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By
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This unit deals with different wireless IEEE standards like LANs, PANs and MANs are used
for high performance wireless computer networks that are used in a variety of different
operating space with a wide range of data throughput speeds.
Discuss the basic differences between wireless LANs and wireless mobile systems.
Discuss the evolution of the IEEE 802.11 standard and its extensions IEEE 802.11x.
Discuss the fundamental differences between wire and wireless LANS
Explain the basic architecture of IEEE 802.11 wireless LANs
Discuses the 802.11 design issues.
Discuss the basic differences between wireless PANs and WLANs
Discusses the evolution of the IEEE 802.15 standard from the Bluetooth standard
Discuss the basic differences between wireless LANs and wireless mobile systems basic
characteristics of a WLAN are presented and contrasted against the basic operation of a
WLAN.


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Uni t 8- Lear ni ng Obj ec t i ves
Discuss the various types of wireless PAN networks that may be setup under the 802.15
standard.
Describe the short history of the IEEE 802.16 standard.
Explain the basic difference between wireless MANs,WLANs and WPANs.


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Cont i nue.
802.11 is an IEEE standard for MAC and Physical Layer for Wireless Local Area Network
(WLAN).












A wireless local area network (WLAN) links two or more devices using some wireless distribution
method (typically spread-spectrum or OFDM radio), and usually providing a connection through an
access point to the wider internet.
This gives users the mobility to move around within a local coverage area and still be connected to the
network.
Most modern WLANs are based on IEEE 802.11 standards, marketed under the Wi-Fi brand name.




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1. Introduction to IEEE 802.11x Technologies
The IEEE 802.11x standards form the basis for the implementation of high
performance wireless computer networks.
The IEEE 802.11 x standards define the over the air protocols necessary to support
networking in a LAN environment.
The significance of IEEE 802.11x standards were written to provide a wireless
extension to the existing wired standards.
This comprises of a PHY (Physical) and MAC (Medium Access Control) Layer.

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contd
Technical specification of IEEE 802.11(Initial standard)
It was released in 1997 and clarified in 1999.
Operating frequencies = 2.4 GHz range bandwidths.
Data rates = 1 or 2 Mbps.
There are two Modulation types for these technologies used
o Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) : Used for low power, low-range
applications.
o Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS):It is popular with Ethernet-like data rates.
It is also addressed the use of IR light within the physical layer specifications.
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Contd.
Goals of WLAN standard
a) Seamless roaming
b) Message forwarding
c) larger range of operation
d) Support for a large number of users
e) To achieve maximum data rates
Limitations in the basic standard
a) Limited data rates
b) Lack of security
c) Single frequency band operation
d) Not address the QoS
e) Interference from the other services
f) Not interoperability between different vendor access points(APs)
IEEE 802.11x working groups have continue to meet and refine the and address the above issues

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Contd
In 1971, ALOHA-Net project implementation by network and radio technologies.
In 1980s, "Ham" radio operators design and build network terminal node controllers.
In 1985 commercial development of radio-based LANs began in US. The ISM bands located
between 920 MHz and 5.85 GHz to the public, It is shown in figure below








In 1990,the microelectronics group at Lucent Technologies launched one of the first commercially
successful WLAN products lines.
In 1994, a new WLAN suite for use in 2.4 GHz started.
In 1997 initial 802.11 standards was initialized, max. data rate of 2Mbps.


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2. Evolution of wireless LANs *** (2012)

In 1997- IEEE 802.11a specified operation up to 5Mbps,5Ghz range.
IEEE 802.11a operation up to 11 Mbps in 2.4Ghz band called High Rate or Wi-Fi.
In 2003,IEEE another extension adopted for 54Mbos in 2.4 Mbps band only.
Later projects, motivates on enhance the data rate up to 200Mbps,1000mts distance,
Internetworking and external networking ability ,management enhancement and auto
reconfiguration of network parameters.


