Electronic Structure of Atoms (STPM)

Electronic Structure of atoms ( STPM Revision )
All prepared by alextan58@gmail.com

Electronic
Structure
Of
Atoms
Contents
1. MPM Specimen Paper
2. STPM 2011
3. STPM 2012
4. STPM 2013
5. STPM 2014

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Objective questions
Question 1 ( MPM Specimen Paper )
What is the maximum number of emission lines possible for a hydrogen atom with
electronic energy levels n = 1, n = 2 and n = 3?
A 2
B 3
C 4
D 6
Answer : B
Explanation :

For Lyman series , there are 2 lines . ( n=2 n=1 & n=3 n=1 )
For Balmer series , there is 1 line . ( n=3 n=2 )
Total = 3 lines

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Question 2 ( STPM 2011 )
Electrons may fill s , p , d & f orbitals . Which statement is true of p orbitals ?
A. p orbitals can form and bonds .
B. 2p orbitals have the same energy as 2s orbitals .
C. The principal quantum numbers of p orbitals start with n=3 .
D. p orbitals are filled with electrons according to Aufbau principle .
Answer : A
Explanation :
Head-on overlap of two p orbitals leads to the formation of bond .

Sideways overlap between two p orbitals results in the formation of a -bond .

2p orbitals have higher energy level than 2s orbital
The principal quantum numbers of p orbitals start with n=2 .
p orbitals are filled with electrons according to Aufbau principle , Hunds rule &
Pauli exclusion principle .

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What is the total number of orbitals that has the principal quantum number n=3 ?
A 3
B 4
C 6
D 9
Answer : D
Explanation :

number of 3s orbital = 1
number of 3p orbital = 3
number of 3d orbital = 5
Total number of orbitals = 9

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An atom M has seven valence electrons and forms a stable M
2+
ion in an aqueous
solution . What is the electronic configuration of atom M ?
A 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
5
B 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
6

C 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
5
4s
2

D 1s
2
2s
2
2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
7
4s
2

Answer : C
Explanation
M has 7 valence electrons .
It cannot be a Group 17 elements because Group 17 elements do not form +2
ions .
Thus , M must be a transition element with the valence shell configuration of
d
5
s
2
.

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Which orbital diagram shows the filling of electron(s) based on Hunds rule ?

Answer : D
Explanation
Hunds rule : when the electrons are added to the degenerate orbitals ,
electrons will be added as single electron in parallel spin before they are
paired in opposite spin .
Option A is wrong because it has only one orbital .
Option B is wrong because the electrons must fill the available orbitals singly
before pairing occurs .
Option C is wrong because one of the unpaired electron has an opposite spin
to the other .

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Structured & Essays Question
Question 1 ( MPM Specimen Paper ) [ Edited from STPM 2003 E ]
Water is a hydride of oxygen. The bonding in water molecules is a result of the
overlapping of the orbitals of oxygen and hydrogen atoms.
(i) What is meant by orbitals? [1 mark]
Answer :
An orbital is a region in space which there is high probability of finding an
electron .
(ii) Draw a labelled diagram illustrating the shapes of all the orbitals of an oxygen
atom with quantum number n = 2. [3 marks]
Answer :

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Question 2 ( STPM 2011 E )
The number of electrons occupying the different orbitals of atom L are shown in the
following table .

Write the electronic configuration of L , and explain how each of these orbitals is
filled with electrons . [8m]
Answer :
The electronic configuration of L is 1s
2
2s
2

2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
5
4s
1
.
According to Aufbaus principle , the electrons will occupy the orbitals with
the lowest energy level first .
Thus , the electrons will occupy the orbitals increase in the order :
1s , 2s , 2p , 3s , 3p , 4s , 3d
According to Hunds rule , when the electrons are added to the degenerate
orbitals , electrons will be added as single electron in parallel spin before they
are paired in opposite spin .
According to Pauli exclusion principle , each orbital can only be filled with 2
electrons with opposite spins .
The electronic configuration of L is not 1s
2
2s
2

2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
4
4s
2
.
This is because d
5
configuration is more stable than the d
4
configuration and
all the five d orbitals are singly occupied by the electrons according to
Hunds rule .

