytheorganism's
cellsinanefforttoproduceenergy,maintainlife,orstimulategrowth.

NUTRITION

Nutrition (also called nourishment or aliment) is the provision, to cells and organisms, of
thematerialsnecessary(intheformoffood)tosupportlife.Manycommonhealthproblemscan
bepreventedoralleviatedwithahealthydiet.

There are six major classes of nutrients: carbohydrates, fats, minerals, protein, vitamins,
andwater.

MacronutrientsandMicronutrients:

These nutrient classes can be categorized as either macronutrients (needed in relatively

large amounts) or micronutrients (needed in smaller quantities). The macronutrients include
carbohydrates (including fiber), fats, protein, and water. The micronutrients are minerals and
vitamins.

The macronutrients (excluding fiber and water) provide structural material (amino acids
fromwhichproteinsarebuilt,andlipidsfromwhichcellmembranesandsomesignalingmolecules
arebuilt)andenergy.Vitamins,minerals,fiber,andwaterdonotprovideenergy,butarerequired
for other reasons. A third class of dietary material, fiber (i.e., nondigestible material such as
cellulose), is also required, for both mechanical and biochemical reasons, although the exact
reasonsremainunclear.

Carbohydrates

Carbohydrates may be classified as monosaccharides, disaccharides, or polysaccharides

dependingonthenumberofmonomer(sugar)unitstheycontain.Theyconstitutealargepartof
foods such as rice, noodles, bread, and other grainbased products. Monosaccharides,
disaccharides,andpolysaccharidescontainone,two,andthreeormoresugarunits,respectively.
FOREST
Forest is a large area of land thickly
coveredwithtreesandbushes.
TypesofForests:
Forests thrive in diverse climatic regions
throughout the world, and can be
categorized by their locations and
elevations. Here are the different types of
forests:
Tropical: lush, dense forests found
near the equator. They are vital
storehouses of the planet's
biodiversity;

Subtropical:consistsoftreesthatcanresistthesummerdrought.Theyarefoundtothe
northandsouthofthetropicalforests;

Mediterranean:locatedtothesouthofthetemperateregionsandmadeupprimarilyof
evergreentrees;

Temperate: mix of coniferous evergreen and deciduous trees found in North America,
northeasternAsiaandEurope;

Coniferous:Theseforestsarefoundaroundthepolesincold,windyregionsandcontain
bothconifersandhardwoods;and

Montane: also known as cloud forests. Contain mainly conifers and are found in high
elevationtropical,subtropicalandtemperatezones.
ImportanceofForestintheOverallEcosystem:
Theworld'sforestsholdimportanceforalloftheirinhabitantsaswellasfortheoverallhealth
oftheplanet.Thebenefitsofforeststosocietyandtothediversityoflifemakeitvitalthatthey
beprotectedfromdeforestationandotherpotentialnegativeimpactsofcivilization.

FREQUENCYDISTRIBUTION

Thefrequency(f)ofaparticularobservationisthenumberoftimestheobservationoccursin
thedata.Thedistributionofavariableisthepatternoffrequenciesoftheobservation.Frequency
distributionsareportrayedasfrequencytables,histograms,orpolygons.

Frequencydistributionscanshoweithertheactualnumberofobservationsfallingineach
rangeorthepercentageofobservations.Inthelatterinstance,thedistributioniscalledarelative
frequencydistribution.

Frequencydistributiontablescanbeusedforbothcategoricalandnumericvariables.
Continuousvariablesshouldonlybeusedwithclassintervals,whichwillbeexplainedshortly.

FrequencyDistributionTable

AsurveywastakenonMapleAvenue.Ineachof20homes,peoplewereaskedhowmany
carswereregisteredtotheirhouseholds.Theresultswererecordedasfollows:
1,2,1,0,3,4,0,1,1,1,2,2,3,2,3,2,1,4,0,0

Usethefollowingstepstopresentthisdatainafrequencydistributiontable.
1. Dividetheresults(x)intointervals,andthencountthenumberofresultsineachinterval.In
thiscase,theintervalswouldbethenumberofhouseholdswithnocar(0),onecar(1),two
cars(2)andsoforth.

2. Makeatablewithseparatecolumnsfortheintervalnumbers(thenumberofcarsper
household),thetalliedresults,andthefrequencyofresultsineachinterval.Labelthese
columnsNumberofcars,TallyandFrequency.

3. Readthelistofdatafromlefttorightandplaceatallymarkintheappropriaterow.For
example,thefirstresultisa1,soplaceatallymarkintherowbesidewhere1appearsinthe
intervalcolumn(Numberofcars).Thenextresultisa2,soplaceatallymarkintherow
besidethe2,andsoon.Whenyoureachyourfifthtallymark,drawatallylinethroughthe
precedingfourmarkstomakeyourfinalfrequencycalculationseasiertoread.

4. Addupthenumberoftallymarksineachrowandrecordtheminthefinalcolumnentitled
Frequency.

GALAXIES
TherearebillionsofGalaxiesintheUniverse.Someareverysmallwithonlyafewmillionstars.
While others could have as many as 400 billion stars, or even more. There are three kinds of
Galaxies, Spiral, Elliptical, and Irregular. The only difference between the three is what shape
theyare.
SPIRAL
AvisuallightimageofAndromedaGalaxyshowstheemissionofordinarystarsandthelightreflectedbydust.

THEMOSTDEVASTATINGEARTHQUAKESOFTHELASTCENTURY

Hundreds of thousands of lives were lost because of the devastating earthquakes that
happenedinthelast100years.

The earthquake that struck Japan at the end of last week is one of the most powerful
andalsooneofthemostdevastatingearthquakesofthelast100years.

The8,9magnitudeearthquakehittheNorthEastcoastofJapanonFriday,intheSendai
area,400kmsdistancefromTokyo.Theearthquakewasfollowedbyhundredsofaftershocks(
7,4magnitudemaximum)andbyadevastatingtsunami.

However, it was the not only earthquake that had devastating consequences.
Earthquakeswithamagnitudeofupto9happenedbefore,causingthedeathsofhundredsof
thousands of people world wide. And the most devastating earthquake happened in Japan in
1995,whocauseddamagesworthmorethan200billiondollars.

SomeofthemostdevastatingearthquakesthathitEarthinthelast100years:

1906:UnitedStates.SanFrancisco,California:the7,8magnitudeearthquakeendedin3000
deadbodiesandcaused524milliondollarsindamages.

IMPENGNEGRO
(SinulatniRogelioSikat)

BUOD:

Naghuhugas ng kamay sa batalan si Impen nang kausapin o pangaralan siya ng kanyang ina.
Binalaansiyangkanyanginanahuwagnasiyangmakipagawayatuuwingbasagangmukha.

Nagpunta si Impen sa igiban ng tubig dahil isa siyang agwador. Mahina na ang kita ng kanyang
ina sa paglalaba at mahina na rin ang kanyang kita sa pagaagawador ngunit patuloy siya sa
pagtatrabahokahitnamaramingnangaapisakanya.Inaapisiyadahilsaestadongkanilangpamilyaat
dahilsakanyangkulay.IsasamgamatindingmanuksosakanyaayangkapwaagwadornasiOgor.

Napansin ni Impen ang langkay ng mga agwador sa may gripo. Nakaanim na karga siya at may
sisentasentimosnangkumakalansingsabulsangkanyangmaong.Nanatilisiyaroonupangmagigibpa
at tatanghaliin siya ng paguwi. Nakita niya si Ogor sa isang tindahan malapit sa gripo. Tulad ng
nakagawiannito,agadsiyanitongtinawagnaNegroatpinagsalitaanngmasasakitnasalita.Sumingitsi
Ogor sa pila nang si Impen na ang sasahod ng balde niya. Sa kagustuhang makaiwas sa gulo, hindi na
umimiksiImpenatnagpasyangumalisnalamang.

Pinatid ni Ogor si Impen nang papaalis na ito sa pila. Nabuwal si Impen. Tumama ang kanan
niyang pisngi at nagalit si Impen at nagsuntukan sila. Hindi tumigil si Ogor sa pagtadyak, pagsuntok, at
pananakitkayImpenhanggangsalabisnangnapunongpootsiImpen.HuminasiOgorsasunudsunod
nadagokatbayoniImpensakanya.SumukosiyakayImpen,naikinagulatnglahat.Maramingsandaling
walang nangahas na magsalita. Naramdaman ni Impen ang paghanga mula sa mga taong pumalibot sa
kanilaniOgor.TiningnanniImpenangnakabulagtangsiOgor.Nakadamasiyangkapangyarihan.

