1

Nghin cu hm lng mt s kim loi nng (Cu, Pb,

Zn) trong t nng nghip do nh hng ca nc ti
sng Nhu

Nguyn Vit Thnh

Trng i hc Khoa hc T nhin
Lun vn ThS chuyn ngnh: Khoa hc mi trng; M s: 60 85 02
Ngi hng dn: TS. Nguyn Th Lan Hng
Nm bo v: 2012


Abstract: Tng quan v nhim nc sng; nhim t; s nhim ki, loi nng (KLN); c tnh ca
kim loi ng (Cu). Khi qut mt s c im t nhin v kinh t x hi lu vc sng Nhu. a

nh gi a
hi n tra ng ch t l ng n

c m t sng Nhu . a

nh gia

ha

m l ng kim loa i n ng (Cu, Pb, Zn) trong n

c
sng Nhu va

nh h

ng cu

a no

n ha

m l ng kim loa i n ng (Cu, Pb, Zn) t s

du ng n

c t

i cu

a
sng Nhu . a

nh gia

m i tng quan gi

a ha

m l ng kim loa i n ng (Cu, Pb, Zn) trong n

c va

ha

m
l ng kim loa i n ng (Cu, Pb, Zn) trong t . Lm c s khoa hc cho vic a ra cac gii php bo v mi
trng sng Nhu.

Keywords: Khoa hc mi trng; Kim loi nng; t nng nghip; Nc ti; Sng Nhu


Content
Hin nay, ti cc vng ngoi ca th Vit Nam ngi ta thng s dng nc thi lm nc ti cho canh
tc nng nghip. Khi s dng nc thi lm nc ti, bn cnh tc dng c li (tn dng c ngun dinh
dng trong nc thi), th tc hi l mt vn cn phi quan tm v trong ngun nc thi ny c cha rt


2
nhiu nguyn t kim loi nng c hi cho c th con ngi nh caimi, km, ch, thu ngn,... v c cc cht hu
c c hi kh phn hy, cc loi vi trng gy bnh,v.v... Nhng cht c hi trn u trc tip tch ly cho cy
lng thc, rau qu v s li hu qu nghim trng cho con ngi nu n phi... Khc vi cht thi hu c c
th t phn hy trong a s trng hp, cc kim loa i n ng (KLN) khi phng thch vo mi trng s tn ti lu
di. Chng tch t vo cc m sng qua chui thc n v tim n ri ro tch lu trong c th con ngi. Qu trnh
ny bt u vi nng rt thp ca KLN tn ti trong nc hoc cn lng, sau c tch t nhanh trong cc
ng vt v thc vt sng trong nc. Tip n l cac ng vt khc s dng cac ng v thc vt ny lm thc
n, dn n nng cac KLN c tch ly trong c th sinh vt tr nn cao hn. Cui cng, sinh vt cao nht
trong chui thc n (thng l con ngi), nng KLN s ln gy c.
Sng Nhu ly nc t sng Hng qua cng Lin Mc ti cho h thng thy nng an Hoi. Sng
Nhu cn tiu nc cho thnh ph H Ni v hp lu vi sng ay ti th x Ph L. Sng Nhu c din tch lu
vc 1070 km
2
. Trn din tch khu vc nh hng ca thnh ph H Ni bao gm mt phn din tch ca
huyn Thanh Tr v T Lim v mt s huyn mi st nhp trc y thuc tnh H Ty. Phn din tch ca lu
vc cn li l thuc a phn tnh H Nam. Nc sng T Lch thng xuyn x vo sng Nhu vi lu lng
trung bnh t 11 17m
3
/s, lu lng cc i t 30m
3
/s. y l nguyn nhn ch yu lm cho nc sng Nhu b
nhim. Ngoi ra, dc theo sng Nhu cn c rt nhiu nh my, x nghip, lng ngh th cng sn xut v ch
bin kim loi. Nhng kim loi ny thng theo dng chy xung nc v lng ng xung bn ay sng.
Theo nhiu kt qu nghin cu, hm lng kim loi nng (Cd, Cu, Cr, Pb, Zn, Ni) trong nc ca h
thng sng T Lch v Kim Ngu kha cao, nguyn nhn do s thi trc tip t cc nh my, x nghip dc hai
bn b sng v ngun nc ny li c thi trc tip vo sng Nhu (Nguyn Th Lan Hng v cng s,
2008; H Th Lam Tr v cng s, 2000). V th, nc sng Nhu c d oan c nhim kim loi nng rt
cao, c bit l ti a im chy qua huyn Thanh Tr ni giao nhn nc thi t h thng sng T Lch v Kim


3
Ngu. Sng Nhu cung cp nc ti cho hn 100.000 ha t nng nghip, trong bao gm 80.000 ha t nng
nghip thuc vng H Ni v 20.000 ha t nng nghip vng H Nam (Trnh Anh c v cng s, 2007).
gp phn vo vic bo v mi trng v khc phc nhim mi trng nc thuc h thng sng
Nhu, ti tin hnh ti Nghin cu hm lng kim loi nng (Cu, Pb, Zn) trong t nng nghip do nh
hng ca nc sng Nhu nh m:
- a

nh gia

hi n tra ng ch t l ng n

c m t sng Nhu .
- a

nh gia

ha

m l ng kim loa i n ng (Cu, Pb, Zn) trong n

c sng Nhu va

nh h

ng cu

a no

n ha

m
l ng kim loa i n ng (Cu, Pb, Zn) t s

du ng n

c t

i cu

a sng Nhu .
- a

nh gia

m i tng quan gi

a ha

m l ng kim loa i n ng (Cu, Pb, Zn) trong n

c va

ha

m l ng kim
loi nng (Cu, Pb, Zn) trong t .
- Lm c s khoa hc cho vic a ra cac gii php bo v mi trng sng Nhu.

CHNG 1 : TNG QUAN TI LIU
1.1. Tng quan v nhim nc sng.
1.1.1. Tnh hnh nhim nc sng trn th gii.
1.1.2. Tnh hnh nhim nc sng Vit Nam.
1.1.3. Tnh hnh nhim nc sng trn a bn thnh ph H Ni.
1.2. Tng quan v nhim t.
1.2.1. Tnh hnh nhim t trn th gii.
1.2.2. Tnh hnh nhim t Vit Nam.
1.3. Nghin cu v s nhim kim loi nng (KLN).
1.3.1. Nghin cu nhim kim loi nng trn th gii.


4
1.3.1.1. nhim KLN do cng nghip v th.
1.3.1.2. nhim KLN do hot ng giao thng.
1.3.1.3. nhim KLN do hot ng nng nghip.
1.3.2. Nghin cu nhim kim loi nng Vit Nam.
1.3.2.1. nhim KLN do cng nghip v th.
1.3.2.2. nhim KLN do hot ng sn xut nng nghip Vit Nam.
1.3.2.3. nhim KLN do cht thi lng ngh.
1.4. c tinh cua kim loi nng (Cu, Pb, Zn)
1.4.1. c tinh cua kim loi ng (Cu)
1.4.2. c tinh cua kim loi ch (Pb)
1.4.3. c tinh cua kim loi km (Zn)
1.5. Khi qut mt s c im t nhin v kinh t x hi lu vc sng Nhu
1.5.1. c im t nhin.
1.5.2. c im kinh t x hi
1.5.2.1. c im kinh t
1.5.2.2. c im x hi
1.5.3. Hin trng nhim mi trng
1.5.4. Cc ngun thi gy nhim chu yu mi trng nc lu vc sng Nhu
1.5.4.1. Ngun thi sinh hot
1.5.4.2. Ngun thi cng nghip
1.5.4.3. Ngun thi lng ngh


CHNG II : I TNG V PHNG PHP NGHIN CU
2.1. i tng nghin cu
i tng nghin cu l nc trn sng Nhu v t s dng nc sng Nhu lm nc ti.


5
Cc mu nc c ly ti cc v tr tip nhn cc ngun thi khc nhau.
Cc mu t c ly trn cc khu vc s dng trc tip nc ti ca sng Nhu.
Cc mu nc, mu t c ly trong thi gian t thang 8/2011 n thng 8/2012.
2.2. Phng php nghin cu
2.2.1. Phng php thu thp ti liu
2.2.2. Phng php thu thp mu
2.2.3. Phng php phn tich trong phng thi nghim
2.2.4. Phng php phn tich tng quan
2.2.5. Phng php tng hp v phn tch, x l s liu v d liu






CHNG III : KT QU V THA O LU N
3.1. Hin trng mi trng nc mt sng Nhu
3.1. Mt s tnh cht l, ha hc c bn cua nc sng Nhu
Kt qu phn tch tnh cht l ha ca cc mu nc sng Nhu c trnh by bng 3.1 v bng 3.2.
Kt qu phn tch c so snh vi QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT - Quy chun k thut Quc gia v cht lng nc
mt, so snh vi ct A2 (dng cho mc ch cp nc sinh hot) v ct B1 (dng cho mc ch ti tiu thy li


6
hoc cc mc ch s dng khc), t kt qu so sanh ta c th anh gia c hin trng cht lng nc sng
Nhu hin nay.

Bng 3.1. Kt qu phn tich cc ch tiu ha l cua nc sng Nhu ma kh 2011
Mu

Ch tiu

n
v
WS
1
WS
2
WS
3
WS
4
WS
5
WS
6
WS
7
WS
8
WS
9
WS
10
WS
11
WS
12
QCVN
08:2008/BTNMT
Ct A2 Ct B1
pH - 7,1 8,4 7,8 7,7 7,7 7,8 7,7 7,5 7,5 7,4 7,5 7,3 6 - 8,5 5,5 - 9
TSS

mg/l 51 53 83 262 280 117 114 89 75 64 59 52 30 50
DO mg/l 4,4 3,0 2,8 2,5 1,1 1,3 1,32 1,5 2,3 2,8 3,1 4,2 5 4
Hm lng cn mg/l 240 200 230 230 510 526,7 203,3 208,3 248,7 240 276,7 246,7 - -
BOD
5
mg/l 16 67 81 85 101 89 68 63 52 35 31 25 6 15
COD mg/l 23 86 102 110 131 107 86 75 62 54 46 32 15 30
N-NH
4
+
mg/l 3,16 18,19 22,21 27,02 29,48 30,86 27,31 26,65 23,06 20,61 15,44 4,78 0,2 0,5
N-NO
3
-
mg/l 0,46 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 5 10
PO
4
3-

mg/l 0,21 1,03 0,89 1,46 2,97 3,4 1,78 1,73 1,54 1,52 1,43 0,61 0,2 0,3






7
Bng 3.2. Kt qu phn tich cc ch tiu ha l cua nc sng Nhu ma ma 2012
Mu

Ch tiu
n
v
WS
1
WS
2
WS
3
WS
4
WS
5
WS
6
WS
7
WS
8
WS
9
WS
10
WS
11
WS
12
QCVN
08:2008/BTNMT
Ct A2 Ct B1
pH - 7,10 7,28 7,55 7,30 7,55 7,49 7,44 7,41 7,17 7,38 7,28 7,10 6 - 8,5 5,5 - 9
TSS

mg/l 12 21 24 58 63 83 55 21 24 17 15 13 30 50
DO mg/l 5,8 3,7 3,2 2,5 1,9 2,2 2,3 2,7 3,3 3,8 4,1 5,2 4
Hm lng cn mg/l 216 230 237 240 267 263 340 196 177 210 197 160 - -
BOD
5
mg/l 8 14 18 17 21 18 20 18 18 17 16 12 6 15
COD mg/l 13 23 24 24 30 32 35 28 30 29 25 16 15 30
N-NH
4
+
mg/l 1,36 5,23 6,89 7,42 10,16 11,25 11,42 11,54 8,40 7,80 7,47 1,30 0,2 0,5
N-NO
3
-
mg/l 0,69 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,1 0,27 5 10
PO
4
3-