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Cont i nue.
The Wireless Local Area Network (WLAN) technology is defined by the IEEE 802.11 family of
specifications.
The IEEE 802.11 standard
Maximum data rate rate of 2 Mbps.
Operated in 2.4 GHz band using either FHSS or DSSS.
Most wired LAN operated at either 10 or 100 Mbps.
The IEEE 802.11a Standard
Data rates up to 54 Mbps in the 5-GHz frequency band.
It uses an OFDM encoding scheme rather than FHSS or DSSS.
This specification applies to wireless ATM systems and is used in access hubs.
It supports for a number of set "fall-back rates" when the radio channel condition cannot support
the highest possible data rate.
The IEEE 802.1Ib Standard
It is also referred to as High Rate or Wi-Fi standard
Data rate of 11 Mbps in the 2.4 GHz band.
It uses only DSSS.
The IEEE 802.11g Standard
It offers wireless transmission over relatively short distances at 20 - 54 Mbps in the 2.4 GHz band.
It uses the OFDM encoding scheme.



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Extensions to 802.11
The IEEE 802.11e Standard
It enhance the 802.11 media access control (MAC) specification to expand support for LAN
applications that have Quality Of Service(QoS) requirements.
The applications include transport of voice, audio, and video over 802.11x networks.
Voice over WLANs (VoWLAN) has started to receive a larger share of attention for mobile users.
The IEEE 802.11f Standard
It supports multiple vendor access point (AP) interoperability across a distribution system
(DS) supporting IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN links.
The IEEE 802.11h Standard
It enhance the current 802.11 MAC and 802.11a PHY specifications with network
management and control extensions in 5-GHz band.
These enhancements would provide improvements in
Channel energy management
Throughput measurement and reporting functions
Dynamic channel selection
Transmit power control functions.


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Continue.
The IEEE 802.11i Standard
It enhance the 802.11 MAC to enhance security and authenticate mechanisms.
The IEEE 802.11j Standard
It enhance the standard to add newly available 4.9- and 5.0-GHzchannels for operation in Japan
The IEEE 802.11k Standard
It enhance the scope of radio resource measurements from only internal use, to allow access to
these measurements to external entities.
This will allow for the introduction of WLAN mobility management functions .
The IEEE 802.11ma Standard
It update the standard by providing editorial and technical corrections.
The IEEE 802.11n Standard
It enhance the WLAN user's experience by providing data throughput rates in excess of 100 mbps.
The IEEE 802.11p Standard
It enhance WLAN technology ability to communicate between vehicles at speeds up to 200 km/h .
This project has the aim of enhancing the mobility and safety of all surface transportation.
The IEEE 802.11r Standard
It improve basic service set (BSS) transitions (i.e., WLAN handoffs) within 802.11 extended service
sets (ESSs) to prevent the disruption of data flow during these events.
This will enhance the operation of applications like VoIP.





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Continue.
The IEEE 802.11s Standard
It support WLAN mesh operation by providing the protocol for auto configuring and
multi-hop topologies in an ESS mesh network.
The IEEE 802.11u Standard
It enhance the IEEE 802.11 MAC and PHY layers to provide the ability to internetwork
with other external networks.
The IEEE 802.11v Standard
It provide wireless network management enhancements to the IEEE 802.11 MAC and
PHY layers .
It provides the means to retrieve data about station operation, this extension will
provide the ability to configure the station.



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Basic Operating frequencies = 2.4 to 5 GHz range bandwidths.
Data rates = 1 to 100 Mbps.
Modulation types used are FHSS,DSSS,OFDM.
It is also addressed the use of IR light within the physical layer specifications.
It support for LAN applications that have Quality Of Service(QoS) requirements, for video
conferencing and media stream distribution.
It allows an inter-access point protocol (IAPP) to allow for multiple vendor access point (AP)
interoperability across a distribution system (DS) supporting IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN links.
It provide spectrum and transmit power control management in the unlicensed 5-GHz band.
It provide enhance security and authenticate mechanisms.
It provide services to enhancing the mobility and safety of all surface transportation.
This will enhance the operation of applications like VoIP.
It has auto configuring and multi-hop topologies in an ESS mesh network.
It has capability to provide service with other external networks.








