dj I mx cwqvRvZKiY chyw

iPbvq - Wt gvt Qvjn Avng`

dj I mx cwqvRvZKiY chyw
1.

dj I mx msiY I cwqvRvZKiY chyw mg~n

1.1
fwgKv
1.2
dj I mx msiY I cwqvRvZKiY cqvRbxqZv Ges mvebv

2.

wPwb I GwmW mshvRb Ki msiY

2.1
Rjx
2.2
cqvivi Rjx

3.

AvPvi, PvUbx Ges mm ZwiKi msiY

3.1

AvPvi

3.2

PvUbx
3.2.1 Avgi wgw PvUbx
3.2.2 eiB-ZuZzji UKwgw PvUbx

3.1.1 Avgi AvPvi

3.1.2 ebi UKwgw AvPvi
3.1.3 imybi AvPvi
3.1.4 eiB Gi wgw AvPvi

3.3
3.4
3.5

3.2.3 KuvPv Avg ev AvjyevLivi Svj-wgw PvUbx Zixi cwZ

KPvc ev mm& Zwi Ki Zwi Ki msiY
3.3.1 UgUv KPvc
Rym A_ev vqvk Zwi Ki dji im msiY
3.4.1 Avgi Rym
2.4.2 Avgi bK&Uvi
wPwbi wmiv A_ev jeYi `eY msiY
3.5.1 wPwbi wmivq dj msiY
3.5.2 jeYi `eY meyR dj msiY

4.

wPc&m Zwi Ki msiY

4.1
Kjvi wPc&m
4.2
Avjyi wPc&m
4.3
Avjyi d dvB

Avg, KuvVvj I Avbvimi wgk m

5.1
Avgi g Zix KiY cwZ
5.2
Avg I Avbvimi wgk m cwqvRvZKiY
5.3
Avg I KuvVvji wgk m cwqvRvZKiY

6.

mewR _K Rvg, Rwj I gvgvjW Zixi cwZ

6.1
KuvPv Avg I Xuvom _K wgw Rvg Zix

7.

kvK-mewR Kbv Ki msiY

7.1
euvavKwc Kbv Ki msiY cwZ

7.2
8.
8.1

Av`v KiY cwZ

f~Uvi LB
Zj fR f~Uvi LB cZ KiY

9.

Mnchvqi cwqvRvZKiY ^vwewa cvjb

10.

cwqvRvZ cbi wnmve wbKvk I Drcv`bi nvi wbvib

10.1

UgUv KPvc Gi eemv

10.2

Kjvi wPcm& Gi eemv

1.
1.1

dj I mx msiY I cwqvRvZKiY chyw mg~n

fwgKv

evsjv`k ermi cvq 1.49 wgwjqb gwUK Ub dj I 2.83 wgwjqb gwUK Ub mx

Drcvw`Z nq hv cqvRbi Zzjbvq h_ bq| GLvb ermii me gvm ev FZzZ
cqvRbxq cwigvY dj I mx Drcb nqbv| AwaKvsk dj I mx Drcv`b Mx I
kxZKvj mxgve| dj I mx cPbkxj `e; dj dmj Zvjvi ci Awej^ Gjv
evRviRvZ KiY AvekK nq co| evsjv`ki me RvqMvq A wei Drcvw`Z njI
AwaKvsk dj I mxi Drcv`bi GK eo Ask KwZcq GjvKvq mxgve| cqvRbxq
hvMvhvM eevi AcZzjZvi Rb gImyg cPzi dj I mx b nq hv cvq 20 - 40%,
evsjv`ki c GB AcPq wKQyZB MnYhvM bq|
dj I kvK mxi mnRvZ cPYkxjZv, Drcv`b KwZcq GjvKvq K`xfZ nIqv Ges
hvMvhvM eevi AcZzjZv Rb gImyg Drcv`b GjvKvq dj I mx `vg AbK Kg
hvq| dj KlKiv wZM nq _vK| gImyg Drcv`b GjvKv _K eenvii
GjvKvq wewfb dj I mxi `vg cvq 50% nZ 400% ekx nq _vK| gyj gImygi
Zzjbvq Abvb mgqi `vgi Abyic cv_K cwijwZ nq| `vgi GB weivU ZviZg
Drcv`b I eenviKvix Dfqi cB wZKi| hvMvhvM eevi DbwZ Ges msiY
I cwqvRvZKiYi gvag dj I mxi `vg wZvev Avbqb Ges GjvKv I FZz
wbwekl G`i mieivn ew Kiv me ne| dj Drcv`b I eenviKvix DfqB
DcKZ neb Ges RvZxq A_bxwZi Bnv BwZevPK fwgKv ivLe| cwqvRvZ dj
I mx ivbx Ki cPzi e`wkK gy`v ARb KivI me ne| evsjv`k Pvwn`vi
Zzjbvq dj I mx mieivni NvUwZi cwZ G`i cwqvRvZ KiYi mvebv
mvgvb gb nZ cvi wK dj I mxi gImygx ^fve, gImygi mswZv, wekl
GjvKvq Drcv`bi mxgveZv, hvMvhvM eevi AcZzjZv I `vgi elg weePbv
Ki cwqvRvZKiY I msiYi h_ mvebv I myhvM iqQ|
1.2

dj I mx msiY I cwqvRvZKiY cqvRbxqZv Ges mvebv

h_ cqvRbxqZv Ges mvebv _vKv mI evsjv`k dj I mx msiY wk

Avkvbyic fve Mo DVwb| Gi Rb `vqx KviYjvK cavbZt `yBfvM fvM Kiv
hvq|
AwZwi Drcv`b LiP I cwqvRvZ mvgMxi AwMg~j Ges
cwqvRvZ mvgMxi AwbwZ gvb|

Drcv`b GjvKv _K cwqvRvZ KiY dvwii `~iZ, hvMvhvM eevi AwbqZv I

AcZzjZv; cvwKs mvgMx, ivmvqwbK `evw` I AZvekKxq mvgMxi AwMg~j I
`yvcZv Ges cqvRbxq KuvPvgvj mieivni AwbqZv cwqvRvZ mvgMxi Drcv`b
LiP ew Kivi Rb cavbZt `vqx| ZvB ivbxhvM mvgMxi ejvZ dj I mx
msiY wkK wbwjwLZ myhvM myweav `qv cqvRb|
(K)
(L)
(M)

AZvekKxq Dcv`vb hgb cvwKs mvgMx I ivmvqwbK `evw`

Avg`vbx/mieivni Dci Avg`vbx I AveMvwi nvm/iwnZKiY|
dj I mx cwienb Ges msiY wekl myweav c`vb I cwienb eq nvm Ges
mnR wKwZ FY`vb|

Drcv`bi cwigvY, evwYwRK wfwZ Drcv`b I cwqvRvZ KiYi myweavi K_v

weePbv Ki evsjv`k dji ga Avbvim, Avg, KuvVvj, jey I cqviv Ges mxi
ga Avjy UgUv, gUiUx, dyjKwc, evuavKwc, MvRi, Kijv, kvjMg I Xuok msiY
I cwqvRvZ KiYi mvebv iqQ| Dciv cZKwU dj ev mx _K GKvwaK
mvgMx Zix Kiv hvq hv cZKK GKwaK Dcvq msiY Kiv hvq| dj I mx
msiYi Rb evsjv`ki DchvMx cwZ Dveb I Abymib KiZ ne| Lv`
msiYi Rb wewfb cwZ jvi ga Kvwbs, wWnvBWkvb, wdwRs I iwWqkvb
wcmvifkvb AbZg| evsjv`k Kvwbs Gi Rb wUb cvi I DbZgvbi evZji
Zxe Afve iqQ| Gme mvgMxi mnRjfZv wbwZ Kivi eve c`c Riix wfwZ
bqv cqvRb| GQvovI Rvg, Rjx I PvUwb Zwii gvag e cavb I Acavb dj I
mxi msiY Kiv hZ cvi| eZgvb evsjv`k wewfb cwZvbi Zwi GKB dj ev
mxRvZ mvgMxi gvbi ga ZviZg we`gvb| dj GB mg mvgMx mK Rbgb
GKUv mvaviY Abvvi fve weivR KiQ| myz ijUwi vvW cYqb I cqvMi
gvag cwqvRvZ dj I mxi gvb Dbqb me| G miKvi I RbmvaviY
DfqiB mwq mnhvwMZv I gvbweK g~jeva G RvZxq wk weKvki Rb Acwinvh|
GZ Ki `k I we`k Avgv`i mvgMxi Pvwn`v evoe| ZvQvov cwqvRvZ KiYi
Rb cwiKwZfve dj I mx Drcv`b I mieivni eev Drcvw`Z mvgMxi gvb
Dbqb mnvqK ne| cwqvRvZKiYi gvag msiYi dj I mxi AvKwZ,
cKwZ, Aeqe I cvwicvwkK Aevi cwieZb NUvbv nq| GZ Ki YMZ gvbi
Zgb Kvb cwieZb NUbv| ZvB AvKwZ I cKwZMZ cwieZb NwUq fZ I
ivmvqwbK cwZ cqvMi gvag evsjv`k mx I dj msiY iZ LyeB ekx|
evsjv`k Kwl MelYv BbwwUDU (BARI) KZK DvweZ dj I mx cwqvRvZKiY
I msiY chyw mg~n eenvi Ki dmj Pvli Avq I Kgmsvb evovbv me| ^
eq I ^ cwimi Gme chyw eenvii gvag cvwievwiK Avq ew Kiv me|
2.

wPwb I GwmW mshvRb Ki msiY

5

wPwb I GwmW mshvRb Ki Rjx, Rvg, gviev I Kvw Zwi Ki wewfb aibi dj
I mewR msiY Kiv nq| cZKZ Gme Lv` LyeB gyLivPK I cywKi| iwU,
cvDiwU BZvw` Zyj RvZxq Lv` `ei msM Gme cwqvRvZ Lv` wgkY Lvevii
^v` AviI ew cvq Ges gyLivPK nq| cwqvRvZKZ GBme Lv`K ek myMhy I
`kbxq Kivi Rb AbK iKg Lv`-iO I Gm wgwkZ Kiv nh| wK iO I Gmi
Kvb Lv` g~j bB| myZivs dj I mewR _K cZ Rvg, Rjx, gviev I KvwZ
^vfvweK dji im _vKv evbxq| Kvb Kwg `e eenvi bv KivB fvjv| Ze wKQy
wKQy dj ev mewRi M wekl Gm wgwkq XK `Iqv nq; hgb-wgw Kzgov ev
jvDqi Rvg KIov Gm, cuc I MvRii Rvg ivR Gm wgwkq cZ Lv`K
KIov ev Mvjvcx myMx Kiv nq|
2.1

Rjx

Rjx Zwi Kivi mgq dji im eenvi Kiv nq| wgwn Pvjbx ev Kvcoi mvnvh
dji kvumK QuK bqv nh ej dji Avuk ev` co hvq| GRb cZ Rjx ek
cwivi I AbKUv ^Q `Lvq| dj I mewRZ AewZ cKwUb wPwbi DcwwZZ im
A_ev cvK RgvU evuaZ mvnvh Ki| h mg dj cvwUbi cwigvY ekx hgbcqviv mjvZ cKwUb hvM Kivi cqvRb nq bv| mvaviYZ cqviv, Avg, Avbvim,
Avcj, cuc, wgw ej, UgUv, BZvw` _K Rjx Zwi Kiv nq|
2.1.1 cqvivi Rjx
DcKiYmg~n
cqvivi im
wPwb
mvBwUK GwmW
cUvwkqvg gvUvevBmvjdvBU (KGgGm)

1 KwR
650 Mvg
7 Mvg
200 wgwjMvg

cqvRbxq hcvwZ I `evw`- nv widvvwgUvi, evj, mmcb, Qywi A_ev ewU,

evZj, PvgP, cvZjv Kvco, BZvw`|
cZ cYvjx
im wbvkb
cwicy A_P KvuPv cqviv cwivi cvwbZ ayq UzKiv UzKiv Ki KU
mgcwigvY cvwbZ wb Kib|
6

 wm Kivi mgq KvVi nvZj w`q UzKivjvK fvjvfve bvovPvov w`b hvZ
GjvZ AvVvjv fve mw nq| cqviv mvaviYZ 30-35 wgwbU wm KijB
wbtmZ im Rjx Zwii DchvMx nq|
cvZjv Kvco w`q QuK im Avjv`v Ki wbb | G imi mv_B ei nq Avm
cKwUb I GwmW| wbtmZ cKwUb I GwmW Rjx ZwiZ mvnvh Ki| im hZB
^Q ne Rjx ZZB Dj ne| Gfve Rjx Zwii Rb im Zwi nq Mj|
Rjx ZwiKiY
DcKiYi cwigvY Abyhvqx im, wPwb, mvBwUK GwmW Avjv`v Ki IRb wbb|
Gevi imi mv_ wPwb wgwkq Rvj w`b| ivbv PjvKvjxb mgq AbeiZ bvovPvov
KiZ ne| wgkYwU gvUvgywU MvX nq Avmj widvvwgUvi w`q Nb Nb MvXZ
cixv Kib Ges 580 we (wUGGm 580 ) Avmv ch ivbv Kib| AZtci
mvBwUK GwmW hvM Ki wgkYwU 650 we Avmv ch ivbv Kib
widvvwgUvi Gi AbycwwZZ wkwUs cixvi gvag Rjx nq hvIqvi Pzov
Aev wbYq Kiv me| kxwUs cwZZ PvgP wgkYi ga Wyevbv nq Ges Vvv
Ki PvgP eq wgkYwUK coZ `qv nq| hw` GUv GK ave bv co kxUi
AvKvi coZ _vK Zvnj eySZ ne Rjx nq MQ|
wUGmGm 650 we nq ev wkwUs cixvq Rjx cZ nIqvi KvQvKvwQ eySv
Mj wbavwiZ cwigvY KGgGm mvgvb cvwbZ wjq wgkYi mv_ hvM Ki
660 we Avmv ch ivbv Kib|
Pzjv _K cvwU bvwgq Rjx RxevYygy evZj fi fvjvfve wQuwc GuU
Kbv I Vvv RvqMvq ^vfvweK Zvcgvvq msiY Kib|

evZj RxevYygyKiY
Rjxi evZjjvK mmcb cvwb wbq ZvZ 15-20 wgwbU dzUvj RxevYygy nq
hvq| Rjx Zwi nq Mj evZjjvK cv _K DwVq cvwb wbswoq Rjx fiv
Dg|
* widvvwgUvi hi mvnvh im A_iv wmivc `eYxq KwVb c`v_i (wUGmGm)
cwigvY wbYq Kiv nq| hv wWMx we wnme `Lvbv nq|

3.