Aral:
Hindimabutiangpapangapingunithindidinmabutiangpagganti.
Philippine Indigenous Arts
Prepared By: Ms. Rosalia C. Rosario
INDIGENOUSPEOPLEANDETHNICGROUPS

PALAWAN

The tribes of Palawan are a diverse group of tribes primarily located in the island of Palawan and its
outlyingislands.Thesetribalgroupsarewidelydistributedtothelongstripofmainlandislandliterally
traversingLuzon,VisayasandMindanao.

Palawan is home to many indigenous peoples whose origins date back thousands of centuries. Pre
historicdiscoveriesrevealhowabundantculturallifeinPalawansurvivedbeforeforeignoccupiersand
colonizersreachedthePhilippinearchipelago.

In1962,ateamofanthropologistsfromtheNationalMuseumledbyDr.RobertFoxunearthedfossils
atLipuunPoint(nowknownastheTabonCaveComplex)inQuezontownthatwereclassifiedasthose
ofhomo sapiens andbelieved tobe 22,000 to 24,000 yearsold.The recovery ofthe TabonMan and
other significant findings in the area earned for Palawan the title, "the Cradle of Philippine
Civilization."

Batak

TheBatak,whichmeans"mountainpeople"inCuyononisagroupofindigenousFilipinopeoplethat
residesinthenortheastportionofPalawan.TheyliveintheruggedinteriorsofnortheasternPalawan.
Livingclosetonature,theyareapeacefulandshypeople.Thesepeoplebelieveinnaturespirits,with
whomtheycommunicatethroughababaylanormedium

Palaweos(Cuyunon)

Nativebornlowlanddwellers(callingthemselvesPalaweos,muchtotheamusementanddistressof
the original tribal groups, such as the Palawan who are called Palawano by outsiders) include the
Cuyunon,Agutayanonsubgroups.TheCuyunons,originallyfromtheislandtownofCuyoinnorthern
Palawan,areconsideredtheeliteclassinthisgroup.Theyarereligious,disciplinedandhaveahighly
developed community spirit. Their conversion to Christianity has led to the merger of the animistic
beliefs of the Cuyunon with the Christian elements to produce a folk Christianity which is the
prevailing belief of the Cuyunon.[4] The Agutayanons practice a simpler island lifestyle, with fishing
andfarmingastheirmainsourceoflivelihood.

Palawano(Monobobased)

ThePalawanotribe,alsoknownasPala'wan(orPalawan,dependingonsubdialect)orPalawano(only
byoutsiders),isoneoftheuniqueindigenouspeoplesofPalawan.TheyarepartofthelargeManobo
based linguistic groups of southern Philippines. They traditionally hunt using soars and bamboo
blowguns.

ThePalawanocloselyresembletheTagbanwa,andinthepast,theyweredoubtlessthesamepeople.
INDIGENOUSPEOPLESOFTHEPHILIPPINES

ETHNOGRAPHIC
REGIONS

CAR and
Region I


Region II



Region III and
Rest of Luzon


Island Group



Southern and
Eastern
Mindanao


Central
Mindanao


Northern and
Western
Mindanao

INVENTIONS

FLYINGSHUTTLEINVENTEDBYJOHNKAYON1733

Theflyingshuttle,createdbyJohnKayin1733,isoneofthemajorweavinginventions

MAJA BLANCA

MajaBlancaisaFilipinodessertmadefromcoconutmilk,cornstarch,andsugar.Often
calledCoconutPudding,thislusciousdessertiseasytomakeandtheingredientsarevery
common.Unknowntomany,theoriginalMajaBlancarecipedoesnotincludecornandmilk.In
thisrecipe,addedisawholesweetkernelcornandcondensedmilkforaddedtasteandamore
creamytexture.SinceChristmasseasonisjustaroundthecorner,thiswouldmakeaverygood
holidaydessertespeciallyduringpotluckChristmasPartiesandNocheBuenaaswell.

Recipe
Ingredients
4cupscoconutmilk
3/4cupcornstarch
14ouncescondensedmilk
3/4cupfreshmilk
3/4cupgranulatedsugar
15ounceswholesweetkernelcorn
5tbsptoastedgratedcoconut
Cooking Procedure
1. Pourthecoconutmilkinacookingpotandbringtoaboil.
2. Addthesugar,condensedmilk,andwholesweetkernelcornthenstiruntilall
theingredientsareevenlydistributed.
3. Simmerfor8minutes
4. Combinethefreshmilkandcornstarchthenwhiskuntilthecornstarchisdiluted
5. Pourthefreshmilkandcornstarchmixtureinthecookingpotandstir
thoroughly.
ll k hil i i il h i h d i d hi k
BASICCOOKINGUTENSILS

KitchenKnives

Oftenreferredtoascook'sorchef'stools,
knivesareamustforalltypesofkitchen
tasks,frompeelinganonionandslicing
carrots,tocarvingaroastorturkey.You'll
needafewdifferenttypesofknivesfor
variouscuttingtasksandthenadd
specialtyknivesasrequired.

CuttingBoards

Afewdifferenttypesofboardsinvarious
sizesisnecessaryforassortments.Ause
oflargerwoodenoneshavealotoffoods
tosliceorchop,roasttocarveorsimplyto
useashotpadsforcasseroles,breads,
bakingswhentheycomeoutoftheoven.
Smallerplasticboardsarehandyfor
cuttinganonionandthethinplastic,
flexibleboardsverynicewhenpreparinga
saladorslicingwatermelonforeasy
scoopingtotransfertoabinorbowl

SpatulastoBlend,Mix,Scrape

Thetermspatulareferstoseveraltypesof
kitchenutensilsincluding:rubberor
siliconetoolstoblendorscrapethefood
fromthebowl;metal,siliconeorplastic
eggturnersorflippers.
Geophysics, which studies the physics of the Earth, has led to many significant discoveries about the
Earth and its make-up. Seismologic studies of the Earth have uncovered new information about the
interior of the Earth that has helped to give credence to plate tectonic theory.
Geophysical studies have revealed that the Earth has several distinct layers. Each of these layers has its
own properties. The outermost layer of the Earth is the crust. This comprises the continents and ocean
basins. The crust has a variable thickness, being 35-70 km thick in the continents and 5-10 km thick in
the ocean basins. The crust is composed mainly of alumino-silicates.

The next layer is the mantle, which is composed mainly of ferro-magnesium silicates. It is about 2900 km
thick, and is separated into the upper and lower mantle. This is where most of the internal heat of the
Earth is located. Large convective cells in the mantle circulate heat and may drive plate tectonic
processes.



The last layer is the core, which is separated into the liquid outer core and the solid inner core. The outer
core is 2300 km thick and the inner core is 1200 km thick. The outer core is composed mainly of a nickel-
iron alloy, while the inner core is almost entirely composed of iron. Earth's magnetic field is believed to be
controlled by the liquid outer core.


LupangHinirang
(ThePhilippineNationalAnthem)
Bayangmagiliw
PerlasngSilanganan,
Alabngpuso,
Sadibdibmo'ybuhay.

LupangHinirang,
Duyankangmagiting,
Samanlulupig,
Dikapasisiil.

Sadagatatbundok,
Sasimoyatsalangitmongbughaw,
Maydilagangtula
Atawitsapaglayangminamahal.

Angkislapngwatawatmo'y
Tagumpaynanagniningning,
Angbituinatarawniya
Kailanpama'ydimagdidilim.

Lupangaraw,ngluwalhati'tpagsinta,
Buhayaylangitsapilingmo.
Amingligaya,napagmaymangaapi
Angmamataynangdahilsaiyo.

DIGESTIVESYSTEM

MajorRole:
Themainroleofthedigestivesystemistobreakdownandabsorbnutrients
thatarenecessaryforgrowthandmaintenance.