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List the features of 802.11x technologies***(2011)
Implement the simplest form of a wireless LAN, needs two or more WLAN enabled PCs.
Ad-hoc or peer-to-peer wireless network can be configured with a peer-to-peer operating
system.
Both the radio cards and AP contain radio transceiver hardware that provides the radio link
for the transmission of data back and forth between the units.
The radio card or embedded Wi-Fi chip set to be analogous to the mobile station of the
wireless mobile network, whereas the access point plays the role of the cellular radio base
ration.
The major differences between the two wireless systems at the physical layer level are the
form of modulation used, the frequency bands employed, and the range of operation.
one's connectivity to the internet or the PDN via the WLAN may be provided by a wireless
internet service provider (WISP),
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Layer 1: Overview ( WLAN architecture)
In a WLAN, the addressable unit is known as a station (STA ). The wireless enabled station serves as a message
destination but in general does not indicate a fixed location.
Wireless radio links are highly unreliable.
Some of the effects to be considered when designing a wireless LAN, such as:
Wireless LAN can have actively changing topologies
WLAN radio link signals are not protected from outside EM interference
WLAN radio links experience time-varying multipath effects.
WLANS have neither absolute nor observable boundaries.
WLAN required to handle both mobile and portable stations and deal with battery powered equipment.
Mobile stations by definition are actually in motion and moving about the WLAN whereas portable
stations may be moved about to different locations within the WLAN but are only used while at a fixed
location.
The fact that a station may be battery powered gives rise to power management schemes that might
require a WLAN station to go into the sleep mode.
The basic topologies (known as service sets) supported by the IEEE 802.11 architecture are as follows.
1. Independent Basic Service Set Networks
2. Distribution System Concepts
3. Extended Service Set Networks
4. Integration of Wired and Wireless LANs


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3. IEEE 802.11 DESIGN ISSUES****
The Basic Service Set (BSS) is the simplest and most fundamental structure of an IEEE 802.11x WLAN.
See Figure below for a diagram of an independent BSS (IBSS).


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3.1 Independent Basic Service Set(BSS) Networks

Architecture description:
There is no backbone infrastructure and the network consists of at least two wireless stations. This
structure is sometimes referred to as a peer-to-peer or ad hoc wireless network.
The propagation boundary will exist but its exact extent and shape are subject to many variables.
simulation software exists that can provide some reasonable estimates of RSS for typical multi-floor
architectural layouts and various building materials.
It is also possible to have two or more of these IBSSs in existence and operational within the same
general area but not in communication with one another.
Within the IBSS structure, the association between an STA and a BSS is a dynamic relationship.
An STA may be turned on or off or come into or go out of range of the BSS an unlimited number of
times.
The STA becomes a member of the BSS structure when it becomes associated the BSS.



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Contd..
In WLAN the maximum station-to-station distance that may be supported is determined by
many factors including RF output power and the propagation conditions of the local
environment.
To provide for an extended wireless network consisting of multiple BSSs, the standard allows
for an architectural component known as the Distribution System (DS).
Figure below shows a diagram of a distribution system and several access points serving
different BSSs.
To provide flexibility to the WLAN architecture, IEEE 802.11 logically separates the wireless
medium (WM) from the Distribution System Medium (DSM).

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3. 2 Distribution System Concepts
The function of the DS is enable mobile device support.
It providing the logical services necessary to perform address-to-destination mapping and
the seamless integration of multiple BSSs. This function is physically performed by a device
known as an access point (AP).
The AP provides access in the DS by providing DS services and at the same time performing
the STA function within the BSS.
In Figure 9.3, data transfers occur between stations within a BSS and the DS via an AP.
All the APs are also stations and as such have addresses. However, the address used by an AP
for data communications on the WM side and the one used on the DSM side are not
necessarily one and the same.
This DS structure

gives rise to the use of APs as bridges to extend the reach of a network.