AvPvi, PvUbx Ges mm ZwiKi msiY

3.1 AvPvi
iKgvwi gkjv gkvbv dj ev mewRK LvIqvi Zj ev webMvii Wyeuvbv Aevq
cZ Lv`K AvPvi ejv nq| AvPvi cvq Kbv Kiv dj ev mewRi msM mwilvi
Zj Ges wfbMvi wgwkq msiY Kiv nq| G cwZZ dj ev mewRi Rjxqvsk ek
Kg wMq (12% ev Kg ) Zj ev webMvi mc nq DVj G`i msiY gZv
eo hvq A_vr cPb mwKvix RxevYyjvi Kvhg e nq hvq| AvPvi ZwiZ gkjv
wnme mwilv, Av`v, imyb, njy`, gwiP, guw_, KvjwRiv, BZvw` eenvi Kiv nq| GQvov
UKwgw Kivi Rb wPwb Ges AvmwUK GwmW A_ev webMvi eenvi Kiv nq| Zyj
RvZxq Lv` hgb-fvZ, iwU, jywP, civUv, BZvw`i msM A cwigvY AvPvi wgkY
Lv`K ek gyLivPK Ki Zvj| AvPvi eeZ mwilvi Zj I GwmW wcRvifwUf
wnme KvR Ki| mvaviYZ KuvPv Avg, Avgov, RjcvB, PvjZv, MvRi, imyb, dzjKwc,
euvavKwc, eb, mvZKov, BZvw` _K AvPvi Zwi Kiv nq|
3.1.1 Avgi AvPvi
DcKiYmg~n
KuvPv Avg
imyb
Kbv gwiPi uov
mwilvi uov
njy`i uov
Av`v
gw_i uov
wRivi uov
wPwb
jeY
mwilvi Zj
AvwmwUK GwmW (Mvwmqvj)

1 KwR
30 Mvg
20 Mvg
20 Mvg
10 Mvg
60 Mvg
5 Mvg
2.50 Mvg
100 Mvg
40 Mvg
400 wg. wj.
15 wg. wj.

cqvRbxq hcvwZ I `evw` - evj, mmcb, RvSiv, ewU, Qywi, evZj, PvgP
BZvw`|

cZ cYvjx
wUgy KuwU Avg cwivi cvwbZ ayq wbb|

 Avg Lvmv mn j^v Ki 4 UzKiv Kib Ges exwU dj UzKivjv 2% jeY

cvwbZ Wyweq ivLyb|
UzKiv jv _K cvwb Swiq wbq wbb|
Av`v I imyb Lvmv Qvwoq 100 wmwm 1% AvwmwUK GwmW wgwkq evi gwkb
e Ki ZvZ njy` I gwiPi uov fvjfve wgwkq wbb|
GKwU KovBq meUzKz mwilvi Zj wbq ZvZ Avgi UzKivjv fvjfve fR
SvSiv PvgP w`q DwVq Avjv`v cv ivLyb|
Gevi KovBqi cwiZv Zj Av`v, imyb, njy` I gwiPi c KovBqi
fvjfve Kwlq wbb|
AZtci ^ fvRv Avgi UzKiv, jeY, wPwb, mwilvi uov, wRivi uov, gw_i
uov GK GK Ki KovBq Xvjyb Ges fvjfve wgwjq mvgvb Rvj w`b|
Aewk AvvmwUK GwmW wgkYi mv_ hvM Kib Ges fAjfve Rvj w`Z
_vKzb|
wgkYwU Nb nq Gj Rvj e Kib Ges Mig Aevq ZwiKZ AvPvi RxevYygy
evZj fi wQuwc GuU w`b| j ivLZ ne hb evZji AvPvii Dci
Zji cjc _vK|
AvPvii evZjjv Kbv I cwivi RvqMvq ^vfvweK Zvcgvvq Zwi AvPvi
msiY Kib|

3. 1.2 ebi UKwgw AvPvi

DcKiYmg~n
eb
imyb
Av`v
KvuPv gwiP
Kbv gwiPi uov
njy`i uov
mwilvi uov
gw_i uov
wRivi uov
jeY
wPwb
mwilvi Zj

1 KwR
30 Mvg
60 Mvg
30 Mvg
20 Mvg
10 Mvg
20 Mvg
5 Mvg
2.50 Mvg
40 Mvg
100 Mvg
400 wg.
wj.

wmiKv
AvwmwUK GwmW
(Mvwmqvj)

100 wg.
wj.
15 wg. wj.

cqvRbxq hcvwZ I `evw`- evj, mmcb, RvSiv, ewU, Qywi, evZj, PvgP
BZvw`|
cZ cYvjx
AvPvii Rb mi I j^v eb wbevPb Kib| ebi euvUv dj w`q cwivi
cvwbZ ayq wbb|
ebjv 5 m.wg. j^v UzKiv Kib Ges ci UzKivjv j^vjw^fve eU
`yB dvwj Ki wbb|
1 KwR cwigvY KvUv eb IRb Ki wbb|
DcKiYi cwigvY Abymvi Abvb `ei IRb wbq Avjv`v Ki ivLyb|
Av`v I imyb Lvmv Qvwoq 100 wmwm 1% AvwmwUK GwmW `eY mnhvM c
Zwi Kib Ges ZvZ njy` I gwiPi uov fvjfve wgwkq wbb|
KuvPv gwiPi euvUv Qvwoq wmiKvq wfwRq ivLyj|
GKwU KovBq meUzKz mwilvi Zj wbq ZvZ ebi UzKivjv fR wbb
Ges ci GKwU SvSiv PvgP w`q DwVq Avjv`v cv ivLyb|
AZtci Av`v, imyb, njy` I gwiPi c KovBqi cwiZv Zj fvjfve
Kwlq wbb|
Gevi Klvbv gkjvq fvRv ebi UzKiv, KuvPv gwiP, wPwb, mwilvi uov, wRivi
uov, gw_i uov GK GK hvM Kib Ges Rvj w`Z _vKzb|
kl jeY Ges evwK 14 wg.wj AvvmwUK GwmW hvM Kib Ges fAjfve
wgwkq w`b|
wgkYwU GKwU cyi NbZ Gj cvwU bvwgq ZwiKZ AvPvi RxevYygy evZj
fi wQuwc GuU w`b| j ivLZ ne hb AvPvii Dci Zji cjc _vK|
AvPvii evZjjv Kbv I cwivi RvqMvq ^vfvweK Zvcgvvq Zwi AvPvi
msiY Kib|

3.1.3 imybi AvPvi

10

DcKiYmg~n
imybi Lvmvgy Kvl
evUv imyb
wPwb
jeY
gw_i uov
Av`v
Kbv gwiPi uov
mwilvi uov
wRivi uov
njy`i uov
mwilvi Zj
AvwmwUK GwmW (Mvwmqvj)

1 KwR
30 Mvg
100 Mvg
50 Mvg
5 Mvg
60 Mvg
20 Mvg
20 Mvg
2.5 Mvg
10 Mvg
400 wg. wj.
6.25 wg. wj.

cqvRbxq hcvwZ I `evw`- evj, mmcb, RvSiv, ewU, Qywi, evZj, PvgP
BZvw`|
cZ cYvjx
wUwenxb eo AvKvii imyb wbb| Kvl Avjv`v Ki Lvmv Qvwoq cwivi
cvwbZ ayq wbb|
Abvb DcKiYjv cwigvYgZ IRb wbq Avjv`v Ki ivLyb|
Gevi Av`v I imyb 100 wmwm 1% AvwmwUK GwmWmn euU ev ews gwkb g
Zwi Kib Ges ZvZ njy` I gwiPi uov fvjfve wgwkq w`b|
GKwU KovBq meUzKz Zj wbq ZvZ imybi Kvljv mvgvb fR SuvSiv
PvgP w`q DwVq Avjv`v cv ivLyb|
AZtci mmcbi cwiZv Zj Av`v, imyb, njy` I gwiPi c fvjfve
Kwlq ^fvRv imybi Kvljv Xj w`b Ges Av Av Rvj w`Z _vKzb|
Gevi wPwb, jeY, mwilvi uov, wRivi uov, gw_i uov fvjfve wgwjq GKi
ci GK mmcb Xvjyb Ges Rvj w`Z _vKzb|
kl evwK 14 wg.wj AvvmwUK GwmW hvM Kib Ges fAjfve wgwkq Rvj
w`Z _vKzb|
Nb nq Gj Rvj e Kib Ges cvwU bvwgq ZwiKZ AvPvi Mig Aevq
RxevYygy evZj fi wQuwc GuU w`b| j ivLZ ne hb AvPvii Dci
Zji cjc _vK|
AvPvii evZjjv Kbv I cwivi RvqMvq ^vfvweK Zvcgvvq Zwi AvPvi
msiY Kib|

11

3.1.4 eiB Gi wgw AvPvi

DcKiY t
cvKv eiB
fvj AvLi o
jeY
wRiv
gw_
KvjwRiv
Kbv gwiPi
ov
mwilv ov
mvwWqvg
ebRvqU
wfbMvi

1.0 KwR
1.0 KwR
50 Mvg
5 Mvg
10 Mvg
10 Mvg
5 Mvg

10 Mvg
1 Mvg

1 Kvc

cZ cYvjx t
1| wUgy eiB wbb Ges cwivi cvwbZ ayBq wbb|
2| evUv Qvwoq `yw`b i` wKq wbb|
3| GK KwR o wZb Kvc Rj wgwkq im Zix Kib|
4| im dzUj eiB I jeY w`b| im dzwUq Nb KiZ ne|
5| cwiwgZ cwigvY wfbMvi w`q dzwUq wbb|
6| GKUz Mig Rj mvwWqvg ebRvqU j wgwkq w`b|
7| mg gkjv Kbv Lvjvq fR woq eiB Gi ga wgwkq w`b Ges
bo eiB- Gi Mv gvLv Kib|
8| mgUv Vvv ni mwilvi Zj Mig Ki Avevi Vvv Ki gkvb Ges
KuvPi ^Q evZj fi evZji gyL e Ki w`b|

12

3.2 PvUbx
mvaviYZ jeY I wPwb wgwkq PvUbx Zwi Kiv nq| wewfb gkjv wgwkq PvUbxi ^v` I
my` evovbv hvq| `xNw`b msiY Kivi Rb PvUbxZ mvwWqvg eRvqU (0.6%)
gkvbv nq| PvUbx A_ hv PU PU LZ nq; fvZ, iwU, jywP BZvw` Zyj RvZxq
Lv`i msM A cwigvY PvUbx wgwkq LZ fvj jvM| PvUbx Abvb Lv`K ek
my^v`y I gyLivPK Ki Zvj| eiB, ZuZzj, RjcvB, Avg, Avgov I PvjZv, BZvw`
_K PvUbx _K PvUbx Zwi Kiv nq|
3.2.1 Avgi wgw PvUbx
DcKiY t
Avgi vBR
wPwb
jeY
wcuqvR
imyb
Av`v
gwiPi ov
mwilv
GjvP
`viwPwb
gix
wRiv
wfbMvi

1.0 KwR
1.0 KwR
50 Mvg
60 Mvg
20 Mvg
25 Mvg
15 Mvg
5 Mvg
5 Mvg
10 Mvg
10 KwR
5Mvg
180 wm wm

cZ cYvjx
1| KuvPv A_P cwic Ges k Avg wbq Lvmv Qvwoq wbb|
2| AvwU Qvwoq QvU QvU vBR Kib|
3| Gevi vBRjvZ mvgvb cvwb hvM Kib Ges ci wPwb I jeY wQwUq
w`b|
4| cuqvR, imyb, Av`vi c Zix Kib| Abvb gkjvjv fvjfve wcwlq
wbb|
5| vBR mn KovBwU Gevi mvgvb Zvc Rvj w`Z _vKzb|
6| Av`v imybi cmn Abvb gkjv GKUv cvZjv Kvco nvjKv Ki ea
KovBZ Wyweq w`b|

13

7| Av Av bvoZ _vKzb Ges gkjvi cyUwjZ Pvc w`q im eo Ki

cvjci mv_ wgwkq w`b|
8| cvjc gj nq Avmj gkjvi cyUwjZ Pvc w`q im ei Ki KovB _K
mwoq djyb|
9| AZtci webMvi hvM Kib Ges Zvc w`b|
10| KvswLZ NbZ Gj RxevYygy evZj fi wQwc jvwMq w`b Ges cwivi
I Kbv RvqMvq msiY Kib|

3.2.2 eiB-ZuZzji UKwgw PvUbx

DcKiYmg~n
cvKv Kbv eiB
ZuZzj
wPwb
jeY
gw_i uov
KvjwRiv
Kbv gwiPi
uov
mwilvi uov
wRivi uov
jei uov
`viwPwbi uov
GjvPi uov
j gwiPi uov
Rvqdj
Rqx
mwilvi Zj
AvwmwUK GwmW
mvwWqvg
ebRvqU

1 KwR
250 Mvg
1.25 KwR
38 Mvg
5 Mvg
8 Mvg
6 Mvg
12 Mvg
2.5 Mvg
500 Mvg
1 Mvg
500 Mvg
1 Mvg
1 Mvg
500 wgwj Mvg
100 wg. wj.
6.25 wg. wj.
750 wgwj Mvg

14

cZ cYvjx
wUwenxb eiB cwivi cvwbZ ayq wbb Ges evUv Qvwoq cwigvYgZ cvwbZ
mvivivZ Wyweq ivLyb|
ciw`b cvwbZ ayq A cwigvY cvwb wgwkq eiBjv wm Kib|
big nq Avmj Pzjv _K bvwgq KvVi nvZj/nvZ w`q Pc cvjc ei
Kib|
cwigvb gZ ZuZzj fvjfve ayq mvgvb cvwb wgwkq wKQyY iL w`b|
Gevi euvk PvjbxZ ZuZzj wbq nvZ w`q Nl cvjc ei Kib|
AZci eiBqi I ZuZzji cvjc wgwkq Zvi mv_ wPwb hvM Kib Ges
fvjfve wgwkq Rvj w`Z _vKzb|
wgkYwU dzUZ i Kij c_g jeY Ges ci Abvb gkjv GK GK Ki hvM
Kib|
wgkYwU Nb nj ZvZ wbavwiZ cwigvY AvmwUK GwmW hvM Ki bvoZ
_vKzb|
Ab GKwU KovBq cwigvYgZ mwilvi Zj fvjfve dzwUq eiB-ZuZzji
wgkYi mv_ hvM Kib|
wgkYwU KvswLZ NbZ Gj (620 we) mvgvb Mig cvwbZ mvwWqvg ebRvqU
wjq PvUbxi mv_ hvM Kib Ges fvjfve wgwkq Pzjv _K bvwgq djyb|
RxevYygy evZj PvUbx fi fvjfve wQuwc jvwMq Kbv I cwivi RvqMvq
^vfvweK Zvcgvvq msiY Kib|