MajorOrgans:
Mouth,esophagus,stomach,smallandlargeintestines
Largeintestine
Ang Pabula ng Kabayo at ng Mangngalakal

A short story from Katig.com book of fables
(Inspired by the ancient fables of Aesop)

Isang mangangalakal ang maghahatid ng dalawang sakong asin sa palengke.
Inilulan niya ang mga sako ng asin sa kanyang kabayo at nagtungo sila sa palengke.
Nang tumatawid sila sa isang ilog na dinaanan ay hindi sinasadyang nadulas at
natumba ang kabayo. Napunit ang mga sako at ang ilang bahagi ng asin ay nabuhos sa
ilog at ang iba naman ay nalusaw dahil sa pagkababad sa tubig. Hindi naman nasaktan
ang kabayo at napansin niya na lubhang gumaan ang pasan niyang dalawang sako ng
asin at siya ay natuwa

Nang sumunod na linggo ay magpupunta uli ang mangangalakal sa palengke at
naglulan na nman ng dalawang sakong asin sa kanyang kabayo. nang mapalapit na sila
sa ilog ay napagisip-isip ng kabayo: "Kung magpapadulas ako sa ilog ay tiyak na
gagaan uli ang pasan ko," ang sabi ng kabayo sa kanyang sarili. Ganun na nga ang
ginawa ng kabayo. Muling nabutas ang mga sako at ibang asin ay nabuhos sa ilog at
ang iba naman ay nalusaw. Nguni't sa pagkakataong eto ay nakahalata ang
mangangalakal na sadyang nagpadulas ang kabayo sa ilog.

Pagdaan pa ng isang linggo ay muling magtutungo ang mangangalakal sa
palengke subalit sa pagkakataong eto ay apat na baldeng may lamang alpombra ang
kanyang inilulan sa kabayo - dalawang balde sa magkabilang tabi ng kabayo. "Aba, ok
to, mas magaan ang pasan ko ngayon. Ganun pa man ay magpapadulas pa rin ako sa
ilog para mas gumaan pa ang pasan ko," ang sabi ng kabayo sa kanyang sarili.

Pagdating sa ilog ay kusa na namang nagpadulas ang kabayo ngunit laking gulat
niya nang biglang bumigat ang kanyang pasan nang siya ay malublob sa tubig. Ang
apat na balde na may alpombra ay napuno ng tubig at di hamak nanaging mas
mabigat pa keysa sa dalawang sakong asin.


Mga aral ng pabula:

Ang masamang balakin ay may katapat na kaparusahan. Ang pagiging tuso ay
may katapat na kabayaran.

No. Barangay
Population
(2004)
Populationas
ofMay1,
2010
Area
(km
2
)
District
1. Bangkal 22,433 23,378 0.74 1st
2. BelAir 9,330 18,280 1.71 1st
3. Carmona 3,699 3,096 0.34 1st
4. Cembo 25,815 27,998 0.22 2nd
5. Comembo 14,174 14,433 0.27 2nd
6. Dasmarias 5,757 5,654 1.90 1st
7. EastRembo 23,902 26,433 0.44 2nd
8. ForbesPark 3,420 2,533 2.53 1st
9. GuadalupeNuevo 22,493 18,271 0.57 2nd
10. GuadalupeViejo 13,632 16,411 0.62 2nd
11. Kasilawan 6,224 5,291 0.09 1st
12. LaPaz 8,843 7,931 0.32 1st
13. Magallanes 7,509 5,576 1.20 1st
14. Olympia 20,172 21,270 0.44 1st
15. Palanan 16,614 17,283 0.65 1st
16. Pembo 35,035 44,803 1.23 2nd
17. Pinagkaisahan 6,186 5,804 0.16 2nd
18. PiodelPilar 22,495 27,035 1.20 1st
19. Pitogo 13,367 15,332 0.14 2nd
20. Poblacion 8,446 17,120 0.46 1st
21. PostProperNorthside 1,475 6,010 0.45 2nd
22. PostProperSouthside 25,037 45,310 0.60 2nd
23. Rembo 12,226 0.00 1st
24. Rizal 37,022 41,959 0.89 2nd
25. SanAntonio 12,226 11,443 0.89 1st
26. SanIsidro 8,686 7,589 0.50 1st
27. SanLorenzo 6,487 10,006 2.09 1st
28. SantaCruz 7,419 7,440 0.47 1st
29. Singkamas 6,226 7,426 0.13 1st
30. SouthCembo 13,570 14,672 0.20 2nd
31. Tejeros 16,820 13,868 0.29 1st
32. Urdaneta 3,817 3,717 0.74 1st
33. Valenzuela 5,908 7,261 0.24 1st
34. WestRembo 28,889 28,406 0.55 2nd
TOTAL 475,354 529,039 23.27

MATTER
GAS LIQUID SOLID
A gas has neither a definite
volume nor a definite shape.
Examples of gases are air,
oxygen, and helium.
A liquid has a definite volume,
but takes the shape of its
container.
Examples of liquids include
water and oil.
A solid has a definite shape and
volume.
Examples of solids include ice
(solid water), a bar of steel, and
dry ice (solid carbon dioxide).
assumes the shape and volume
of its container
assumes the shape of the part of
the container which it occupies
retains a fixed volume and shape
particles can move past one
another
particles can move/slide past one
another
rigid - particles locked into place
compressible

not easily compressible

not easily compressible

lots of free space between
particles
little free space between
particles
little free space between particles
flows easily

flows easily

does not flow easily

particles can move past one
another
particles can move/slide past one
another
rigid - particles cannot move/slide
past one another
AGYU
(EpikongManobo)

(Monobo)

AngpinanggagalinganngkabuhayanngmgaIlianonaypangongolektangsera.Ipinapalitnilaang
sera sa mga Moro, sa kanilang mga pangunahing pangangailangan tulad ng palay, asin at asukal.
NagkaroonngdipagkakaunawaansiAgyuatangdatungmgaMorodahilsapagkakautangnilang
isang daang tambak ng sera. Upang maiwasan ang madugong labanan, si Agyu at ang kaniyang
pamilya ay umalis sa Ayuman at pumunta ng Ilian. Ngunit hindi hahayaan ng mga Moro na
mamuhay sila ngpayapa. Sinundannila ang mga itoupangpatayin siya at ang kanyangpamilya.
LumabansiAgyuatangkanyangpamilyangbuongtapangatlumabasnapanalosalabansamga
Moro. Pagkatapos ng tagumpay ay naisip ni Agyu na lisanin ang Ilian at pumunta ng Bundok ng
Pinamatun.Doonaynagtayosilangmgabahaysapaananngbundok.

Isang araw ay pumunta si Agyu sa bundok ng Sandawa upang manghuli ng baboy ramo. Umuwi
siyanadalaang kanyanghulihabangangkanyangkapatidnalalakinasiLonoatmgakapatidna
babaingsinaYambunganatIkwaganaynakahanapngpulotpukyutan.Hinatinilaangbaboyramo
atpulotpukyutansakanilaatsakanilangmgaalipin.

Bakit ayaw mong kumuha ng karne at pulot para sa iyo, at sa iyong asawa sa Ayuman, Banlak?
tanongniciteAgyu/citesakanyangkapatidnalalaki.AngasawaniBanlaknasiMunganaynaiwan
saAyumansapagkatnagkaroonitongketong.

ARTEFACT
1. Tignanangmgasumusunodnalarawanatisulatkunganoatparasaanangbawat
bagay.
Anoito? ParaSaanito? Larawan
Kalesa Itoangpangunahing
sasakyangpangpubliko
natransportasyonsa
mgalungsodng
Pilipinasnoongunang
panahon
Inukitnarebultong
Anitooangdiyos
diyosanngmga
sinaunangtaosa
bansa.
Itoaysumisimblong
mganinunoatdiyosng
pagaaningmgataga
Ifugao
TagatugtogngMP3 Itoayginagamitupang
magpatugtogngMP3
nauringfiles.
MICROSCOPEPARTS