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Continue..
The IEEE 802.11 standard provides for the use of multiple BSSs and a DS to create a wireless
network of arbitrary size and complexity networks are known as extended service set (ESS)
networks shown in figure below
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3.3 Extended Service Set Networks
ESS networks provide advantages, so that stations within an ESS network may communicate
with one another and mobile stations may move transparently from one BSS to another as
long as they are all part of the same ESS network.
Due to use of an ESS network all of the following situations may occur:
BSSs may overlap to provide continuous coverage areas or BSSs can be physically separate entities
BSSs may be physically collocated for redundancy reasons, and one or more IBSS or ESS networks
may be physically located in the same area.
The above situation can commonly occur when separate organizations set up their own WLANs in
close proximity to one another.
The above problems in wireless LAN architecture solved by a device known as a portal.
To integrate the 802.11 wireless LAN with a traditional 802.x wired LAN (see Figure 9.4) a
portal or logical point must exist where medium access control (MAC) service data units or
MSDUs can enter the wireless LAN distribution system.
The portal's function is to provide logical integration between the wireless LAN architecture
and the existing wired LAN.
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Wireless Technologies (reference only)
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2. Wireless PANs / IEEE 802.15x
PAN
(Personal Area Network)
LAN
(Local Area Network)
WAN
(Wide Area Network)
MAN
(Metropolitan Area Network)
PAN LAN MAN WAN
Bluetooth
Peer-to-Peer
Device-to-Device
Short
<1 Mbps
802.11a, 11b, 11g
HiperLAN2
Enterprise Networks
Medium
254+ Mbps
802.11
MMDS, LMDS
Fixed, Last
Mile Access
MediumLong
22+ Mbps
GSM, GPRS,
CDMA, 2.53G
PDAs, Mobile
Phones, Cellular
Access
Long
10384 Kbps
Standards
Speed
Range
Applications
This section deals with
IEEE 802.15x standard for wireless personal area networks (WPANS).
Comparison of the functionality provided by a wireless LAN and a wireless pan
Introduced to the origins of IEEE 802.15xthe Bluetooth specifications.
The basic characteristics of a WPAN are presented with contrasted against the
basic operation of a WLAN.
The Bluetooth physical layer details for 2.4-ghz operation.

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2. Wireless PANs / IEEE 802.15x
Introduction:
WPAN (Wireless Personal Area Network) is used to transfer the information over short distance
between private groupings of participant devices.
The goal of standard was to provide a ultra-low complexity, cost, and power for low-data-rate
wireless connectivity among fixed, portable, and moving devices either within personal operating
space (POS).
A POS is further defined as the space around an individual or object that typically extends ten
meters in all directions and envelops the individual whether that person is stationary or in motion.
The standard has been developed to coexist with all other IEEE 802.11 networks.
The implementation of a WPAN can be achieved through small, extremely power-efficient,
battery-operated, low-cost solutions for a wide and diverse range of personal devices.
Some a these emerging technologies for implementation of ubiquitous wireless sensor networks
(WSNs) supporting applications for use in both the commercial/industrial and consumer/home
environments.