2.2.3 KuvPv Avg ev AvjyevLivi Svj-wgw PvUbx Zixi cwZ

6.25 _K 6.50 KwR KvuPv Avg _K 5 wKR kuvm cvIqv hve| G cy kuvmhy
Avg wbZ ne| Avgi Lvmv _K cvZjv Ki KU wbZ ne| kuvmjvZ mvgvb
jeb gL WKwPZ iL A cvwbZ wm Ki wbZ ne| KuvP ev Pxbv gvwUi cvw
A cvwb w`q Kbv AvjyevLivjvK 12 NUv wfwRq ivLZ ne| Zvici exRjv
Qvwoq kuvmK UzKiv Ki KU fRvbv cvwbZ iL wm Ki wbZ ne| GKwU
Gvjygywbqvgi KovBq 2.5 KwR cvwb wbq PzjxZ Zvc w`Z ne| cvwb GKUz Mig
nj o f wbq KovBq Xj nvZvi mvnvh bvovPvov Ki Nb im Zix Ki wbZ
ne; wQ`hy nvZvi mvnvh Mv` Zzj wbZ ne| KovB bvwgq wm Kiv Avgi kuvm ev
AvjyevLivi kuvm gkvZ ne| cybivq PzjxZ g`y Zvc dvUvZ ne| Gmgq wns I
cuvPduvob evwK iL Abvb me gmjv, wKmwgm I LRyi gkvZ ne| nvZvi mvnvh
Nb Nb bvovPvov KiZ ne| kuvm dzU GKUz Nb nq Gj jeb I weU jeb gkvZ

15

ne| im Nb nq AaKi wKQy wekx _vKZ cuvPduvob I wns fR ov Ki gkvZ

ne| mekl wfwbMvi wgwkq GKUz dzwUq KovB Pzjx _K bvgvZ ne|
Gevi mvgvb Mig cvwbZ mvwWqvg ebRqU j PvUbxZ Xj wgwkq w`Z ne|
D Aevq kvab Kiv cwivi evZj fwZ Ki k fve XvKbv GuU w`Z ne|
ekx w`bi Rb msiY KiZ nj msM msM cvwbMvni D cvwbZ PvUbx fiv
evZijv 30 wgwbU dzwUq wbZ ne|
3.2.3 KuvPv Avg ev AvjyevLivi Svj-wgw PvUbx Zixi cwZ
6.25 _K 6.50 KwR KvuPv Avg _K 5 wKR kuvm cvIqv hve| G cy kuvmhy
Avg wbZ ne| Avgi Lvmv _K cvZjv Ki KU wbZ ne| kuvmjvZ mvgvb
jeb gL WKwPZ iL A cvwbZ wm Ki wbZ ne| KuvP ev Pxbv gvwUi cvw
A cvwb w`q Kbv AvjyevLivjvK 12 NUv wfwRq ivLZ ne| Zvici exRjv
Qvwoq kuvmK UzKiv Ki KU fRvbv cvwbZ iL wm Ki wbZ ne| GKwU
Gvjygywbqvgi KovBq 2.5 KwR cvwb wbq PzjxZ Zvc w`Z ne| cvwb GKUz Mig
nj o f wbq KovBq Xj nvZvi mvnvh bvovPvov Ki Nb im Zix Ki wbZ
ne; wQ`hy nvZvi mvnvh Mv` Zzj wbZ ne| KovB bvwgq wm Kiv Avgi kuvm ev
AvjyevLivi kuvm gkvZ ne| cybivq PzjxZ g`y Zvc dvUvZ ne| Gmgq wns I
cuvPduvob evwK iL Abvb me gmjv, wKmwgm I LRyi gkvZ ne| nvZvi mvnvh
Nb Nb bvovPvov KiZ ne| kuvm dzU GKUz Nb nq Gj jeb I weU jeb gkvZ
ne| im Nb nq AaKi wKQy wekx _vKZ cuvPduvob I wns fR ov Ki gkvZ
ne| mekl wfwbMvi wgwkq GKUz dzwUq KovB Pzjx _K bvgvZ ne|
Gevi mvgvb Mig cvwbZ mvwWqvg ebRqU j PvUbxZ Xj wgwkq w`Z ne|
D Aevq kvab Kiv cwivi evZj fwZ Ki k fve XvKbv GuU w`Z ne|
ekx w`bi Rb msiY KiZ nj msM msM cvwbMvni D cvwbZ PvUbx fiv
evZijv 30 wgwbU dzwUq wbZ ne|
3.3 KPvc ev mm&
dj I mewRi Nb kuvmvjv im ev cvjci msM ekx gvvq wPwb, webMvi I gkjv
wgwkq h Lv` cZ Ki msiY Kiv nq mB Lv`K mm ev KPvc ej| KPvc
Zwii mgq dj ev mewRi cvjc eenvi Kiv nq| KPvc ev mm AvmwUK GwmW ev
wfbMvi wgwkZ _vKvq Gi msiY gZv evo| GQvovI wcRvifwUf wnme KPvc
ev mm mvwWqvg ebRvqU eenvi Kiv nq| GB Lv`jv ek gyLivPK| iwU,
cvDiwU, wN ev Zj fvRv Lv``ei msM A cwigvY mm ev KPvc wgwkq LZ

16

ek fvj jvM| mvaviYZ cvKv UgUv, cvKv ZuZzj, KuvPv Avg, BZvw` _K mm ev
KPvc Zwi Kiv nq|
3.3.1 UgUv KPvc
UgUv KPvc Rbwcq UgUv RvZ Lv`| ZK Ges exwPgy UgUv cvjcK Mvp Ki
GUv Zwi Kiv nq| GZ gkjv, jeb, wPwb, Av`v, cuqvR, imyb cfwZ DcKiY hvM
Kiv nq, hvZ KPvc Kgc 12% UgUv mwjW Ges 25% mgM ev UvUvj mwjW
_vK|
DcKiYmg~n
UgUv
cvjc
wPwb
jeY
cuqvR
imyb
je
`viwPwb

1 KwR

Mvj gwiP

200 wgwjMvg

60 Mvg
10 Mvg
15 Mvg
3 Mvg
500
wgwjMvg
500
wgwjMvg

GjvP
wRiv
Rx
gwiPi uov
GmwUK GwmW

200 wgwjMvg
200 wgwjMvg
500 wgwjMvg
220 wgwjMvg
5 wgwj

mvwWqvg
ebRvqU

400 wgwjMvg

cqvRbxq hcvwZ I `evw` - widvvwgUvi, evj, ewU, Qywi, evZj, PvgP BZvw`|
cZ cYvjx
gvag, cvKv I wUgy UgUv cwivi cvwbZ ayq KU UzKivUzKiv Kib|
UzKivjv GKwU mmcb wbq KvVi nvZv w`q wcl UgUv cvjc ei
Kib| AZtci UzKivjv ewiq Avmv imi ga iL 15-20 wgwbU wm
Kib| ZK I exwP hvZ Avjv`v nZ cvi GRb KvVi nvZv w`q fvjfve
bvob| GKwU m~ wQ`hy PvjybxZ cvjc wbq Pvc cqvM Ki Lvmv I exwP
Avjv`v Kib| GB cvjc KPvc ZwiZ eenvi KiZ ne|
UgUv cvjc Ges Abvb DciYjv gc wbb|
cuqvR I imyb KzuwP KzuwP Ki KU wbb| gwiP, wRiv, MvjgwiP, `viwPwb BZvw`
uov Ki wbb|
Gevi UgUv cvj&c I GK-ZZxqvsk wPwb GKwU KovBq wbq Rvj w`Z nvKzb|

17

 GKwU Kvcoi _wjZ Av`v-imyb mn Abvb gkjv cyUwj AvKvi eua cvj&ci
ga wbq Rvj w`Z _veyb|
Rvj `qv UgUv cvj&ci cwigvY GK-ZZxqvsk nj gkjvi _jwU fvjfve
Pc im ei Ki mwiq djyb| Aewk wPwb Ges jeY hvM Kib|
240 we ch ivbv Kivi ci AvwmwUK GwmW hvM Kib Ges mvwWqvg
ebRqU mvgvb cwigvb cvwbZ wjq cvj&ci mv_ wgwkq 250 we ch
ivbv Kib|
Pzjv _K bvwgq ZixKZ KPvc RxevYygy evZj fi wQuwc GuU w`q 5
wgwbU Dwq ivLyj|
evZji Mv cwiviKi ^vfvweK Zvcgvvq msiY Kib|
cyUjx Zwii cwieZ gkjvjv uov Ki GKwU KovBq mvgvb cwigvY cvwb wbq
ZvZ fvjfve wm Ki Kvco w`q QuK imjv mmi mv_ wgwkq `qv hZ cvi|
3.4

Rym A_ev vqvk Zwi Ki dji im msiY

wewfb cKvi dji im wbvkb Ki vqvk, bKUvi A_ev Rym wnme `xNw`b msiY
Kiv hvq|

vqvk

t dji imi mv_ wPwb, cvwb, mvBwUK GwmW I wcRvifwUf mshvRb

Ki vqvk Zwi Kiv hvq| vqk wPwbi cwigvY ekx _vK weavq
LvIqvi c~e cvwb wgwkq wbZ nq|

bK&Uvi/Rym t dji imi mv_ wPwb, cvwb, mvBwUK GwmW I wcRvifwUf wgwkq
bK&Uvi/Rym Zwi Ki `xNw`b msiY Kiv hvq| mvaviYZ bKUvi
wUGmGm-Gi cwigvY Rymi Pq ekx _vK| LvIqvi mgq bK&Uvi
A_ev Rym cvwb wgkvbvi cqvRb co bv|

3.4.1 Avgi Rym

DcKiYmg~n
Avgi im
mv`v wPwb
mvBwUK GwmW
cvwb
KGgGm

1 KwR
820 Mvg
16 Mvg
4.8 KwR
660 wgwj Mvg
18

cZ cYvjx
wUgy cvKv Avg cwivi cvwbZ ayq Lvmv Qvwoq wbb Ges nvZ w`q Pc
im wbswoq wbb|
gvUv PvjybxZ im QuK Avgi Avuk dj w`b Ges GKwU Avjv`v cv ivLyb|
wPwb, cvwb I mvBwU&K GwmW wgwkq wmivc cZ Ki 10 wgwbU dzwUq Vvv
Kib|
Avgi im wmivc Xvjyb Ges nvZv w`q bo wgwkq w`b| wmivc wgwkZ im
AveviI 5 wgwbU dzwUq wbb|
AZtci KGgGm wgwkq Mig Aevq RxevYygy KuvPi evZj fwZ Kib Ges
evZji wQuwc nvjKv Ki GuU w`b|
Gevi evZjjv cvwbZ 20 wgwbU dzwUq bqvi ci wQuwc GuU I Vvv
RvqMvq msiY Kib|
3.4.2 Avgi bK&Uvi
DcKiYmg~n
Avgi im
mv`v wPwb
mvBwUK GwmW
cvwb
KGgGm

1 KwR
400 Mvg
9 Mvg
2.5 KwR
500 wgwj Mvg

cqvRbxq hcvwZ I `evw` -evj, ewU, Qywi, mmcb, SvSiv, KuvPi evZj, PvgP
BZvw`|
cZ cYvjx wUgy cvKv Avg cwivi cvwbZ ayq Lvmv Qvwoq wbb Ges nvZ w`q Pc
im wbswoq wbb|
gvUv PvjybxZ im QuK Avgi Avuk dj w`b Ges GKwU Avjv`v cv ivLyb|
wPwb, cvwb I mvBwU&K GwmW wgwkq wmivc cZ Ki 10 wgwbU dzwUq Vvv
Kib|

19

 Avgi im wmivc Xvjyb Ges nvZv w`q bo wgwkq w`b| wmivc wgwkZ im
AveviI 10 wgwbU dzwUq wbb|
AZtci wgkYi mv_ KGgGm wgwkq wKQyY dzwUq wbb|
Gevi ZwiKZ bK&Uvi Mig Aevq RxevYygy KuvPi evZj 1 Bw Lvwj iL
fi djyb Ges evZji wQuwc nvjKv Ki GuU w`b|
bK&Uvii evZjjv cvwbZ 20 wgwbU dzwUq bqvi ci wQuwc GuU I Vvv
RvqMvq msiY Kib|
3.5

wPwbi wmiv A_ev jeYi `eY msiY

evmv evoxZ djg~j I kvK mewR AwZ mnRB KuvPi evZj msiY Kiv hvq|
mvaviYZ dj wPwbi wmivq Ges kvK-mewR jeYi `eY msiY Kiv nq|
3.5.1 wPwbi wmivq dj msiY
cvKv Avg, KuvVvj I Avbvim wbgewYZ cwZZ wPwbi wmivq `xNw`b msiY Kiv hvq|
DcKiYmg~n
dji UzKiv
wPwb
mvBwUK GwmW
cvwb
KGgGm

800 Mvg
538 Mvg
8 Mvg
1 KwR
500 wgwj Mvg

cqvRbxq hcvwZ I `evw` -evj, ewU, Qywi, mmcb, KvPi Rvi, xji wWm
BZvw`|
msiYi cwZ
djjv cwivi cvwbZ fvj Ki ayq ewU A_ev Qywi w`q Lvmv Qvwoq 2
m.wg. 2 m.wg. 2 m.wg. AvKvi UzKiv Kib|
cwigvb gZ wPwb wbq 350 we `eY Zwi Kib (538 Mvg wPwbi mv_ 1 KwR
cvwb wgkvj 350 we wPwbi `eY Zwi ne)|
cvZjv Kvco w`q wPwbi `eY QuK 10 wgwbU dzwUq RxevYygy Kib|
Gevi cwigvYgZ mvBwUK GwmW I KGgGm wPwbi `eY hvM Kib|