MINDANAOMUSICINSTRUMENTS
KulintangEnsembleorKulintangan

Thecompleteensemble

Twogongsonthestand
MUSICINMINDANAO
IndigenousPhilippinefolkloreischaracterizedbysacredritualsandpractices,andmademore
ferventandvibrantbythemusicthataccompaniesthem.
InMindanao,thesoundsoftheagumandguimbaosignaltheassemblyoftheparticipantsin
theperformanceofsacrificesbyindigenousgroups.Themiminsad,adancesong,isalso
chantedastheywalkbeforethealtar.
Theweddingfeastisanotheroccasionwheremusicplaysakeyrole.SomeMuslimgroupsplay
musicusingsmallandlargekettledrumsasaccompanimenttodancing,oneofthehighlightsof
thecelebration.
InJolo,thesuasuaisacelebratedcourtshipsonganddancethathasoftenbeenmodernized
fortroupeperformances.
AwardanceinBukidnoncalledthesagayanepitomizesthegallantryofMuslimcombatants
whilelittlegirlsperformafestivaldancewhereintheywearhollowcopperankletsandringlittle
cellstoproducecertainsoundstotheaccompanimentofavarietyoftomtomandan
indigenousxylophone.(Baas1975).
InAgusan,thetudob,asongcomposedoffournotes,issungduringriceharvests.InSulu,four
gongsareusedtoproduceakindofmusiccalledthetagungo.
MindanaofolkmusicincludestheancientMuslimfolksonganddancecalledestijaro,anda
Mindanaofolksongcalleduruyan.Theseareusuallyaccompaniedbydrums,gongs,orother
percussioninstrumentslikethesubing,agong.
SINGKIL
TheSingkl(SayawsaKasingkil)originatedfromtheMaranaopeoplewhoinhabittheshoresof
Lake Lanao.ItisderivedfromastoryintheDarangen,theMaranaointerpretationofthe
ancientIndian epic,theRamayana.Thenameofthedanceitselfmeans"toentanglethefeet
withdisturbingobjectssuchasvinesoranythinginyourpath".Itisapopulardanceperformed
duringcelebrationsandotherfestiveentertainment.Originallyonlywomen,particularly
royalty,dancedtheSingkl,whichservesaseitheraconsciousorunconsciousadvertisementto
potentialsuitors.
Theleaddancer,intheroleofPutriGandingan(theDarangennameforSita),graciouslystepin
andoutofclosingbamboospolesarrangedineitheraparallel,rectangular,orcrisscross
fashionwhilemanipulatingeitherapir(fans),mosala(scarves),orevenjusttheirbarehands.A
kulintangandagungensemblealwaysaccompaniesthedance.

Nemo,angBatangPapel
niReneO.Villanueva
Si Nemoay isang batang yari sa ginupit na diyaryo. Pinunitpunit, ginupitgupit saka
pinagdikitdikit,siNemoayginawangmgabataparasaisangproyektonilasaklase.
Ngayoy bakasyon na. Si Nemoy naiwang kasama ng ibang papel sa silid.
Nakatambaksiyasabuntonngmgamaalikaboknapolderatenbelop.
NUTRITIONAL VALUES OF FISH

Protein
Fishisaverygoodsourceofprotein.Ourbodiesarenotequippedtostoreprotein,
thereforeconsumingfishdailyhelpsyoufulfillyourdailyrequirement.
Omega3FattyAcids
Fishisagoodsourceofomega3fattyacids.Ourbodiesdon'tmanufacturethis
nutrient,whichhelpsprotectagainstheartdisease.
LowFat
Fishisagreatstapleofalowfatdiet.Themajorityoffishcontainlowlevelsof
saturatedfats.
BVitamins
FishcontainsBvitamins,whichhelptoreducestress,anxietyanddepression.TheB
vitaminshelpyourmemoryandreducetheriskofheartdisease.
VitaminA
VitaminA,whichisfoundinfish,helpsthebodytissuemendandprovidesthe
mechanicsforcellgrowth.SomeothercommonailmentsVitaminAhelpswardoff
arearthritis,acneandbronchitis.
Calcium
Fishalsocontainscalcium,whichhelpstomaintainstrongbonesandteeth.

SUBSTANCESTHATAREDISSOLVEDINOCEANWATER

1.
SaltsinSeaandOceanWaterSalinity.

In the past, salinity of seawater was measured by evaporating the water and weighing the
amountofsaltremaining.Sincethatapproachisdifficultandinaccurate,electricalconductivity
ofseawaterisnowusedtomeasuresalinity.

Conductivityincreasesassaltcontentofthewaterincreases.
Conductivitygivesveryaccuratesalinitydata:35.0000X.
Conductivity (and temperature and depth) are measured by instruments called CTDs
(Conductivity Temperature Depth). These instruments can make thousands of
measurements/hour.
Salinity, temperature, and depth (pressure) can be used to calculate density, which is
importanttounderstandingverticalcirculationofthewater.
Salinity is greatest in warm, tropical surface waters, where there is more evaporation
thanprecipitation.Itislowestwheretherearelargeinputsoffreshwaterfromrivers.

Salinityhasnounits.(ThePSUor"practicalsalinityunit"isincorrect,althoughfrequentlyused.)

Salinity is approximately equal to the weight, in grams, of salt dissolved in 1000 g of

seawater.Thiswouldbethesaltconcentrationinpartsperthousand().
Averageoceanwaterhasasalinityof35.0.
Thismeansthat1000gofaverageseawatercontains965gofwaterand35gofsalts.

Simbolismongbansa

Mgasimbolongbansangpilipinas
PambansangWatawat

PambansangAwit:LupangHinirang

JulianFelipe
PambansangBayani:Dr.JoseRizal
C CO OM MB BI IN NA AT TI IO ON NS S, ,P PE ER RM MU UT TA AT TI IO ON NS S, ,A AN ND DC CO OU UN NT TI IN NG GE EV VE EN NT TS S

Thesolutiontomanystatisticalexperimentsinvolvesbeingabletocountthenumberofpoints
inasamplespace.Countingpointscanbehard,tedious,orboth.
Fortunately,therearewaystomakethecountingtaskeasier.Thislessonfocusesonthreerules
of counting that can save both time and effort event multiples, permutations, and
combinations.

EVENTMULTIPLES

The first rule of counting deals with event multiples. An event multiple occurs when two or
more independent events are grouped together. The first rule of counting helps us determine
howmanywaysaneventmultiplecanoccur.

Rule1.Supposewehavekindependentevents.Event1canbeperformedinn
1
ways;Event2,
inn
2
ways;andsoonuptoEventk(whichcanbeperformedinn
k
ways).Thenumberofways
thattheseeventscanbeperformedtogetherisequalton
1
n
2
...n
k
ways.

Example1

Howmanysamplepointsareinthesamplespacewhenacoinisflipped4times?
Solution:Eachcoinflipcanhaveoneoftwooutcomesheadsortails.Therefore,thefourcoin
flipscanlandin(2)(2)(2)(2)=16ways.

Example2

Abusinessmanhas4dressshirtsand7ties.Howmanydifferentshirt/tieoutfitscanhecreate?
Solution:Foreachoutfit,hecanchooseoneoffourshirtsandoneofseventies.Therefore,the
businessmancancreate(4)(7)=28differentshirt/tieoutfits.

PERMUTATIONS

Often, we want to count all of the possible ways that a single set of objects can be arranged.
For example, consider the letters X, Y, and Z. These letters can be arranged a number of
differentways(XYZ,XZY,YXZ,etc.)Eachofthesearrangementsisapermutation.

Ingeneral, nobjectscanbearrangedinn(n1)(n 2) ...(3)(2)(1) ways. Thisproductis

representedbythesymboln!,whichiscallednfactorial.(Byconvention,0!=1.)

A permutation is an arrangement of all or part of a set of objects, with regard to the

order of the arrangement. This means that XYZ is considered a different permutation
thanZYX.
PREPOSITION

A preposition may be defined as connecting word showing the relation of a noun or a noun
substitute to some other word in the sentence (the squirrel in the tree; the preposition in shows the
relationshipbetweenthesquirrelandthetree.).Overninetypercentofprepositionusageinvolvesthese
nineprepositions:

with at by
to in for
from of on

Prepositionscauseproblemsbecausesometimestheycanbeusedinterchangeably(He
sat on the chair: He sat in the chair), because prepositions are often combined with verbs to
createphrasalverbs(tolookaftersomeone;tolookdownonsomeone),andbecauseasingle
prepositioncanbeusedtoexpressseveraldifferentideas(He istallforhisage;Iswamforan
hour).