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2.1 INTRODUCTION TO IEEE 802.15X TECHNOLOGIES
Wireless PAN Applications
It heavily used in low-cost, battery-operated personal digital assistants (PDAs),
personal 1v1P3 music players, digital cameras, and multimedia-enhanced mobile
phones.
These devices in conjunction with the more traditional notebook/laptop and newer
tablet computers
Industrial sensor applications like Low speed, low battery, low cost sensor networks
Personal home storage
Printers & scanners
Interactive video gaming
Home theater
Exchanging information directly between PDAs
Connecting a keyboard or mouse wirelessly to a desktop computer
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2.2 . WIRELESS PAN APPLICATIONS AND ARCHITECTURE
Infrared Wireless LAN
Bluetooth
Also an IEEE standard 802.15.1
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WPANs Technologies (reference only)
Project Data Rate Range Configuration Other Features
802.15.1
(Bluetooth)
721 kbps 1 M (class3)
100 M (class1)
8 active device
Piconet/
Scatternet
Authentication,
Encryption, Voice
802.15.3
High Rate
22, 33, 44,
55 Mbps
10 M peer-to-peer FCC part 15.249
QoS, Fast Join,
Multi-media
802.15.4
Low Rate
Up to
250 kbps
10 M nominal
1~100 M (based
on settings)
Star
peer-to-peer
Battery life: multi-
month to multi-
year
Short Range (at least 10m, up to 70m possible)
Data rates (currently up to 55 Mb/s)
Short time to connect (<1s)
Peer to peer connectivity
Designed to support low power portable devices
Easy to use

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Basic WPAN Characteristics
Both WLANs and WPANs appear to be very similar in their operation.
The three fundamental ways in which these two technologies differ:
1. WPAN power levels and coverage areas
2. Media control techniques
3. Network life span or duration


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Difference between WPAN and WLAN***

1. WPAN power levels and coverage areas

A WLAN
Power Level : Approximately 100 mw
Coverage Distances : Approximately 100 Meters
Mobility : It enables fixed or less mobility
Access Points (AP): Need To Be Placed In Optimized Fixed Locations
Deployment of a WLAN where the use of cables is either difficult or costly to install.
The WLAN must still be deployed and set up in any case and primarily serves to extend the reach of a
portable device to connect to an established infrastructure.

The WPAN:
Power Level : Approximately 1mw
Coverage Distances : Approximately few 10 meters
Access Points (AP): Need not to be placed in optimized fixed locations
A WPAN uses low power consumption to enable true mobility.
Personal devices are able to achieve low-power modes of operation that allow several devices to share
data through the use of WPAN technology.

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Continue.
2. Media control techniques
PAN standard consists of the formation of ad hoc networks that are controlled by a single
member of the PAN known as the master and the other member or members of the ad hoc PAN
function as slaves and it is interchangeable.
It uses of a time-multiplexed slotted system.
the master is able to poll the slave members of a wireless PAN and thus determine the required
bandwidth needs.
the master is then able to regulate the bandwidth assigned to the various slave personal devices
based upon the required QoS requested.
Through use of a system that employs short timeslots high-quality traffic may be supported.
A WLAN device is required to maintain management information database (MB) to facilitate end-
to-end network operations of a larger infrastructure.
The WPAN device presently does not need to maintain a network-observable and network-
controllable state to provide this type of WLAN functionality.


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Contd
3. Network life span or duration
For a WPAN, a device can create a connection that lasts only as long as needed and
therefore the network has a finite life span.
Eg: If a digital picture is to be transferred from a camera to a PC, the network might
exist only as long as needed to transfer the picture.
Since the connections created in a WPAN are ad hoc and temporary in nature.
the WPAN allows for the rapid formation of ad hoc networks that provide wireless
connectivity without any pre deployment activity necessary

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Contd
Advantages:
Dynamic network setup
Usually quick and relatively simple to set up
WPAN enabled devices are usually portable
Needs less technical skills to deploy than LANs or WLANs.
Disadvantages:
Typically have a limited range
Currently limited to relatively slow data rates when compared with WLAN technologies
Compatibility and interoperability issues (WPAN technologies are not usually compatible with each
other. Some WPAN technologies such as Bluetooth are known to have had interoperability issues
between devices from different manufacturers.)
As small devices that are often associated with WPANs often have limited potential for adding extra
hardware it is sometimes difficult to find suitable upgrade equipment.
Devices with inbuilt WPAN technologies can be considerably more expensive than devices without
WPAN technologies.