20

 dji UzKivjvK RxevYygy KuvPi evZj fi wPwbi `eY hvM Kib hvZ
dji Dci wPwbi `eYi AveiY _vK|
nvjKv Ki wQuwc GuU evZjjv dzU cvwbZ iL 15-20 wgwbU wm Kib|
evZjjv dzU cvwb _K mwiq D Aevq wQuwc GuU w`b Ges Dv Ki
Kib|
Vvv nq Avmj wQuwc I evZji mshvMj gvg Mwjq m~Y evqyivax
Kib|
evZjjv I Vvv RvqMvq ^vfvweK Zvcgvvq msiY Kib|
3.5.2 jeYi `eY meyR dj msiY
kZKiv 10 fvM jeYi 0.3% AvmUK GwmW I 0.05% KGgGm wgwkq KuvPv
Avg, Avgov I RjcvB 6-8gvm fvj Aevq msiY Kiv hvq Ges ci AvPvi I PvUbx
ZwiZ eenvi Kiv hvq|
DcKiYmg~n
meyR dj
jeY
AvmwUK GwmW
cvwb
KGgGm

800 Mvg
100 Mvg
6 wg. wj.
1 KwR
1 Mvg

cqvRbxq hcvwZ I `evw`- evj, ewU A_ev Qywi, mmcb, cvwKi Rvi/Wvg,
xji wWm BZvw`|
msiYi cwZ
- cwicy KuvPv dj cwivi cvwbZ ayq wbb|
- dji AvKvi Abyhvqx `yB ev Pvi UzKivq KU ev cyivUvB G cwZZ
msiY Kiv hvq|
- djjv evws (60-800 m.M. Zvcgvvq 2-3 wg.) Kib|Gici Vvv
cvwbZ 10 wgwbU Wyweq ivLyb|
- kZKiv 10 fvM jeYi `eY Zix Ki 10 wgwbU dzwUq wbb|
- Gevi IRb Kiv GwmW I KGgGm hvM Kib|

21

- cvwK Wvg/KbUBbvi fvjfve cwivi cvwbZ ayq Ges ci Mig

(800-900 m. Zvcgvvi cvwb)cvwbZ Lwjq (Rinse) RxevYyg
y
Kib|
- dj/ dji UzKiv cwivi Ges RxevYygy Wvg ev KbUBbvi iL
jeYi `eY hvM Kib|
- Gevi cvi gyL XvKbv jvwMq w`q mshvMvji Dci AvVvhy Uc
fvjfve jvwMq w`b hvZ cvwU m~Y evqyivax nq|
- cv jv cwivi RvqMvq ^vfvweK Zvcgvvq msiY Kib|
- eenvii c~e `eY msiwZ dj /dji UzKivjv cvwbZ ayq Mig
cvwbZ Wyweq 3 wgwbU nvjKvfve bvovPvov Ki wbZ ne|
4.

wPc&m Zwi Ki msiY

Kjv, Avjy I KPy BZvw`i wPc&m Zwi Ki `xNw`b msiY Kiv hvq|
4.1

Kjvi wPc&m

DcKiYmg~n - KuvP Kjv/ gni mvMi Kjv, jeyi im/mvBwUK GwmW, mqvweb Zj|
cqvRbxq hcvwZ I `evw` -evj, KvVi vBmvi, ewU A_ev Qywi, SvSiv evj,
SvSiv PvgP BZvw`|
cZ cYvjx
cwic KuvP Kjv/ gni mvMi Kjv wbb|
ewU A_ev Qywi w`q Lvmv Qvwoq wbb|
Lvmv gy Kjvjv 0.1 mvBwUK GwmWi `eY A_ev jueyi im (1wU jueyi 4
fvMi 1 fvM 1 KwR cvwbZ) wgwkZ cvwbZ Wyweq ivLyb|
AZtci vBmvi w`q KjvjvK 1.5-1.75 wg. wg. cyi Ki Mvj Mvj A_ev
j^vjw^ fve (5-6 m.wg. j^v) KU wbb| j^v vBmi Rb Kjvjv
gvSvgvwS Ask 2 fvM fvM Ki KvUZ ne|
Mvj/j^v dvwjjv AveviI GwmW/jueyi im wgwkZ cvwbZ 5 wgwbU Wyweq
ivLyb|
Gevi Mvj/j^v vBmjv GKwU SvSiv PvgP w`q DwVq euvki
Pvjbx/Gjywgwbqvgi PvjbxZ iL cvwb Swiq wbb|
cvwb Siviv kl nj Mvj vBm/ j^v vBmjv dzU mqvweb Zj/cvg
Iqj Wyweq fvjfve fR wbb|
22

 vBmi Mvq ivMvbv Zj kvlbi Rb fvRv vBmjv cwivi KvMR/wUmy

ccvii Dci wKQyY iL w`b|
Gevi vBmjvZ cwiwgY gZ jeY I gkjv wgwkq cwiekb Kib|
msiY KiZ PvBj cwjcvcvBwjb cvKU A_ev cvwKi eqg fi
fvjfve gyL e Ki msiY KiZ ne| msiY Kij jeY gkvbv hve
bv|
cwjcvcvBwjb gyL wmjvi w`q A_ev gvgi Avb ai e Ki w`Z ne
hvZ wfZi evZvm cek bv Ki| eqgi XvKbvi Pvwiw`K ^P Uc AvUwKq
e Kiv Dg|
4.2

Avjyi wPc&m

DcKiYmg~n - gvSvix aibi ivMgy Avjy, jeY, KGgGm

cqvRbxq hcvwZ I `evw` -mmcb, ewU A_ev Qywi, vBmvi, SvSiv PvgP, Pvjbx
BZvw`|
cZ cYvjx
Avjyjv fvj Ki ayq ewU A_ev Qywi w`q Lvmv Qvwoq wbb Ges 2% jeY
cvwbZ Wyweq ivLyb|
Gevi Avjyjv vBmvi w`q 1.5 wg.wg. gvc Mvj Ki KU AveviI jeY
cvwbZ Wyweq ivLyb|
vBmjv jeY cvwb _K DwVq Pj cvwbZ fvj Ki ayq wbb Ges Mig
cvwbZ (900m. Zvcgvvq) 3-4 wgwbwU evws Kib|
AZtci vBmjv Mig cvwb _K DwVq KGgGm wgwkZ (0.5Mvg/wjUvi)
Vvv cvwbZ 10 wgwbU Wyweq ivLyb| KGgGm Gi cwieZ 1% mvBwUK GwmW
eenvi Kiv hvq|
Gevi Avjyi vBmjv cvwb _K SvSiv PvgP w`q DwVq Gjywgwbqvg A_ev
euvki PvjybxZ Xj w`b|
cvwb Si Mj Avjyi vBmjv dzU mqvweb Zj/cvg Iqj Wyweq
fvjfve fR wbb|
Avjyi wPc&mjv Zjgy Kivi Rb cwivi KvMR/wUmy ccvii Dci wKQyY
iL w`b|
Gevi gwiPi uov, exU jeY BZvw` wgwkq cwiekb Kib|

23

 msiY KiZ PvBj cwjcvcvBwjb cvKU A_ev cvwKi eqg fi

fvjfve gyL e Ki ivLZ ne| eqgi XvKbvi Pvwiw`K ^P Uc AvUwKq
e Kiv Dg|
Avjyi wPc&m weq ivLvi cwZ
KGgGm wgwkZ cvwb _K vBmjv DwVq Ges cvwb Swiq gwkb A_ev
gkvixi bUi Dci iL i` fvjfve KvZ ne hvZ gPgP nq|
Gici vBmjv Vvv Ki cwjcvcvBwjb evM /cvwKi eqg fvjfve gyL
e Ki msiY Ki msiY KiZ ne|
4.3

Avjyi d dvB

cZ cYvjx
Lvmv Qvovbv Avjyjv 2.5 _K 3 Bw j^v Ki d dvB KvUvi A_ev ewU
w`q 1/2 Bw evm cwigvY wbq dvwj Kib I dvwjjv 2% jeY wgwkZ
cvwbZ ivLyb|
Avjyi dvwjjv jeY cvwb _K DwVq ayq wbb Ges Mig cvwbZ 3-4 wgwbU
evws Kib|
Gevi Avjyi dvwjjv KGgGm wgwkZ (0.5 Mvg/wjUvi) Vvv cvwbZ 10 wgwbU
Wyweq ivLyb|
GKwU SvSiv PvgP w`q dvwjjv DwVq cvwb wbswoq Mig mqvweb Zj
fvjfve fR wbb|
Zj kvlbi Rb dvwjjv RvMR A_ev wUmy ccvii Dci wKQyY iL
w`b|
d dvBjvZ jeY wQwUq UgUv KPvc jvwMq iwPKi Lvevi wnme LvIqv
hvq|
msiY KiZ nj Zjgy dvBjv cwjcvcvBwjb cvKU A_ev cjBKi
eqg fi g~L fvjfve e Ki `xNw`b msiY Kiv hvq|
5.

Avg, KuvVvj I Avbvimi wgk m

5.1

Avgi g Zix KiY cwZ

cvKv Avg cwivi cvwbZ ayBq Lvmv Qvovbv nh| Lvmvgy Avgjv Avjywgwbqvg
cvi Dci ivLv euvki Zix Pvjybxi Dci iL nvZ w`q Pvc w`q g ei Ki AuvwU
24

Avjv`v Kiv nq| Pvjybxi Dci c_KxKZ g nvZ Nmv nq dj im mn g Mvgjvq

msMnxZ nq Ges Avuk Pvjybxi Dci _K hvq| Mvgjvq msMnxZ g wgk m
ZixKiYi KvR eeZ nq|
5.2

Avg I Avbvimi wgk m cwqvRvZKiY

AvovBkZ Mvg Avgi g Ges AvovBkZ Mvg Avbvimi g wbb| fvj Ki wgkvb|
wgwkZ im 10 wgwbU dzwUq wbb| Zvici wgwkZ im nvjKv Ki ^ Zj gvLv
BbjR xji ev Avjywgwbqvgi _vji Dci ivKvi Qwoq w`b| _vjvwUi Dci
Qwoq `Iqv g Kvbvi h (55wWMx mt) Zvcgvvq Kvb| gi c_g i
Kvbv kl nj Zvi Dci Avi GKwU I w`q Avevi Kvb| GBfve g `Iqv I
Kvbv Pvwjq hvb Ges hLb 3-4 wgt wgt cyi nq Avm ZLb g cjc `Iqv e
Kib| ZixKZ wgk m Vvv Ki mjvdbi evM fi evMi gyL mxj Kib|
Zvici evMjv wUb iL w`b|
5.3

Avg I KuvVvji wgk m cwqvRvZKiY

AvovBkZ Mvg Avgi g Ges AvovBkZ Mvg KuvVvji g wbb| fvj Ki wgkvb| Avg
KuvVvji wgk m cwqvRvZKiYi evKx cwZ Avg I Avbvimi wgk m ZixKiYi
Dciv cwZi Abyic|
6.

mewR _K Rvg, Rwj I gvgvjW Zixi cwZ

Rvg, Rwj I gvgvjW Zixi ga mvaviYfve h_ mv`k AvQ| aygv cf` GB

h, Rvgi mewRi kuvmvjv Ask cZ Lv` _K hvq; Rwji mewRi
cwivi im ev Kv_ Lv` cZ MnY Kiv nq| Avi gvgvjW cZ Rvg ev Rwji
ga mB mewRi Lvmvi wKQy cwigvY KzwP gkvbv nq| KzwPjv Lv`i ga cjw^Z
Aevq _vK ej cvbxqi mv_ wgkY fvj `Lvq| Rvg, Rwj I gvgvjW cZ
cwZK wbgwjwLZ fve fvM Kiv hvq|
K) mewR avqv, KvUv I g Zix Kiv;
L) mewR _K cK&wUb wbvkb Kiv;
M) g I im dzUvbv I wPwb wgwkZ Kiv;
N) Lv` Zixi kl chvq A, s, Lvmvi KzwP I Gm gkvbv;
O) evZj ev Rvi fwZ Kiv, kxZj Kiv, gyL e Kiv I mxj Kiv|

K) mewR avqv, KvUv I g Zix Kiv t eix RvZxq mewRZ (UgUv, MvRi, Xuvom

cfwZ) h_ ayjv-evwj Rwoq _vK| GRb SzwoZ wbq mewRjv ayq Kvcoi
UzKiv w`q gyQ wbZ ne| ej, cuc, Kjv I jeyRvZxq mewRi Lvmv Zvjvi ci
25

QvU QvU UzKiv Ki KU WPwKZ A cvwbZ ivLZ ne| G mgq mewR wekl
exR, AvuwU, AvuwZ ev eyK hZUv me ev` w`Z ne| jeyRvZxq mewRi avmv Zvjvi
ci KvqvjvK `y UzKiv Ki KU djZ ne| cvwZ I KvMRx jeyi Lvmv Zvjvi
Amyweav nq; G Kvmv bv Zzj mewRjvK `y UzKiv Ki KU djZ ne|
gvgvjW Zixi mewR wekli Lvmvjv mi Ki KU KzwP ZixKiZ ne|
G mgq Lvmvi bxPi w`K mv`v Ask PuQ imi m wgwkq w`Z ne| KviY GZ
ekx cKwUb _vK| cwigvYgZ KyuwP wbq A cwigvY Lvevi mvWv wgwkZ cvwbZ wm
Ki wbZ ne| 2-3 evi cvwb cwieZb Ki wm KiZ ne| mywm KzuwP jv Nb
wPwbi im 5-7 wgwbU dzwUq wbq Zzj ivLZ ne Ges wKq wbZ ne|
mewR _K Rvg I Rwj cZi KuvPv cuc, big jvD, cvKv wgw Kzgov
cfwZi Lvmv fvjfve Zzj eo eo UzKiv Ki KU exR, AvuwZ cfwZ ev` w`q ayq
wbZ ne| MvRii `ni Lvmv fvjfve PuQ wbq k WvMv evM w`q QvU
QvU UzKiv Ki KU wbZ ne| UgUvi euvUv, ewZ cfwZ Zzj w`q 2-4 UzKiv
Ki KU WKwPZ ivLZ ne| Rvg ZixZ mewRi kuvmK wck bqvi cqvRb nq,
GK g ej| ej, cuc, UgUv cfwZ mewRi z-UvBc cvjcvi bvgK h
eenvi Kiv nq| GZ KvR `Z nq I kvum _K fvj g Zix nq| evoxZ nvZ Kzuowb
w`q MvUv mewR _K kuvm Kuo bqv nq| me aiYi KvUv mewRK A cvwbZ wm
Ki Zvci Mig Aevq QuvKwbZ Xj nvZvi Zjv w`q Nl Nl kvumvjv Ask ei
Ki bqv hvq| GZ Lvmv, exR cfwZ ev` coe| KuvPv cuc, MvRi, jvD, Kzgovi
UzKiv Kiv kvum wm Ki cvwb dj w`q WKwPZ iL Vvv nj fvjfve PUK
wbZ ne| KvUv UgUvK XvKv `qv Aevq wm Kivi ci QuK wbZ ne|
jeyRvZxq mewRi KvUv KvqvjvK WKwPZ iL mgcwigvY cvwb wgwkq
XvKv `qv Aevq PzjxZ Pwoq 15 wgwbU wm Ki Mig Aevq QuvKwbZ Xj im
ei Ki wbZ ne|