The most efficient method of study is to familiarize yourself with prepositions and
prepositional phrases through practice and memorization. This is particularly helpful for the
bilingualstudent,whooftenseemstofindprepositionusageoneofthemostdifficultpartsof
theEnglishlanguage.
UsesofCommonPrepositions
Prepositions are used to express a number of relationships, including time, location,
manner,means,quantity,purpose,andstateorcondition.Thefollowingoutlinedemonstrates
theusesofcommonprepositions.
A.TIME
in:
inthemorning
inthefall
inApril
in1987
insixmonths(attheendof)
intime(earlyenough)
on:
onTuesday(dayoftheweek)
onMay8(date)
ontime(punctual)
about:
aboutnoon(approximately)

after:
afterthegame
afterlunch
afterthree

Coconutshrimp

Ingredients
1egg
1/2cupallpurposeflour
2/3cupbeer
11/2teaspoonsbakingpowder
1/4cupallpurposeflour
2cupsflakedcoconut
24shrimp
3cupsoilforfrying
Directions
1. Inmediumbowl,combineegg,1/2cupflour,beerandbakingpowder.Place
1/4cupflourandcoconutintwoseparatebowls.
2. Holdshrimpbytail,anddredgeinflour,shakingoffexcessflour.Dipin
egg/beerbatter;allowexcesstodripoff.Rollshrimpincoconut,andplaceona
bakingsheetlinedwithwaxpaper.Refrigeratefor30minutes.Meanwhile,heat
oilto350degreesF(175degreesC)inadeepfryer.
3. Fryshrimpinbatches:cook,turningonce,for2to3minutes,oruntilgolden
brown.Usingtongs,removeshrimptopapertowelstodrain.Servewarmwith
yourfavoritedippingsauce.

THESTRUCTUREOFASENTENCE
Rememberthateveryclauseis,inasense,aminiaturesentence.Asimplesentencescontains
onlyasingleclause,whileacompoundsentence,acomplexsentence,oracompoundcomplex
sentencecontainsatleasttwoclauses.
TheSimpleSentence
Themostbasictypeofsentenceisthesimplesentence,whichcontainsonlyoneclause.A
simplesentencecanbeasshortasoneword:
Run!
Usually,however,thesentencehasasubjectaswellasapredicateandboththesubjectand
thepredicatemayhavemodifiers.Allofthefollowingaresimplesentences,becauseeach
containsonlyoneclause:
Melt!
Icemelts.
Theicemeltsquickly.
TheiceontherivermeltsquicklyunderthewarmMarchsun.
Lyingexposedwithoutitsblanketofsnow,theiceontherivermeltsquicklyunderthe
warmMarchsun.
Asyoucansee,asimplesentencecanbequitelongitisamistaketothinkthatyoucantella
simplesentencefromacompoundsentenceoracomplexsentencesimplybyitslength.
Themostnaturalsentencestructureisthesimplesentence:itisthefirstkindwhichchildren
learntospeak,anditremainsbyfarthemostcommonsentenceinthespokenlanguageof
peopleofallages.Inwrittenwork,simplesentencescanbeveryeffectiveforgrabbinga
reader'sattentionorforsummingupanargument,butyouhavetousethemwithcare:too
manysimplesentencescanmakeyourwritingseemchildish.
Whenyoudousesimplesentences,youshouldaddtransitionalphrasestoconnectthemtothe
surroundingsentences.

SENTENCE
SENTENCESTRUCTURE
In Clauses, there are two types: independent and dependent. Independent clauses are complete
sentences because they have a subject and verb and express a complete thought. Dependent
clauses, in contrast, cannot stand alone because they do not express a complete thoughteven
though they have a subject and a verb. Independent and dependent clauses can be used in a
number of ways to form the four basic types of sentences: simple, compound, complex, and
compoundcomplex.
Asimplesentencescontainsonlyasingleclause,whileacompoundsentence,acomplexsentence,
oracompoundcomplexsentencecontainsatleasttwoclauses.
THESIMPLESENTENCE
Themostbasictypeofsentenceisthesimplesentence,whichcontainsonlyoneclause.Asimple
sentencecanbeasshortasoneword:
Run!
Usually, however, the sentence has a subject as well as a predicate and both the subject and the
predicate may have modifiers. All of the following are simple sentences, because each contains
onlyoneclause:
Melt!
Icemelts.
Theicemeltsquickly.
TheiceontherivermeltsquicklyunderthewarmMarchsun.
Lying exposed without its blanket of snow, the ice on the river melts quickly under the
warmMarchsun.
As you can see, a simple sentence can be quite long it is a mistake to think that you can tell a
simplesentencefromacompoundsentenceoracomplexsentencesimplybyitslength.
Themostnaturalsentencestructureisthesimplesentence:itisthefirstkindwhichchildrenlearn
tospeak,anditremainsbyfarthemostcommonsentenceinthespokenlanguageofpeopleofall
ages. In written work, simple sentences can be very effective for grabbing a reader's attention or
SET(MATHEMATICS)
Thisarticlegivesanintroductiontowhatmathematicianscall"intuitive"or"naive"settheory;
foramoredetailedaccountseeNaivesettheory.Forarigorousmodernaxiomatictreatmentof
sets,seeSettheory.

Theintersectionoftwosetsismadeupoftheobjectscontainedinbothsets,showninaVenn
diagram.
Asetisacollectionofwelldefinedanddistinctobjects,consideredasanobjectinitsownright.
Setsareoneofthemostfundamentalconceptsinmathematics.Developedattheendofthe
19thcentury,settheoryisnowaubiquitouspartofmathematics,andcanbeusedasa
foundationfromwhichnearlyallofmathematicscanbederived.Inmathematicseducation,
elementarytopicssuchasVenndiagramsaretaughtatayoungage,whilemoreadvanced
conceptsaretaughtaspartofauniversitydegree.
Definition
Asetisawelldefinedcollectionofobjects.GeorgCantor,thefounderofsettheory,gavethe
followingdefinitionofasetatthebeginningofhisBeitrgezurBegrndungdertransfiniten
Mengenlehre:
[1]

Asetisagatheringtogetherintoawholeofdefinite,distinctobjectsofourperception
[Anschauung]andofourthoughtwhicharecalledelementsoftheset.
Theelementsormembersofasetcanbeanything:numbers,people,lettersofthealphabet,
othersets,andsoon.Setsareconventionallydenotedwithcapitalletters.SetsAandBare
equalifandonlyiftheyhavepreciselythesameelements.
[2]

Asdiscussedbelow,thedefinitiongivenaboveturnedouttobeinadequateforformal
mathematics;instead,thenotionofa"set"istakenasanundefinedprimitiveinaxiomaticset
theory,anditspropertiesaredefinedbytheZermeloFraenkelaxioms.Themostbasic
propertiesarethataset"has"elements,andthattwosetsareequal(oneandthesame)ifand
onlyifeveryelementofoneisanelementoftheother.
SINAUNANGKULTURANGPILIPINO
1. Mgasinaunangpaniniwala

Anito Bathala

2. Pagpapaksalnoongunangpanahon

3. Hanapbuhay
Mangangaso
Skewness/Kurtosis
Skewness is the degree of departure from symmetry of a distribution. A positively
skewed distribution has a "tail" which is pulled in the positive direction. A negatively
skewed distribution has a "tail" which is pulled in the negative direction.

Kurtosis is the degree of peakedness of a distribution. A normal distribution is a
mesokurtic distribution. A pure leptokurtic distribution has a higher peak than the normal
distribution and has heavier tails. A pure platykurtic distribution has a lower peak than a
normal distribution and lighter tails.

Most departures from normality display combinations of both skewness and kurtosis
different from a normal distribution.

SKEWNESSANDKURTOSIS

Skewness
Thefirstthingyouusuallynoticeaboutadistributionsshapeiswhetherithasonemode(peak)
ormorethanone.Ifitsunimodal(hasjustonepeak),likemostdatasets,thenextthingyou
noticeiswhetheritssymmetricorskewedtooneside.Ifthebulkofthedataisattheleftand
therighttailislonger,wesaythatthedistributionisskewedrightorpositivelyskewed;ifthe
peakistowardtherightandthelefttailislonger,wesaythatthedistributionisskewedleftor
negativelyskewed.

Lookatthetwographsbelow.Theybothhave=0.6923and=0.1685,buttheirshapesare
different.
Beta(=4.5,=2)
skewness=0.5370

1.3846Beta(=4.5,=2)
skewness=+0.5370
Thefirstoneismoderatelyskewedleft:thelefttailislongerandmostofthedistributionisat
theright.Bycontrast,theseconddistributionismoderatelyskewedright:itsrighttailislonger
andmostofthedistributionisattheleft.
Youcangetageneralimpressionofskewnessbydrawingahistogram(MATH200Apart1),but
therearealsosomecommonnumericalmeasuresofskewness.Someauthorsfavorone,some
favoranother.ThisWebpagepresentsoneofthem.Infact,thesearethesameformulasthat
ExcelusesinitsDescriptiveStatisticstoolinAnalysisToolpak.