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Advantages and Disadvantages of WPAN
Introduction
Bluetooth is a low tier, ad hoc, terrestrial wireless short-range radio technology.
Goal is to replace cables.
This technology used to facilitates more way of exchanging data between telephones,
computers and other devices.
The Bluetooth wireless technology comprises hardware, software and interoperability
requirements.
Transmits at up to 1 Mbps over a distance of 33 feet and is not impeded by physical barriers
The Bluetooth provides support for both asynchronous and synchronous communications.
o Asynchronous channels for data transfer .
o synchronous channels for telephony-grade voice communications.
Using Bluetooth wireless technology, a user could simultaneously be provided hands-free
cellular telephone operation via a Bluetooth-enabled wireless headset and at the same time
be transferring packet data from the cellular mobile phone to a laptop / notebook PC.
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Bluetooth WPAN Overview
Bluetooth Specification:
1. Standard is IEEE 802.15.1
2. Operate 2.4-GHz unlicensed ISM band.
3. FHSS is employed to prevent interference and signal fading.
4. Data rate of 1Mbps.
5. Use low power 30 to 100mA active current.
6. Antenna power 0dbm (mW) to cover 10mts
7. FSK modulation is used at a symbol rate of 1 Msps.
8. The use of frequency hopping at a rate of 1600 hops/s or 625 ms/hop.
9. Use full-duplex operation using a TDD scheme.
10. A packet normally is only a single slot in length but can be extended up to 3 or 5 slots.
11. Data traffic can have a maximum asymmetric rate of 723.2 kbps between two devices.
12. Bidirectional, synchronous 64-kbps channels are able to support voice traffic between 2 devices.
13. Various combinations of asynchronous and synchronous traffic are allowed.

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Bluetooth packet data format:
Figure 10.2 shows the format of an over the air, single-slot Bluetooth packet. The figure
indicates that each packet consists of an access code, a header, and a payload.
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Figure 10.3 depicts Bluetooth wireless technology and the OSI model.


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The two basic types network topologies.
1. Piconet
2. Scatternets.
1. piconet :
It is formed by a Bluetooth device serving as a master and at least one or more (up to a maximum of
seven) Bluetooth devices acting as slaves (see Fig 10.4).
All devices that are taking part in a piconet are synchronized to the clock of the master of the piconet and
hence to the same frequency hopping sequence.


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Bluetooth WPAN Ad Hoc Network Topologies
The piconet is defined by the frequency hopping scheme .
The piconet slaves only communicate with the piconet master in a point-to-point fashion
and under the direct control of the master.
The piconet master may communicate in either a point-to-point or point-to-multipoint
fashion.
Various usage scenarios might tend to define a certain device's role within a piconet as
always being either a master or a slave; however, the standard does not define permanent
masters or slaves.
A device that has served as a slave for one application could just as easily be the master in
another situation.
Slave can communicate with only master, not with other slaves in the piconet.
Non active slaves can be put in stand by mode (Sleep mode) to save the power.
48 bit ID are used for the devices identification in the piconet.
The hopping pattern is determined by device ID.

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2. Bluetooth scatternet structure:
The scatterenet is a collection of functioning piconets overlapping in both time and space
(see fig below)
Bluetooth device may be member of several piconets involves in a scatternet at the same
time, but can only be a master of a single piconet.
A device may serve as both a master and a slave within the scattemet.
The Device in scatternet in imply any routing capabilities


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Continue.
Integration of a Bluetooth WPAN with other LANS
use of an IEEE 802 LAN attachment gateway (AG) a Bluetooth WPAN may connect to and participate in
the transfer of data with other LANs in the IEEE 802 family.
The LAN Attachment Gateway(AG) allows for the transfer of MAC service data units (MSDUs) from or to
other LANs via the wireless connectivity afforded by the Bluetooth WPAN.