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Question 3 ( STPM 2012 S )
(a) The frequencies of the first six lines in the Lyman series of a hydrogen atom is
shown in the table below .

(i) Complete the above table . [1m]
(ii) Plot a graph of v against frequency to determine the convergence limit for the
Lyman series . [3m]

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(iii) Calculate the ionization energy , kJ mol
-1
, of the hydrogen atom . [3m]
Answer :

*EXTRA !!! : How to determine the frequency for convergence limit ???
Answer :
~ When = 0 , we can get the frequency for convergence limit .

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When excited electrons fall from a higher to a lower energy level , the excess energy
is emitted as radiation .
(a) State the energy level transition of an electron that can produce and give three
characteristics of the series . [4m]
Answer :
1. The transition of electrons occurs from a higher energy level to energy level
n=1 .
2. The Lyman series consists of discrete lines with frequencies in the ultraviolet
region .
3. The lines become closer as the frequency increases and finally converge .
4. The lines will converge when they reach convergence limit and form a
continuous spectrum with convergence frequency .
(b) The ionization energy of hydrogen can be determined by using the frequency of
the convergence limit , v

of the Lyman series . The convergence limit occurs when
the difference in frequency of successive lines , v , is zero . Five frequencies with
their corresponding v values are shown in the table below .
v / 10
14
Hz v / 10
14
Hz
29.23 1.60
30.83 0.74
31.57 0.40
31.97 0.24
32.21 0.16

By plotting a graph of v against v , determine the v
for hydrogen , and calculate

its ionization energy in kJ mol
-1
. [6m]

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Answer :

From the graph , v

= 32.45 10
14
Hz
By using the equation ,

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(c) (i) State Hunds rule . [1m]
Answer :
It states that when the electrons are added to the degenerate orbitals ,
electrons will be added as single electron in parallel spin before they are
paired in opposite spin .
(ii) Write the electronic configurations of copper and chromium in their ground
states , and comment on any irregularities present in both their electronic
configurations . [4m]
Answer :
Electronic configuration of chromium is 1s
2
2s
2

2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
5
4s
1
.
The electronic configuration of chromium is not 1s
2
2s
2

2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
4
4s
2

because d
5
4
configuration .
Electronic configuration of copper is 1s
2
2s
2

2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
10
4s
1

The electronic configuration of copper is not 1s
2
2s
2

2p
6
3s
2
3p
6
3d
9
4s
2

because d
10
9
configuration .

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Niels Bohr postulated that energy E is released in the form of light when there is a
transition of electron between a higher energy level to a lower energy level .
(i) The Lyman and Balmer series in the atomic emission spectrum of hydrogen are
formed when there is a transition of electrons between energy levels . Draw an
energy level diagram that shows the formation of these two series . [4m]
Answer :

(ii) One of the lines in the Lyman series has a wavelength of 121.6 nm , Calculate the
energy of this transition in joules . [5m]
[The Plancks constant , h , is 6.63 10
-34
J s and the light of speed , c , is 3.00 10
8

ms
-1
]
Answer :
E = h
= h (

)
= (6.63 10
-34
) (3.00 10
8
/ 121.6 10
-9
)
= 1.64 10
-18
J

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(b) An atom of element X has 7 protons in its nucleus .
(i) Explain how the electron configuration of X obeys Hunds rule . [3m]
Answer :
The electron configuration of X is 1s
2
2s
2
2p
3
.
According to Hunds rule , when the electrons are added to the degenerate
orbitals , electrons will be added as single electron in parallel spin before they
are paired in opposite spin .
The three electrons in 2p subshell will occupy an orbital singly and these
electrons have the same spin .
(ii) Draw the orbitals of the valence shell of X . [3m]
Answer :

*Electronic configuration for X is 1s
2
2s
2
2p
3
.

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Electronic Structure of Atoms (STPM)

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Electronic Structure of atoms ( STPM Revision )

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for hydrogen , and calculate

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