mg/l 0,12 0,15 0,17 0,21 0,27 0,34 0,33 0,20 0,17 0,16 0,16 0,13 0,2 0,3




Khoa Mi Tr

ng Trng i hc Khoa hc t nhin

Hc vin Nguyn Vit Thnh K18-CHKHMT
8
3.1.1. Gi tr pH
Gi tr pH l mt ch tiu quan trng xac nh, anh gia cht lng ngun nc.
pH nh hng rt ln n qu trnh ha hc v sinh hc din ra trong mi trng nc.
Tr s ny phu thu c va

o ha

m l ng axt mu i h

u c

y sng , s thy phn ca c ac

mu i KLN va

s pha

t tri n cu

a h vi ta

o c a sng.
Bng 3.1, bng 3.2 v hnh 3.1 cho thy rng gia

tri pH cu cc mu nc o c
ti cac v tr ly mu khac nhau trn sng Nhu dao ng trong khoa

ng 7,1 - 8,4. S chnh

l ch gia

tr pH trong cac m u nc gi

a ca

c i m l y m u va

gi

a ca

c mu

a la

khng a

ng
k . Gi tr pH ti cac im t im WS2 (Ph Din) n WS6 (T Thanh Oai) cao hn so
vi cac im cn li do ti cc v tr ny tip nhn trc tip mt ngun ln nc thi t
cac khu th mang theo cc cht ty ra c tnh kim t cac khu th thi ra. Nhn
chung, ti cc v tr o, gia tr pH ca cc mu nc u nm trong gi tr gii hn cho
php i vi cht lng nc mt ct A2 (6 8,5) v ct B1 (5,5 9) - theo
QCVN08:2008/BTNMT.

Hnh 3.1. Hm lng pH trong nc sng Nhu
3.2. Nhu cu oxy sinh ha (BOD
5
)
Nhu cu oxy sinh ha l lng oxy cn thit vi sinh vt oxy ha cc cht hu c
trong mt khong thi gian xac nh v c k hiu bng BOD c tnh bng mg/l. Ch
tiu BOD phn nh mc nhim hu c ca nc thi. BOD cng ln th nc thi
(hoc nc ngun) b nhim cng cao v ngc li. Nh v y BOD la

m t ch tiu quan
trng dng xac nh mc nhim ca nc. Trong mi trng nc, khi qu trnh
6,0
6,5
7,0
7,5
8,0
8,5
WS1 WS2 WS3 WS4 WS5 WS6 WS7 WS8 WS9 WS10 WS11 WS12
V tr ly mu
pH
Ma ma
Ma kh

Khoa Mi Tr

ng Trng i hc Khoa hc t nhin

Hc vin Nguyn Vit Thnh K18-CHKHMT
9
oxy ha sinh hc xy ra th cc vi khun s dng oxy ha tan oxy ha cc cht hu c
v bin chng thnh cc sn phm v c nh CO
2
, CO
3
2-
, SO
4
2-
, PO
4
3-


Hnh 3.2. Hm lng BOD
5
trong nc sng Nhu
Gia tr BOD
5
(mg/l) ca cc mu nc sng Nhu ti cac v tr ly mu khac nhau
c trnh by trong bng 3.1, 3.2 v hnh v 3.2. Gia tr BOD
5
dao ng trong khoa

ng (12
- 21 mg/l) vo ma ma v khong (16 - 101 mg/l) vo ma kh. Vo ma ma, tt c cc
gi tr BOD
5
u vt qu tiu chun cho php i vi nc dng cho mc ch sinh hot
ct A2 (6 mg/l) QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT mt s im cn vt c tiu chun i vi nc
dng cho mc ch ti tiu thy li ct B1 (12mg/l) QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT. c bit
vo ma kh nc sng Nhu ph mt mu en t u sng n cui sng, do gia tr
BOD
5
ca cc mu nc cc v tr u cao hn nhiu so v

i gia

tri gi

i ha n cho php i
vi cht lng nc dng cho mc ch ti tiu ct B1 QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT. Gi tr
BOD
5
trong cc mu nc rt nhiu v tr vt gp nhiu ln so vi tiu chun cho php.
nh im nhim nh mu WS5 (Thanh Lit) c gi tr BOD
5
= 101 (mg/l) vt gp
6,73 ln, gi tr BOD
5
= 89 (mg/l) ca

WS6 (T Thanh Oai) vt gp 5,93 ln, WS4 (Hu
Ha) vt gp 5,67 ln, WS3 (Vn Phc) vt gp 5,6 ln, WS2 (Ph Din) v WS7 (i
ng) vt gp 4,46 ln. Thm ch ngay c ti v tr u sng, khi lng nc sng Hng
xung thp, cng Lin Mc ng th nc y cng bt u xut hin s nhim (gi tr
BOD
5
= 16 mg/l). Qua cho thy, n

c sng Nhu hi n nay a

bi nhi m ch t h

u c ,
v vy cn thit phi c nhng gii phap hn ch s nhim ny m bo ch t lng nc
phc v cho mc ch ti tiu thy li cho hn 100.000 ha t nng nghip (trong c
80.000 ha ca Tp.H Ni v 20.000 ca tnh H Nam).
0
15
30
45
60
75
90
105
120
WS1 WS2 WS3 WS4 WS5 WS6 WS7 WS8 WS9 WS10 WS11 WS12
V tr ly mu
Ma ma
Ma kh
BOD
5
(mg/l)
Ct B1
Ct A2
QCVN 08:
2008/BTNMT

Khoa Mi Tr

ng Trng i hc Khoa hc t nhin

Hc vin Nguyn Vit Thnh K18-CHKHMT
10
3.1.3. Nhu cu oxy ha ha hc (COD)
COD th hin mc nhim ca cc cht c kh nng phn hy bng cc phn
ng ha hc thng qua lng oxy c s dng trong qu trnh phn ng. C th hn
COD l nng khi lng ca oxy tng ng vi lng bicromat Cr
2
O
7
2-
tiu tn bi
cc cht l lng v ha tan trong cc mu nc khi chng c x l bng cht oxy ha
iu kin xac nh.

Hnh 3.3. Hm lng COD trong nc sng Nhu
Gia tr COD trong cac m u nc ta i ca

c vi tri

l y m u c th hin trong bng 3.1,

bng 3.2 v hnh 3.3. Gi tr COD dao ng trong khoa

ng (16 35 mg/l) vo ma ma v
khong (23 131 mg/l) vo ma kh. Vo ma ma do nc ma pha long nn phn ln
cc gi tr COD ca cc mu nc ti cc v tr u nm di tiu chun cho php (nc
dng cho mc ch ti tiu thy li) ct B1 QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT. Vo ma kh
cng ging nh gia tr BOD
5
tt c cc gi tr COD ti cc v tr ly mu u vt rt nhiu
so vi vt ngng gii hn cho php cht lng nc mt ct B1 (30 mg/l) theo QCVN
08:2008/BTNMT. in hnh l gi tr COD ca cc mu WS5, WS4, WS6, WS3 vt 4,3
ln; 3,6 ln; 3,5 ln v 3,4 ln so vi tiu chun cho php. c bit, ngay t v tr WS2
(Ph Din), hm lng COD tng nhanh. Nguyn nhn do v tr ny tip nhn mt
lng ln cht thi sinh hot t cac khu dn c hai bn sng v cht thi t cc khu
cng nghip: CCN Ph Minh, KCN T Lim. n v tr WS5 (Thanh Lit) th ngun
gy nhim cht hu c ch yu t nc thi sinh hot t cac knh mng ca thnh
ph H Ni v sng T Lch sau vo sng Nhu qua p Thanh Lit.
Bng 3.3. T s BOD
5
/COD ma ma v ma kh
0
15
30
45
60
75
90
105
120
135
150
WS1 WS2 WS3 WS4 WS5 WS6 WS7 WS8 WS9 WS10 WS11 WS12
V tr ly mu
COD (mg/l)
Ma ma
Ma kh
Ct B1
Ct A2
QCVN 08:
2008/BTNMT

Khoa Mi Tr

ng Trng i hc Khoa hc t nhin

Hc vin Nguyn Vit Thnh K18-CHKHMT
11
V tr ly lu
T s BOD
5
/COD
Ma ma Ma kh
WS1 0,62 0,70
WS2 0,61 0,78
WS3 0,75 0,79
WS4 0,71 0,77
WS5 0,70 0,77
WS6 0,56 0,83
WS7 0,57 0,79
WS8 0,64 0,84
WS9 0,60 0,84
WS10 0,59 0,65
WS11 0,64 0,67
WS12 0,75 0,78

T s BOD
5
/COD cc v tr mu trong c ma ma v ma kh mc cao dao
ng t 0,56 - 0,84 mg/l chng t phn ln cht hu c thuc loi d phn hy sinh ha
(t s BOD
5
/COD 0,55). Gia tr ny cng phn anh ng c im ca cht gy nhim
c trong nc thi sinh hot, iu ny gip ch trong vic xut cc gii php gim thiu
cht nhim ph hp.
3.1.4. Hm lng oxy ha tan (DO)
DO l lng oxy ho tan trong nc cn thit cho s h hp ca cc sinh vt nc
(ca, lng th, thu sinh, cn trng v.v...) thng c to ra do s ho tan t kh quyn
hoc do quang hp ca to. Nng oxy t do trong nc nm trong khong 8 - 10 ppm,
v dao ng mnh ph thuc vo nhit , s phn hu ho cht, s quang hp ca to v
v.v... Khi nng DO thp, cc loi sinh vt nc gim hot ng hoc b cht. Do vy,
DO l mt ch s quan trng anh gia s nhim nc ca cc thu vc.

Khoa Mi Tr

ng Trng i hc Khoa hc t nhin

Hc vin Nguyn Vit Thnh K18-CHKHMT
12

Hnh 3.4. Hm lng DO trong nc sng Nhu
Bng 3.1, bng 3.2 v hnh 3.4 ch ra hm lng DO trong cc mu nc sng Nhu.
Gi tr DO o c t cc mu nc cac t ly mu khc nhu bin ng tng i ln,
gi tr DO cao nht (5,8 mg/l) ti Thy Phng (WS1) v gim dn qua cac im quan
trc, sau gia tr DO li tip tc tng v t QCVN ti im WS12 (Hong ng). a s
cc gi tr DO ca cc mu nc o c vo ma ma t QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT loi
B1. Vo ma kh, mc nc trn sng thp v hu nh khng c dng chy, t v tr WS2
(Ph Din T Lim) n WS11 (ng Quan Ph Xuyn) nc c mu en v bc mi
hi thi. Gi tr DO ca cc mu nc o c ti cac im nghin c

u tng i thp,
dao ng t 1,1- 3,1 mg/l, tt c cc gi tr DO ny u khng t tiu chun cho php i
vi cht lng nc mt theo QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT (loi B1 4mg/l).
3.4. Hm lng N-NH
4
+
trong nc
Hm lng Amoniac (NH
4
+
) c mt trong nc l do s phn hy cht hu c ca
cc vi sinh vt trong iu kin ym kh. Khi pH ca nc tng, NH
4
+
chuyn thnh NH
3

gy c i vi VSV.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
WS1 WS2 WS3 WS4 WS5 WS6 WS7 WS8 WS9 WS10 WS11 WS12
V tr ly mu
DO (mg/l)
Ma ma
Ma kh
Ct B1
Ct A2
QCVN 08:
2008/BTNMT