Youmayrememberthatthemeanandstandarddeviationhavethesameunitsastheoriginal
data,andthevariancehasthesquareofthoseunits.However,theskewnesshasnounits:itsa
purenumber,likeazscore.

SOIL

Darkenedtopsoilandreddishsubsoillayersaretypicalinsomeregions.

1. Amixtureofsandandorganicmaterial,usedtosupportplantgrowth.

2. Theunconsolidatedmineralororganicmaterialontheimmediatesurfaceoftheearththat
servesasanaturalmediumforthegrowthoflandplants.

3. The unconsolidated mineral or organic matter on the surface of the earth that has been
subjectedtoandshowseffectsofgeneticandenvironmentalfactorsof:climate(including
water and temperature effects), and macro and microorganisms, conditioned by relief,
acting on parent material over a period of time. A productsoil differs from the material
from which it is derived in many physical, chemical, biological, and morphological
propertiesandcharacteristics.

'Soil'isthethinlayeronthesurfaceoftheEarthonwhichthelivingbeingssurvive.Soilis
the layer which is composed with many substances, in this layer various plants have their roots.
Soil is made of many substances like weathered rock particles, and decayed plant and animal
matter.Didyouknowthatittakesmorethanathousandyearstoformofathinlayerofsoil?Yes,
soilisveryprecious.Soilismadeofdiversematerialslikebrokendownrockparticlesandorganic
material.Therearedifferenttypesofsoilandvariouswaystoclassifyit.

SOLARSYSTEM

OursolarsystemconsistsofanaveragestarwecalltheSun,theplanetsMercury,Venus,Earth,
Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto. It includes: the satellites of the planets;
numerouscomets,asteroids,andmeteoroids;andtheinterplanetarymedium.

TheSunistherichestsourceofelectromagneticenergy(mostlyintheformofheatandlight)in
the solar system. The Sun's nearest known stellar neighbor is a red dwarf star called Proxima
Centauri,atadistanceof4.3lightyearsaway.Thewholesolarsystem,togetherwiththelocal
stars visible on a clear night, orbits the center of our home galaxy, a spiral disk of 200 billion
starswecalltheMilkyWay.TheMilkyWayhastwosmallgalaxiesorbitingitnearby,whichare
visiblefromthesouthernhemisphere.TheyarecalledtheLargeMagellanicCloudandtheSmall
MagellanicCloud.ThenearestlargegalaxyistheAndromedaGalaxy.Itisaspiralgalaxylikethe
MilkyWaybutis4timesasmassiveandis2millionlightyearsaway.Ourgalaxy,oneofbillions
ofgalaxiesknown,istravelingthroughintergalacticspace.

The planets, most of the satellites of the planets and the asteroids revolve around the Sun in
the same direction, in nearly circular orbits. When looking down from above the Sun's north
pole,theplanetsorbitinacounterclockwisedirection.TheplanetsorbittheSuninornearthe
sameplane,calledtheecliptic.Plutoisaspecialcaseinthatitsorbitisthemosthighlyinclined
(18degrees)andthemosthighlyellipticalofalltheplanets.Becauseofthis,forpartofitsorbit,
PlutoisclosertotheSunthanisNeptune.Theaxisofrotationformostoftheplanetsisnearly
perpendicular to the ecliptic. The exceptions are Uranus and Pluto, which are tipped on their
sides.

Earth
Venus
Mercury
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
DwarfPlanet
Universe
Asteroids
Sun
Ecliptic
Pluto

Microscopic view of a gas. Microscopic view of a liquid. Microscopic view of a solid.
Note that:
Particles in a:
o gas are well separated with no regular arrangement.
o liquid are close together with no regular arrangement.
o solid are tightly packed, usually in a regular pattern.
Particles in a:
o gas vibrate and move freely at high speeds.
o liquid vibrate, move about, and slide past each other.
o solid vibrate (jiggle) but generally do not move from place to place.
Liquids and solids are often referred to as condensed phases because the particles are very close together.
The following table summarizes properties of gases, liquids, and solids and identifies the microscopic
behavior responsible for each property.
Some Characteristics of Gases, Liquids and Solids and the Microscopic Explanation for
the Behavior
gas liquid solid
assumes the shape and
volume of its container
particles can move past one
another
assumes the shape of the part
of the container which it
occupies
particles can move/slide past
one another
retains a fixed volume and
shape
rigid - particles locked into
place
compressible
lots of free space between
particles
not easily compressible
little free space between
particles
not easily compressible
little free space between
particles
flows easily
particles can move past one
another
flows easily
particles can move/slide past
one another
does not flow easily
rigid - particles cannot
move/slide past one another

STARS

BillionsofStarsintheSky

Theearliestbeginningofastariscalledanebula.Anebulaisacloudofhydrogenandafewhelium
atoms hanging in space. Sometimes a nebula just stays at this point, but if the cloud gets thick
enough, with enough hydrogen atoms close enough together, it can become a brown dwarf. A
browndwarfisasmallstarthatisnotquitebigenough,sothereisnotenoughgravitytostartthe
nuclearfusionprocess.Browndwarfstarshardlyshineatall,butthey'renotverycommoneither.

Ifthebrowndwarfsucceedsinattractingenoughhydrogenatomsandpackingthemtightlyenough
together,thenitturnsintoamainsequencestaranordinarystarlikeoursun.Nineoutofeveryten
starsyoucanseefromEartharemainsequencestars.Insideamainsequencestar,thepressureof
gravity pushes hydrogen atoms together so they become helium atoms, and the extra energy
releasedbythisfusionprocessshootsoutofthestarandbecomeheatandsunlight.

STEPSINSCIENTIFICMETHOD

TOPICSFORSCIENTIFICINVESTIGATION
1. Canyoumakeyourownmusicalinstrumentthatcanplayacompletescale?Examples
mightincludearubberbandharporflutefromclay,woodorplastic.
2. Canablacklightdetectinvisiblestains?
3. Whattypeofplasticwrappreventsevaporationthebest?
4. Whatplasticwrappreventsoxidationthebest?
5. Arenightinsectsattractedtolampsbecauseofheatorlight?
6. Whattypeofcarantifreezeissafesttotheenvironment?
7. DodifferentbrandsoforangejuicecontaindifferentlevelsofvitaminC?
8. DoesthelevelofvitaminCinorangejuicechangeovertime?
9. Howeffectivearenaturalmosquitorepellents?
10. Doesmagnetismaffectthegrowthofplants?
11. DoorangesgainorlosevitaminCafterbeingpicked?
12. Howdoesthesugarconcentrationvaryindifferentbrandsofapplejuices?
13. DoesstoragetemperatureaffectthepHofjuice?
14. Doesthepresenceofcigarettesmokeaffectthegrowthrateofplants?
15. Doeseatingbreakfasthaveaneffectonschoolperformance?Doesitmatterwhatyou
eat?
16. Dothesametypesofmoldgrowonalltypesofbread?
17. Doeslightaffecttherateatwhichfoodsspoil?
18. Dofoodscontainingpreservativesstayfreshlongerthanfoodswithoutthem?
19. Howdoestimeorseasonofharvestaffectthechemistryandnutritionalcontentof
food?
20. Howlongdohomehaircoloringproductsholdtheircolor?Doesbrandmatter?Does
typeofhairaffectcolorfastness?Howdoesprevioustreatment(perming,previous
coloring,straightening)affectinitialcolorintensityandcolorfastness?

July___,2012

_______________________
TheChairman
_______________,MakatiCity

DearestSir/Madam:

Warmestgreetings!

We are the Grade 7 students of _______________. Under the Research I subject under
___________, we are assigned to conduct survey regarding issues and concerns in the local
Barangayunit.

Inthisregard,wewouldliketoaskpermissiontoconductasurveytoatleast10personsinour
community on problems encountered in the Barangay and what possible solutions they would
liketorecommend,intheirownview.

Hopingforyourkindfavoronourrequest.

ThankyouandGodBless!

Sincerelyyours,

GroupMembers:

Notedby:

________________________
Teacher
SURVEYONEXISTINGCALAMITYPROBLEMS
RESEARCHINSTRUMENT

Name:____________________________________BarangayandZone:___________________

QuestionnairePurpose:TobeinformedofthecalamityproblemsinourCommunity.