L) mewR _K cKwUb wbvkb Kiv t cvq me aiYi mewR _K Rvg Zix Kiv

hvq| cKwUbej mewRi kvumi mv_ Kg-cKwUb hy mewRi kuvm wgwkq (3t2
AbycvZ) wgKmW dzU Rvg cZ Kiv hvq| Avevi Kg-cKwUb hy mewRi kuvm
cKwUb wgwkq Rvg Zix Kiv hvq| wKy Rwj cZ cKwUb ej mewR eeZ
nq| G mewRi kvum _K cKwUb wbvkbi cqvRb nq| wgw ej, wgw Kzj,
KvMRx jey, wejvwZ, KigPv, UK Xuvom BZvw` AvavcvKv mewRZ h_ cKwUb _vK;
GB mewRjvK (jeyi KvqvjvK) QvU QvU UzKiv Ki KU mgcwigvb
cvwbZ fvjfve wm Ki wbZ ne| G mgq A cwigvY A wgkvj mewR kvum _K
mnR cKwUb gy Kiv hvq| hgb- 5 KwR mewRi m 5 KwR cvwb I 14 Mvg
mvBwUK GwmW wgwkq cvq 30 wgwbU XvKv `qv Aevq wm Ki wbZ ne| Zvici
GK UzKiv cwivi Kvcoi evM (Rwj evM) me Xj Mig AevZB ek Pvc

26

cqvM (KvVi Zix nv cmi mvnvh) mewRi big kvumvjv Aski im wbso wbZ
ne| G im h_ cKwUb _vK I im ek cwivi `Lvq|

M) g ev im dzUvbv I wPwb wgwkZ Kiv t Rvg, Rwj I gvgvjW Zixi im

dvUvbv Ges wPwb, mvBwUK GwmW, is, Gm BZvw` wgwkZ Kiv I mbi kl chvq
wbYq Kiv cvq GKB cKvi| cf` GB h, Rvg ixi mewRi g Ask eenvi
Kiv nq| Rwj ZixZ mewRi im eenvi Kiv nq| gvgvjW ixZ Rvg ev Rwj
cZi kl chvq mewRi Lvmvi KzwP gkvbv nq| Rvg Zixi cKwUbej
mewR _K Rvg ZixZ GKcKvi mewRi g cwigvYgZ Gvjywgwbqvgi KovBZ
wbZ ne| Kg cKwUbhy mewR _K Rvg ZixZ g cKwUb wgkYi cqvRb
nh| G wPwbi m cwigvYgZ cKwUb wgwkq Zv im Qwoq wgkvZ ne|
wgKmW dzU Rvg ZixZ cKwUbej mewRi gi m Kg cKwUbhy mewR g
wgwkq wbZ ne| AbK mgq cKwUb ej mewRi kvum KqK wgwbU wm Kivi ci
Kg cKwUbhy big kuvm mewRi w Qvovbv `vbv wgkvbv nq| Rwj ZixZ
cKwUbej mewRi kvumvjv im cwigvYgZ Gvjywgwbqvgi KovBZ wbZ ne|
Rymvvii mvnvh jey RvZxq mewRi im wbvkb Kiv nj cwigvYgZ im gc bqvi
ci ZvZ mgcwigvY cvwb gkvZ ne A_vr 5 KwR Rwj ZixZ 2.5 KwR jeyi
imi m 2.5 KwR cvwb gkvZ ne| jeyi imK bvBjbi QuvKwbZ QuK KovBq
wbZ ne|

N) Lv` Zixi kl chvq A, is, Lvmvi KzwP I Gm gkvbv t KovBK mgAvuP

PzjxZ PovZ ne Ges mewRi g ev imK Nb Nb nvZvi mvnvh bvoZ ne hb

ai bv hvq| g ev im GKUz D nj cwigvYgZ wPwb wgkvZ ne| hw` cK&wUb
wgkvbvi cqvRb nq Zv nj cwigvYgZ cK&wUb A cwigvY wPwbZ wgwkq Zv g ev
imi ga Qwoq w`Z ne, evKx wPwb ci gkvZ ne| Gmgq nvZvi mvnvh Nb Nb
bvoZ ne, hb wPwb g ev im ek wgk hvq| Lv` is gkvbvi cqvRb nj
Gmgq wbevwPZ Lv` is A cwigvY wgwkq wbZ ne| im dzUZ i Kij
ciwgvYgZ mvBwUK GwmW ov Ki dzU g ev imi ga Qwoq w`Z ne| Rwj
Zixi c~e h cwigvY mvBwUK GwmW cK&wUb wbvmbi Rb gkvbv nqwQj
evKx cwigvY mvBwUK GwmW Gmgq gkvZ ne| im Mvp nj dzU im wPwbi NbZ
68 kZvsk I Gi Zvcgvv 2210 dv. Gi KvQvKvwQ Avmj KovBwU Pzjx _K bvgvZ
ne| cixvi Rb GKwU mgZj cv Vvv cvwb iL ZvZ imi duvUv dj `LZ
ne Zv cv covgv Rg hvQ wK bv| hw` Mig im Vvvi msk Gm Rg hvq Zv
nj eySZ ne ivbv kl chvq Gm MQ| gvgvjW Zixi Gmgq jey RvZxq
mewRi wm Kiv KzwPjv cwigvYgZ wbq im Qwoq w`q nvZvi mvnvh wgwkq w`Z
ne| Rvg I Rwj msiYi ekx wej^ bv Ki Mig Aevq cwivi evZj
fwZ Ki ivLZ ne| gvgvjWi Nb im KzwP gkvbvi ci GKUz kxZj Ki
evZj fwZ Kiv `iKvi|
27

O) evZj ev Rvi fwZ Kiv, kxZj Kiv, gyL e Kiv I mxj Kiv
evZj cwivi Kiv
ivevii AvswU `qv I cuvPKvUv XvKbvhy PIov gyL wewk evZj ev fvj XvKbvhy
Rvi Rvg, Rjx msiYi DchvMx| G cvjvK mvevb ev mvWvwgwkZ Mig cvwbZ
fvjfve cwivi Ki cvwb So c_K cv Mig cvwbi ga AvswkK Wyweq ivLZ
ne|

evZj Zix Rvg, Rjx ev gvgvjW fwZ Kiv

D AevZB Zix Rvg, Rjx ev gvgvjW evZj ev Rvi fiZ ne| Zix Rvg ev
Rwj wji gM Xj Mig _vKZ _vKZ ev Rvii ga axi axi Xj Kvbvq Kvbvq
fi wbZ ne| gvgvjWi GKUz kxZj Ki cwZwU evZj fivi mgq GKUz
bo fwZ KiZ ne|

kxZj Kiv
G Aevq evZjjvK GKwU DuPz Uweji Dci Zzj ivLZ ne; gyL Lvjv Aevq
24 NUv ivLZ ne| G mgqi ga Rvg, Rwj I gvgvjW Rg hve|
gyL e Kiv
hw` Rvg, Rwj ev gvgvjWK `xNKvji Rb msiY Ki ivLZ nq Ze GKwU
wUbi cv gvg Mwjq cwZwU evZji Lvjv gyL Rvg, Rwj ev gvgvjWi Dci
GKwU Ki gvg Xj w`Z ne| AYi gaB gvg Rg hve| Zvici cuvP `qv
XvKbvjv cwZwU evZji gyL k Ki GuU w`Z ne|
mxj Kiv, jej jvMvbv I msiY Kiv
cZK KviLvbvq GK wekl aiYi mxj _vK; GB mxj eenvi Ki cYK bKj nvi
nvZ nZ iv Kiv hvq| mxj jfwjs viv Drcb `ei Dcv`vb, cZi mgq,
vwqZ, KviLvbvi bvg I Lv`i bvg cfwZ DjL _vK| eemvwqK Drcb cYi
mxj I jfwjs Kiv wekl cqvRb| evZjjvK I kxZj Nii ga msiY
KiZ ne|

28

6.1

KuvPv Avg I Xuvom _K wgw Rvg Zix

DcKiY t mewRi kvum 1 KwR, wPwb 1 KwR, Av`v 50 Mvg, Kbv gwiP 4-5 wU, gix

5 Mvg, MvjgwiP 5 Mvg, cKwUb 5 Mvg, wKmwgm 100 Mvg I cwigvYgZ jeb|

cZ cYvjx t Avg cvZjv Ki Lvmv Zzj kuvm KU AvwU ev` w`q wbZ ne| KigPv

`yUzKiv Ki KU exR Zzj wbZ ne| Gevi PzjxZ A cvwbZ wm Ki wbZ ne|
eo dvmi PvjywbZ Xj Nl Nl kuvm ei KiZ ne| cvq `o KwR mewR _K 1
KwR kuvm cvIqv hve| GKwU Gvjywgwbqvgi KovBq kuvmvjv im wbq PzjxZ PovZ
ne| Avgi A cKwUb wgkYi cqvRb ne| KigPv I Xuvom h_
cKwUb _vK| KvRB cKwUb gkvZ ne bv| im GKUz Mig nj wPwb gkvZ ne|
im dzUZ i Kij wKmwgm I Av`v evUv gkvZ ne| GB mgq mveavb nvZvi
mvnvh bvovPvov KiZ ne| im ek NYxf~Z nj Pzjx _K KovB bvgvZ ne|
Kbv gwiP, MvjgwiP I gixK Kbv Lvjvq fR wbq wgwn Ki woq wbZ
ne| GB gmjv nvZvi mvnvh im NuU w`Z ne| Mig Aevq kvabKiv PIovgyL
wkwkZ fwZ KiZ ne| cii w`b Mjvbv gvg gyL Xj mxj Ki XvKbv GuU
msiY KiZ ne|
7.

kvK-mewR Kbv Ki msiY

KqK cKvi dj I mewRK Pov iv` wewQq wKq wbq fwelZ KvR jvMvbvi
Rb msiY Ki mvLvi cPjb iqQ; dj I mewRZ imi cwigvY 12 kZvski Kg
ni Zvi msiY gZv eo hvq| KqK cKvi dj I mewRK GB cwZZ msiY
Kiv nq| gUiwU, mxg cfwZi `vbv (exR); AvgjKx, LRyi, evuPv Avg, ZuZzj,
dzjKwc, euvavKwc, weU, MvRi cfwZ mewR ek Kbv Aevq Ave cv iL
msiY Kiv hvq|
Ave cv Kbv `vbv I mewRK wKQyw`bi Rb fvj Aevq ivLZ nj cvi
XvKbv fvjfve ivLZ ne; wKQyZB Rjxq ev hvZ Lv``ei msk AvmZ
bv cvi m eev wbZ ne| Rjxq evi msk GjB Gme cvwb kvlY Ki I
big nq DV; cvwb kvwlZ Lv``e wewfb cKvi QvKNwUZ RxevYy ev KxUcZ viv
Avv nq hvq| KvRB Lv`fivU cvi XvKbv k fve GuU ivLZ ne| Kvb
cvi ga Kbv Lv` fi ivLvi mgq QvU GKwU cwjw_bi _wjZ GK UzKiv
Kvjwmqvg KvivBW ev cv_i Pzb iL w`j Kbv Lv` fvj _vKe| AbK mgq
msiwZ Lv``e wewfb cKvi vxUcZi Avgb `Lv hvq; KxUcZi Dc`e
cwZiva Kivi Rb mjdm UvejU eKnvi Kiv hvq| cwZ 50 KwR `vbv RvZxq
Lv``e msiYi Rb GKwU mjdm UvejU cqvRb| axi axi GB UvejU _K
dmwdb bvgK GK cKvi welv Mvm Drcb nq msiwZ Lv`K KxUcZi AvgY
29