Khoa Mi Tr

ng Trng i hc Khoa hc t nhin

Hc vin Nguyn Vit Thnh K18-CHKHMT
13

Hnh 3.5. Hm lng N-NH
4
+
trong nc sng Nhu
Kt qu phn tch thng s N-NH
4
+
ca nc sng Nhu th hin trn hnh 3.5, bng
3.1 v bng 3.2. C ma ma v ma kh, cac mu nc ti cc v tr khc nhau trn sng
Nhu u cho gi tr N-NH
4
+
cao hn so vi QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT loi B1 nhiu ln,
c bit ti nhng im nh Thanh Lit, T Thanh Oai, i ng, C . Mc nhim
N-NH
4
+
ca mu nc cng nghim trng hn vo ma kh: C th ti cac im WS 4,
WS5, WS6, WS7, WS8 c gia tr N -NH
4
+
vt t 53,3 61,72 ln so vi tiu chun cho
php. Nhn chung, gi tr N-NH
4
+
trong cc mu nc trn sng Nhu tng i cao, c
th ni sng Nhu ang nhim N-NH
4
+
trn ton tuyn. iu ny chng t on sng
ny cha lng ln cht hu c tn ng v qu trnh phn hu k kh xy ra mnh m.
Kt lun ny cng kha ph hp vi kt qu phn tch DO, BOD
5
v COD trn.
3.1.6. Hm lng tng cht rn l l

ng trong nc TSS
Gi tr TSS ca cc mu nc ti cac im hai ma giao ng kh ln trong
khong 12 - 280 mg/l (bng 3.1, bng 3.2 v hnh 3.6). Ti cac v tr ly mu , ngoi tr cac
i m WS1, WS2, WS3, WS8 v WS12 vo ma ma c gia tr TSS nm trong gia tr gii
hn n c dng cho mc ch cp nc sinh hot ct A2 (30 mg/l) - theo QCVN
08:2008/BTNMT, cac im cn li vo ma ma v ma kh u c gia tr TSS vt
ng

ng gia

tri gi

i ha n B1 (50 mg/l) - theo QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT. c bit, ti hai

im WS4 v WS5 vo ma kh gi tr TSS ln lt vt t 5,24 ln n 5,6 ln so vi
tiu chun cho php ct B1 - QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT.
0,0
5,0
10,0
15,0
20,0
25,0
30,0
35,0
WS1 WS2 WS3 WS4 WS5 WS6 WS7 WS8 WS9 WS10 WS11 WS12
Ma ma
Ma kh
V tr ly
mu
N-NH
4
+
(mg/l)
Ct B1
Ct A2
QCVN 08:
2008/BTNMT

Khoa Mi Tr

ng Trng i hc Khoa hc t nhin

Hc vin Nguyn Vit Thnh K18-CHKHMT
14

Hnh 3.6. Hm lng TSS trong nc sng Nhu
3.1.7. Hm lng P-PO
4
3-
trong nc
Hm lng pht phat (PO
4
3-
) cng l mt trong cac thng s quyt nh anh gia
cht lng nc. Trong iu kin bnh thng, hm lng PO
4
3-
l mt trong cac loi cht
dinh dng cn thit cho s sinh trng v phat trin ca vi sinh vt cng nh thc vt ni
chung. Tuy nhin, khi hm lng PO
4
3-
trong nc qua ln th s nh hng n cht
lng nc cng nh kh nng sinh trng, phat trin ca cac loi sinh vt. Mt khac,
trong nc thi thng cha mt hm lng PO
4
3-
kha ln v thng vt tiu chun cho
php.

Hnh 3.7. Hm lng P-PO
4
3-
trong nc sng Nhu
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
WS1 WS2 WS3 WS4 WS5 WS6 WS7 WS8 WS9 WS10 WS11 WS12
V tr ly mu
TSS (mg/l)
Ma ma
Ma kh
Ct B1
Ct A2
QCVN 08:
2008/BTNMT
0,0
0,5
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
4,0
WS1 WS2 WS3 WS4 WS5 WS6 WS7 WS8 WS9 WS10 WS11 WS12
V tr ly mu
Ma ma
Ma kh
Ct B1
Ct A2
PO
4
3-
(mg/l)
QCVN 08:
2008/BTNMT

Khoa Mi Tr

ng Trng i hc Khoa hc t nhin

Hc vin Nguyn Vit Thnh K18-CHKHMT
15
Qua kt qu c trnh by bng 3.1, bng 3.2 v hnh 3.7, thy rng hm lng P-
PO
4
3-
trong cc mu ti sng Nhu c s khc nhau giu cc khu vc nghin cu v gia
cc ma nghin cu.
Nng PO
4
3-
trong cc mu nc bin ng t 0,21 3,4 (mg/l) vo ma kh v t
0,12 0,34 (mg/l) vo ma ma. Cac khu vc thuc sng Nhu vo ma kh u, cc mu
nc u c gi tr PO
4
3-
vt qua gii hn cho php ca QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT (ct B1
= 0,3 mg/l). Nng PO
4
3-
trong cc mu nc tng dn t u ngun WS1 (Thy
Phng) n im hp lu vi sng T Lch v gim dn v cui ngun WS12 (Hong
ng H Nam). Nhiu im c gi tr PO
4
3-
vt xa tiu chun cho php nh im
WS6 (T Thanh Oai) vt 11,33 ln, WS5 (Thanh Lit) vt 9,9 ln so vi tiu chun
cho php ct B1 - QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT. Vo ma ma th hu ht cac im u
c gi tr PO
4
3-:
nm trong gii hn cho php.
3.8. Hm lng N-NO
3
-
trong nc
Nitrat l giai on oxy ha cao nht trong chu trnh nit v l giai on sau cng
trong tin trnh oxy ha sinh hc. Ti lp nc mt thng gp nitrat dng vt.
Bng 3.1 v bng 3.2 trnh by kt qu gi tr N-NO
3
-
ca cc mu nc sng Nhu.
Gi tr N-NO
3
-
ca cc mu nc dao ng trong khong t di 0,1 0,69 mg/l, nm
trong QCVN 08:2008, ct A2. Hm lng Nitrat t gi tr rt thp chng t iu kin mi
trng y khng ph hp cho nit tn ti di dng Nitrat. Kt qu phn tch cho thy,
nit trong nc sng Nhu tn ti ch yu di dng amoni do qu trnh phn hu ym kh
cc cht hu c. Kt qu ny cng cho thy, cht lng nc sng Nhu chu nh hng
ln t nc thi sinh hot ca thnh ph H Ni (54% nc thi sinh hot ca H ni c
thi vo lu vc).
Nhn xt : C s chnh lch kt qu phn tch cac ch tiu ha hc trong nc sng
Nhu gi

a mu

a ma va

mu

a kh . Vo ma ma , n

c ma va

c sng H ng qua cng

Lin Mc chy vo a

pha loa

ng va

gia

m ha

m l ng ca

c ch t gy nhi m trong nc sng

Nhu ang k so vi ma kh. Vo ma kh, khi nc sng c quanh v en kt mt mu
th c th ni y l mt dng sng cht. M t s chi

tiu nh BOD
5
, COD, DO, N-NH
4
+
,
TSS co

gia tr cao hn nhiu ln so v

i gia

tri gi

i ha n i vi cht lng nc dng cho

mc ch ti tiu thy li ct B1 - QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT. Cac im t
WS5,WS6,WS7,WS8 l bn im nhim nht ca sng Nhu do y l cac im nm

Khoa Mi Tr

ng Trng i hc Khoa hc t nhin

Hc vin Nguyn Vit Thnh K18-CHKHMT
16
ngay sau im hp lu vi sng T Lch nn tip nhn mt lng ln cht thi sinh hot
t sng T Lch. Qua bng 3.4 thng k kt qu quan trc mt s thng s trn sng Nhu
c th thy s lng cac kt qu vt qua tiu chun cho php l kha nhiu . Trong o

co

thng s N-NH
4
+
c 24/24 k t qua

v t qua

ti u chu n cho phe

p .
Bng 3.4. Thng k kt qu quan trc mt s thng s trn sng Nhu
Thng s
n
v
Max Min
S kt qu vt
QCVN08:2008/BTNMT ct
A2
S kt qu vt
QCVN08:2008/BTNMT
ct B1
DO mg/l 5,9 1,1 16 10
BOD
5
mg/l 101 12 24 21
COD mg/l 131 16 25 15
TSS mg/l 280 12 16 16
N-NH
4
+
mg/l 30,86 1,3 24 24
P-PO
4
3-
mg/l 3,4 0,12 17 13

Khoa Mi Tr

ng Trng i hc Khoa hc t nhin

Hc vin: Nguyn Vit Thnh K18-CHKHMT
17

3.2. Hm lng cc kim loi nng (Cu, Pb, Zn) trong nc sng Nhu
Bng 3.5. Hm lng mt s kim loi nng trong nc sng Nhu vo ma ma v ma kh

Mu

Ch tiu

n
v
WS 1 WS 2 WS 3 WS 4 WS 5 WS 6 WS 7 WS 8 WS 9
WS
10
WS
11
WS
12
QCVN
08:2008/BTNMT
Ct A2 Ct B1
Ma
kh
2011
Cu mg/l 0,039 0,146 0,151 0,166 0,328 0,214 0,193 0,185 0,107 0,096 0,076 0,064 0,2 0,5
Pb mg/l 0,009 0,020 0,024 0,031 0,045 0,041 0,035 0,031 0,020 0,017 0,015 0,033 0,02 0,05
Zn mg/l 0,154 1,213 0,314 0,271 0,565 0,548 0,482 0,301 0,279 0,225 0,204 0,150 1,0 1,5
Ma
ma
2012
Cu mg/l 0,012 0,032 0,023 0,020 0,033 0,028 0,023 0,030 0,027 0,025 0,020 0,018 0,2 0,5
Pb mg/l 0,006 0,008 0,013 0,012 0,011 0,017 0,016 0,015 0,013 0,013 0,010 0,008 0,02 0,05
Zn mg/l 0,087 0,161 0,124 0,112 0,197 0,154 0,138 0,103 0,096 0,085 0,075 0,069 1,0 1,5

QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT : QUY CHUN K THUT QUC GIA V CHT LNG NC MT
Ct A2 - Dng cho mc ch cp nc sinh hot nhng phi p dng cng ngh x l ph hp; bo tn ng thc vt thy sinh,
hoc cc mc ch s dng nh loi B1 v B2.
Ct B1 - Dng cho mc ch ti tiu thy li hoc cc mc ch s dng khc c yu cu cht lng nc tng t hoc cc
mc ch s dng nh loi B2



18
3.2.1. Hm lng kim loi ng (Cu) trong nc sng Nhu

Hnh 3.8. Hm lng ng (Cu) trong nc sng Nhu
Qua kt qu c trnh by bng 3.5 v hnh 3.8, nhn thy rng hm lng ng (Cu)
trong cc mu nc ti sng Nhu c s khc nhau gia cc khu vc nghin cu v gia cc ma
nghin cu.
anh gia theo thi gian nghin cu: hm lng ng (Cu) trong cc mu nc giao ng
t 0,039 0,328 (mg/l) vo ma kh v t 0,012 0,033 (mg/l) vo ma ma. Nh vy c s
chnh lch kh ln gia ma ma v ma kh. Vo ma ma hm lng ng (Cu) trong nc
sng Nhu c s ng u t u sng n cui sng do c s pha long ca nc ma v nc
t sng Hng chy vo. Vo ma kh, khi lng ma kha t v khng c s pha long ca nc
ma th hm lng ng (Cu) trong nc c s bin ng kh ln, qua hnh 3.8 nhn thy c
cac im tng nhanh v hm lng ng (Cu) trong nc. T nhn din c cac im pht
thi nhim.
anh gia theo khng gian nghin cu dc theo chiu di sng Nhu t u ngun WS1
(Thy Phng) n cui ngun WS12 (Hong ng cach im giao vi sng ay 1km) nhn
thy: ti im thng ngun ly nc t sng Hng qua cng Lin Mc hm lng kim loi
ng (Cu) trong nc sng Nhu c gi tr rt thp. Hm lng ng bt u tng nhanh t im
WS2 (Ph Din) n im WS5 (Thanh Lit), nguyn nhn ca s tng nhanh ny do: ti im
WS2 bt u tip nhn ngun nc thi nhim t khu cng nghip v nc thi cc h dn c.
in hnh nh cm cng nghip Ph Minh (x C Nhu, T Lim) v KCN T Lim. Cn ti
im WS5 th nhn mt lng ln nc thi sinh hot t sng T Lch v nc thi t mt s
0,00
0,05
0,10
0,15
0,20
0,25
0,30
0,35
0,40
0,45
0,50
0,55
WS 1 WS 2 WS 3 WS 4 WS 5 WS 6 WS 7 WS 8 WS 9 WS 10 WS 11 WS 12
V tr ly mu
ma ma
ma kh
Cu (mg/l)
Ct B1
Ct A2
QCVN 08:
2008/BTNMT