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Continue.
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Components of the Bluetooth Architecture***
Figure below shows the Bluetooth protocol stack.
The Bluetooth standard call for a set of communication protocols and a set of interoperable application
that are used to support the usages address in the specifications.
Figure below shows both Bluetooth-specific protocols and other non-Bluetooth-specific protocols.
The link manager protocol (LMP) and the Logical Link Control And Adaptation(L2CAP) layer protocol are
Bluetooth specific whereas the protocols within the "Other" box are not.
Some of these other protocols are the point-to-point protocol (PPP) and wireless application protocol
(WAP).



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Layer Description:
1. Physical radio layer: It for Tx and Rx data and voice.
2. Baseband layer: It enables RF link between Bluetooth devices.
3. Link manager: It is the protocol that handles link establishment b/w Bluetooth devices which
include authentication and encryptions.
4. LLC and L2CAP: It is connection based communication protocol that implements multiplexing. No
flow control. But provide reliable base band link.
5. Audio profile: It responsible for managing connection for Tx ?Rx data from audio devices.
6. Control: For control signal generations fro various activities.
7. Other LLC: Link controller for optional device, fax, headsets like cordless phone etc.
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3. Broadband Wireless MANs/IEEE 802.16x

3.1 Introduction WMAN/IEEE 802.16X Technologies

The IEEE 802.16x standards for wireless metropolitan area networks (WMANs)
This systems can be used to provide multiple types of data services to system subscribers.
The main goal of WMAN to Provide high-speed Internet access to home and business
subscribers without wires.
Base stations (BS) can handle thousands of subscriber stations (SS). Access control
prevents collisions.
Supports
Legacy voice systems
Voice over IP
TCP/IP
Applications with different QoS requirements.
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3. Broadband Wireless MANs/IEEE 802.16x(reference only)

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Contd.
The origin and evolution of IEEE 802.16x
In 1999. IEEE 802.16 project was started to promote the use of innovative and cost-effective broadband
wireless products on a worldwide basis.
The first specifications provide for the transport of data, video, and voice services at frequencies band of
10 to 66 GHz.
Initially it is a expensive type of broadband access technology accept in a few isolated, scattered areas.
The original IEEE 802.16 standard called for operation in licensed bands in the 10- to 66-GHz frequency
range where line-of-sight (LOS) is required for satisfactory operation.
The original standard has been amended to include operation in the 2- to 11-GHz frequency range in both
licensed and unlicensed bands.
Intel is reportedly planning to design and produce an IEEE 802.16-compatible chip set.
the term Wi-Max (similar to Wi-Fi) has been adopted to describe this technology.

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802.16.1 (10-66 GHz, line-of-sight, up to 134Mbit/s)
802.16.2 (minimizing interference between coexisting WMANs.)
802.16a (2-11 Ghz, Mesh, non-line-of- sight)
802.16b (5-6 Ghz)
802.16c (detailed system profiles)
P802.16e (Mobile Wireless MAN)
.
802.16 standards:
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The IEEE 802.16
This standard was adopted by the IEEE Standards Board in 2001.
this standard only covered physical layer implementations for the 10-66 GHz frequency range.
The MAC layer only supports LOS operation over fairly large channels (i.e., 25 to 28 MHz wide)
This can support raw data rates in excess of 120 Mbps.
application area for this form of wireless technology was broadband Internet access for the small
office/home office (SOHO).

The IEEE 802.16a
This standard was adopted in 2003.
Initially called IEEE 802.16.1 was incorporated into IEEE 802.16 and IEEE 802.16.3 became 802.I6a.
IEEE 802.16a-2003 adds support for operation in license-exempt bands and an optional mesh
topology (for NLOS propagation) at these lower frequencies.
A further revision to IEEE 802.16 is presently in the formulation stages and is meant to consolidate
IEEE 802.16. 802.16a, and 802.16c (another amendment) into one unified and updated 802.16
wireless standard.
.
IEEE 802.16 and 802.16a Standards
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3.2 IEEE 802.16 WIRELESS MANS
Wireless metropolitan area networks (MANs) provide network access to buildings through
exterior antennas communicating with a central radio base station over a point-to-multipoint.