_K iv Ki| cv ga AviKwU QvU _wjZ cUvwkqvg gUvevBmvjdvBW mvgvb

mvBwUK GwmW ev jeyi im wgwkq iL `qv nj Lv``e QvZv covi Avi fq _vK
bv| cwZ 10 KwR Lv``e msiYi Rb 6-7 Mvg cUvwkqvg gUvevBmvjdvBW
jvMe| Gi _K mvjdvi WvB AvBW Mvm Drcb nq Lv``eK iv Kie|
7.1

euvavKwc Kbv Ki msiY cwZ

evuavKwc Kbv Ki msiY Kivi cwZ I mveavbZv mK wbv ee ivLeb|

cwZ eQi gvN dvyb gvm Ggb GKwU mgq Avm h mgq evRvi evuavKwc cPzi `Lv
hvq; Gmgq evuavKwci evRig~j ek Kg hvq; PvlxivI fvjv g~j cvq bv| wK
evuavKwc Ggb GKwU mewR hvi cywgvb h_| wZxqt KzuPvbv MvRi, weU, gUiwU
BZvw`i mswgkY GB Lv`wU ek gyLivPK I cywKi| KlKi evoxZ mnR
evuavKwci KzPvbv cvZvK ek Kbv Aevq 5-6 gvm msiY Ki ivLv hvq|
cy evuavKwci Dcii meyR cvZvjv Qvwoq cvwbZ fvjv Ki ayq wbZ ne|
Zvici Gjv SzwoZ iL avivjv ewUi mvnvh big cvZvjv mi Ki KU wbZ
ne; ewUi Zjvq GKwU cwivi cwjw_b w`Z ne| 1 KwR KvPuv cvZv _K 200-250
Mvg Kbv cvZv Zix Kiv hvq; KvRB hZUv Kbv cvZv msiY Ki ivLv cqvRb
mgZ KvuPv cvZv KU wbZ ne| KvuPv cvZjvK iv` wewQq Kbv Kivi AvM
AvswkK fve fvwcq ev D cvwbZ wm Ki wbZ ne| GZ cvZvjv fvjvfve
Kve Ges ZvZ Kvb M _vKebv| h Kvb cKvi cwZZ GUv Kiv hvq|
1) KzuPvbv cvZvjvK wVK WyevbvigZ cwigvY cvwbi cv wbq cvwU PzjxZ
dzUvZ ne; cvwb dzUZ i Kij Pzjx _K cvwU bvwgq KzPvbv Kwc
cvZjv wgwbU LvbK Mig cvwbi ga Pzweq iL Zvici GKwU SzwoZ Xj
cvwb Swiq wbZ ne|
2) PzjxZ A cvwbmn GKwU cv PoZ ne; cvi gyL GKwU SywoZ Ki
cvZjv ivLZ ne| cv cvwb dvUvi mgq h ev wbMZ ne Zvi Zvc
cvZjv wm nZ _vKe; gvS gvS Szwo SvuwKq wbZ ne h Dcii
cvZvjv bxP Pj Avm Av bxPi wm cvZjv Dci DV| 5-7 wgwbU ci
Szwo bvwgq wbZ ne|
evuavKwci cvZvjv Vvv nj cwigvYgZ ov jeb I njy` gvwLq cwivi WvjvZ
wewQq ci ci 6-7 w`b ivw` KvZ ne| Kbv cvZvjv Vvv Ki XvKbv `qv
wUbi cv fi gyL k fve GuU ivLZ ne| h mgq evuavKwc ivbv Kivi cqvRb
ne m mgq Kbv cvZvK 3-4 NUv cwivi cvwbZ wfwRq ivLZ ne| dzjKwc,
weU, MvRi I QvU QvU UzKiv Ki KU fvwcq Zvici iv` Kbv Ki GKB fve

30

msiY Kiv hvq| Kbv Kiv weU, MvRi mviv eQi iKgvix Lv` cZ eenvi Kiv
hvq|

mveavbZv
1) Kejgv Aawm kvK-mewR fvjfve Kvbv hvq; Lye ekx hb wm bv nq
mw`K j ivLZ ne|
2) Kbv Kivi mgq hb ayjv-evwj bv jvM GRb cvZjv Kvco w`q XK ivLv
`iKvi|
7.2

Av`v KiY

cZ cYvjx - wUgy Av`v wbb| Lvmv Qvovb| 1-1.5 wgwjwgUvi cvZjv MvjvKvi
dvwj Kib| 2% jeY cvwbZ Wyweq ivLyb| Mig cvwbZ (90 wWMx mt) 2-3 wgwbU
evws Kib| cvwb wbsovb Ges 5% jeY wgwkq wKQyY cv ivLyb| Kvbvi h
55 wWMx mwUMW Zvcgvvq Kvb| Av`v mjvdbi cvKU fi evMi gyL
e Ki w`b| I Vvv RvqMvq ivLyb|
8.

f~Uvi LB

jvnvi KovBq evjy wbb| Zvc w`Z _vKzb| evjyi Zvcgvv hLb 140 wWMx mwUMW
_vK ZLb f~Uv evjyZ w`b| KovBqi f~Uv nvZv w`q AbeiZ bvoZ _vKzb| `yGKUv
f~Uv _K LB dvUv i njB nvZvIqvjv Mvgjv w`q dzU LB GKUz Avovj Ki
XK iL bvoZ _vKzb| f~Uv dvUv kl nj evjy mn LB wQ`hy Avjywgwbqvgi ev
ZviRvji Pvjywbi Dci Xj LB Avjv`v Ki wbb| LB Vvv Ki mjvdbi cvKU
fi cvKUi gyL e Ki w`b|
8.1

Zj fR f~Uvi LB cZ KiY

Avjywgwbqvgi KovBZ mwilvi Zj Xvjyb| `yBkZ Mvg f~Uvi Rb 30 GgGj Zj

w`b| Zji Zvcgvv hLb 140-160 wWMx mt nq Ges GKUz auvqv ei nq ZLb Mig
Zj f~Uv Ges ci mvgvb jeY wQwUq w`b| f~Uv AbeiZ bvoZ _vKzb| `yGKUv f~Uv
_K LB dvUv i njB nvZvIqvjv Mvgjv w`q dzU LB GKUz Avovj Ki XK
iL bvoZ _vKzb| f~Uv dvUv kl nj KovB _K wQ`hy nvZv w`q LB DwVq wbb
Ges Zj wbso Vvv Kib| Vvv LB mjvdbi cvKU fi cvKUi gyL e
Ki w`b|

31

9.

Mnchvqi cwqvRvZKiY ^vwewa cvjb

Mnchvqi cwqvRvZKiYi g~j j `ywU1. gmygx Drcv`b msiY Ki evowZ mgqi Rb cwievii Lv` I cyw
mieivn
2. msiwZ Lv``e weq Ki evowZ Avqi msvb| GQvovI gmygi
evowZ dmji msMnvi AcPq ivai gvag evRvi Lv`i mieivn
evovbv me nq|
dmj msMn ev c cvwL RevB Kivi mv_ mv_ Lv` cwqvRvZKiYi KvR i nq
Ges cwqvRvZ Lv` fY Kivi ga w`q GB cwqvi mgvw NU| dmji
cwigvbgZ I cywgvbMZ AcPq Kwgq AwaK cwigvb mwVK Ygvb mb Lv`i
mieivn evovbv Lv` cwqvRZKiYi GKwU cavb Dk|
Lv`I Z_v dj, mw I dmji cwieZb NU Rxevbyi Avgb
ivmvqwbK wewqvq
Lv`i Afi GbRvBgi viv
Rxevbyi viv Lv` hme cwieZb mvwaZ nq Zvi ga AvQ Lv` welwqvi mw
Lv`i cPb
msiY KvR wKQy DcKvix Rxevbyi eenvi
Lv` weli DcwwZ bvbv Kvib nZ cvi| hgb cvKwZK fve DcwZ welv c`v_| hgb-evavKwc, cvjskvK cfwZ mwZ
MqURb mcvwbb cfwZ welv c`v_|
ivmvqwbK welv c`v_ hv bvbvfve Drcvw`Z dmj mswgZ nZ cvi| hgbAvmwbK, cvi`, mxmv cfwZ|
Rxevby wbtmZ welv c`v_ Rxevby wbmtZ welv `e cavbZt `yB aibi nZ
cvi| hgbK) QvK wbmtZ wel| hgb-AvdjvUwb hv mvaviYZ ewk Av`Zv mb
MvjvRvZ fyv, wPbvev`vg, Wvj dmj cfwZ `vbv RvZxq dmj `Lv hvq|

32

Lv` welwqv
`y'iKgi evKUwiqvi Kvib GB welwqv mvwaZ nq hgb Kvb Kvb evKUwiqv Lv`i gvag gvbyli kixi cek Ki Ges esk ew
Ki msLv evovq Ges cwikl kixii Afi wel Drcb Ki hgbmvjgvbjv evKUwiqv| GB Rxevbyi Abycek D`ivgq RvZxq welwqv
QvovI UvBdqW, cvivUvBdqW cfwZ ivMi mw Ki|
AviK cKvi welwqv NU hLvb Rxevby KZK wel c_g Lv` Drcvw`Z nq
Ges GB welv Lv` LvIqvi dj gvbyli kixi welwqv NUvq| hgbeUzwjRg, vdvBjvKvm dzW cqRwbs cfwZ|
h me Drm _K Gme Rxevby Lv` mswgZ nq, mwji ga iqQcvwb, KvuPvgvj wnme eeZ dj, mw, cvKvgvKo, cwiaq e, kixii AbveZ
Ask, Pzj, hcvwZ| KvRB ^v KvRB ^v mZ cwiek I cwiQbZv cvjbi
gvag AekB Gme Drm _K Rxevby msgb e KiZ ne|
1| cvwbt
cvwb dvixZ eeZ nq
hcvwZ cwivi Kivi KvR
Lv` D Kivi KvR
msiY cvi kxZjxKiYi Rb
Kvb Kvb cwqvRvZ Lv`i Dcv`vb wnmve|
cwZwU B we cvwb eenvi KiZ nq Ges mRb eenvii AvM cvwb kvab
Ki wbZ nq| cvwb kvabi g~j KvR `ywU fvmgvb c`v_i `~ixKiY| KvRwU cvwb w_wZq Kiv nq Ges G KvRi Rb
UvsK RvZxq PevPv eeZ nq| GQvov wekl fve cZKZ wdviI
eeZ nq| GB `ywU cwZB Zzjbvg~jKfve GKUz axiMwZ mb | ZvB
kvaYKZ cvwb ai ivLvi Rb eo eo UvsKi msvb _vKv `iKvi hvZ
cqvRb njB cvwb cvIqv hvq|
Rxevby `~ixKiY cvwb kvabi GKwU iZcY~ | cvwb kvabi Rb h
wdvi eenvi Kiv nq Zv Rxevby AcmviYi RbI KvhKi nZ cvi| Ze
cvwbi Rxevby `gbi Rb h cwqv mePq KvhKi Ges mvRv Zv njv Kvwib
`eY (5-8 wcwcGg) cvwbZ gkvbv| cvwb hw` Lv`i Dcv`vb wnmve eenvi
33

Kiv nq Zvnj Kvwibi cwigvY Kwgq 0.5 wcwcGg gvv eenvi KiZ ne|
mieivnKZ cvwbZ Kvwib gkvbv I cvwbZ mshvwRZ Kvwibi cwigvY
gvcvvi wbw` cwZ AvQ| Rxevby `gbi AviKwU wKQyUv eqmva cwZ AvQ,
Zvnjv cvwb AZt 10 wgwbU Zvc dzUvbv|
KviLvbvq KgiZ ew`i viv Lv` Rxevbyi msgb nj `ywlZ Lv` fYi
gvag Zv Rb mvavibi gvS Qwoq coZ cvi| cwqvKvix wk BDwbUi
ZvB `vwqZ nQ KgPvix I kwgK`iK kvixwiK I ewMZ cwiQbZvi Rb
wb`k Rvix Kiv Ges hvZ GB me wb`k cvjb Kiv nq mw`K j ivLv|
ivM Rxevbyi msgY cwqvRvZ Lv`I cKvii DciI wbfi Ki| hgbevZjRvZ dji im ev wUbRvZ Lv`| Gjv c_g msiY cv fwZ Kiv nq
Ges ci H Aevq Zvci gvag Rxevbi gy Kiv nq| mivmwi cv _KB
eenvi nq ej Rxevby msgb nIqvi fq Kg _vK| cvi bvv RvZxq
fvRv Lv`, ivbv Kiv gvsm cfwZ Lv` Zvc cqvMi ci Kgx`i nvZ jvM
ej Gjv msgYi fq _vK| Zgwb AvBmxg ev Ab `yRvZ Lv` mvgMx
hjvZ cwiekbi AvM Zvc cqvM Kiv nq bv Gjv fvjvfve cvKU
RvZ bv nj ivM Rxevby Qwoq w`Z cvi|
2| hcvwZ
hcvwZ avqvi cwqv AbKUv wbfi Ki cwqvaxb Lv` Ges KvuPvgvji Dci|
Kbv Lv` cwqvRvZ Kivi Rb hme h eenvi Kiv nq mjv cwivi KiYi
KvR Zzjbvg~jKfve mnR, cwZw`b gyQ, So wbjB nq cvi h me hcvwZ `ya,
gvsm ev dj/mw cwqvRvZi Rb eeZ nq, mjv wWUviRU ev RxevbybvkK
ivmvqwbK mnhvM wfwRq iL Zvici cwivi KiZ nq| mvavibZ h me h Lv`
D Kiv nq, mjv cwivi KiZ mgq I DcKiY jvM ewk| Gme hcvwZ
cwivii KvR wWUviRU Ges RxevbybvkK ivmvqwbK `yUvB jvM| c_gwU Lv`i
jM _vKv KYv `~ixf~Z Ki, ciiwU _K hvIqv Rxevby asm Ki|
RxevbybvkK ivmvqwbKmg~ni ga Kvwib `eY eenvi Kiv hZ cvi| mvwWqvg
nvBcvKvivBW 1 fvM 200 fvM cvwbZ `exfyZ Ki GB ivmvqwbK Zix Kiv hvq|
Ze Lqvj ivLZ ne eenvii ci GB ivmvqwbKi Kvb KYv hb jM bv _vK
Ges GwU hb PvL bv jvM I wKQy wKQy mnR wbqg AvQ hjv cwqvRvZi RvqMvq
gb Pjj Lv` ivM Rxevby msgYi SzwK AbKvsk wbeviY Kiv hvq| mwj
wbgict
KgPvix`i ^vwewa gb Pjvi cqvRbxqZv fvjv Ki eywSq `qv|
ivMvv ew, kixi Nv, PzjKvwb, Z AvQ Ggb jvK ev cUi AmyL
Avv Ggb jvKK w`q cwqvRvZKiY bv Kivbv|
34

 KvRi AvM mvevb viv KgPvix`i `yB nvZi KbyB ch AZ 30 mK

avqv AvekK|
gqjv hy bL bv ivLv, cwivi Zvqvj eenvi Kiv| cwZevi UqjU eenvii
ci cybivq mvevb w`q nvZ avqv Ges nvZ avqvi ci cwivi Kvco nvZ gyQ
djv|
cwZwU h I hvsk eenvii ci Kvwibhy cvwb w`q avqv I gvQv|
aygcvb wbeviY I hLvb mLvb _y_y bv djv|
cwivi cwiQb Kvco covbv| cqvRb Gme mieivn Kiv Ges Gme cwiaq
e me`v gqjvgy ivLv|
avuqv I Kvwj ewiq hvIqvi ivv _vKZ ne|
nvZ Mvm, gv_vi Pzi m~Yic vd w`q XvKv I cib GcvY _vKZ ne|
cwqvRvZi AvM, mgq I ci mg Lv`vcKiY me mgq XK ivLZ ne|
`iRv, Rvbvjv I fwUjUvi gkv, gvwQ I cvKvgvKo wbeviK wb eenvi
KiZ ne|
10.