19
cac c s sn xut cng nghip rt nhim khng qua x l nh: Cng ty C phn c kh 75 x
T Thanh Oai, huyn Thanh Tr. T im WS9 (Nh Kh) n im WS12 (Hong ng) do
khng tip nhn thm ngun nhim no khc cng vi qu trnh t lm sch v pha long bi cc
ngun nc khac nh sng ay qua knh Vn nh nn hm lng kim loi ng (Cu) gim
dn.
3.2.2. Hm lng kim loi ch (Pb) trong nc sng Nhu

Hnh 3.9. Hm lng ch (Pb) trong nc sng Nhu
Bng 3.5 v hnh 3.9 trnh by kt qu gi tr hm lng ch (Pb) ca cc mu nc sng
Nhu. Hm lng kim loi ch (Pb) trong cc mu nc c s khc bit gia cc khu vc nghin
cu v gia cc ma nghin cu.
anh gia theo thi gian nghin cu: Vo ma ma hm lng ch (Pb) trong cc mu nc
giao ng t 0,006 0,017 (mg/l) v vo ma kh t 0,009 0,045 (mg/l). Nh vy c s chnh
lch v hm lng ch (Pb) gia ma ma v ma kh. Vo ma ma hm lng ch (Pb) trong
nc sng Nhu c s ng u t u ngun n cui ngun do c s pha long ca nc ma.
Tt c cc gi tr hm lng ch (Pb) o c vo ma ma u nm trong tiu chun cho php
i vi cht lng nc mt dng cho mc ch cp nc sinh hot ct A2 QCVN
08:2008/BTNMT. Vo ma kh, khi lng ma kha t v khng c s pha long ca nc ma
th hm lng ch (Pb) trong nc c s bin ng kh ln. Qua hnh 3.9 v bng 3.5 nhn thy
c c n 5/12 im vt qu tiu chun cho php i vi cht lng nc mt dng cho mc
ch cp nc sinh hot ct A2 QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT.
anh gia theo khng gian nghin cu, dc theo chiu di sng Nhu t thng ngun
WS1 (Thy Phng) n h ngun WS12 (Hong ng) nhn thy: ti im thng ngun ly
0,000
0,005
0,010
0,015
0,020
0,025
0,030
0,035
0,040
0,045
0,050
0,055
WS 1 WS 2 WS 3 WS 4 WS 5 WS 6 WS 7 WS 8 WS 9 WS 10 WS 11 WS 12
V tr ly mu
ma ma
ma kh
Ct B1
Ct A2
QCVN 08:
2008/BTNMT
Pb (mg/l)



20
nc t sng Hng qua cng Lin Mc, hm lng kim loi ch (Pb) trong nc sng Nhu c
gi tr rt thp. Hm lng ch (Pb) trong cc mu nc c gi tr cao ti mt s im nh WS5
(Thanh Lit), WS6 (T Thanh Oai), WS7 (i ng) v WS12 (Hong ng). Ti im WS5
WS7 hm lng ch tng cao do: cac im ny tip nhn ngun nc thi t khu cng nghip Vn
in, c bit l nh may pin Vn in nn hm lng ch kh cao; ti im WS12 c hm lng Pb
cao do: v tr ly mu ch cach ng quc l 1A vi trm mt nn nh hng ca cc hot ng giao
thng dn n hm lng ch cng cao hn cac im khc.
3.2.3. Hm lng kim loi km (Zn) trong nc sng Nhu
Qua kt qu c trnh by bng 3.5 v hnh 3.10, nhn thy rng hm lng km (Zn)
trong cc mu nc ti sng Nhu c s khc nhau gia cc khu vc nghin cu v gia cc ma
nghin cu.
anh gia theo thi gian nghin cu: hm lng km (Zn) trong cc mu nc giao ng t
0,150 1,213 (mg/l) vo ma kh v t 0,087 0,197 (mg/l) vo ma ma. Nh vy c s chnh
lch hm lng km (Zn) gia ma ma v ma kh. Vo ma ma hm lng km (Zn) trong
nc sng Nhu c s ng u t u sng n cui sng do c s pha long ca nc ma. Vo
ma kh, khi lng ma kha t v khng c s pha long ca nc ma th hm lng km (Zn)
trong nc c s bin ng kh ln, qua hnh 3.10 nhn thy c cac im tng nhanh v nng
km (Zn) trong nc. T nhn din c cac im pht thi cht nhim.
anh gia theo khng gian nghin cu, dc theo chiu di sng Nhu t u ngun WS1
(Thy Phng) n cui ngun WS12 (Hong ng cach im giao vi sng ay 1km) nhn
thy: ti im thng ngun ly nc t sng Hng qua cng Lin Mc hm lng kim loi km
(Zn) trong nc sng Nhu c gi tr rt thp. Hm lng km bt u tng t bin ti im WS2
(Ph Din) v gim dn t im WS5 (Thanh Lit) v cui ngun. Nguyn nhn ca s tng
nhanh ti im WS2 do: ti im WS2 tip nhn ngun nc thi nhim ca cm cng nghip
Ph Minh (x C Nhu, T Lim) do cng ty C phn u t v xy dng Vit H lm ch u
t, nc thi t cc khu ra khun mu sau khi c nhm, ra bn km, nhum vi, bao b
nha cha c h thng x l nc thi tp trung, nn ton b nc thi t cm cng nghip x
thng ra sng Nhu. T im WS9 (Nh Kh) n im WS12 (Hong ng) do khng tip nhn
thm ngun nhim no khc cng vi qu trnh t lm sch v pha long bi cc ngun nc
khac nh sng ay qua knh Vn nh nn hm lng kim loi km (Zn) gim dn.



21

Hnh 3.10. Hm lng ke

m (Zn) trong nc sng Nhu

Nhn xt chung v cht lng nc trn sng Nhu:
- Cht lng nc ca on sng Nhu t cng Lin Mc (Thy Phng) n Hong
ng (cach cng Ph L 1 km) c s bin i mnh m theo chiu di dng sng. Cht lng
nc ti Thy Phng (ly nc t sng Hng qua cng Lin Mc chy vo sng Nhu) vo
ma ma l tng i tt, hm lng cac cht nhim hu ht nm trong ngng cho php theo
QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT - ct A2, ch c ch tiu N-NH
4
+
vt ngng cho php theo QCVN
08:2008/BTNMT - ct ct B1, nhn chung cht lng nc y t tiu chun cho nng nghip.
- Cach cng Lin Mc (Thy Phng) 2km, ti Ph in (T Lim) cht lng nc
sng Nhu bt u nhim do nhn nc thi sinh hot v nc thi nhim cha qua x l
t cm cng nghip Ph Minh v khu cng nghip T Lim; cac thng s nhim BOD
5
(67
mg/l), COD (86 mg/l), DO (3 mg/l), N-NH
4
+
(5,23 mg/l), P-PO
4
3-
(1,03 mg/l) trong nc vt
qua tiu chun cho php i vi cht lng nc mt QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT ct B1 nhiu ln.
- n Vn Phc (H ng) cht lng nc sng Nhu tip tc gia tng hm lng cac
cht nhim do tip nhn thm cac ngun nc thi khng qua x l nh ngun nc thi sinh
hot t KT M nh, KT M Tr, nc thi lng bn Ph , nc thi t cac lm ngh ca
H ng nh lng ngh nhum dt Vn Phc v hn 200 lng ngh ca H Ty c. Hm lng
cac thng s trong nc u vt qua tiu chun cho php i vi cht lng nc mt QCVN
08:2008/BTNMT ct B1 gp nhiu ln.
0,0
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
1,0
1,1
1,2
1,3
1,4
1,5
1,6
WS 1 WS 2 WS 3 WS 4 WS 5 WS 6 WS 7 WS 8 WS 9 WS 10 WS 11 WS 12
V tr ly mu
ma ma
ma kh
Ct B1
Ct A2
QCVN 08:
2008/BTNMT
Zn (mg/l)



22
- Khi sng T Lch v sng Kim Ngu hp lu v vo sng Nhu ti p Thanh Lit,
lc ny sng Nhu phi tip nhn thm mt khi lng nc thi sinh hot cng nh nc thi
cng nghip ca phn ln ni thnh H Ni. Do , ti im ly mu ti Thanh Lit, hm lng
cac cht nhim tng t ngt v t n mc cc i ca sng Nhu: Hm lng DO (1,1mg/l)
vt 4,55 ln; COD (131mg/l) vt 4,37 ln; BOD
5
(101mg/l) vt 6,73 ln; TSS (280mg/l) vt
5,6 ln; PO
4
3-
(3,4mg/l) vt 11,33 ln; N-NH
4
+
(30,86 mg/l) vt 61,72 ln so vi tiu chun
cho php i vi cht lng nc mt (QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT - ct B1). Nh vy, nc trn
on sng ny b nhim rt nng v khng iu kin phc v sn xut nng nghip v
nhu cu sinh hot ngy cng cao ca ngi dn trong khu vc ny. Cng trn on sng ny
nc bc ln mi rt hi thi v lm nh hng khng nh n cuc sng ca dn c hai bn b
sng.
- Trn on cui ca sng t p ng Quan (WS11) n Hong ng (WS12) cach im
hp lu gia sng Nhu v sng ay 1km, cht lng nc sng bin i mnh do tip nhn thm
nc t sng ay qua knh Vn nh cng vi qua trnh t lm sch ca dng sng v s lng
thi t i nn cht lng nc sng cng dn c ci thin. Tuy nhin cac thng s nhim vn
mc cao hn tiu chun cho php i vi cht lng nc mt (QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT - ct
B1). C th: gia tr COD = 32mg/l vt 1,06 ln; BOD
5
= 25mg/l vt 1,67 ln; TSS = 52mg/l
vt 1,04 ln; PO
4
3-
= 0,61 mg/l vt 2,03 ln v N-NH
4
+
= 4,78 mg/l vt 9,56 ln.
- Xt v hm lng cac KLN trong nc sng Nhu nm 2011 - 2012 cho thy mt s mu
nc c hm lng kim loi nng Cu, Pb, Zn vt qua tiu chun cho php i vi cht lng
nc mt ct A2 QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT. im WS2 (Ph Din): 1,213 mgZn/l vt 1,213
ln; im WS5 (Thanh Lit): 0,328 mgCu/l vt 1,64 ln; 0,045mgPb/l vt 2,25 ln. ng thi,
kt qu phn tch cng th hin c s gia tng hm lng kim loi nng trong nc sng Nhu
so vi kt qu phn tch nm 2010 trong bao cao tng hp kt qu Quan trc mi trng nc lu
vc sng Nhu ay nm 2010 (hm lng kim loi nng nm 2010 i vi ng (Cu) l 0,151
mg/l; i vi Ch (Pb) l 0,031mg/l v i vi km (Zn) l 0,44 mg/l).
- Xt theo ma th mc nhim ca sng th hin r rt ma kh. V ma ma
nc sng Nhu c pha long, kt hp vi qua trnh t lm sch nn nng cac cht nhim
gim bt hn so vi ma kh.