QuestionsonCalamitiesinourCommunity
(Pleaseanswerbycheckingoneormoreboxes):

1. Whatarethecalamitiesthathadpassed?
Flood LandSlide Hurricane Drought
Typhoon Earthquake Tsunami Others:_______________

2. Whatcalamitythatispresentnow?
Flood LandSlide Hurricane Drought
Typhoon Earthquake Tsunami Others:_______________

3. Whatproblemsthatfollowedthesecalamities?
Death Lossofshelter/house Trauma/Depression
HealthProblems Lackoffood/water Others:_______________

4. Whatmaybethesolutionstotheseproblems?
PreparednessofhomeandCommunity Coordinationcommunitygroups
Properdisposalofgarbage/waste CleanlinessofCommunity
Newinfrastructureagainstcalamities Awarenessonpreparedness

5. Whatwouldbethebenefitsonresolvingthese?
Preventionorminimizeeffectsofcalamities Immediaterecoveryofcommunity
Lesscasualties(death/illnesses/properties) Others:__________________________

6. Whataretheconsequencesifnotresolved?
Morecasualties(death/illnesses/properties) Repeatofmoreworsecalamities
Unabletoimmediatelyrecover Others:__________________________

TECHNICALWRITING

Technical writing is a form of technical communication. It is a style of writing used infields as

diverse as computer hardware and software, engineering, chemistry, the aerospace industry,
robotics,finance,consumerelectronics,andbiotechnology.

Technical writer writes communications done on the job, especially in fields with specialized
vocabularies,suchasscience,engineering,technology,andthehealthsciences.

The Society for Technical Communication (STC) defines technical writing as a broad field that
includesanyformofcommunicationthatexhibitsoneormoreofthefollowingcharacteristics:

(1) communicating about technical or specialized topics, such as computer applications,

medicalprocedures,orenvironmentalregulations;

(2) communicatingbyusingtechnology,suchaswebpages,helpfiles,orsocialmediasites;
or

(3) providinginstructionsabouthowtodosomething,regardlessofhowtechnicalthetask
is, and regardless of whether technology is used to create or distribute that
communication.

"Thegoaloftechnicalwritingistoenablereaderstouseatechnologyorunderstandaprocess
or concept. Because the subject matter is more important than the writer's voice, technical
writingstyleusesanobjective,notasubjective,tone.Thewritingstyleisdirectandutilitarian,
emphasizingexactnessandclarityratherthaneleganceorallusiveness.Atechnicalwriteruses
figurative language only when a figure of speech would facilitate understanding
1
."

Technicalwriting isaccomplishedbytechnicalwriters,whomaybeprofessionalsoramateurs.
Such writers ideally begin by forming a clear understanding of the purpose of the document
that they will create. Technical writers then typically gather information from existing
documentationandfromsubjectmatterexperts(SME).AnSMEisanyexpertonthetopicthat
the writer is working on. Technical writers are often not SMEs themselves (unless they are
writing about creating good technical documentation). Workers at many levels, and in many
different fields, have a role in producing technical communications. A good technical writer
needs strong language and teaching skills and must understand the many conventions of
moderntechnicalcommunications.

Advanced technical writers often move into specialized areas such as Advance Programming
Interface writing for software programming, document architecture, or information
management.

THE ATMOSPHERE

TheatmosphereofEarthisalayerofgasessurroundingtheplanetEarththatisretained
byEarth'sgravity.TheatmosphereprotectslifeonEarthbyabsorbingultravioletsolarradiation,
warming the surface through heat retention (greenhouse effect), and reducingtemperature
extremesbetweendayandnight(thediurnaltemperaturevariation).

Atmospheric stratificationdescribes the structure of the atmosphere, dividing it into

distinct layers, each with specific characteristics such as temperature or composition. The
atmosphere has a mass of about 51018kg, three quarters of which is within about 11km
(6.8mi; 36,000 ft) of the surface. The atmosphere becomes thinner and thinner with
increasingaltitude, with no definite boundary between the atmosphere andouter space. An
altitudeof 120km (75mi) is where atmospheric effects become noticeable duringatmospheric
reentryofspacecraft.TheKrmnline,at100km(62mi),alsoisoftenregardedastheboundary
betweenatmosphereandouterspace.

Airis the name given toatmosphereused inbreathingandphotosynthesis. Dry air

contains roughly (by volume) 78.09%nitrogen, 20.95%oxygen, 0.93%argon, 0.039%carbon
dioxide, and small amounts of other gases. Air also contains a variable amount ofwater vapor,
onaveragearound1%.Whileaircontentandatmosphericpressurevariesatdifferentlayers,air
suitableforthesurvivalofterrestrialplantsandterrestrialanimalsiscurrentlyonlyknowntobe
foundinEarth'stroposphereandartificialatmospheres.
THEMAGNETICFIELDOFTHEEARTH
TheEarth'smagneticfieldissimilartothatofabarmagnettilted11degreesfromthespinaxisof
theEarth.TheproblemwiththatpictureisthattheCurietemperatureofironisabout770C.The
Earth'scoreishotterthanthatandthereforenotmagnetic.SohowdidtheEarthgetitsmagnetic
field?

Magneticfieldssurroundelectriccurrents,sowe surmisethatcirculatingelecticcurrentsinthe
Earth's molten metalic core are the origin of the magnetic field. A current loop gives a field
similartothatoftheearth.ThemagneticfieldmagnitudemeasuredatthesurfaceoftheEarthis
abouthalfaGaussanddipstowardtheEarthinthenorthernhemisphere.Themagnitudevaries
overthesurfaceoftheEarthintherange0.3to0.6Gauss

THESCIENCEPROCESS

Planning

Involvestheactivitiesstudentsundertakewhencuriosityisstimulatedbytheirobservationsofa
phenomena.Studentsaskquestionssuchaswhathappenswhen;whatistheeffectof..
Theyattempttoprovideanswerstotheirownquestions,suggestpossiblerelationshipsand
identifyvariablesthatmayinfluencethephenomena.

Theyattempttomakesenseofwhattheyhaveobservedbyresearchingwhatisknownfrom
secondarysources.Studentsdeveloparesearchquestion,predictpossibleoutcomesandforman
hypothesisthatdefinestheirscientificinvestigation.Theyidentifyandanalysepotentialproblems
withtheirinvestigation.

Conducting

Involvesstudentsrefininganddocumentingtheirstepbystepprocedure;collectingresources
suchasequipmentforconductingandmeasuringtheirobservations.Studentsdecideonthe
mostappropriatewaytomeasureandrecordtheirobservations.Theycarryouttheir
experiment,observe,measureandrecorddata,andconductrepeattrials.Theyidentifyand
managesafetyrisks.

THESCIENTIFICMETHOD

TheScientificMethod

1. ChooseyourTopic
2. IdentifyaProblem
3. ResearchtheProblem
4. FormaHypothesis
5. DesigntheExperiments
6. TesttheHypothesis
7. AnalyzetheResults
8. FormulateandReportConclusions

THESUN

AlthoughtheSunisaratherordinarystar,itisveryimportanttotheinhabitantsofEarth.TheSunisthe
sourceofvirtuallyallEarth'senergy.ItprovidestheheatandlightthatmakelifeonEarthpossible.Yet
EarthreceivesonlyabouthalfabillionthoftheenergythatleavestheSun.TheSunisahugeballofhot
gases.Likeotherstars,itproducesenormousamountsofenergybyconvertinghydrogentoheliumdeep
withinitsinterior.

POSITIONINTHESOLARSYSTEM:

TheSunliesatthecenterofthesolarsystem.Itcontainsmorethan99percentofthesystem'smass.
Theimmensepullofitsgravityholdstheplanets,dwarfplanets,asteroids,comets,andotherbodiesin
orbitaroundit.TheaveragedistancebetweentheSunandEarthisroughly93millionmiles(150million
kilometers).Lighttravelsthroughspaceatabout186,282miles(299,792kilometers)persecond,soa
rayofsunlighttakesonlyabout8minutestoreachEarth.Lightfromthoseothersuns,thestars,takes
muchlongertoreachtheEarth.However,lightfromthenextneareststar,ProximaCentauri,takesmore
thanfouryearstoarrive.TheSunisintheouterpartoftheMilkyWaygalaxy.Lightfromthecenterof
thegalaxytakesmanythousandsofyearstoreachEarth.BecausetheSunissoclosetoEarth,itseems
muchlargerandbrighterthanotherstars.Itistheonlystarwhosesurfacedetailscanbeobservedfrom
Earth.