cwqvRvZ cbi wnmve wbKvk I Drcv`bi nvi wbvib

dj/mewR cwqvRvZ I weq Abvb h Kvb cb Drcv`bi gZ GKwU wewbqvMgyLx

cwqv Ges A_ wewbqvM Ki jvf DcvRb GB cwqvq g~j cwZcv` welq| KvRB
Mvg nvK, kni nvK ev wkvj dvixZ nvK, Drcv`bi Rb h chvqB
wewbqvM Kiv nKv bv Kb, wnmve wbKvk fvjv Ki Abyaveb Ki weqg~j I
Drcv`bi nvi AvMB wVK Ki bIqv `iKvi| Mvgxb gwnjv`i ejvZI cwqvRvZ
Kiv I Abvb A_bwZK KgKv cwiPjbv Kivi Rb GB wnmve wbKvki iZ
Acwimxg| eZgvb jmb kxU GKwU D`vnib Dcvcb Ki wnmve wbKvki evcviwU
mnR Ki eySbv njv|
Avgiv Rvwb h Kvb dmj ev cb Drcv`b I weqi Rb cvqvRb UvKv ev gyjab|
GB UvKv mvavibZ `yBfve eq nq- g~jabx LvZ (Capital cost) hgb wbgvbKvR,
hcvwZ q BZvw` eve` LiP Ges PjwZ LvZ (Operating cost) hv `bw`b cqvRb
hgb KvuPvgvj, Rvjvbx, DcKiY q BZvw` eve` LiP nq| cwqvRvZ cbi
(Processed product) weq g~j wbaviY KiZ nj c_g GB cbi Drcv`b eq
wbYq Kiv `iKvi| mvaviYZ Drcv`b eqi Dci wbvwiZ nvi jvf iL H cbi
weq g~j wi Kiv nq| ZvB cqvRb mwVK fve Drcv`b eq (Cost of production)
wbYq Kiv| G Rb h cwZ eenvi Kiv nq Zv GLvb AvjvPbv Kiv nj| gb ivLZ
ne, g~jabx LvZ hcvwZ feb wbgvb cfwZi myweavw` mwi Rb h eq nq, Zv
wewbqvMKvixi `xNvqx mw (Permanent Assets) ZvB Gwj Drcv`b eqi wnmve
Avm bv| Ze g~jabx LvZi mv_ mswk KwZcq eq hgb Nii fvov, hcvwZi
35

KvhKvwiZv nvm (Depreciation), kwgK eq BZvw` GB Drcv`b LiPi wnmve aiZ

ne|
GKwU D`vniY w`q welqwU evSv hvK| gb Kwi KvuPv Avgi PvwUwb Zixi 2 gvm
gqv`x GKwU Kvhg nvZ bIqv nqQ| gb Kiv hvK, 2 gvm gqv`x PvUwb Zixi
Kvhg LiP nqQ wbgict
K) wbw LiP(Fixed Costs) (2 gvmi Rb)
Ni fvov
2 gvmi Rb vqx
kwgK
hcvwZi
gyjnvm () wbexKib
jvBm wd
cwiQbZv welqK mb`
gvU

=
=

600
1000

=
=
=
=
=

30
50
25
50
1755

=
=
=
=
=
=
=

900
100
100
200
300
300
1900

L) Awbw LiP (Variable cost)

KvuPvgvj I DcKib
cvKwRs
Avqx kwgK
hvZvqvZ
wevcb `qv
Rvjvbx I we`yZ
gvU

hw` cwZgvm 25 w`b KvR nq Ges cwZw`b 60wU Ki cbi wgwb cvKU Drcvw`Z
nq, Zvnj GB Kvhg Drcvw`Z cbi cwig 25 Mvg cbi 3000wU wgwb cvKU
Ges Gi Rb Awbw LiP nqQ 1900/- Ges wbw LiP nqQ 1755/- A_vr gvU
LiP 3655/-| bybc 3655/- Gi Dci 15% jvf `wLq hw` weqgyj wbvib
KiZ nq Zvnj cwZ cvKUi LyPiv weq g~j `vovq 1.40 | GLb evRvii Pvwn`v
I cwZhvwMZvi Dci wbfvi Ki LyPiv g~j wKQy evwoq ewZ jvf Avq Kiv me|
GLb `Lv hvK, H Kvhg Drcv`bi nvi b~b c wK ivLv `iKvi| GK ej
Drcv`bi nvi (Break even point) A_vr KvhKvjxb gqv` Drcv`bi nvi bybc
KZUzKz ivLj wewbqvM KZ A_ (Invested Capital) Avcbvi Rb jvf eq Avbe|
36

Avgi PvUwbi D`vnibwU w`q welqwU evSvbv nj|

1g avct cwZwU cvKUi Rb Awbw LvZi LiP KZUzKz nqQ Zv ei Kiv|

cwZ cvKUi Rb Awbw eq=1900----- 3000 = 0.63

2q avct Awbw LvZi wnme cwZ cvKUi jvf wbvib

cwZ cvKUi LyPiv g~j = 1.40

Awbw eq ev` cwZ cvKU jvf = 1.40-0.63 = 0.77

3q avct bybZg Drcv`bi nvi wbbq

2 gvm gqv`x wbw =1755/2 gvm gqv` bybZg Drcv`b = 1755---0.77 = 2280 wU cvKU
A_vr `wbK 60wU cvKU I gvm 25 w`b KvR Ki h Kvhg `Lvbv nqQ ZvZ
2 gvm gqv` 3000 wU cvKU Drcvw`Z nq hv bybZg Drcv`b gvvi (Break even
point) Gi Pq ekx| AZGe, GB nvi Drcv`b cwqv GKwU jvfRbK wewbqvM
cwqv|
8.1

UgUv KPvc Gi eemv

UgUc KPvc Zix GKUv jvfRbK eemv| eZgvb AbK D`vMx gwnjv Ni em
UgUv KPvc Zix Ki wew KiQb| Avgv`i `k AvRKvj cPzi cwigvY UgUv
Drcb nQ| myZivs h me GjvKvq cPzi UgUv cvIqv hvq mLvb A cuywRZB G
eemvUv i Kiv me| mviv eQi KuvPvgvj ev UgUv cvIqv hvq bv| Ze gmygi
mgq Zix Ki mviv eQiB wew Kiv hvq| cwievii mevB mvnvh Kij evBii kwgK
Gi cqvRb nq bv| 15,00 UvKv cuywR wbq eemvUv i Kiv hZ cvi| AwfZv bv
_vKjI A mgqi ga wkL bqv hvq| AvRKvj wewfb GbwRI/eemv cwZvb G
evcvi cwkY w`q _vK|

37

UgUv KPvc ZixZ h mKj DcKiY jvM

UgUv KPvc ZixZ wKQy vqx DcKiY jvM hv GKevi wKbj AbK w`b eenvi
Kiv hve| KvRUv i KiZ h h vqx DcKiY jvM Zv GLvb `Lvbv njv: DcKiY

cwigvY

cwZwUi g~j

gvU g~j

Mvgjv
Qywi
KvVi wcwo
mmcvb
euvki Pvjyb
IqU evjv (10 KwR
IRbi)
IqU evjv (0-50 Mvg
IRbi)
PvgP (eo)
QvU PvgP (cvwK)
gmjv ivLvi cv
cvwK evqg
gkvixi bU
KuvPi evZj
Kvc wmwjs gwkj (QvU)
jej

3 Uv
2 Uv
2 Uv
2 Uv
1 Uv
1 Uv

100/25/50/250/25/600/-

300/50/100/500/25/600/-

1 Uv

600/-

600/-

2 Uv
2 Uv
2 Uv
6 Uv
1 MR
1 Mm
1 Uv
3200
Uv

20/5/10/10/20/cwZwU 5/2,500/-

40/10/20/60/20/720/2,500/1,601/-

gvU

7,146/-

* 1 Mm = 144 wcP&

UgUv KPvc Zixi KuvPvgvj I Abvb LiP

UgUv KPvc& Zixi cavb KuvPvgvj UgUv hv kxZKvj cPzi nq| gwnjv D`vviv
AwZ mnRB cvKv UgUv RvMvo Ki KPvc Zix KiZ cvib| GKUv QvU AvKvi
UgUv KPvc& Zixi eemvq h mg KuvPvgvj jvMe Ges h LiP coe Zvi wnmve
bxP `qv njv t

38

DcKiY

cwigvb ev msLv

cwZ

gvU UvKv

KwR/UvKv
UgUv
50 KwR
wcuqvR
1 KwR 500 Mvg
imyb
90 Mvg
je
30 Mvg
GjvP I Mvj 60 Mvg
gwiP
`viwPwb
30 Mvg
(cvDWvi)
Kbv
gwiP 30 Mvg
(cvDWvi)
jeY
1 KwR 125 Mvg
wPwb
3 KwR
*wfbMvi
1500 wgwj wjUvi
mvwWqvg
ebRvqU
cwienY

10 Mvg

2 UvKv
12 UvKv
40 UvKv
400 UvKv
400 UvKv

100/18/5/60/60/-

200 UvKv

24/-

100 UvK

5/-

12 UvKv
32 UvKv
cwZ wjUvi
25/100 UvKv

15/96/38/1/-

gvU UvKv

500/922/-

* 25 wgwj wjUvi GmwUK GwmW 975 wgwj wjUvi we cvwb wgwkq 1 wjUvi webMvi
Zix Kiv hvq (1wjUvi GmwUK GwmWi `vg 40/-)

1| bxPi DcKiYj RvMvo Kib

DcKiY

cwigvY

DcKiY

cwigvY

UgUv im
wcuhvR (KvUv)
imyb (KvUv)
je
GjvP I MvjgwiP
(cvDWvi)
`viwPwb (cvDWi)

30 KwR cvDWvi)
400 Mvg
90 Mvg
30 Mvg
60 Mvg

jeY
wPwb
wfbMvi
Kbv gwiP
mvwWqvg ebRvqU

125 Mvg
3 KwR
1500 wgwj
30 Mvg
10 Mvg

30 Mvg

(Drcv`bi cwigvYi Dci cqvRbxq DcKiYi cwigvY Kg/ekx nZ cvi|)

39

2| cvKv I `vlgy UgUv wbq UzKiv Ki KU exwP Qvwoq wm Ki Pvjwb w`q

im msMn Kib|
3| UgUvi im gmjvi evM I wZb fvMi GK fvM (1 KwR) wPwb w`q Rvj w`b|
Rvj w`q im wZb fvMi GK fvM wbq Avmyb|
4| Gevi gmjvi evMwU Zzj wfbMvi, jeY I evKx wPwb wgwkq GKUz Rvj w`q
evZji DcwifvM mvgvb RvqMv Lvwj iL evqynxb fve gyL e KiZ ne|
5| Vvv nj jewjs Ki evRviRvZ KiZ ne|

UgUv KPvc wewi eev Ges Gi jvf jvKmvbi wnmve

UgUv KPvc wew AvRKvj Avi KwVb evcvi bq| knii Rj-Lvevi ev dv dzWi
`vKvb MyjvZ wewfb Lvevii ^v` ewi Rb ni`g wew nQ UgUv KPvc|
ZvQvov Rjv knijvi wewfb eKvix ev KbdKkbvix jvZI wew Kiv hZ
cvi| cvBKvix wnmveI eo eo Kvvbxi mv_ hvMvhvM Ki wew Kiv hZ cvi|
hw` fvjv gvbi KPvc Zix Kiv hvq Zvnj evRviRvZKiY Zgb mgmv bq| wewfb
Kvvbxi UgUv KPvc evRvi iqQ| `kxq KPvci cwZ evZji `vg 40/45
UvKv|
wejwKm eMg UgUv KPvc wewi vb wnmve eQ wbqQb knii wewfb dv dzWi
`vKvb| wZwb wewfb gjv (miKvix I emiKvix fve AvqvwRZ), miKvix I GbwRI
Awdm, wewfb nvUj, knii wewfb Lvevi weZvi `vKvbI mievivn Kib|
wejwKm eMg Zvi cwievii Abvb`i mnhvwMZvq 2 w`b 40 evZj KPvc
Drcv`b Ki|

wbP 1 gvmi LiP I wewi GKwU wnmve `qv njv t

wew - 600 (cwZ evZj 35
UvKv)
LiP - KuvPvgvj I Abvb LiP
vqx LiP (DcKiY q)
gvU LiP
jvf

21,000 UvKv
14,955 UvKv
80 UvKv
15,035 UvKv
5,965 UvKv

gvm m 600 evZj KPvc Drcv`b KiZ cvi|

KPvc Zixi avc avc KvR I kgi wnmve

hviv QvU AvKvi GB eemv Kib Zv`i Kib Zv`i AwfZv _K Rvbv hvq h
KPvc Zix KiZ ekx mgq jvM bv| gmygi mgq evRvi cPzi UgUv _vK|
40

DcKiYjv msMn Kiv nq Mj cwZ 2 w`b 40 evZj KPvc Zix Kiv me| Ze
bxP Kvb KvR KZ mgq jvM Zvi GKUv wnmve `qv njv t
KuvPvgvj q (UgUv)

15
evi
gmjv ov I evM Zix 4 evi
UgUv im Rvj `qv
15
evi
UgUv KPvc evZj 15
fiv
evi
jej jvMvbv
15
evi
wew Kiv (1/8 Kg
w`em)

cwZ evi 2 NUv

gvU 30 NUv

cwZ evi 2 NUv

cwZ evi 6 NUv

gvU 8 NUv
gvU 30 NUv

cwZ evi 2 NUv

gvU 30 NUv

cwZ evi 2 NUv

gvU 30 NUv

mviv gvm

gvU 30 NUv

megvU = 218 NUv

KuvPvgvji ga UgUv cwZevi wKbZ ne| ZvQvov Abvb KuvPvgvj gvm GKevi
wKbjB ne|

UgUv KPvc Zixi eemvqI wKQy mgmv AvQ| hgb;
Zix Kivi ci evRviRvZ KiZ mgq ekx jvMZ cvi|

mviv eQi KuvPvgvj cvIqv hvq bv|

Zix Kivi mgq DcKiYjv mwVKfve bv wbj ^v`i wfbZv `Lv w`Z
cvi|

A cwigvY KPvc Zix Ki ekx jvf Kiv KwVb|

AbK mgq evKxZ wew KiZ nZ cvi hvi dj evRvi cuywR AvU&Kv coZ
cvi|

QvU eemvqx`i c my`i evZj I jej Kiv me nq bv|

UgUv KPvc Zixi KvR QvU eemvqxi Rb mvebvi w`K

Drcv`b gmyg Kg g~j KuvPvgvj msMn Kiv mnR

gmygi mgq UgUv g Zix Ki msiYi eev Kij mviv eQiB KPvc
Zix Kiv hvq|

UgUv KPvc Gi gvb fvj nj evRviRvZ Kiv mnR|

UgUv KPvci Pvwn`v w`b w`b eoB PjQ|

41


wewfb GbwRI cwqvRZ Lv` Zixi Dci cwkY c`vb KiQ|

AvBwUwWwR-evsjv`k Gi Lv` cwKqvRvZKiY Kgm~Px |

hgb-

Kv_vq UgUv ekx Drcvw`Z nq?