23
Nh vy, cht lng nc sng Nhu v ang b nhim nghim trng, khng ap
ng c tiu chun cho sn xut nng nghip. V vy, cn c gii phap kp thi gii quyt
vn ny.
3.2. Mt s c tnh cua t khu vc nghin cu c lin quan n hm lng kim loi nng
trong t
3.2.1. Mt s tnh cht l, ho hc cua mu t nghin cu
Tnh cht l ha hc ca cc mu t nghin nghin cu c trnh ba

y bng 3.6 v
bng 3.7.
Bng 3.6. Mt s tinh cht l, ho hc cua mu t nghin cu ma kh
K hiu
mu
pH
KCl

CHC
(%)
CEC
(cmol/kg)
T l cp ht (%)
St
(<0,002mm)
Limon
(0,002-0,05mm)
Ct
(>0,05mm)
SS1 6,18 2,68 10,47 11,1 20,95 67,95
SS2 5,82 2,62 15,31 19,65 48,65 31,70
SS3 6,08 2,55 15,39 23,2 37,75 39,05
SS4 6,05 3,23 16,34 31,35 52,25 16,40
SS5 5,35 2,61 15,21 22,10 34,40 43,50
SS6 6,13 3,47 16,46 35,35 46,25 18,40
SS7 6,38 3,69 19,37 38,60 41,80 19,60
SS8 6,18 3,56 17,38 22,80 32,30 34,90
SS9 6,16 3,33 16,85 27,60 48,80 23,60
SS10 6,55 3,26 15,95 30,10 52,40 17,50
SS11 6,71 2,79 15,08 24,65 51,25 24,10
SS12 6,22 2,73 15,62 29,10 31,50 39,40




24


Bng 3.7. Mt s tinh cht l, ho hc cua mu t nghin cu mu

a ma
K hiu
mu
pH
KCl

CHC
(%)
CEC
(cmol/kg)
T l cp ht (%)
St
(<0,002mm)
Limon
(0,002-0,05mm)
Ct
(>0,05mm)
SS1 6,21 2,61 9,88 12,5 20,83 66,67
SS2 5,85 2,60 15,45 17,85 49,30 32,85
SS3 6,09 2,57 15,51 24,49 38,20 37,41
SS4 6,03 3,23 17,75 31,33 51,38 17,29
SS5 5,41 2,77 15,32 25,26 33,13 41,61
SS6 6,14 3,44 16,39 32,12 48,25 19,63
SS7 6,42 3,66 19,41 36,50 40,85 22,65
SS8 6,26 3,51 17,56 23,75 33,61 32,64
SS9 6,19 3,37 17,95 29,82 47,02 23,16
SS10 6,64 3,30 16,01 31,47 49,27 19,36
SS11 6,73 2,78 17,23 24,24 50,30 25,46
SS12 6,34 2,76 15,64 28,31 33,52 38,17

3.2.1.1. pH
KCl

Gi tr pH
KCl
trong cc mu t giao ng t 5,35 6,71 vo ma kh v t 5,41 6,73
vo ma ma (bng 3.6 v bng 3.7). t nghin cu c phn ng t t chua n trung tnh. Gi
tr pH cng thp th kh nng ha tan kim loi v hot ng ca ion kim loi s cng cao.
3.2.1.2. Hm lng cht hu c (CHC)
Bng 3.6 v bng 3.7 cho th y lng cht hu c trong cac t khu vc nghin cu giao
ng t 2,55% n 3,69% (ma kh) v t 2,57% n 3,66% (ma ma ). Hm lng cht hu
c mu t l kha cao do tn d thc vt tch t tng mt hoc do s tch t vt liu hu c t



25
nc thi. Cc mu t ly vng trng la (trng): mu SS4 (Hu Ha), SS6 (T Thanh Oai),
SS7 (i ng), SS8 (C ), SS9 (Nh Kh), SS10 (Hin Giang) c hm lng cht hu c cao
hn so vi cc mu ly vng t trng mu: mu SS1 (Thy Phng), SS2 (Ph Din), SS3
(Vn Phc), SS5 (Thanh Lit), SS11 (ng Quan), SS12 (Hong ng). Nguyn nhn do trong
iu kin ngp nc s tch ng cht hu c trong iu kin ym kh din ra thun li hn.
Hm lng cht hu c cao trong t khng ch nh hng n tnh cht l, ha hc ca t m
cn tac ng n cc dng tn ti ca ng (Cu), ch (Pb), km (Zn) trong t.
3.2.1.3. Dung tich trao i cation (CEC)
Vo ma kh d ung tch trao i cation (CEC) giao ng t 10,47 19,37 (cmol/kg) v t
9,88 19,41 (cmol/kg) ma ma (bng 3.6 v bng 3.7). CEC ca t l mt ch tiu quan trng
trong vic anh gia kh nng gi cht dinh dng cng nh tch ly KLN trong t. CEC ca t
ph thuc vo nhiu yu t nh: hm lng CHC trong t, thnh phn khoang st trong t v cc
oxit Fe Al ca t. t nghin cu c hm lng CHC cao, nn t l ng gp ca CHC vo
CEC ca t l kh ln, th hin qua mi tng quan t l thun gia gi tr CEC v hm lng
CHC cc mu t nghin cu.
3.2.1.4. Thnh phn c gii
i vi t, thnh phn c gii c ngha rt quan trng, n c trng cho ngun gc
pht sinh ca t, cc tnh cht v ph ca t. t c thnh phn c gii nng th gi c
nhiu cht dinh dng hn. Da vo cch phn loi t theo TPCG ca M, c th xac nh
TPCG ca cc mu t nghin cu theo ba

ng 3.6 v bng 3.7 nh sau: ti im SS1 (Thy

Phng) l t tht cat pha; im SS2 (Ph Din), SS11 (ng Quan) l t tht trung bnh; im
SS3 (Vn Phc), SS5 (Thanh Lit), SS8 (C ) l t tht nh; SS4 (Hu ha), SS6 (T Thanh
Oai), SS9 (Nh Kh) l t tht nng pha st; SS7 (i ng), SS10 (Hin Giang), SS12 (Hong
ng) l t tht pha st. Nh vy phn ln mu t c thnh phn c gii nng.

3.2.2. Hm lng cc kim loi nng (Cu, Pb, Zn) trong cc mu t
Hm lng KLN trong cc mu t sng Nhu ma kh v ma ma th hin trn bng
3.8.
Bng 3.8. Hm lng tng cc kim loi nng trong cc mu t s dng nc ti sng
Nhu



26
V tr
ly mu
Hm lng tng cc kim loi (mg/kg)
Ma ma Ma kh
Cu Pb Zn Cu Pb Zn
SS1 20,2 24,1 120,8 22,0 30,1 127,6
SS2 58,1 48,6 244,6 62,4 49,0 259,3
SS3 45,5 57,3 178,0 47,1 58,3 190,1
SS4 56,1 60,0 153,3 62,5 65,4 157,7
SS5 79,4 66,7 218,4 99,2 68,3 220,3
SS6 59,8 52,7 177,5 61,8 56,5 183,5
SS7 45,6 43,2 154,7 48,1 45,1 165,0
SS8 37,9 39,1 153,3 45,7 42,9 159,4
SS9 30,6 32,4 146,0 39,0 36,8 152,8
SS10 27,5 29,1 127,4 35,2 32,5 135,6
SS11 24,2 27,7 120,1 29,6 30,2 125,2
SS12 22,9 58,8 110,7 25,2 61,5 119,3
QCVN 03:
2008/BTNMT
Ct 1
50 70 200 50 70 200
Ch thch:
QCVN 03:2008/BTNMT : QUY CHUN K THUT QUC GIA V GII HN CHO PHP
CA KIM LOI NNG TRONG T
Ct 1 : p dng cho t nng nghip.

3.2.2.1. Hm lng kim loi ng (Cu) trong mu t nghin cu



27

Hnh 3.11. Hm lng ng (Cu) trong t s dng nc ti sng Nhu
Qua kt qu c trnh by bng 3.8 v hnh 3.11, nhn thy rng hm lng kim loi
ng (Cu) trong cc mu t s dng nc ti ca sng Nhu c s khc nhau gia cc khu
vc nghin cu v gia cc ma nghin cu.
anh gia theo thi gian nghin cu: hm lng ng (Cu) trong cc mu t giao ng t
22,0 99,2 (mg/kg) vo ma kh v t 20,2 79,4 (mg/kg) vo ma ma. Nh vy, c s chnh
lch hm lng ng (Cu) trong cc mu t gia ma ma v ma kh. Vo ma ma hm
lng ng (Cu) trong cc mu t thp hn so vi ma kh.
anh gia theo khng gian nghin cu dc theo chiu di sng Nhu t thng ngun SS1
(Thy Phng) n cui ngun SS12 (Hong ng) nhn thy: hm lng ng (Cu) c s khc
bit gia cc trong cc v tr ly mu. Hm lng ng (Cu) thp im u ngun SS1 (Thy
Phng), tng ln cac im gia ngun SS2 (Ph Din) v SS5 (Thanh Lit) v gim dn v
cac im cui ngun. Hm lng ng (Cu) o c ti mt s im ly mu t vt qu
tiu chun cho php i vi hm lng kim loi ng trong t - QCVN 03:2008/BTNMT (50
mg/kg) nh: ti im WS2 (Ph Din) hm lng ng (Cu) t 58,1 62,4 (mg/kg) vt qu
TCCP 1,16 1,25 ln, ti im WS4 (Hu Ha) t 56,1 62,5 (mg/kg) vt qu TCCP 1,12
1,25 ln, ti im WS5 (Thanh Lit) t 79,4 99,2 (mg/kg) vt qu TCCP 1,59 1,98 ln, ti
im WS6 (T Thanh Oai) t 59,8 61,8 (mg/kg) vt qu TCCP 1,2 1,24 ln. Hm lng
ng (Cu) ti cac im ny cao hn so vi cac im khac l cng kha hp l v y l cac im
s dng nc ti c hm lng kim loi ng trong nc cao hn cac im khc.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
110
120
SS1 SS2 SS3 SS4 SS5 SS6 SS7 SS8 SS9 SS10 SS11 SS12
V tr ly mu
ma ma
ma kh
Cu (mg/kg)
QCVN 03:
2008/BTNMT