THESUNASTHECENTEROFTHESOLARSYSTEM:

Earth
Venus
Mercury
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Uranus
Neptune
DwarfPlanet
Universe
Asteroids
Sun
Ecliptic
Pluto
PhilippineIndigenousArts

1. AncientandpreSpanishEra:ItisbelievedthatthefirstinhabitantsofthePhilippines
arrivedovermanythousandsofyearsago.Itiscommonlythoughtthattheymigrated
overalandbridge,whichexistedatthattime,fromtheAsianmainland.Thenextknown
inhabitationiswhentheNegritoorAetaarrivedintheislands.However,theywere
drivenbackbyseveralwavesofimmigrantsfromIndonesia,onlytobefollowedbythe
maritimepeoplesoftheMalayanislands.

2. PhilippineIndigenousArtsSculpture/CarvingPotteryWeavingPhysicalornaments

3. Sculptureisthreedimensionalartworkcreatedbyshapingorcombininghardmaterials,
typicallystonesuchasmarble,metal,glass,orwood,orplasticmaterialssuchasclay,
textiles,polymersandsoftermetals.

4. Carvingisoneofthetechniquesusedinsculpture.

5. BulularecarvedAnitofiguresoftheIfugaos:theserepresenttheirancestralspiritand
granarygods.SEATEDIFUGAO"BULUL"ATTHECONCLUSIONOFTHEANNUAL
IFUGAOHARVESTRITUAL"BULULS"PLACEDINRICEGRANARIESARECONSIDERED
GUARDIANSOFTHEHARVEST

6. SarimanokShownabovearethemostwellknownoftheolddesigns,thesarimanok.The
figurerepresentsafowlwithwings,featheredtail,andaheaddecoratedwith
ornamentsofscrolledandpaintedmotifofleaves,spirals,andfeatherlikeforms.It
usuallystandsonafishandanotheronehangsfromitsbeak.Thewoodenfigure,usually
perchedatopabamboopole,standsamongdecorativeflagsduringweddingsandother
festiveoccasions.

7. AngHagabiayisangupuangkahoyngmgaIfugaonasumisimbolosapanlipunang
katayuanngisangmamamayan.Itoaynagpapakitangyamanatkapangyarihanngmay
arinitonakadalasanayisangKadanagyanoisangtaongnabibilangsamataasnaantas
salipunan.Itoaysakadahilanangtangingangmgamayayamanlamangangmay
kakayahangmagpagawanitokasamanaangritwalnaipinagdiriwangsaorasna
mataposangpagbubuonito.

8. Anghagabiayisangupuangkahoynagawasanarraoipil.Angorihinalnaanyonitoay
tinatawagnaginulguldingnaangibigsabihinay"kagayangkambing",sapagkatsa
dalawangdulongupuanaymayroongnakaukitnaanimo'yulongkambing.Sa
kasalukuyananghagabiaymayiba'tibananganyoangisangdulonitonatinatawagna
ngiwiaykagayanangulongisanghayopnamaymahabangilongatdalawang
malalakingtainga.

ESSAY

Anessayisashortpieceofwritingthatdiscusses,describesoranalyzesonetopic.Itcandiscussasubjectdirectly
or indirectly, seriously or humorously. It can describe personal opinions, or just report information. An essay can
be written from any perspective, but essays are most commonly written in the first person (I), or third person
(subjectsthatcanbesubstitutedwiththehe,she,it,ortheypronouns).

Therearemanydifferentkindsofessays.Thefollowingareasomeofthemostcommonones:

Descriptive Cause/Effect Argumentative

Definition Narrative Critical
Compare/Contrast Process

DESCRIPTIVE

Examples:Adescriptiveessaycoulddescribe...

*atreeinmybackyard;
*avisittothechildren'swardofahospital;
*ahotfudgesundae;
*whatanathletedidinordertomakeittotheOlympics.

The descriptive essay provides details about how something

looks,feels,tastes,smells,makesonefeel,orsounds.Itcanalso
describewhatsomethingis,orhowsomethinghappened.These
essaysgenerallyusealotofsensorydetails.Theessaycouldbea
listlike description that provides point by point details. Or, it
could function as a story, keeping the reader interested in the
plotandthemeoftheeventdescribed.

DEFINITION

Examples:Adefinitionessaymaytryanddefine...

*themeaningofanabstractconcept,likelove;
*thetruemeaningandimportanceofhonesty;
*howthemeaningoffamilygoesdeeperthanjustyourblood
relatives.

Adefinitionessayattemptstodefineaspecificterm.Itcouldtry
topindownthemeaningofaspecificword,ordefineanabstract
TYPES OF ROCKS
Geologists classify rocks in three groups, according to the major Earth
processes that formed them. The three rock groups are igneous,
sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks. Anyone who wishes to collect
rocks should become familiar with the characteristics of these three rock
groups. Knowing how a geologist classifies rocks is important if you want to
transform a random group of rock specimens into a true collection.
IGNEOUS ROCKS
Igneous rocks are
formed from melted
rock that has cooled
and solidified. When
rocks are buried deep
within the Earth, they
melt because of the
high pressure and
temperature; the molten
rock (called magma)
can then flow upward or
even be erupted from a
volcano onto the Earth's
surface. When magma
cools slowly, usually at
depths of thousands of
feet, crystals grow from
the molten liquid, and a
coarse-grained rock
forms. When magma
cools rapidly, usually at
or near the Earth's
surface, the crystals are
extremely small, and a fine-grained rock results. A wide variety of rocks are
formed by different cooling rates and different chemical compositions of the
original magma. Obsidian (volcanic glass), granite, basalt, and andesite
porphyry are four of the many types of igneous rock.

WEATHERING
Weatheringingeneralreferstoagroupofprocessesbywhichsurfacerockdisintegratesinto
smallerparticlesordissolveintowaterduetotheimpactoftheatmosphereandhydrosphere.
Theweatheringprocessesoftenareslow(hundredtothousandsofyears).Theamountoftime
thatrocksandmineralshavebeenexposedattheearth'ssurfacewillinfluencethedegreeto
whichtheyhaveweathered.
Weatheringprocessesaredividedintothreecategories:
PhysicalWeathering
ChemicalWeathering
BiologicalWeathering
PHYSICALWEATHERING:

Primarymineralsandrocksaresplittedinfragmentsduetophysicalweathering.Thisleadsto
environmentalconditions(e.g.ahighersurfacearea)thatfavorchemicalweathering.Thereare
severalformsofphysicalweathering:
Abrasion:Watercarryingsuspendedrockfragmentshasascouringactiononsurfaces.
Examplesarethegrindingactionofglaciers,gravel,pebblesandbouldersmovedalongand
constantlyabradedbyfastflowingstreams.Particlescarriedbywindalsohavea'sandblasting
effect'.
Wettinganddrying:Waterpenetratesintorocksandreactswiththeirconstituentminerals.
WEDDINGDANCE
ByAmadorDaguio

Awiyao reached for the upper horizontal log which served as the edge of the headhigh
threshold. Clinging to the log, he lifted himself with one bound that carried him across to the
narrowdoor.Heslidbackthecover,steppedinside,thenpushedthecoverbackinplace.After
somemomentsduringwhichheseemedtowait,hetalkedtothelisteningdarkness.

Imsorrythishadtobedone.Iamreallysorry.Butneitherofuscanhelpit.

Thesoundofthegangsasbeatthroughthewallsofthedarkhouselikemuffledroarsoffalling
waters. The woman who had moved with a start when the sliding door opened had been
hearingthegangsasforshedidnotknowhowlong.Therewasasuddenrushoffireinher.She
gavenosignthatsheheardAwiyao,butcontinuedtositunmovinginthedarkness.

But Awiyao knew that she heard him and his heart pitied her. He crawled on all fours to the
middle of the room; he knew exactly where the stove was. With bare fingers he stirred the
covered smoldering embers, and blew into the stove. When the coals began to glow, Awiyao
putpiecesofpineonthem,thenfullroundlogsashisarms.Theroombrightened.

Why dont you go out, he said, and join the dancing women? He felt a pang inside him,
becausewhathesaidwasreallynottherightthingtosayandbecausethewomandidnotstir.
You should join the dancers, he said, as ifas if nothing had happened. He looked at the
woman huddled in a corner of the room, leaning against the wall. The stove fire played with