Avgv`i `ki wewfb Aj hgb- kixqZcyi, dwi`cyi, gv`vixcyi, hkvi, ivRkvnx,
MvBevv, w`bvRcyi, iscyi, KzwoMvg, bxjdvgvix BZvw` Rjvq cPzi UgUv Drcv`b
nq| gmygi mgq aygv cwqvRvZ bv Kivi Rb cPzi UgUv cuP b nq| ZvQvov
Gm `vgI cwZ KwR 2/3 UvKvq bg Avm| myZivs Gme GjvKvi Drcv`b gmyg
GKUz mPZb fve UgUv jvK cwqvRvZ Ki mviv eQiB eemv Kiv hZ cvi|

UvgUv KPvc Zixi cqvRbxq hcvwZ Kv_vq cveb?

cKwZ eemvqx nZ nj ev mnR AwaK Drcv`b KiZ PvBj AekB wKQy hcvwZ
eenvi AZvekK| Avi Gme hcvwZ Kv_vq cvIqv hvq Zv hw` Avcbvi Rvbv _vK
Ges mve `vgI Rb ivLZ cvib Zvnj AvcbvK NyiZ ne bv| bxP UgUv
KPvc Zix hcvwZ DcKiYjv Kv_vq cvIqv hvq mB vbjv mK ejv njv t
IqU evjv 10 KwR IRbi
IqU evjv 0-50 Mvg IRbi
KuvPi evZj
Kvc wmwjs gkb
jfj
mvwWqvg ebRvqU
8.2

bIqvecyi, XvKv|
bIqvecyi, XvKv|
wgUdvW, XvKv|
bIqvecyi, XvKv|
bIqvecyi, XvKv|
bIqvecyi, XvKv|

Kjvi wPcm& Gi eemv

Kjvi wPcm& ek gyLivPK I gRv`vi Lvevi| QvU QvU Qjgq`i KvQ AZ

wcq| AbKB Gi eemvwqK w`KUv fveQ| AvBwUwWwR- evsjv`k Gi GMv-cmwms
BDwbU Kjvi wPcm& Zixi GB Avqewg~jK chywwU mevi gvS Qwoq `qv i
KiQ| ^ cyuwR wewbqvM Ki hviv AwaK jvfi Avkv Kib Zv`i Rb Kjvi wPcm&
Zix GKUv mebvgq A_bwZK KgKv nZ cvi|

Kjvi wPcm& Zixi mvaviY Z_

- KgKvwU mviv eQi ai Kiv me|
- AwZw_ Avcvqb wKsev Pv bvvi mv_ Kjvi wPcm& LZ `qv hvq|

42

- A_bwZK KgKv wnmve cyil gwnjv mKji Rb Kjvi wPcm& Zixi eemv
DchvMx|
- Kjvi wPcm& Zix I wew mnR|
- GB KgKv _K Kgekx wbqwgZ Avq Avme|
- mnRB `wbK 150 UvKv ev Zvi ekxAvq Kiv me|
- cuywR Kg jvM| mvaviYZ 2500-5000 UvKv njB GB eemv i Kiv hvq|
- cvwievwiK kg w`qB G eemv Pvjvbv hvq| eo AvKvi Kij `yB GK Rb evowZ
kwgK jvM|
eemv i KiZ wK wK DceiY jvMe?
GB KvR i KiZ ekx DcKiY jvM bv| wKQy vqx DcKiY njB i Kiv hvq|
Ze h me DcKiY jvMZ cvi Zv GLvb `Lvbv njv t

K) hcvwZ
vBmvi
KovB gvSvix

1Uv
1 Uv

Mvgjv cvwK
gvSvix
IqU evj

3 Uv

wPKb KvwV
Qywi
wmwjs gwkb

1 Uv 0Mvg-2KwR Ges 050 Mvg

1 Uv
2 Uv
1 Uv

80 UvKv
120
UvKv
120
UvKv
400
UvKv
5 UvKv
60 UvKv
1000
UvKv
1785
UvKv

L) KuvPvgvj I Abvb LiP

Kjvi wPcm& ZixZ h me KuvPvgvj jvM mjv vbxq chvq cvIqv hvq| D`vviv
wbRivB KuvPvgvj msMn KiZ cvib| z` AvKvi Kjvi wPcm& Zixi KvR h
KuvPvgvj jvMe Ges h LiP coe Zvi wnmve bxP `qv njv t

43

GK KwR Kjvi wPcm& Zix KiZ h h DcKiY I hcvwZi `iKvi nq Zvi weeiY|
KuvPvgvj
KuvPv Kjv (eo)
-mvMi
Zj (mqvweb)
wfbMvi
weU jeb
Mvj gwiP
cwj cvcvBwjb
Rvjvbx

cwigvb ev msLv
24 wcP = 3 KwR

g~j
35 UvKv

1 KwR fvRvi Rb 350

Mvg
1 KwRi Rb 2 wjUvi
1 KwRi Rb 50 Mvg
10 Mvg
100 Mvg
5 KwR

15 UvKv
4 UvKv
2 UvKv
2 UvKv
9 UvKv
10 UvK
77 UvKv

M) Abvb LiP
KuvPvgvj Qvov Kjvi wPcm& Zixi Aviv wKQy AvbylvwK LiP jvM| G aiYi
LiPi ga AvQ* cvwKs
AvbygvwbK
* hvZvqvZ I wiv AvbygvwbK
fvov
gvU

25 UvKv
100
UvKv
125
UvKv

Kjvi wPcm& Zixi eemv i Kivi mgq hcvwZ, KuvPvgvj I Abvb LiP eve` cvq
1987 UvKv`iKvi ne| Gi GKUv wnmve bxP `qv njv t
hcvwZ LiP
KuvPvgvj LiP
Abvb LiP
gvU cyuwR

1798
UvKv
77 UvKv
125 UvKv
1987
UvKv

Aviv Kg cyuwR w`qI GB eemv i Kiv hvq| Ze Zv wbfi Kie eeZ KuvPvgvj I
Drcv`bi cwigvbi Dci|

44

wKfve Kjvi wPcm& Zix KiZ nq?

Kjvi wPcm& Zix Zgb Kvb RwUj KvR bq| i _K kl ch KqKwU avc
KvRjv KiZ ne|
1| cwicy I `vlgy KvuPv Kjv Lvmv Qvwoq 5-10 wgwbU wfbMvi Wyweq ivLZ
ne|
2| vBmvi w`q Kjvjv KU Mig Zj fR GKUz Vvv Ki weUjeY I gmjv
ov wgkvZ ne|
3| Vvv Aevq evZvm bv XvK Ggb fve cvKU fi gyL AvUK w`Z ne|

Kjvi wPcm& Gi evRvi Ges wew Kkj

evRvi wPcm& mieivni mv_ mv_ Gi Pvwn`v evoe Ges wewi eevI mnRZi
ne| QvU QvU eemvqxiv wewfb fve Zv`i Drcvw`Z wPcm& wew KiZ cvib|
wewi KqKUv DjLhvM Kkj njv t

mivmwi cvov cwZekx Zvi wbKU wew Kiv|

evoxZ em cvBKvii KvQ wew Kiv|
cvBKvi A_ev LyiPv `vKvb`vii KvQ w`q Avmv/wew Kiv|
wewfb nvU ev Rbmgvek wMq LyPiv wew Kiv BZvw`|

me aiYi wewi eevB fvj ne| Ze GK GK GjvKvi cwiek-cwiwwZ, Zvi

iwP I msLv GKGK iKg| wewi mgq eyS wbZ ne Kvb GjvKvi Pvwn`v wKiKg|
m Abyhvqx wPcm& Zix Ki mieivn KiZ ne| AbK RvqMvq wPcm& cvKU wnme
wew ne Avevi Kv_vI IRb wew ne|

GK Pvjvb gvj Zix KiZ KZw`b I wK cwigvb mgq jvMZ cvi?

KqKRb eemvqxi AwfZv _K Rvbv hvq KuvPvgvj Kbv _K wPcm& Zix I wew
ch KvR wewfb D`vvi wewfb gqv` mgq jvMe hv g~jZt wbfi Ki wK cwigvY
wPcm& Zix Kiv ne Zvi Dci| Ze GK Pvjvb (Drcv`b P) gvj Zix KiZ 1
mvn ev 60 NUv kg jvMZ cvi| Aek Drcv`bi cwigvY ekx nj kg Kvj Aviv
ekx jvMe|

45

KvRi avc
KuvPvgvj q
KuvPvKjvi Lvmv
dj `Iqv
IRb Kiv
wfbMvi Wyweq
ivLv
Zj Mig Kiv
Kjv vBm Kiv
wPcm& fvRv
weUjeY I MvjgwiP
wgkvbv
cwjcvcvBwjb fi
IRb Kiv
evqyk~Y Kiv
wmwjs gwkb wmj
Kiv
`vgRvZKiY Kiv
wew Kiv

KZevi Kiv nq

cqvRbxq mgq

2 evi
2 evi

2 NUv
4 NUv

gvU
kgKvj
4 NUv
8 NUv

2 evi
2 evi

1 NUv
30wgwbU

2 NUv
1 NUv

2 evi
2 evi
2 evi
2 evi

1 NUv
3 NUv
1 NUv
1 NUv

2 NUv
6 NUv
2 NUv
2 NUv

2 evi

2 NUv

4 NUv

2 evi
2 evi

1 NUv
2 NUv

2 NUv
4 NUv

2 evi
cwZw`b

1 NUv
cwZw`b 3 NUv Ki

2 NUv
21 NUv
60 NUv

jvf-jvKmvbi wnmve
mvaviYZ: 3 KwR KuvPv Kjv _K 1 KwR wPcm& Zix Kiv hvq| aiv hvK 7 w`b
GKRb eemvqx gvU 140 KwR wPcm& Zix KiZ Pvb| G Rb Zvi hcvwZ, gRyix,
cwienb BZvw` hme LiP ne Zvi weeiYt

KuvPvKjv (eo)

cwigvb ev
msLv
420 KwR

Zj (mqvweb)

42 KwR

wfbMvi
weUjeY

280 wjUvi
7 KwR

DcKiYi bvg

cwZ GKK DcKiYi

gvU g~j
g~j (UvKvq)
12
5,040
UvKv
40
1,680
UvKv
2
560 UvKv
30
210 UvKv

46

Mvj gwiP
cwienb LiP
cvKwRs LiP
kwgK LiP
Rvjvbx LiP
evRviRvZKiY LiP

1.4 wKR
2 w`b
140 KwR
cwZw`b 3 Rb
Ki 7 w`b
cwZw`b 100
KwR Ki 2
w`b
5 w`b

200
100
2
40

280 UvKv
200 UvKv
280 UvKv
840 UvKv

1000
UvKv

75
gvU LiP

375 UvKv
10,465
UvKv

hcvwZ
vBmvi
Mvgjv cvwK
KovB
(gvSvix)
Qywi

2 wU 80 UvKv
4 wU 35 UvKv
2 wU 100 UvKv

4 wU 30 UvKv
hcvwZeve`
gvU LiP
gvU LiP (DcKiY + hcvwZ)
11,085 UvKv

160 UvKv
70 UvKv
200 UvKv
120 UvKv
620 UvKv

Dci h wnmve `qv nqQ m Abyhvqx hw` 1 mvn 140 KwRi gZ wPcm& Zix Kiv
nq Zvnj D`vvi jvf ne gvU 2,815 UvKv A_vr `wbK 402 UvKvi gZ| wnmveUv
wbP `Lvbv njv t
wew 140 KwR 100
UvKv
LiP =KuvPvgvj I
Abvb LiP
vqx LiP (DcKiY
q)
gvU LiP
bxU jvf

14,000 UvKv
11,085 UvKv
100 UvKv
11,185 UvKv
2,815 UvKv

47

h h KviY GB KgKvwU evQvB Kieb

wewfb KviY z` D`viv Kjvi wPcm& Zixi KvRUv evQvB KiZ cvib| hgb t
 Kg cyuwRZ ekx jvf|
 A mgq wbhwgZ Avqi myhvM ne|
 KvRUv cwiPvjbv Kiv mnR| GbwRI mn Abvb cwZvb _K FY mnvqZv
cvIqv hZ cvi|
 GUv GKUv DVwZ eemv|
 cwievii mKj wgj GB eemv Kiv hvq|
 KuvPvgvj msMn Kiv mnR|

wKQy mZKZv I Amyweav

hviv GKvR RwoZ neb Zv`i wKQy Amyweav ne, Gjv weePbv KiB bZzb GB
KvR bvgv DwPZ| hgb t
 `i `Z DVvbvgv Kie|
 LyPiv wewi Pq cvBKvi A_ev gyw`i `vKvb mieivni Dci ekx wbfi
KiZ ne, hvZ AbK mgq jvf Kg hZ cvi|
 AbK mgq evKxZ wew KiZ ne, hv GKRb Ly` eemvqxi c mgmv nZ
cvi|
 wew me mgq GK iKg nq bv|

Kv_vq cveb KuvPvgvj I hcvwZ?

Dci Avgiv eemvi cqvRbxq welqjv AvjvPbv KiwQ GLb Kv_v _K KuvPvgvj
cvIqv hve Zv msc bxP ejv njv t
KuvPvgvj t wfbMvi, weU jeY, Mvj gwiP h Kvb gbvnix `vKib|
hcvwZ t vBmvi h Kvb vKvwiR ev _vjv-evwUi `vKvb|

we: `: wevwiZ cZ cYvjx Rvbvi Rb AvBwUwWwRi (ITDG) GMv-cmwms cvMvg

_K cKvwkZ Kjvi wPcm& Zix cywKvi mnvqZv wbb|

48