28
3.2.2.2. Hm lng kim loi ch (Pb) trong mu t nghin cu

Hnh 3.12. Hm lng ch (Pb) trong t s dng nc ti sng Nhu
Bng 3.8 v hnh 3.12 trnh by kt qu gi tr hm lng ch (Pb) trong cc mu t s
dng nc ti ca sng Nhu. Hm lng kim loi ch (Pb) trong cc mu t c s khc bit
gia cc khu vc nghin cu v gia cc ma nghin cu.
anh gia theo thi gian nghin cu: Vo ma ma hm lng ch (Pb) trong cc mu t
giao ng t 24,1 66,7 (mg/kg) v vo ma kh t 30,1 68,3 (mg/kg). Nh vy c s chnh
lch khng nhiu v hm lng ch (Pb) trong cc mu t nghin cu gia ma ma v ma
kh. Tt c cc gi tr hm lng ch (Pb) o c trong mu t vo ma ma v ma kh u
nm trong tiu chun cho php i vi hm lng ch trong t QCVN 03:2008/BTNMT.
anh gia theo khng gian nghin cu, dc theo chiu di sng Nhu t thng ngun SS1
(Thy Phng) n h ngun SS12 (Hong ng) nhn thy: hm lng ch trong cc mu t
s dng nc ti ca sng Nhu tng t im SS1 (Thy Phng) n im SS5 (Thanh Lit)
v gim v im SS11 v tng ln ti im SS12. Mc d hu ht cac im ly mu u nm
trong tiu chun cho php i vi kim loi nng trong t nhng qua bng 3.8 v hnh 3.12 cho
thy c mt s im c hm lng ch rt cao tim cn vi ng tiu chun cho php. Nh
im WS5 (Thanh Lit) c gi tr 68,3 (mg/kg) trong khi tiu chun cho php i vi hm lng
ch trong t l 70 (mg/kg). Hm lng ch trong mu t v hm lng ch trong cc mu nc
sng Nhu u c gi tr cao ti cac im gia sng Nhu qua cho thy hm lng ch trong
cc mu t chu nh hng ln t hm lng ch trong nc ti ca sng Nhu.
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
SS1 SS2 SS3 SS4 SS5 SS6 SS7 SS8 SS9 SS10 SS11 SS12
V tr ly mu
ma ma
ma kh
Pb (mg/kg)
QCVN 03:
2008/BTNMT



29
3.2.2.3. Hm lng kim loi km (Zn) trong mu t nghin cu

Hnh 3.13. Hm lng km (Zn) trong t s dng nc ti sng Nhu
Qua kt qu c trnh by bng 3.8 v hnh 3.13, nhn thy rng hm lng kim loi km
(Zn) trong cc mu t s dng nc ti ca sng Nhu c s khc nhau gia cc khu vc
nghin cu v gia cc ma nghin cu.
anh gia theo thi gian nghin cu: hm lng km (Zn) trong cc mu t giao ng t
110,7 244,6 (mg/kg) vo ma kh v t 119,3 259,3 (mg/kg) vo ma ma. Nh vy s
chnh lch hm lng km (Zn) gia ma ma v ma kh l khng nhiu.
anh gi theo khng gian nghin cu, dc theo chiu di sng Nhu t u ngun SS1
(Thy Phng) n cui ngun SS12 (Hong ng cach im giao vi sng ay 1km) nhn
thy: Hm lng km (Zn) thp im u ngun SS1 (Thy Phng) tng ln cac im gia
ngun SS2 (Ph Din) v SS5 (Thanh Lit) v gim dn v cac im cui ngun. Hm lng
km (Zn) o c ti hai im SS2 (Ph Din) v SS5 (Thanh Lit) vt qu tiu chun cho
php i vi hm lng kim loi km trong t (200mg/kg) - QCVN 03:2008/BTNMT. im
SS2 (Ph Din) vi hm lng km t 244,6 259,3 (mg/kg) vt qu TCCP 1,22 1,30 ln;
im SS5 (Thanh Lit) hm lng km t 218,4 220,3 (mg/kg) vt qu TCCP 1,09 1,10
ln.
Kt qu phn tch bng 3.8 cho thy lu v c sng b nhim kim loi nng nht l t
khu v c Ph Din n T Thanh Oai. Ti cac khu vc ny hm lng kim loi nng c gia tr
cao hn r t nhi u so v

i ca

c khu v c kha

c cu

a lu v c sng Nhu . Cac im SS 4 (H

u Ho

a) v
SS6 (T Thanh Oai ) a

co

d u hi u nhi m kim loa i ng . Cac im SS 2 (Ph Din ) v SS5

0
50
100
150
200
250
300
SS1 SS2 SS3 SS4 SS5 SS6 SS7 SS8 SS9 SS10 SS11 SS12
V tr ly mu
ma ma
ma kh
Zn (mg/kg)
QCVN 03:
2008/BTNMT



30
(Thanh Li t ) a

co

d u hi u nhi m ca

ng va

ke

m . Hm lng ch ti cac im ny cng rt

cao a

ti m c n v

ng gi

i ha n cho phe

p i v

i ha

m l ng kim loa i n ng trong t .

3.3. nh gi nh hng cua nc sng Nhu n hm lng kim loi nng trong t s
dng nc sng Nhu lm nc ti
anh gia mi tng quan gia hm lng kim loi nng (Cu, Pb, Zn) trong nc v
hm lng kim loi nng (Cu, Pb, Zn) trong t, y s dng phng phap phn tch tng
quan bng vic tnh ton h s tng quan Pearson [48] (bng 3.9). T anh gia nh hng
ca vic s dng nc ti sng Nhu n hm lng kim loi nng (Cu, Pb, Zn) trong cc mu
t nghin cu.
Bng 3.9. Mi tng quan gia hm lng kim loi nng Cu, Pb, Zn
trong t v trong nc
N=12
Cu (nc)
(mg/l)
Pb (nc)
(mg/l)
Zn (nc)
(mg/l)
Cu (t)
(mg/kg)
Pb (t)
(mg/kg)
Zn (t)
(mg/kg)
Cu (nc) (mg/l)
1
Pb (nc) (mg/l)
0,82 1
Zn (nc) (mg/l)
0,43 0,20 1
Cu (t) (mg/kg)
0,93 0,64 0,56 1
Pb (t) (mg/kg)
0,63 0,79 0,25 0,64 1
Zn (t) (mg/kg)
0,65 0,34 0,91 0,76 0,45 1

N : tng s mu
H s tng quan (r) ly gi tr trong khong t -1 1. Khi r cng gn 0 th quan h cng
lng lo, ngc li khi r cng gn 1 hoc -1 th quan h cng cht ch (r > 0 c quan h thun v
r < 0 c quan h nghch).




31

Hnh 3.14. Mi tng quan gia hm lng ng (Cu)
trong nc v trong t


Hnh 3.15. Mi tng quan gia hm lng ch (Pb)
trong nc v trong t

y = 252,03x + 11,08
R
2
= 0,8738
0,0
20,0
40,0
60,0
80,0
100,0
120,0
0 0,05 0,1 0,15 0,2 0,25 0,3 0,35
Hm lng ng (Cu) trong nc
H

m

l

n
g

n
g

(
C
u
)

t
r
o
n
g

t
ng (Cu) Linear (ng (Cu))
y = 997,44x + 21,369
R
2
= 0,6242
0,0
10,0
20,0
30,0
40,0
50,0
60,0
70,0
80,0
0 0,005 0,01 0,015 0,02 0,025 0,03 0,035 0,04 0,045 0,05
Hm lng ch (Pb) trong nc
H

m

l

n
g

c
h

(
P
b
)

t
r
o
n
g

t
Ch (Pb) Linear (Ch (Pb))



32

Hnh 3.16. Mi tng quan gia hm lng km (Zn)
trong nc v trong t
Kt qu trnh by hnh 3.14, hnh 3.15, hnh 3.16 v bng 3.9 cho thy mi tng quan
gia hm lng kim loi nng (Cu, Pb, Zn) trong nc vi hm lng kim loi nng (Cu, Pb,
Zn) trong t l kh cht ch. H s tng quan Pearson kha cao giao ng t 0,79 0,93, trong
mi tng quan ca hm lng ng (Cu) trong nc v trong t l cht ch nht (r = 0,93),
tip n l hm lng km (r = 0,91) v cui cng l hm lng ch Pb (r = 0,79).
Qua kt qu trnh by bng 3.5, bng 3.8 v cc biu hnh 3.8, hnh 3.9, hnh 3.10,
hnh 3.11, hnh 3.12, hnh 3.13 nhn thy rng: Vic s dng nc ti ca sng Nhu nh
hng n hm lng ca cc kim loi nng trong t. So snh ti 3 khu vc nghin cu hm
lng kim loi nng trong nc v hm lng kim loi nng trong t: i m u ngun WS1,
SS1 (Thy Phng), gia ngun WS5, SS5 (Thanh Lit) v cui ngun WS12, SS12 (Hong
ng) nhn r hn iu ny.
Bng 3.10. So snh hm lng kim loi nng (Cu, Pb, Zn) trong t v trong nc
ti 3 khu vc nghin cu
a im
Hm lng nghin cu
kim loi nng
Thng ngun
(Thy Phng)
Gia ngun
(Thanh Lit)
Cui ngun
(Hong ng)
Trong
nc
Hmlng ng 0,039 mg/l 0,328 mg/l 0,064 mg/l
Hm lng ch 0,009 mg/l 0,045 mg/l 0,033 mg/l
y = 128,62x + 115,88
R
2
= 0,8298
0,0
50,0
100,0
150,0
200,0
250,0
300,0
0 0,2 0,4 0,6 0,8 1 1,2 1,4
Hm lng km (Zn) trong nc
H

m

l

n
g

k

m

(
Z
n
)

t
r
o
n
g

t
Km (Zn) Linear (Km (Zn))



33
Hm lng km 0,154 mg/l 0,565 mg/l 0,150 mg/l
Trong
t
Hmlng ng 22,0 mg/kg 99,2 mg/kg 25,2 mg/kg
Hm lng ch 30,1 mg/kg 68,3 mg/kg 61,5 mg/kg
Hm lng km 127 mg/kg 220,3 mg/kg 119,3 mg/kg

T bng 3.10 nhn thy rng ti im c hm lng kim loi nng (Cu, Pb, Zn) trong
nc ti thp th hm lng kim loi nng trong t cng rt thp. im c hm lng kim loi
nng (Cu, Pb, Zn) trong nc ti cao th hm lng kim loi nng trong t cng rt cao. Nh
vy vic s dng nc ti ly t sng Nhu c hm lng lng kim loi nng (Cu, Pb, Zn)
cao a

nh hng n hm lng kim loi nng (Cu, Pb, Zn) trong t.

3.4. xut mt s gii php gim thiu nhim mi trng lu vc sng Nhu
Nhng nm gn y, do qua trnh th ha nhanh, tc dn s gia tng, tnh trng
nhim mi trng lu vc sng Nhu - sng ay tr ln nghim trng nh hng n sn
xut nng nghip, nui trng thy sn, i sng sinh hot v sc khe ca ngi dn a
phng. Do vy, cn c cc gii php thit thc gim thiu nhim mi trng lu vc sng
Nhu:
3.4.1. Gii php chnh sch, qun l
- Sm thnh lp v a vo hot ng y ban Bo v mi trng lu vc sng Nhu vi
nhng tiu ch gn nh, hiu lc v hiu qu ch o, iu phi lin nghnh, lin vng nhm
thc hin thng nht cc ni dung ca n tng th bo v mi trng lu vc sng Nhu.
- T chc thc hin c hiu qu cac vn bn quy phm php lut v bo v mi trng
ca Nh nc v bo v mi trng cnh quan v khai thc bn vng lu vc.
- Tng cng thanh tra, kim tra nh k v t xut cac c s sn xut kinh doanh, pht
hin kp thi cc c s khng thc hin cac quy nh v bo v mi trng, vi phm cc cam kt
trong bao cao anh gia tac ng mi trng, Bn cam kt bo v mi trng, x l nghim cc
vi phm theo quy nh ca php lut.