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Contd.
It is a low cost of deployment of wireless MAN (WMAN) technology, it certainly should prove
cost-effective compared to the installation of fiber-optic links.
It provide the required bandwidth capacity since they are shared systems designed for high-
speed net access for the home user.
In many instances, wireless MAN technology could provide network access where DSL
technology would fail due to distance limitations or severe copper pair signal impairments.
At present, the use of wireless MANs that conform to the IEEE 802.16 standard brings the
network to the building.
Users inside the building connect to the network with conventional in-building network
technologies like Ethernet or possibly wireless LANs (IEEE 802.11).
IEEE 802.I6e allow an extension of the standard to provide network connectivity to an
individual's laptop/notebook/tablet computer or PDA while outside, in one's home or
apartment, or while in a moving vehicle.
A wireless MAN effectively serves as a bridge to an existing network infrastructure.
This bridge function may extend the network wirelessly to multiple new fixed locations
where the network deployment might use standard network infrastructure to provide
network connectivity to the end users.


52
Objectives
WMAN v/s WLAN and WPAN
WLAN has a maximum reach in the order of 100 meters for indoor access points whereas
wireless MANs may span several thousands of meters in an outdoor environment.
The WLAN also may provide an outdoor bridge function over many kilometers of distance
but it is usually only for specific point-to-point applications.
The wireless PAN does not appear to have any commonality with the wireless MAN except
for the functionality exhibited by the wireless PAN piconet and the wireless MAN mesh
network operation.
WPANs, tens of meters (piconets) versus kilometers for the wireless high-speed MAN.

53
Objectives


IEEE 802.16 WMANS Typical Deployment


A wireless MAN base station is typically located on a tall building to provide an unobstructed
or line-of-sight path between the subscriber stations and the base station antennas.
Although the new IEEE 802.16a physical layer standard provides for NLOS operation at
frequencies between 2-11 GHz.
substantial base station antenna height is still desired because the best system operation
with the highest possible data transfer rates.
Data rates is dependent upon base station to subscriber station radio channel
characteristics.
a direct LOS path will provide the best channel transmission characteristics. Even with mesh
network operation the greater the number of mesh stations with LOS views of the mesh
base station, the better the system operation.

54
Objectives
Contd
For LOS operation, a typical cell radius for a wireless MAN system with the base station
antenna at a height of 30 meters and the SS antenna at 6.5 meters is approximately 3.5 km.
For an 80-meter base station antenna height the cell radius increases to about 7 km.
System bit rates are dependent upon the system bandwidth and the coding/modulation
formats used.
Typical operational values range from 5 to l0s of mbps in the 2-11 GHz range and higher
values for systems deployed in the 10-66 GHz range.
The subscriber station antenna is typically mounted on an outside building wall, base station
facing window, or on a pole aimed at the base station antenna.
To increase system capacity, a wireless MAN base station usually supports numerous
antenna sectors.
Sectored antennas are used with frequency reuse concept to meet the system capacity.

55





THE END OF UNIT- 8
Wireless LANs/IEEE 802.11x
Wireless PANs/IEEE 802.15x
Wireless MANs/IEEE 802.16x


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J.J. Thomson


Born
18 December 1856
Manchester, Lancashire,
UK
Died
30 August 1940 (aged 83)
Cambridge, UK
Nationality
British
Fields
Physics
Institutions
University of Cambridge
Known for
Plum pudding model
Discovery of electron
Discovery of isotopes
Mass spectrometer
invention
First m/e measurement
Proposed first waveguide
Thomson scattering
Thomson problem

Notable awards Nobel Prize for
Physics (1906)
Signature

[Father of e
-
]