34
- Tng cng v a dng ha cc ngun lc u t ngn sach nh nc, doanh nghip,
cng ng dn c, t chc, ca nhn trong v ngoi nc, y mnh x hi ha cng tc bo v mi
trng, cnh quan thin nhin trn ton lu vc sng.
3.4.2. Gii php khoa hc, cng ngh
m bo cho mi trng nc trn sng Nhu t nht cng phi t c tiu chun cho
php i vi cht lng nc mt QCVN 08:2008/BTNTM ct B1, tc l c kh nng cung cp
nc phc v cho ti tiu thu li th ngoi vic hn ch vic x cht thi cn phi ch ti bin
phap tng cng kh nng t lm sch ca ngun nc. Cc bin php ny mang tnh phi hp t
nhng bin phap n gin nh to dng chy, pha long dng chy ti vic no vt bn ay. C
th l:
- S dng bin php lm gim nng nhim ca cc ngun thi khi x nc thi bng
cch to dng chy mnh (cng thi c dc, ...) nhm tng cng s khuych tn oxy vo
nc, lm tng cng qu trnh t phn hu cht nhim.
- Nng cao kh nng thoat ng cho thnh ph H Ni bng cch no vt, tng su, m
rng thng xuyn lng dn sng Nhu.
- Nng cp p Thanh Lit, nhm hn ch nc thi t sng T Lch v lp trm x l
nc thi ti y.
- Vn hnh cc ca cng, p trong h thng lu vc m bo thu ch ph hp vi quy
lut t lm sch ca dng sng, trnh suy thoi dng chy nht l cng Lin Mc, p Cu en,
p Thanh Lit.
- Gii php hn ch nc thi t H Ni vo sng Nhu: m bo cht lng nc
trn sng Nhu t nht cng t TCCP i vi cht lng nc mt ct B1 QCVN
08:2008/BTNMT, cn phi gim bt mt lng nc thi ca H Ni vo sng Nhu v cch
gii quyt c th l a lng nc thi ny vo sng Hng qua trm bm Yn S.
- Gii php thit k h thng x l nc thi ca H Ni: Vic xy dng mt h thng x
l nc thi nhm m bo cht lng mi trng nc ca H Ni ni chung v cht lng mi
trng nc sng Nhu ni ring l vic lm rt cn thit. cho an ton phi thit k h thng
x l t hiu qu x l nc thi l 95%. Tc l nc thi ca ni thnh H Ni trc khi



35
vo sng Nhu ti p Thanh Lit, cn phi c h thng x l nc thi hiu qu trn 95%, th
mi gi cho nc sng Nhu khng b nhim.
- Gii php m rng v tng lu lng nc qua cng Lin Mc: Cng Lin Mc ng
vai tr rt quan trng trong vic cung cp nc ti cho ngi dn v gim thiu nhim mi
trng lu vc sng Nhu. Tuy nhin theo tnh ton v d bao, trong tng lai vi lng nc
thi sinh hot v cng nghip ngy mt gia tng th lu lng cp ti a ca cng Lin Mc
(khong 75 m
3
/s) [123], cha m bo cho mi trng nc sng Nhu t c mc TCCP
i vi cht lng nc mt ct B1 QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT. Chnh v vy, cn thit phi c
s m rng v tng lu lng nc cp cho sng Nhu qua cng Lin Mc.
- Tng cng nghin cu khoa hc v ng dng cng ngh trong cng tc bo v mi
trng sng Nhu, bo v ngun nc, khuyn khch vic ua nhanh cac tin b k thut, khoa
hc cng ngh mi, cc cng ngh sn xut sch, thn thin vi mi trng, cc cng ngh x l
cht thi tin tin v ph hp vo cc hot ng bo v mi trng lu vc sng Nhu.
3.4.3. Gii php tuyn truyn, gio dc
y mnh cng tc tuyn truyn, gio dc, nng cao nhn thc v trch nhim ca cng
ng dn c, cac cp chnh quyn, on th, cc doanh nghip, t chc v c nhn trong vic bo
v mi trng lu vc sng.
Tt c cng hng n mc tiu lm sng li lu vc dng sng phc v pht trin
kinh t - x hi ca mi a phng.
KT LUN
- Theo k t qua

nghin c

u , ch t l ng n c sng Nhu v ang b nhim nghim

trng, khng a

ng tiu chu n cho sa

n xu t nng nghi p . Hm lng cc thng s trong nc

u vt qu tiu chun cho php i vi cht lng nc mt QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT ct B1
gp nhiu ln. c bit ti im ly mu ti Thanh Lit, hm lng cc cht nhim tng t ngt
v t n mc cc i ca sng Nhu: Hm lng DO (1,1mg/l) vt 4,55 ln; COD (131mg/l)
vt 4,37 ln; BOD
5
(101mg/l) vt 6,73 ln; TSS (280mg/l) vt 5,6 ln; PO
4
3-
(3,4mg/l) vt
11,33 ln; N-NH
4
+
(30,86 mg/l) vt 61,72 ln so vi tiu chun cho php i vi cht lng
nc mt (QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT - ct B1).



36
- Kt qu phn tch cng th hin c s gia tng hm lng kim loi nng trong nc
sng Nhu so vi kt qu phn tch nm 2010 trong bao cao tng hp kt qu Quan trc mi
trng nc lu vc sng Nhu ay nm 2010. Theo k t qua

phn ti

ch trong n c sng Nhu

nm 2011 - 2012 cho thy mt s i m mu nc c hm lng kim loi nng Cu, Pb, Zn vt
qu tiu chun cho php i vi cht lng nc mt ct A2 QCVN 08:2008/BTNMT. im
WS2 (Ph Din): 1,213 mgZn/l vt 1,213 ln; im WS5 (Thanh Lit): 0,328 mgCu/l vt 1,64
ln; 0,045mgPb/l vt 2,25 ln.
- Qua trnh s dng nc sng Nhu lm nc t i tiu cho nng nghip cng tch
ly mt lng ln hm lng KLN trong t . t khu vc dc 2 bn sng a

va

ang bi
nhi m KLN . Hm lng kim loi (Cu, Pb, Zn) trong cc mu t s dng nc ti ca sng
Nhu c s khc nhau gia cc khu vc nghin cu v gia cc ma nghin cu. Hm lng
ng (Cu) v km (Zn) o c ti mt s im ly mu t vt qu tiu chun cho php i
vi hm lng kim loi ng trong t - QCVN 03:2008/BTNMT (50 mg/kg). im SS2 (Ph
Din): 58,1 62,4 mgCu/kg vt 1,16 1,25 ln, 244,6 259,3 mgZn/kg; im SS4: 56,1
62,5 mgCu/kg vt 1,12 1,25 ln; im WS5 (Thanh Lit) 79,4 99,2 mgCu/kg vt 1,59
1,98 ln, 218,4 220,3 mgZn/kg vt 1,09 1,10 ln; im SS6 (T Thanh Oai): 59,8 61,8
mgCu/kg vt qu 1,2 1,24 ln. Hm lng ch (Pb) trong mu t cha co

d u hi u nhi m
r rt.
- Theo k t qua

s b m i tng quan gia hm lng kim loi nng (Cu, Pb, Zn) trong
nc vi hm lng kim loi nng (Cu, Pb, Zn) trong t l kh cht ch. H s tng quan
Pearson kha cao giao ng t 0,79 0,91, trong mi tng quan ca hm lng ng (Cu)
trong nc v trong t l cht ch nht (r = 0,93), tip n l hm lng km (r = 0,91) v cui
cng l hm lng ch Pb (r = 0,79). Do o

co

th a

nh gia

r ng vi c s dng nc ti ca sng
Nhu nh hng n hm lng ca cc kim loi nng trong t. Ti im c hm lng kim
loi nng (Cu, Pb, Zn) trong nc ti thp th hm lng kim loi nng trong t cng rt thp,
ti i m c hm lng kim loi nng (Cu, Pb, Zn) trong nc ti cao th hm lng kim loi
nng trong t cng tng cao.
- xut mt s gii php nhm gim thiu nhim mi trng lu vc sng Nhu: gii
php v chnh sch, qun l; gii php v khoa hc, cng ngh v gii php v tuyn truyn gio
dc.



37
KI

N NGHI
- bo v mi trng v khc phc nhim cho lu vu sng Nhu th cc nghin cu
tip theo cn tp trung nghin cu su hn cac gii php gim thiu nhim c bit l cc gii
php v khoa hc cng ngh.
- Cn xy dng cac c ch, chnh sch qun l mi trng cn thit, ng b v ph hp,
to hnh lang phap l v iu kin thun li cho cc hot ng bo v mi trng v khai thc
bn vng ti nguyn nc trn lu vc, y mnh x hi ha cc hot ng bo v mi trng
lu vc.
- Cn ngn chn kp thi v x l nghim cac hnh vi nh: rc thi, ph liu ba bi,
nc thi cha qua x l ra sng.
- y mnh cng tc tuyn truyn, gio dc, nng cao nhn thc v trch nhim ca cng
ng, dn c, cp chnh quyn, on th, doanh nghip v c nhn trong vic bo v mi trng
lm sng li con sng ang b nhim trm trng ny.



References
Ti ng Vi t
1. L Huy B, L Th Nh Hoa, Phan Kim Phng, on Thai Phin, Nguyn L (2000), c
hc mi trng, NXB i hc Quc gia Thnh ph H Ch Minh.
2. L Huy B (1997), Sinh thi mi trng t. NXB Nng nghip. H Ni, chng 13, chng
14.
3. Trn Bnh, Nguyn Ngc Thng (2007), Hng dn th nghim ha phn tch, tr

ng a i
hc bach khoa H Ni .
4. Trn Th Bnh, L Vn Ngh v c ng s (2008), Mi trng sng Nhu, sng y hin trng
v mt s nh hng v gii php x l nhim, Chng trnh KC 08/0610, Tuyn tp
bo co hi tho khoa hc ln 1, H Ni, 12/2008.
5. B Cng nghip (2003), "Qun l cht lng nc thi Cng nghip trong lu vc sng
Nhu sng y, Tham lun ti hi ngh Ch tch UBND 6 tnh/thnh ph thuc lu vc
sng Nhu - sng ay ngy 7/8/2003 ti H Nam.
6. B Khoa hc cng ngh v Mi trng Trung tm t liu KH & CN quc gia (1993), nh
gi mi trng nc v s dng ngun nc Vit Nam, Tng lun s 10-1993.
7. B Ti nguyn v Mi trng (2009), Quy chun k thut Quc Gia v mi trng.



38
8. B ti nguyn v mi trng, Vin Khoa hc v Cng ngh Vit Nam (2006), Xy dng
chng trnh v tin hnh quan trc mi trng nc mt lu vc sng Nhu v sng y.
9. Bi Lim Chnh (1998), nh gi din bin mt s ch tiu, l, ho nc sng Nhu vi h
s pha long khc nhau phc v lm nc ti nng nghip, Kho lun tt nghip, i hc
Thu li.
10. V Th Thy Dng (2008), nh gi hm lng kim loi nng (As, Cd, Pb, Cu, Zn) trong
mi trng t ti lng ngh c nhm, ch Vn Mn -Yn Phong-Bc Ninh, Kha lun tt
nghip, trng i hc nng nghip H Ni.
11. Nguyn Vn C v c ng s (2005), Xy dng n tng th bo v mi trng lu vc
sng Nhu v sng y, Bo co tng kt n cp nh nc, H Ni.
12. L c (2004), Bi ging kim loi nng trong t.
13. L c, Nguy n Ngo c Minh (2001), Tac ng ca hot ng lng ngh ti ch ng th
cng x i ng huyn Vn Lm, tnh Hng Yn n mi trng t khu vc, Tp ch
khoa hc t (s 14).
14. L c v c ng s (2004), Mt s phng php phn tch mi trng, NXB i hc Quc
gia H Ni.
15. L c v cc cng s (2003), Hin trng nhim mi trng lng ngh c kim kh
Phng X, Thch Tht (H Ty), Bo co khoa hc.
16. Lu c Hi (2001), C s Khoa hc Mi trng, NXB i Hc Quc Gia H Ni.
17. Phm Quang H, V nh Tun, H Mnh Thng (2000), Hin trng nhim mi trng
t v nc x Vn Mn, yn Phong, Bc Ninh. Vin Th nhng Nng ha.
18. Nguyn Th An Hng (1998), Nghin cu nh gi nhim kim loi nng trong mi trng
t, nc, trm tch, thc vt khu vc cng ty Pin Vn in v Orion Hanel, Lun n
thc s Khoa hc chuyn ngnh Th nhng, Trng H Khoa hc T Nhin - i hc
Quc Gia H Ni.
19. Nguyn Th Hin (2003), Nghin cu nh hng ca ngun nc thi Thnh ph H Ni
n cy trng, mi trng t vng Thanh Tr v xut bin php khc phc, Lun vn
Thc s, Vin Khoa hc Nng nghip Vit Nam.
20. L Vn Khoa, Nguyn Xun C, Bi Th Ngc Dung, L c, Trn Khc Hip, Cai Vn
Tranh (2001), Phng php phn tch t, nc, phn bn v cy trng, NXB Gio dc.
21. L Vn Khoa, Nguyn Xun Qunh, Nguyn Quc Vit (2007), Ch th sinh hc mi
trng, Nh xut bn gio dc.



39
22. Lng Th Lng (2002), Nghin cu, nh gi cht lng mi trng nc thuc h thng
sng Nhu thng qua mt s ch tiu dinh dng v ch tiu ho, l, Lun vn tt nghip, i
hc khoa hc t nhin. i hc Quc Gia H Ni.
23. Nguyn nh Mnh (2000), Ho cht dng trong nng nghip v nhim mi trng, NXB
Nng nghip.
24. N.M.Maqsud (1998), " nhim mi trng vng ni v ngoi Thnh ph HCM nhn bit
qua lng KLN tch t trong nc v bn cc knh rch", Tp ch Khoa hc t (s
10/1998), tr. 162-169.
25. Phm Khi Nguyn (2006), Hin trng mi trng nc 3 lu vc sng: Cu, Nhu - ay,
h thng sng ng Nai, Bo co mi trng quc gia 2006, B Ti Nguyn v Mi
trng.
26. Nguyn Ngc Nng (2003), Hm lng cc nguyn t vi lng v KLN trong mt s loi
t chnh vng ng Bc Vit Nam, Tp ch khoa hc t (s 18/2003).
27. Phm Bnh Quyn, Trn Ngc Ln, Nguyn Vn Sang (1994), Kt qu nghin cu bc
u v nghin cu hin trng nhim KLN ca khu dn c v t nng nghip do sn xut
cng nghip, Tp ch Bo v thc vt, (s 3/1994).
28. Nguyn Ngc Qunh, L Huy B v cng s (2001), Hm lng mt s kim loi nng trong
t trng la do nh hng ca cng nghip v sinh hot ti thnh ph H Ch Minh, Tp ch
Nng nghip v thc phm (s 4).
29. R.Laffont (1992), Cuc u tranh v Mi trng Sinh thi. Nh xut bn Khoa hc k thut.
30. S KHCN & MT H Ni (2000), nh gi tng th tnh trng nhim cng nghip, xut
cc gii php ci thin. Kim sot v khng ch nhim trong qu trnh pht trin cng nghip
H Ni.
31. Trn Cng Tu, Trn cng khnh (1998), Hin trng mi trng t Vit Nam thng qua
vic nghin cu cc KLN, Tp ch khoa hc t (s 10/1998).
32. Trnh Th Thanh (2003), c hc mi trng v sc khe con ngi, NXB i hc Quc
Gia H Ni.
33. Hong Th Thanh Thy, T Th Cm Loan, Nguyn Nh H Vy (2007), Nghin cu a ho
mi trng mt s kim loi nng trong trm tch sng rch thnh ph H Ch Minh, Tp ch
pht trin KH&CN, tp 10 (s 01/2007).
34. L Th Thu, Nguyn Th Hin, V Dng Qunh (2001), Hm lng kim loi nng trong
nc thi v cn bn ca mt s nh may v sng thoat nc H Ni, Tp ch khoa hc
t, (s 17).



40
35. Tng cc tiu chun o lng cht lng Vit Nam, Tiu chun Vit Nam TCVN 5942 :
1995, Cht lng nc tiu chun cht lng nc mt.
36. H Th Lam Tr v Nguyn Hu Thnh (2003), Kim loi nng (tng s v trao i) trong
t nng nghip ca huyn Vn Lm, tnh Hng yn, Tp ch Khoa hc t, (s 19).
37. Nguyn L Trang. Bc u s dng phng php Delphi nh gi cht lng nc
sng Nhu. Kha lun tt nghip Khoa Mi trng H Khoa hc T nhin H Ni,
2009.
38. Phan Th Vn (2008), Bo co tng kt nhim v khoa hc: nh gi cht lng mi trng nc
sng Nhu, sng y phc v nui trng thu sn, B NN&PTNT. Vin nghin cu Nui trng
Thu sn 1, nh Bng, T Sn, Bc Ninh.
Ting Anh
39. Alina Kabata - Pendias and Henryk Pendias (1984), Trace Elements in Soils and Plants, CRC
Press, Inc. Boca Raton, Florida.
40. Aris Farnanto et al, 2003, Dillution as one measure to increase river water quality. Head of
Reasearch and Development Bureau of Jasa Tirta I Public Corporation, Jl. Surabaya No.
2A Malang 65115 Indonesia.
41. Dang The Cuong, Stephane Beyen, Oliver Wurl, Karuppiah Subramanian, Kelvin Kae Shing
Wong, N. Sivasothi, Jeffrey Philip Obbrad (2003), Heavy metal contamination in
mangrove habitats of Viet Nam. Environmental Engineering and Science Programe,
National University of Singapore.
42. Domy C. Adriano, Zueng-Sang Chen, Sang - Shyng Yang (1994), Biogeochemistry of trace
elements, Science and technology letters.
43. Environment Canada. (2002), Canadian Environmental Quality Guidelines: Summary Table.
44. Jack E. Fergusson (1991), The heavy elements, Chemistry, Environment impact and health
effects, Pergamon press.
45. Jay Chung Chen et al (1999), Pearl River Estuary Pollution Project (PREPP) An
Integrated Approach, Center for Coastal and Atmospheric Research.
46. Ho Thi Lam Tra, (2000), Heavy metal pollution agricultural soil and river sediment in
Hanoi, Vietnam, Thesis of Agriculture Sciences Doctor, Laboratory of Soil Science,
Kyushu University, page 9.
47. Ho Thi Lam Tra (2001), Kazuhiko Egashira. Status of Heavy metal in Agricultural Soils of
Vietnam. Plant Nutr.



41
48. Kabata Pendias & Henryk Pendias(1985). Trace Elements in Soils and Plants. CRCPress,
Inc. Boca Raton, Florida,
49. Maie, N., Watanabe, A., Kimura, M. (2004), Chemical characteristics and potential
source of fulvic acids leached from the plow layer of paddy soil, Geoderma ,120.
50. Mc Neill & S. Olley (1998) The Effects of Motorway Runof on Watercourses in South
Wets Scotland. Water and Environmental Management, Volume 12, No6, December
1998.
51. M.Mench, J. Vangron Sveld, V. Didier & H. Clijsters Evaluation of metal mobility, Planl
Availability and Immobilization by chemimcal Agents in alimed Silty soil.
Enviromental pollution, 1994.
52. New York Oxford (1980), Handbook on the toxicology of metals, Elsevied, North Holland
Biomedical Press Amsterdam (chapter 21).
53. Nguyen Thi Lan Huong (2008), Heavy metal polution of water and sediments in the rivers of
Viet Nam, and its effects on the quanlity agricutral and crops, Philosophy, Kyushu
University, Japan.
54. Pacyna J.M, J, Much and F. Axenfeld (1991), European Inventory of Trace Metal Emissions
to the Atmosphere, Elsevier Amsterdam London, NewYork, Tokyo.
55. U. Forstner , Contaminated Sediment. Springer-Verlag New York, (1989).
56. Vernet J.P. (Edited) 1991. Heavy Metals in the Environment. Elsevier, Amsterdam
London NewYork Tokyo.
57. W.Salomons and W.M.Stigliani (1995), Biogeodynamics of Pollutants in Soils and
Sediments, Springer publisher.
58. Yu-Tian-Ren(1985), Physical chemistry of paddy soil, Springer Verlay-Berlin-Heidelberg-
Tokyo.
Ti liu t trang Web
59. http://www.vietnamnet.vn/xahoi/2009/03/837107/. C sng Nhu cht do t ngt nhim
c nc thi.
60. http://www.monre.gov.vn/monreNet/default.aspx?tabid=185. Hin trng mi trng Vit
Nam (2007).
61. http://www.nea.gov.vn/Sukien_Noibat/Luuvuc_Song/songNhue_Day/thongtin_mt-
kinhnghiem.htm. Kinh nghim trn th gii v qun l mi trng lu vc sng.
62. http://www2.vietnamnet.vn/khoahoc/moitruong/2006/05/574875/.Kiu Minh (2006),
Nc chy trn th.



42
63. http://www.nea.gov.vn/thongtinmt/noidung/dd_3_12_03.htm. nhim mi trng sng
Nhu H Nam: Ca trng y sng, ngi ku cu!
64. http://tintuc.xalo.vn/001878123471/song_nhue_thanh_nguon_gay_o_nhiem_nang.html.
Sng Nhu thnh ngun gy nhim nng (2008), Tin Phong,
65. http://74.125.155.132/search?q=cache:0dH5W67tN1QJ:www.gso.gov.vn/Modules/Doc_D
ownload.aspx%3FDocID%3D3072+c%C3%A1ch+t%C3%ADnh+h%E1%BB%87+s%E
1%BB%91+t%C6%B0%C6%A1ng+quan&cd=1&hl=vi&ct=clnk&gl=vn. Tng Vn
Khin, Phng php phn tch tng quan
66. http://www1.vnu.edu.vn/dhqg/contents/index.php?ID=445. Tp ch Khoa hc Cng ngh
v Mi trng, s 3/2003, tr. 29-30,47.
67. http://yeumoitruong.vn/forum/archive/index.php/t-2133.html. nhim t vn ang
quan tm.
68. http://www.vea.gov.vn/VN/hientrangmoitruong/baocaomtquocgia/Pages/B%C3%A1oc%C
3%A1om%C3%B4itr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dngqu%E1%BB%91cgian%C4%83m2010
T%E1%BB%95ngquanm%C3%B4itr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9DngVi%E1%BB%87tNam.
aspx Bao cao mi trng quc gia 2010, Chng 3, tr 77-92.
69. http://www.gso.gov.vn/default.aspx?tabid=512&idmid=5&ItemID=9232. Nin gim thng
k 2008.
70. http://www.1000namthanglonghanoi.vn/index.php?act=news&Cat_Level1=91&Cat_Level
2=98&Level=2.
71. http://vea.gov.vn/vn/hientrangmoitruong/baocaomtquocgia/Pages/B%C3%A1o-
c%C3%A1o-Hi%E1%BB%87n-tr%E1%BA%A1ng-m%C3%B4i-
tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-qu%E1%BB%91c-gia-20051.aspx. Bo co hin trng mi
trng quc gia 2005 Phn Tng quan, 2005.
72. http://oct.vn/?do=news&dtd=view&id=2969#ixzz0hlFU33tY.
73. http://www.canhsatmoitruong.gov.vn/default.aspx?tabid=439&ID=1030&CateID=487.
74. http://vea.gov.vn/vn/hientrangmoitruong/baocaomtquocgia/Pages/B%C3%A1o-
c%C3%A1o-m%C3%B4i-tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-qu%E1%BB%91c-gia-2008---
M%C3%B4i-tr%C6%B0%E1%BB%9Dng-l%C3%A0ng-ngh%E1%BB%81-
Vi%E1%BB%87t-Nam-1.aspx. Bao cao mi trng quc gia 2008 - Mi trng lng
ngh Vit Nam.